tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48592789072881108752024-03-11T21:53:54.848-07:00Lo PAPA de Roma parle chapurriauLo PAPA de Roma parle chapurriau,Queretes, Cretas, Matarraña, papa, Roma, chapurriau, Omella, Juan José Omella, gen de puñetesRamón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comBlogger2055125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-44819778754671677182024-03-11T08:31:00.000-07:002024-03-11T08:31:34.292-07:00Si això és un home - Lacomarca - Viles i gents<p> <span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">(Estic ficán algún </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/enllassos-enllas.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">enllás</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/09/aixo-es-un-llas-groc-lo-que-feu-vatros-son-nugos.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #2288bb; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="llas, coll, catalanistes, catalanistas, lazo, lacito, amarillo, groc" border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="508" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1vuPanw0E4gifoqzhs9DVp7---yR1m8eRoK0RcyS2desLAK2YqxFwY8s4ObjMYVTJBKroxwj-aRufFp1l_sYfY9mrMMKciaGcnJQLCFOp-uVIgSeG1NW1O45oreSOZ_iAaD3-2KET1nK72o-VQHdxz6K8KhyPPOKOcdgKk8PHlo5Cx2DdNUHG3EFC/w323-h400/llas-groc.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="llas, coll, catalanistes, catalanistas, lazo, lacito, amarillo, groc" width="323" /></a><br /><br />Si això és un home.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De l'infern patit a <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/22/que-vol-hitler-que-quiere-hitler/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Auschwitz</a> Primo Levi va escriure un testimoni esfereïdor que, alhora, constituís una dolorida reflexió sobre la condició humana titulat <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Se questo è un uomo</a> (1947)</span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/22/que-vol-hitler-que-quiere-hitler/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="¿Què vol Hitler? ¿Qué quiere Hitler?" class="attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" height="130" loading="lazy" sizes="min(640px, 100vw)" src="https://i0.wp.com/1.bp.blogspot.com/-hrKljjxOALc/XhmVdaKqqjI/AAAAAAAAbT4/ziqbvQyY3bAroz4krOkMxn3vdceetR1DQCNcBGAsYHQ/s640/barcelona-nazis-partido-partit.jpg?resize=640%2C130&ssl=1" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="¿Què vol Hitler? ¿Qué quiere Hitler?" width="640" /></span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/opinion/si-aixo-es-un-home/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.lacomarca.net/opinion/si-aixo-es-un-home/</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/primo-levi" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZG9CyBxjNRe2YZKF3OKx-_6JV50sjLebPSGPBniKBpolfgp2Yy8BTO3jkmdtBwOsd616GcD9xlMpNXucIUZSkZ9NnOcoEO_mtnOlIPCHOiEZzaSVnT4ipF9TBciioBQXmv6xfXGm-Dvx_h8a8KWSni4iQmy4ksQYGFSP1uML6xxWoI9YhLWYQTUg_8Ps/s320/primo-levi.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/author/viles-i-gents/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.lacomarca.net/author/viles-i-gents/</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(<a href="https://monchoorg.wordpress.com/2021/03/24/estire-la-garra-lo-folclorista-carregalo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Descansa en pas, José Antonio</a>. Cuan mos veigam allá dal ya te demanaré perdó en persona. Pero no crec que puja, segons diuen estos y estes <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/12/tersera-jornada-novela-dessima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">soc un dimoni</a> y <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2019/05/jornada-cuarta-novela-sexta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hay de aná al infern</a>, al raconet de la <a href="https://twitter.com/fedelasjons?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Falange</a>.<br />Viva España y la <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2021/09/01/pedro-de-portugal-nombrado-rey-de-aragon-conde-de-barcelona-por-los-traidores-catalanes/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">republiqueta de Cataluña</a>)</span></p><p><a href="https://monchoorg.wordpress.com/2021/03/24/estire-la-garra-lo-folclorista-carregalo/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #f2f0ea; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: 0.5px; text-underline-offset: 0.05em;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Estire la garra lo folclorista Carrégalo, a Valls" border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BKl-xd3i5uw/YFu0vWBanUI/AAAAAAAAdNk/xSkoXTiJDMUZvGKhKVriAeqDGNW3FQa5ACNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/carregalo.jpeg" title="Estire la garra lo folclorista Carrégalo, a Valls" width="400" /></span></span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/opiniones/independiente/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.lacomarca.net/opiniones/independiente/</a></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/author/viles-i-gents/" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Lacomarca - Viles i gents" border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhIHN45kEffRiQtIwX1fO_stCQfESVsOZkLWEaPfFMFy3iDhWQI4-yehNKTACb4ndZO47-kfJKfirvxbNSfASDtjj-TuNO3X1TqamvuF799JCNWvHuHdJYjm1JqsnzU90_KtWzQvWEpiYPKg8sRUTbAjm316NLQOkqIkRCIE9S2TMVp51mOR5rpym2j80/s16000/viles-i-gents-1.png" title="Lacomarca - Viles i gents" /></span></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/12/tersera-jornada-novela-dessima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">l’infern</a> patit a Auschwitz Primo Levi va escriure un testimoni esfereïdor que, alhora, constituís una dolorida reflexió sobre la condició humana titulat Se questo è un uomo (1947). Quan los presoners queden reduïts a la supervivència animal, desapareixen los valors de la solidaritat i la empatia inherents a la humanitat, i l’home dixa de ser-ho també entre els altres condemnats a l’extermini: «Qualsevol que hagi esperat que el seu veí acabi de morir per emportar-se un quart de pa, també és, sense culpa seva, més lluny del model de l’home pensant que <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/mario-sasot.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el pigmeu</a> més cru i <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/Carles-sancho-Meix-parlar-antic.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el sàdic més atroç</a>», diu l’escriptor italià. Lo 20 de març mos va dixar un home bo, <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/?s=Carr%C3%A9galo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Josep Anton Carrégalo</a>, fill de <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/monroyo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mont-roig</a>, de qui mos queda a la memòria la seua personalitat amable amb tots, lliure de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/lo-reguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">prejudicis ideològics</a>, i la <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/search?q=seva" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">seua</a> excepcional <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/search?q=Raynouard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tasca d’investigador</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2021/12/11/adios-cordera/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">creador literari</a> i activista cultural. Per amor al seu poble natal va impulsar l’associació <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/monroyo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sucarrats</a> i va estudiar el seu folklore amb treballs molt reconeguts pels <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2020/09/04/och-occitan-hoc-oc-oc-languedoc/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">especialistes</a>. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/mario-sasot.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Temps de Franja</a>, revista amb la qual va col·laborar, li va dedicar una sentida necrològica i s’hi ha reeditat l’entrevista que el 2009 li va fer <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Artur Quintana</a>. Pocs dies desprès, lo blog pretesament cultural del «Chapurriau» va publicar una altra necrològica on s’alternaven la llista de mèrits del <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/monroyo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mont-rogí</a> i <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">expressions difamatòries</a> amb voluntat de ferir: «Estire la garra lo folclorista Carrégalo», és l’eloqüent títol, sota el qual se fa <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/search?q=Wimara" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">etimologia de mal gust amb lo seu cognom</a> i es menysprea a d’altres estudiosos, en la línia d’alguns articles del blog. <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/continua-catalogo-obispos-urgel-fines-siglo-ix-9-hasta-principios-xi-11.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sortosament</a>, les <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">xarxes socials</a> s’han convertit en tribunes personals que poden difondre qualsevol idea sense filtres, però també permeten que opinions malaltisses o comentaris vulgars, denigrants o d’odi que abans se quedaven a la barra del bar ara es llànçon desacomplexats a l’esfera pública. I poden arribar a <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/03/fes-lo-que-yo-diga-pero-no-faigues-lo-que-yo-faiga.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">casos d’abjecció tan deshumanitzada</a> com este, que tracta d’emportar-se <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/?s=Carr%C3%A9galo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el bon nom del veí que acaba de morir</a>.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/continua-catalogo-obispos-urgel-fines-siglo-ix-9-hasta-principios-xi-11.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sólo un ejemplo de Wimara</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Col·lectius <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115988/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lo cresol</a> i <a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/author/viles-i-gents/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Viles i gents</a>, <a href="https://m.facebook.com/p/Asociaci%C3%B3n-Cultural-Sucarrats-100064367395192/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Associació Cultural Sucarrats</a> i <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/07/associacio-catalanista-matarranya-ascuma-calaceite-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Associació Cultural del Matarranya</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Comentaris (ña mol <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/el-catalan-un-chapurriau-soberbio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">roch y roija</a> per aquí baix):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antonio German Torres:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuanto mas odio e insultos se lanzan los dos bandos que habitan nuestros pueblos, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/03/luis-rajadell.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los catalanistas</a> y los no catalanistas, </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">más fácil resulta explicar porqué el Matarraña no levanta cabeza, y porqué el <a href="https://www.aragon.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gobierno de Aragón</a> tendrá pocas razones para promocionar estas comunidades en las que la </span><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/05/esfendemos-as-luengas-amigos-del-loco-manuelico-rio-hijado/" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">defensa de lo aragonés luce por su ausencia</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">. Algunos pocos actos invitan a pensar que no está todo perdido. Citare por ejemplo la «</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMf18bDjXJM" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">Rompida de la Hora</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">» en </span><a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/valderrobres.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">Valderrobres</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">, cuyos tambores enorgullecen a los aragoneses, o los <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/09/26/se-que-ta-mare-no-vol-jota/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">festivales de jota</a> en algunos pueblos como en </span><a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">Valjunquera</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">,</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2017/06/15/los-collons-de-mon-yayo-los-van-pesa-en-romanes-y-sense-conta-la-llana-pesaen-mes-quel-cap-de-pelayo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2017/06/15/los-collons-de-mon-yayo-los-van-pesa-en-romanes-y-sense-conta-la-llana-pesaen-mes-quel-cap-de-pelayo/</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En estos pueblos <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/albert-sanchez-pinol-antropoleg-escriptor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los catalanistas siempre estarán en el lado equivocado</a>, porque no son capaces de apelar a los sentimientos profundos de nuestra tierra. Poco tiene que ver todo el fondo del artículo con la obra de Primo Levi. Creo que más valdría <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/silvia-dilla-valderrobres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">recordar a Labordeta</a> y su grito «Esta Tierra es Aragón».</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/10Ot0suSUb0" width="320" youtube-src-id="10Ot0suSUb0"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/03/libro-sexto.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barberán</a>:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/raza-catalana-vasca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Un cop més es demostre</a> que, en l’escala evolutiva, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/09/maximo-fabregat-y-les-seues-neures.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">un Neanderthal</a> estarie més <a href="https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/serveissocials/es/canal/projecte-amunt" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">amunt</a> que <b>algunos</b> <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-vie-de-sainte-enimie-enimia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">homes</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/raza-catalana-vasca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="Albert Moliner , Giners, los orígenes de la raza catalana, como la vasca, son anteriores al peninsular ibérico. Hay numerosos estudios que así lo atestiguan." border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="300" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRqOMRTNBZy_wB995DJmEojhbV9CQIrmBXoycu35fIePQLcWmAmWOdu_bY96valKaOGk29X8N20KdnXb9T-LmAD7ybxTCU2PezFkrfjewMTLjpy2CT2dRrNY1QsorIAS0qInE4MktfT0/s400/FB_IMG_1522782322344.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; padding: 5px;" title="Albert Moliner , Giners, los orígenes de la raza catalana, como la vasca, son anteriores al peninsular ibérico. Hay numerosos estudios que así lo atestiguan." width="400" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Señor Germán, una vez que ha dejado clara su situación en el juego, <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2013/12/shakira-y-pique-recogiendo-setas-en.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">no lance balones fuera</a>, por favor. Y sepa que somos muchísimos los que no estamos ni en un bando ni en otro porque huimos de <a href="https://militariabcn.com/categoria-producto/banderas-y-banderines-260/banderas-263/espana-4-266/guerra-civil-espanola-1936-1939-1628/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">banderías</a>. Únicamente reclamamos <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/03/fes-lo-que-yo-diga-pero-no-faigues-lo-que-yo-faiga.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">un poco de sentido común</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=bolet" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #336699; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Shakira y Piqué cogiendo setas en Beceite" border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TnhGTm37U_M/Ur_sz9ifu6I/AAAAAAAAEh4/pIK_8NogsLU/s16000/buscando+bolets.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="Shakira y Piqué cogiendo setas en Beceite" /></span></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2021/11/14/lo-llibre-dels-poetas-segle-xv-part-2/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bea</a> I. 9 Abr 2021 12:29</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se puede opinar pero <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">siempre con respeto y rigor</a> En el caso del que es referente y <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/09/30/el-espanol-moncho-superaragones-promueve-chapurriau-frente-catalan-desde-alemania/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gurú del chapurreau, Moncho</a>, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el respeto brilla por su ausencia</a>. El <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufres-rudels-de-blaia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rigor histórico y filológico</a> también.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaufr%C3%A9_Rudel#/media/Archivo:Jaufre_rudel.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #2288bb; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Geoffroi Rudel, Jaufrés Rudèls de Blaia, Jaufré Rudel de Blaye," border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="718" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpmAc5IlncfT74dO0Co5K3Z1tXmgcoIAr1j1ZOr9ojj_sDO0KmzCNF3R2zrofk9mTaAWsBRqYAnacijaADTqEX85iRcJDdqk5pCYOJfSx1zJg8u80ANNc_qv88j3RM28J1-Zi61NG7ml7QxjVslcVcEjSFQLqMVYLMUR-KmO1ullGu0gwyz7YaHBx2xaM/w438-h640/Jaufre_rudel.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="Geoffroi Rudel, Jaufrés Rudèls de Blaia, Jaufré Rudel de Blaye," width="438" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belen 9 Abr 2021 12:36</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">He encontrado esto por internet. Se ve una captura de facebook donde la <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">alcaldesa de la Codoñera</a> pide ayuda a este chaval que insulta y falta al respeto a <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">personas del Matarraña</a>. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hay que mirar con quien se junta uno</a>! (Yo no la he visto nunca en persona, ni tampoco al <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">grillat de Manel Riu Fillat</a>, @<a href="https://twitter.com/mireiagalindo?lang=es" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mireiagalindo en Twitter</a>, que es el que escribe en la web que aportas. Hay <a href="https://twitter.com/gali_mireia?lang=es" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">otra Mireia Galindo en Twitter</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sociolingüista</a> i <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/12/lo-burro-mort/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">professora de català</a>. <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/04/maria-del-carmen-junyent-figueras-anc-menos-brossa/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Doctora en Filologia</a>. De la Baixa Segarra)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://locacaodelafacao.wordpress.com/2020/02/17/el-mundo-del-chapurriau-asesorado-por-el-creador-de-las-listas-negras-del-chapurriau/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://locacaodelafacao.wordpress.com/2020/02/17/el-mundo-del-chapurriau-asesorado-por-el-creador-de-las-listas-negras-del-chapurriau/</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/05/esfendemos-as-luengas-amigos-del-loco-manuelico-rio-hijado/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: lightseagreen; outline: 0px; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="Esfendemos as luengas, amigos del loco Manuelico Río Hijado" class="attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" sizes="min(400px, 100vw)" src="https://i0.wp.com/blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRVVHK_nLENHA2wk5qr49KVqT7lPpv6oTXyEK4jrsEwVGMQ1Nvn4qBNv79kFbU1CjaosSvqt7vXzka1zkgANiahtx1TDhCosa1wMKvPAOZqqMQRC4W_9Casi-rvAiIPzH0O3k5-nJRewxMaQE7vv8P4xFUvsU5klZXwjPvgofTJkTKQFN-02OT6Wgi9I/w400-h400/manel-riu-fillat-maestro-odio.jpg?resize=400%2C400&ssl=1" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0.97; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Esfendemos as luengas, amigos del loco Manuelico Río Hijado" width="400" /></a><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2017/07/01/lista-negra/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2017/07/01/lista-negra/</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/04/maria-del-carmen-junyent-figueras-anc-menos-brossa/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: lightseagreen; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="María del Carmen Junyent Figueras. ANC. Menos brossa." class="attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" height="640" loading="lazy" sizes="min(453px, 100vw)" src="https://i0.wp.com/blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPH_2Tfqo68WM3idCGyeJtUxnlB09YaWCaB2V8g5VkHYONx5nKXMIjElDXbjRssLtQAiQOE3c_oaYo0SuN3Chfw3rnLPUW3DPrqzGeyt9PX4pqikWTXIdEckqNCN9krdeBzZXflnWDfA2pt455BmuRO0ssHnX2WQzIsERzwmwRy0hzuhV1YISoEcMQq1Y/w453-h640/carme-junyent-anc.jpg?resize=453%2C640&ssl=1" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0.97; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="María del Carmen Junyent Figueras. ANC. Menos brossa." width="453" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pablo 21 Abr 2021 12:14</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergonzoso, no entiendo como <a href="https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/cataluna/2023-06-18/ripoll-alcaldia-alianca-catalana-ultraderecha_3667522/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">una alcaldesa puede colaborar con semejante personaje</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antonio Germán Torres 9 Abr 2021 12:46</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agradezco a todos sus comentarios. Me parece estupendo que cada quien defienda sus ideas sin que por ello merezca ninguna descalificación. Respecto al mío, quiero aclarar que yo no expreso lo que quiero, sino lo que veo. Por ello la afirmación de S. Barberán de que <a href="https://patrimoni.gencat.cat/es/coleccion/espacios-de-la-batalla-del-ebro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">no esta ni en un bando ni en otro</a> me parece bien. Y yo tampoco estoy. No me he manifestado respecto a las lenguas, sino a los catalanistas y a <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufres-rudels-de-blaia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los no catalanistas</a>, y tampoco pertenezco a ninguno de esos dos proyectos.<br />Mi único proyecto es la <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/11/13/pedro-saputo-en-chapurriau-tot-lo-texto/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">libertad de pensar, de hablar y escribir</a> y la de actuar en consecuencia.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/22/que-vol-hitler-que-quiere-hitler/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="Pau, ordre, treball i disciplina. Aixó és el nacionalsocialisme. Partit Nacionalsocialista catalá." border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sb1vU4Lngz4/XhmVdVchpqI/AAAAAAAAbT8/1t6t-KJDKvopJ6wKAv8z2dTcgacWdp3awCNcBGAsYHQ/w318-h640/nazis-catalunya-partit.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; display: inline-block; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; text-align: center;" title="Pau, ordre, treball i disciplina. Aixó és el nacionalsocialisme. Partit Nacionalsocialista catalá." width="318" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Me parece muy bien que S. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/03/francisco-celma-tafalla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Celma</a> crea que <a href="https://matarranyaturismo.es/historia/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el Matarraña va como un tiro</a>. Yo no lo veo igual. En cuanto a que la expresión «<a href="https://es.quora.com/De-d%C3%B3nde-viene-la-expresi%C3%B3n-estirar-la-pata" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">estirar la pata</a>» sea merecedora de acciones legales por calumnias y vejación», o que sea un «insulto a la muerte» <a href="https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_judicial_systems_in_member_states-16-de-es.do?member=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vayan ustedes al juzgado y presenten la denuncia</a>.<br /><br />(A <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Luisico el malas compañías</a> le ha gustado eso de: </span><a href="https://matarranyaturismo.es/historia/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el Matarraña va como un tiro</a>. Qué chiste más bueno !)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="Lluís Companys, un genocida como referente moral y político del independentismo catalán." border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="221" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRMzrqv2e-vuWKf6wu759taiFEDn_GlH9mLY4ZG0s0zKnXnc7_fUNNeaG3WK5Qiq1DmLYRSoHZewcuMzt2gymOWdTQbp8o_ZsDwqW7_PhXa80W8ZbFXJKotmqgwNzPEaatJUwE-2GDi88/w395-h640/Lluis_Companys.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: #222222; padding: 5px;" title="Lluís Companys, un genocida como referente moral y político del independentismo catalán." width="395" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mi me parece de <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/13/fracaso-de-la-inmersion-linguistica-en-cataluna/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mala educación</a>, pero no peor que las muchas cosas que se oyen cada día y que se defienden como <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">derecho a la libertad de expresión</a>. Lo lamento, pero esta es la realidad con la que nos ha tocado vivir.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/10/13/fracaso-de-la-inmersion-linguistica-en-cataluna/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: lightseagreen; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="Fracaso de la inmersión lingüística en Cataluña." class="attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" height="602" loading="lazy" sizes="min(640px, 100vw)" src="https://i0.wp.com/blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY45LjR-fGAjOyTZzFikmvTBakiz_STPsk_VnI4hp4DvBjAyYGDb1OOjwwE3lxu9W_cOxgFuYpEKFBw0o5tjVHOVXI5C8igYpAKeKNBrPOvGpDlyx0syNpQTfK43zQMH93rD_psBnInopjydF3sJ5BBF8kJNpmGTqrI2X8GxKDC5_P2OICTWTY84kLphk/w640-h602/serment-louis-le-germanique-842.jpg?resize=640%2C602&ssl=1" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0.97; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Fracaso de la inmersión lingüística en Cataluña." width="640" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J.R Rodriguez Foz 9 Abr 2021 13:36</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mi me parece de muy mal gusto las faltas de respeto vengan de donde vengan. Una cosa es la libertad de expresión (si va acompañada de <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-tome-second-1836.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">argumentos y pruebas</a> mejor) y otra el faltar al respeto. Más aún si es a <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">una persona fallecida</a> cuyos <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/01/11/botiga-ascuma/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">trabajos y libros sobre la cultura del Matarraña y de Monroyo</a> son intachables y respetuosos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Javier Q. 9 Abr 2021 12:58</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pues yo lo comprendo. Estas personas que llevan lo del chapurreau <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/antonio-ubieto-arteta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contradicen a UNIZAR</a> y lógicamente carecen del apoyo de los catedráticos en filología e historia de la misma. No tienen otra que buscar apoyo en aquellas personas que les den la razón aunque dejen mucho que desear y tengan una falta de humanidad y empatía que ralle la psicopatía. Como se le ocurre a Ramón Guimerá escribir sobre una persona fallecida? <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2017/12/24/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-dissenado-de-coches/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">No está bien de la cabeza</a>?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J.R Rodriguez Foz 9 Abr 2021 13:06</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hacer un escrito de mofa sobre una persona recién fallecida es deneznable (<a href="https://dle.rae.es/deleznable#:~:text=adj.,Despreciable%20o%20censurable.&text=despreciable%2C%20detestable%2C%20indigno%2C%20ruin%2C%20vil." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">deleznable</a>, idiota, la n está un poco apartada de la l, <a href="https://monchoorg.wordpress.com/2017/12/24/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-dissenado-de-coches-pininfarinetes/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">como tu neurona derecha de la izquierda</a>). Por desgracia no me sorprende.<br />Los referentes de la <a href="https://amicsdelchapurriau.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">asociación de los amigos del chapurriau</a> tienen un <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">currículum preocupante</a>. En este caso ha sido «<a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2021/01/07/lo-cami-traduit-per-moncho/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Moncho</a>», su <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/11/18/lexique-roman-ou-dictionnaire-de-la-langue-des-troubadours-raynouard-tome-premier/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">filólogo de referencia</a> que es taxista en Alemania (siempre copian de otros que no saben. Fui taxista un tiempo hasta el 2018, y va muy bien para aprender un idioma como el que hablaban <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/?s=Meyer-L%C3%BCbcke" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Meyer-Lübcke</a> y <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2020/09/04/och-occitan-hoc-oc-oc-languedoc/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Friedrich Diez o Díez</a>. Soy <a href="http://fyl.unizar.es/grado/grado-en-estudios-ingleses" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">licenciado en filología inglesa por la Unizar de Zaragoza</a> desde el 2002).<br />No hace mucho fue Javier Moya plagiando y manipulando parte de cuatro estudios diferentes para escribir un artículo en la sección de «<a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/opinion/la-scripta-aragonesa/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el mon del chapurreau</a>».</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es lo que tienen cuando vas en contra de <a href="https://romancearagones.blogspot.com/2013/01/doc-14-adj-1-de-2-xvi-congreso-de-l-y-f.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">todo el mundo académico</a>, que <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/javier-giralt-latorre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tienes que inventarte cosas</a> para tener a tu gente contenta.<br /><br /><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-tome-second-1836.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-tome-second-1836.html</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramón del <a href="https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/horta-guinardo/es/el-distrito-y-sus-barrios/el-guinardo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guinardó</a> 9 Abr 2021 13:11</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amics Aragonesos : Ras i curt, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufres-rudels-de-blaia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">parleu am Catalá</a> , am la vostra manera de parlar el Catalá, encara que no ho acepteu, es mes no m’extranya que no ho acepteu ( no tots eh ? ) am persones que voten en contra de fer les coses bilingues, ja esta tot dit, aixó si aquestes mateixes persones o persona demanen ajuda a «linguistes» de tres al cuarto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marta Monreal Moles 9 Abr 2021 13:38</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Yò soc de Queretes i parlo català de Queretes. Soc una aragonesa catalanoparlant i ben orgullosa. Yò no xapurrejo res.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramón del Guinardó 9 Abr 2021 14:39</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totalment d’acord am tú !!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marta Monreal9 Abr 2021 16:32</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hola Marta!! Que coincidencia!! Te apellidas Monreal como yo y somos del mismo pueblo!! No tengo el placer de conocerte!! A ver si nos conocemos!!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laura Vidal9 Abr 2021 14:06</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una persona com Montxo que fa mofa de una persona que ha mort recientment no es un home ni es res.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Davant de les amenaces e insults dels chapurriaus lo millor que podem fer los del català d’Aragó es seguir mantenint la educació, los arguments i lo nostre treball que fa més de 40 anys que va i sempre en la linea de Unizar. Tot lo treball que han fet persones com José A. Carrégalo, Desideri Lombarte, Jesús Moncada… está i estará aquí per a que les properes generacions coneguen i mantinguen la nostra cultura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gombauet9 Abr 2021 16:32</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben cert; per això mateix caldria advertir Ferran Rañé de amb qui s’ ajunta…. No pot ser que segons quina genteta s’ aprofite de la bona fe d’ alguns per a adquiri respectabilitat quan en realitat no van més enllà del terraplanisme i el cunyadisme carpetovetònic més caspós…</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paqui Ferreres9 Abr 2021 14:17</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Yo soy de Calaceite y por desgracia por culpa de personas como estas del chapurriau no me enseñaron a escribir en mi propia lengua materna. Estos del chapurriau son los mismos que siempre lo han querido todo en castellano y nada bilingüe pero ahora disfrazados de «amigos». ¿Y si tan amigos dicen ser como es que votan en contra de los pregones bilingües? ¿Y si tan amigos son de nuestra lengua como es que solo hace 3 años que empezaron? Los del catalán llevan cuarenta y pico de años editando material sobre nuestra lengua y costumbres de mucha calidad. No digo que sean todas las obras perfectas pero la mayoría son de un rigor científico intachable.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mont-roig9 Abr 2021 14:31</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me parece penoso y de una falta de ética total que el mayor exponente de la asociación amics del chapurriau(Ramón Guimerá o «Moncho») haya escrito en su blog de chapurriau.blogspot un artículo mofándose sobre mi amigo recién fallecido José Antonio Carrégalo Sancho que ha hecho tanto por la cultura del Matarraña durante tantas décadas. Lo peor es que no es la primera vez que este personaje,(Moncho) al que los chapurristas siguen fielmente, hace algo similar. De hecho son decenas de personas del Matarraña a las que ha insultado públicamente. Sin olvidar la famosa lista negraque hizo con las personas que no se ajustan a lo que el piensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acabo de descubrir gracias a los comentarios que la alcaldesa de la Codoñera, María José Gascón, tiene a este tipo como consejero en temas lingüisticos y no a la Universidad de Zaragoza. Esto es surrealista.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">https://locacaodelafacao.wordpress.com/2020/02/17/el-mundo-del-chapurriau-asesorado-por-el-creador-de-las-listas-negras-del-chapurriau/</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo negret9 Abr 2021 16:24</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sa de tindre pocs escrúpuls per a fer lo que ha fet moncho. ¿No sen donen vergonya los del chapurriau de segui la corren a este personaje?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Montse Arrufat9 Abr 2021 17:20</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suma y sigue. A mi no me viene de nuevas. Este tal Moncho ya estuvo insultando a mi marido por el facebook hará como 5 años y lo hace con mucha gente que no piensa como él. Este es el ideólogo y creador de la ortografía sin sentido de los del chapurriau que alimentan sus locuras. Que se lo confiten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marta9 Abr 2021 17:30</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soc de casa «la molinera». Vixco a Alcanyís en lo meu home que es de aquí. Me pareix que ya se qui eres pero crec que te doblo la edad</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marta Monreal9 Abr 2021 18:34</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pues no caigo en el nombre de la «Casa Molinera»… Debe de hacer muchos años que no vienes no? Es que Monreal en Cretas sólo hay 3 ramas familiares y una viene de Calaceite.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antonio Germán Torres9 Abr 2021 18:08</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Como lector habitual de La Comarca, puedo afirmar sin equivocarme que pocos temas levantan tanta pasión y reciben tantos comentarios como los que resultan de las columnas de opinión en las que se mezcla o se enfrenta el Chapurriau (y no precisamente como un hecho cultural) con el Catalán (ya sea éste el de la Terra Alta, el de Tortosa o el Valenciano). Es precisamente esta realidad de innumerables criticas a los que piensan en un sentido o en el contrario, lo que pone de manifiesto que una cosa es la ciencia de las lenguas, y otra muy distinta lo que los observadores percibimos como posiciones mas favorables a lo catalán o a lo aragonés. Y aun es todavía más manifiesto que es lo que conviene a La Comarca. La inteligencia de su marketing consiste precisamente en dar voz a los que se enfrentan, porque no nos engañemos, se venden más números. Posición lógica de una empresa que se llama Información Catalana Aragonesa. Yo que mi primer catalán lo aprendí de las canciones de mi admirado Joan Manuel Serrat, cuya madre al igual que mi padre se conocían porque eran de Belchite, no dejo de pensar que opinará Serrat. Serrat ha sido un ejemplo de sabiduría a la hora de defender sus idiomas materno y paterno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero quiero insistir que, en buena medida, el respeto a las lenguas es algo que ya sabían los Neardentales de S. Barberán. No era necesario esperar a nuestros actuales Homo Sapiens. Lo importante es el respeto. Y parece que catalanistas o no, lo pierden cuando tratan estos temas. Igual que muchos lo pierden cuando se acercan elecciones o cuando se juega un Barça-Madrid.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Yo, por darle un toque intelectualoide a mi opinión, semejante a la empleada por los colectivos de Vilas y Gentes mencionando a Primo Levi, recordaré la famosa obra de Pearl S. Buck «Viento del Este, viento del Oeste». Aferrarse a tradiciones ancestrales llevó a la protagonista a perder el amor de su marido. Supo que tenia que aceptar nuevas costumbres y usos para recuperar el amor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El futuro no pasará por el chapurriau o por el catalán. El mundo que viene hablará otras lenguas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mariví Salsench9 Abr 2021 20:41</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No se trata de las lenguas que se hablarán en el futuro. Se trata de que es la lengua que hablamos nosotros ahora. Nos gusta porque es nuestra lengua materna y ello no nos supone problema alguno para aprender otras lenguas. El «problema» no es tal a pesar de que algunas minorías de ambos bandos digan sandeces de tanto en tanto. El problema lo tienen quienes mezclan filología con política. Los demás estamos la mar de tranquilos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">solenchapurriau@gmail.com10 Abr 2021 09:26</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ACLARACIÓN</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A las alusiones escritas en varios de los comentarios de este post y como miembro de la A. Cultural Amics del Chapurriàu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desde hace muchos años se está «invirtiendo» en Aragón para la promoción y realce del catalán (ahora con su apellido nuevo «catalán de Aragón’). Uno de los primeros en contrarrestar este sinsentido:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">‘Gastar el dinero de todos en algo que miles de aragoneses teníamos MUY claro’ fue</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramón, que (a su manera) lleva aguantando todo tipo de descalificativos más de 30 años.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ahora han aparecido otras asociaciones y gente que nos vemos en la obligación de DEFENDER nuestra lengua. Esto NO significa que sigamos las pautas de Ramón o que estemos de acuerdo con sus «formas’. Cada uno tiene su propio camino para defender LO Chapurriàu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hay muchos que estáis dando palos de ciego, sobre nuestra ‘nueva ortografía’ ‘nuestra asociación’ ‘El mundo del Chapurriàu’ ‘el blog, yoparlochapurriau’. Lo estáis metiendo todo en el mismo saco ( porque tod@s defendemos LO Chapurriàu) pero cada grupo o cada persona tienen sus propios métodos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siempre hemos estado callados y ahora que simplemente defendemos nuestra lengua minoritaria aragonesa Lo Chapurriàu, tenemos que AGUANTAR insultos y descalificativos continuamente, día a día.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Por favor, el mismo respeto que pedís también deberíais ponerlo en práctica.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">#soydeAragónyparloChapurriàu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramón del Guinardó10 Abr 2021 10:49</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amics Aragonesos : Parleu am Catalá , am la vostra manera de parlar el Catalá, tot el demés es fujir d’estudi, i procureu que no us furtin la vostra parla, vijileu cap al Oest…..</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antonio Germán Torres10 Abr 2021 16:15</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramon, me alegra encontrarle por aquí, entre otras cosas, porque usted entiende lo que lee. Pero quizás el oeste ahora ha cambiado de sitio, quizás esta en el Imperio del Centro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antonio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramón del Guinardó10 Abr 2021 19:36</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sr Germán , mucho gusto de comentar con Ud, en lo que a mi concierne, creo que entiendo bien lo que se escribe o lo que se quiere expresar escribiendo, otra cosa es que los puntos cardinales estén en el mismo sitio de siempre, que lo están, lo que si es verdad es que el Centro impera, que no es lo mismo que el Imperio del Centro : Dicho esto…cuidado con los vecinos del Oeste, que poco a poco hos furtaran la vostra parla.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saludos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gombauet10 Abr 2021 11:16</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com sempre en castelllà…. I evidentment que cada u té «su propio camino», ara, segons per quin camí més val no transitar-hi… Ja veiem quines «companyies» t’hi pots trobar.. .</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Celma10 Abr 2021 13:35</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Como zaragozano que ha vivido en Cataluña media vida laboral y que conoce muy bien el Matarraña (y por tanto sabe que la lengua es la misma), no entiendo por qué os empeñáis en decir que el «chapurriau» es una lengua, cuando no hay NI UNA universidad en todo el mundo que lo reconozca. Ni una publicación científica (supongo que ya sabéis el método de publicación en revistas prestigiosas). NADA.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Está muy bien que mantengáis la lengua, en esto coincidís con los que defienden el catalán de Aragón;, e incluso si queréis, en plan doméstico, usar el denominativo «chapurriau» por costumbre (aunque este denominativo fuera impuesto por los funcionarios que no entendían a vuestros bisabuelos cuando los destinaban a estos pueblos), pero de ahí a decir y gastar dinero público en defender que es una lengua diferente, hay un abismo. O intereses espurios, cosa que sería vergonzosa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enrique M. 10 Abr 2021 14:27</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osea que no denuncia ni recrimina la mofa de Ramón Guimerá sobre <a href="https://monchoorg.wordpress.com/2021/03/24/estire-la-garra-lo-folclorista-carregalo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la muerte de José Antonio Carrégalo</a> que tanto ha hecho por <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/06/19/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nuestra lengua</a> y sus variantes que <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">yo llamo Catalán</a> y usted Chapurriau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/11/25/chronique-des-albigeois/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2023/11/25/chronique-des-albigeois/</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramón Guimerá tiene 40 años, (casi 46) no puede hacer 30 años que aguanta «insultos» ni siquiera 30 años dedicándose a esto porque era un niño de 10 años. (Yo no aguanto nada, dejo a <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los burros rebuznar</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No os insultamos. Argumentamos con educación y pruebas y ustedes no saben rebatirnos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/pp-recupera-matarrana-mayoria-fernando-camps-suma-apoyo-par/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raúl Cardona Miralles</a> 10 Abr 2021 22:00</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esto del <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2021/01/07/los-sans-inossens/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chapurreao de cultural tiene poco</a> pues <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/07/associacio-catalanista-matarranya-ascuma-calaceite-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">de cultura no hacen nada</a>. Es <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/el-catalan-un-chapurriau-soberbio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">más parecido a un partido político que a nada relacionado con la cultura</a>. (Ha definido a la perfección a la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/07/associacio-catalanista-matarranya-ascuma-calaceite-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ASCUMA</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un escrito en el que no se atreven ni a criticar la mezquindad que ha tenido Ramón Guimerá <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">faltando al respeto a un difunto</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Raúl Cardona Miralles 10 Abr 2021 15:26</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esta asociación del chapurriau no es insultada <b>peri </b>sí acusada de <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">manipular la historia de nuestra lengua</a>. Dejen de manipular y dejarán de ser acusados<br /><br /><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marta Foz 10 Abr 2021 16:57</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En mi opinión hay gente en nuestros pueblos que dice que habla chapurreau porque cree que <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el catalán es lo que hablan la gente de Barcelona</a> cuando vienen a pasar el verano.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2020/09/04/och-occitan-hoc-oc-oc-languedoc/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="och, occitan, hoc, oc, òc, languedoc" class="attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" height="737" loading="lazy" src="https://i0.wp.com/1.bp.blogspot.com/-ISFZzEl5I6E/X1JV0cRXxKI/AAAAAAAAccs/q0tqck0cDcEn3qjm3O4272ip5NetkfHtQCNcBGAsYHQ/s16000/dialectes-occitans-catalan-compres-alibert-gramatica-occitana.jpg?resize=1108%2C737&ssl=1&crop=1" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="och, occitan, hoc, oc, òc, languedoc" width="1108" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otros dicen que hablan <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/05/lo-tresaur-dau-felibritge.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">capurreau</a> porque al igual que en otros puntos de España son anticatalanes por razones políticas e incluso deportivas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y otros dicen que hablan chapurreau porque creen que <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexiquer-roman-diable-diabol-diptamni.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">si dicen que hablan catalán</a> son menos aragoneses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otros como yo pensamos que hablamos catalán porque lo hablaban nuestros abuelos y porque si hablamos como <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/07/amazon-vita-christi-isabel-villena.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los de Morella</a> y como los de Horta es que hablamos <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/08/hoc_15.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la misma lengua</a>. Además me gusta la nueva forma de llamarle <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-tome-second-1836.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalán de Aragón</a>, a lo mejor <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufres-rudels-de-blaia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">si se le hubiera dicho así hace 50</a> <b>anos </b>habría gente que lo tenía más claro.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.es/Vita-Christi-Villena-llengua-valenciana/dp/B098WDBDWZ/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&keywords=vita+christi+ramon+guimera&qid=1625847693&sr=8-1" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #2288bb; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Vita Christi de la Reuerent Abb´adl´atínta. (la t está damún de la radera a. pareix un muixó. (Abbadessa de la Trinitat)" border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="561" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgat6dQSx6exHJBcmmtUZOixRBuGjbVGQUox5R-c1gf1qW0rzv2VYPxFKPssZ0v0r93fKNt3d3AvL94M3u4VuV1VA4DOfC5THjBCcW3BBUsaoeb5mX-CUBv_MHtB3KuBg-7lMk3dMx7yhHA/w430-h640/vita-christi-dibuix-1.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="Vita Christi de la Reuerent Abb´adl´atínta. (la t está damún de la radera a. pareix un muixó. (Abbadessa de la Trinitat)" width="430" /></a><br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y para terminar no conocía al Sr. <a href="https://monchoorg.wordpress.com/2021/03/24/estire-la-garra-lo-folclorista-carregalo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Carrégalo</a>, pero <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">siento la muerte de una persona</a> que ha trabajado para su pueblo, su comarca y <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/08/hoc_15.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">su lengua</a>.<br />Que descanse en paz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y que <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/09/30/el-espanol-moncho-superaragones-promueve-chapurriau-frente-catalan-desde-alemania/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">un Sr. desde Alemania</a> diga lo que ha dicho, poco ha <b>echo</b> para <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/09/30/el-espanol-moncho-superaragones-promueve-chapurriau-frente-catalan-desde-alemania/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">su comarca y su lengua</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/salvador-salazar-arrue-salarrue/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: lightseagreen; outline: 0px; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="Salvador Salazar Arrué, SALARRUÉ" class="attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" height="220" loading="lazy" sizes="min(640px, 100vw)" src="https://i0.wp.com/2.bp.blogspot.com/-65nolRvdgww/XBoypRnk3xI/AAAAAAAAXOQ/zrHk-ovR4iADPId0pdbPLI4c8QTfSIFRQCLcBGAs/w640-h220/chapurriau.jpg?resize=640%2C220&ssl=1" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0.97; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Salvador Salazar Arrué, SALARRUÉ" width="640" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/40892325/V%C3%ADctimes_per_viol%C3%A8ncia_i_repressi%C3%B3_als_Ports_durant_la_Segona_Rep%C3%BAblica_i_la_Guerra_Civil_1931_1941_Jornades_per_a_la_recuperaci%C3%B3_de_la_mem%C3%B2ria_hist%C3%B2rica_de_Portell_2018_" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Juan José Cardona</a> 26 Abr 2021 09:31</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo del tal <a href="https://ramonguimeralorente.blogspot.com/2018/06/portfolio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ramón Guimerá Lorente</a> es de una <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">falta de humanidad</a> increíble. Ya le he visto insultar <a href="https://ramonguimeralorente.blogspot.com/2018/06/portfolio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">en su web</a> a mucha gente del Matarraña pero hablar y <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mofarse de personas fallecidas</a> más aún cuando estas personas han trabajado de forma intachable por la <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2024/02/27/lexique-roman-falhir-faillir-falsar/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cultura del Matarraña </a>me parece vergonzoso. No comprendo como la alcaldesa de <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2024/02/17/lexique-roman-esperit-sospirar/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la Codoñera</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.wordpress.com/2018/11/29/reciben-en-las-cortes-a-amics-del-chapurriau/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">María José Gascón Cases</a>, colabora con este personaje. Al parecer también es colaborador de la <a href="https://amicsdelchapurriau.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">asociación cultural amics del chapurriau</a>.<br />Es el que ha inventado para ellos una <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ortografía esperpéntica</a>. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/el-catalan-un-chapurriau-soberbio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vergonzante</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="vea como Companys firmaba sentencias de muerte contra mujeres y civiles" border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="479" height="640" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5RMwxooB4FYokdrDIAOjl9fPFrErXhZprrUxuILETagCfPTC6Pf14ZR5RhX9wpGvSsEB-uYD1s8J6opm6EbzbF00F-S1ZTxQe3m0iylEMguYyo0Se5oKAM_6JNjAx7Fn6a8q5KgQRxP0/w542-h640/companys-lluis-generalitat-sentencia-mort.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: #222222; padding: 5px;" title="vea como Companys firmaba sentencias de muerte contra mujeres y civiles" width="542" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://ramonguimeralorente.blogspot.com/2018/06/portfolio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://ramonguimeralorente.blogspot.com/2018/06/portfolio.html</a><br /><br />//<br /><br /><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html<br /><br /></a><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #2288bb; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Senyora Reyna final resposta de hoc o de no e ab aquella expedirnos de continent los dits consellers digueren hirien fer de tot aço a la dita Senyora Reyna relacio." border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1104" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtM8-elz5m6JKp3HbOFa6hEH6myM1XZqPlIut9CzXsWVA_bqKFCbmRZ2CkNdnvFOUL6bsOVohstECgeo__OfPfAqT_aOAGXwsNosnEL8hqPqry9EZlIOGPq5p0NVKn8upj5dcDclWFNpnM/w640-h406/resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no-reyna.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="Senyora Reyna final resposta de hoc o de no e ab aquella expedirnos de continent los dits consellers digueren hirien fer de tot aço a la dita Senyora Reyna relacio." width="640" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">14 DE JUNIO.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No hubo sesión.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siguen las cartas que se recibieron en este día.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als molt reverend nobles magnifichs e honorables senyors <b>los diputats del General</b> e consell representants <b>lo Principat de Cathalunya</b>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molt reverends nobles magnifichs e savis senyors. Huy circa les VII ores de mati havem rebuda letra vostra ab la qual nos significau la voluntat e desig que teniu de veure la conclusio dels negocis occorrents e persuadiunos a sollicitut e cura de aquells e scriureus de tot lo que sera fet. Per suadir senyors a nosaltres en aquestes coses ab tot que nou rebam altrament que a contentacio e plaer pero no pensam afretura per quant ho tenim tant a cor que dia e nit en alre no pensam ne volriem preteris (pasase; passare; de pretérito) una hora de temps sens degut fruyt es empero veritat lo que vulgarment se diu que fa hom lo possible e no insta la voluntat. Nosaltres fom aci dijous a vespre e per que alguns de nosaltres vinguem tart jatsia ho significam a la Senyora Reyna no poguem haver aquell vespre audiencia de la sua Senyoria. Hir de mati nos fonch donada audiencia e presentamli les respostes e li explicam lo que juxta vostres instruccions li era per nosaltres explicador. E donades les dites respostes en scrits la dita Senyora resta sobre aquelles en delliberacio sobre la qual en la vesprada sa Senyoria fonch solicitada e dix que no podiem haver resposta fins vuy de mati. E huy en aquesta ora son venguts a nosaltres lo mestre de Muntesa vizrey de Sicilia e comte de Oliva e de part de la dita Senyora Reyna nos han explicat com la sua Excellencia havia vistes les dites respostes e que trobava aquelles molt diferenciejar dels apuntaments fins aci fets e que per tant la dita sua Excellencia nos pregava que los III de nosaltres ço es prior de Cathalunya mossen Vilademany e mossen Jacme Ros qui aquestes coses havien menejades </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">ne poguessen encara ab sa Senyoria e ab los de son consell conferir. Hagut per nosaltres sobre aço nostre consell jatsia no oblidem vostres instruccions pero per donar raho de aço a tota justificacio del Principat attes que no pensam tal diferencia recaure en la cosa com es pretes es stat delliberat no deneguar aquesta comunicacio per la qual es dada hora avuy apres lo dormir de la dita Senyora Reyna. E per quant fins açi no haviem hagut res en cert no haviem curat scriureus hagut lo parlament e comunicacio dessus dits sera fet lo que per vostra ordinacio som tenguts. Ab tant molt reverends nobles magnifichs e savis senyors la Sancta Trinitat vos tinga en sa guarda. Feta en </span><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/1-2-diciembre-1461.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">Vilafrancha</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"> a XIII de juny any LXI. - La present vos placia comunicar als senyors de consellers de aquexa ciutat lurs embaxadors vos ne pregen. - A tota ordinacio prests los embaixadors vostres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als molt reverends nobles e magnifichs senyors <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/24-de-mayo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los diputats del General</a> e consell lur representants <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/20-de-febero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo Principat de Cathalunya</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo dia passat senyors molt reverends molt nobles e magnifichs vos scrivim per letra la qual degues rebre entorn les VII ores apres mig jorn e stesement per aquella vos splicam tot lo fet e subseguit fins en aquella ora e com se havia fer lo parlament e comunicacio entre la Illustrissima Senyora Reyna e los de son consell e los tres nostres sobre les diferencies quis dehien esser en nostres respostes als apuntaments en dies passats fets. Ara per aquesta senyors vos certificam com lo dit parlament es stat fet no ab la dita Senyora Reyna mas ab los de son consell per sa ordinacio e los dits nostres tres en lo qual entraren hir a les IIII ores apres mig jorn e stigueren en aquell fins prop les X ores de nit. E los dits consellers de la Senyora Reyna volgueren passar tots los capitols de hu en hu e feren notament en algun dells de algunes coses qui no pensen sien de gran importancia car les paraules mudades lo efecte redunda una mateixa cosa o si en res devia no son coses de gran caler pero qualsevulla que sien com per los dits tres los fos dit que no ere en facultat nostra res variar ne mudar a les dites respostes ne altra fos nostra comissio que demenar de la dita Senyora Reyna final resposta de <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hoc o de no</a> e ab aquella expedirnos de continent los dits consellers digueren hirien fer de tot aço a la dita Senyora Reyna relacio. Huy de mati entorn les V hores havem rebuda una letra ab la qual congoxosament nos scriviu ens encarregau de sollicitar per que de continent dita la missa de la Senyora Reyna essents tots nosaltres e los misatgers de la ciutat ajustats en nostre consell havem tramesos los dits III a la dita Senyora Reyna suplicantla per la dita resposta e no obmetent dir totes aquelles coses que son stades vistes a aço conduhir. La dita Senyora jatsia se reta admirada de tanta cuyta per quant diu li es vista impertinent posant al davant que vosaltres haveu trigat aqui delliberar per spay de VIII jorns e voleu que sa Senyoria vos responga sens temps de delliberacio dient que a nit vespre los dits consellers seus per esser hora tan tarda no li havien poguda fer complida relacio e que ara eren venguts a sa Senyoria per axo pero que no vol sino vuy tot dia tant solament ço es que ades apres dinar sa Senyoria hoira la dita relacio stesament e fara sa bona delliberacio sobre la qual donara tal resposta que vosaltres e nosaltres e tot lo Principat haurem e haura raho de restar molt contents. Aço es stat dit per la dita Senyora Reyna ab cara molt alegra e de bona contentacio de la qual los dits III qui ho han vist e hoit e nosaltres qui ho havem per lur (parece lor) report ne restam be confortats e ab sperança de tot be. Daquiavant senyors en aquesta vesprada la dita Senyora sera sollicitada per reduir loy a memoria e dema la hora assignada no sera gens preterida e en tot siau certs que per nosaltres si fara tanta diligencia que no pensam en res se pogues fer major. Ne volriem preterir (passar) una hora que no fos benifici als afers. Ab tant molt reverends nobles e magnifichs senyors la Sancta Trinitat vos haja en so guarda. Feta en Vilafrancha a XIIII dies de juny any Mil CCCCLXI. - A tota vostra ordinacio prests los embaixadors vostres.<br /><br />// <br /><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.es/s?k=Ram%C3%B3n+Guimer%C3%A1+Lorente+chapurriau&__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=29F0T90EWD0F5&sprefix=ram%C3%B3n+guimer%C3%A1+lorente+chapurriau%2Caps%2C118&ref=nb_sb_noss" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Llibres traduíts per Moncho en chapurriau</a>:<br />(<a href="https://www.amazon.es/s?k=Ram%C3%B3n+Guimer%C3%A1+Lorente&__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=KKXVD6NCCT5Q&sprefix=ram%C3%B3n+guimer%C3%A1+lorente%2Caps%2C126&ref=nb_sb_noss" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aquí están tots, en diferentes llengües</a>)<br /><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.es/s?k=Ram%C3%B3n+Guimer%C3%A1+Lorente+chapurriau&__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=29F0T90EWD0F5&sprefix=ram%C3%B3n+guimer%C3%A1+lorente+chapurriau%2Caps%2C118&ref=nb_sb_noss" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; 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font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.es/s?k=Ram%C3%B3n+Guimer%C3%A1+Lorente+chapurriau&__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=29F0T90EWD0F5&sprefix=ram%C3%B3n+guimer%C3%A1+lorente+chapurriau%2Caps%2C118&ref=nb_sb_noss" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="226" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9eczTkCLYdZZNPP86Rq4medGjMR4INKM7ZtTO9iwxF7xKUHOS1gJq-GcpRzarBLCeAY6U1MKDO0ac6YTllqqgantvpS6A3LJKedisYQbQGvJa2N25aBMeuk0KnvIpNaN9_e2nYD_0r_rVWulTOETstHQRW9d1hAaNNGMgrg5pfy5NKwHfrAN8B1A9fEc/s1600/ag%C3%BCelo-mar.jpg" width="226" /></span></a></div>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-58963133717050971262024-01-16T01:14:00.000-08:002024-01-16T01:14:51.402-08:00Lexique roman; Castelh, castelhs, castels, castel, castell<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Castelh, s. m., lat. castellum (<a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/testamentum-jacobi-i-regis-aragonum-mcclxi-1241.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castrum</a>), château.</span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Variantes de Catalunha, con o sin h, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/aco-es-memorial-kalendari-coses-fetes-passades-johan-buada.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cathalunya</a>, Catalugna, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-cinquieme-appendice-biographies.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cataluenha</a>, Catalunhia, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/bovaticum-catalonia-1275-pedro-iii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Catalonia</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/11/19-de-marzo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chastelongne</a>; castelh, castell, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-b.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">châtelain</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellain</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellan</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellans</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=castellano" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellano</a>, castellana, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalán</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalana</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chastel</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">château</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=castillo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castillo</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=castillos" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castillos</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/sumaria-contra-conde-urgel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castiello</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/xviii-perg-445-jaime-i-2-febrero-1231.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castiellos</a>, etc.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo castel de Berengs, n' el castel de Causac n' el <a href="http://www.chateaudemontaigu.eu/accueil" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castel de Monteacuto</a>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-1-appendice-manuscrits.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Titre de 960</a>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le château de Bereng, et le <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Les_Vieux_papiers_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cauzac.html?id=Zs8nAAAAYAAJ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">château de Causac</a> et le <a href="http://www.chateaudemontaigu.eu/accueil" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">château de Montaigu</a>. (<a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/tomo-13-apendice-de-documentos-41-50.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Montagut</a>)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luenh es lo castelhs e la tors</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ont elha jay e son maritz.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Rudel: Pro ai del.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loin est le château et la tour où elle couche et son mari.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fig. La servela es castels e bailieus que tot a en garda.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Liv. de Sydrac, fol. 34.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La cervelle est le château et le gouverneur qui a tout en garde.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Qui à un sien chastel estoit.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du châtelain de Couci, v. 4061.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En vostre chastel du Louvre... Se sauvèrent de chastel en chastel.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monstrelet, p. 120 et 170.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. ESP. Cercaron à Anchira un castiello.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema de Alexandro, cop, 793.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. (chap.) Castell. ESP. Castillo. PORT. IT. Castello.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2. Castelet, s. m., petit château, châtelet.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pren castels e vilas e borcs e casteletz.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillaume de Tudela.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et prend châteaux et villes et bourgs et châtelets.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Li dus tel chastelet i fist.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Rou, v. 8608.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. (chap.) Castellet. ESP. Castillete (castillito). IT. Castelletto.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3. Caslar, s. m., château-fort, tertre, éminence.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un bel caslar en mieg d'un plan cambo.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born: Pus Ventedorn.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un beau château-fort au milieu d'un vallon uni.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo qual caslar es pausat en las apartenensas del castel de Belcastel.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tit. de 1295. DOAT, t. CXXXIX, fol. 125.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lequel château-fort est posé dans les appartenances du château de- Belcastel. (<i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@TheBeauChateau" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Beau-château</a></i>)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vic las forcas dreytas de costa un caslar.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Fierabras, v. 3081.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et il vit les fourches droites à côté d'une éminence.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4. Castelar, s. m., bourg, château-fort.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l caslar e 'l castelar.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tit. de 1248. Arch. du Roy., J, 323.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et le château-fort et le bourg.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">5. Castellat, adj., fortifié, qui est en forme de château.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era mot fortment torrada et castelada.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De corona castelada et torrelada.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eluc. de las propr., fol. 166 et 157.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elle était fortement tourelée et fortifiée.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De couronne en forme de château et tourelée.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">6. Castellania, s. f., châtellenie.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bayliadges, castellanias.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tit. de 1373. DOAT, t. CXXXV, fol. 84.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bailliages, châtellenies,</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dins la castellania et dins lo destret de la baronia de Milhau.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tit. de 1310. DOAT, t. CLXXIX, fol. 110.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans la châtellenie et dans le district de la baronnie de Milhau.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. ESP. (chap. castellanía) IT. Castellania.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">7. Castellan, s. m., châtelain. (N. E. catalán, castellán, castellano)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fo un gentils castelas del comtat de Rossilhon.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de Guillaume de Cabestaing.<br />(N. E. Guillem de Cabestany, catalán, - muerte en 1212.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fut un gentil châtelain du comté de Roussillon.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrans de Born si fo un castellans de l'evescat de Peiregors.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de Bertrand de Born.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born fut un châtelain de l'évêché de Périgord.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Lors absolst le castellain.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chronique de Cambrai.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. (chap) <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Castellá</a> (castellà). ESP. Castellán (sin tilde en los documentos antiguos). PORT. <a href="https://semanaacademica.org.br/artigo/marketing-digital-o-poder-de-influencia-das-redes-sociais-na-decisao-de-compra-do-consumidor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Castellão</a>. IT. Castellano.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.vivino.com/US/es/campolargo-castellao/w/1841557" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Castellão" border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="375" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfWHi0cN2O7DeStSSJ23S7Pi9taW1taGmAzmWv79mSghOw-oKe6QvNHmHG55JWFO-KMApUJkIICCDhds3CreacJxw-zN1WLo3K06tdJTVtTdvBui45F060geLrU1aH6LrURCW8znsNGqQT_Jdx0e9AISHRUNa25jAxyPrfpXrjjIuBbT07aNuolQIyYw/w300-h400/castellao.jpg" title="Castellão" width="300" /></a></span></div><p><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-27885058277370098072023-12-17T14:01:00.000-08:002024-02-09T11:45:07.433-08:00Lexique roman, A (+ Index)<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lexique roman, ou dictionnaire de la langue des troubadours, comparée avec les autres langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FfJo_RudALk" width="320" youtube-src-id="FfJo_RudALk"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A, s. m., voyelle, première lettre de </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">l' alphabet, a.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car la prima lettra d'amor </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apellon A.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Milon: En amor trob.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car ils appellent A la première lettre d' amour.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fenisson en A estreig.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gramm. provenç.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Finissent en A bref.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loc. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/jm-virgili-i-ortiga.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pos no sabes A ni B</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com mostraras autres ni me?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. d'un Évang. apocr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.nuvol.com/etiquetes/carles-teres" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Puisque tu ne sais a ni b</a>, comment enseigneras-tu les autres et moi?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc. Fr. Mais en latin le bon abbé</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' y entendoit ni a ni b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du Bellay, p. 471.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, troisième personne du verbe AVER, au présent du singulier de l' indicatif, voyez AVER.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, préposition, vient d' AD ou d' AB et A latins, et quelquefois d' AB roman.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' AD latin:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S'a lieis non platz que m man A se venir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berenger de Palasol: De la gensor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S'il ne lui plaît qu'elle me mande venir à elle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' AB, d' A latins:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mainz homes aug amor acusar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aimeri de Péguilain: Totz hom.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par plusieurs hommes j' entends accuser l' amour.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' AB roman; voyez AB.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coms, A honor non podetz mais jorn viure.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Montant Sartre: Coms de Tolsan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comte, vous ne pouvez désormais vivre avec honneur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, préposition romane, est resté dans la contraction qui a formé les articles AL, ALS, AS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelquefois il reçoit, par euphonie, le D ou le Z devant les mots qui commencent par une voyelle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atressi cum la candela</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si meteyssa destrui,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per far clardat AD autrui.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Raimond de Toulouse: Atressi cum.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi que la chandelle qui se détruit elle-même, pour faire clarté à autrui.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mantas vez lo jorn non posc tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' AZ una part non an totz sols plorar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folquet de Marseille: Meravil me.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que plusieurs fois le jour je ne puis tenir que je n' aille tout seul pleurer à un coin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette préposition indique ou caractérise plus ou moins expressément divers rapports, tels que:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1. Direction, tendance, but, fin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mand e tramet salut A vos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnaud de Marueil: Dona genser.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Envoie et transmet salut à vous.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hueimais es Antecritz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL dan del mon issitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Faidit: Era nos sia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Désormais l' Antecrist est sorti pour le dommage du monde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2. Relation.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pueis montest de rossin A destrier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fesetz colp d' espaza ni de lansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T. d' Albert Marquis et de Rambaud de Vaqueiras: Ara m digatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et depuis que vous vous élevâtes du roussin au destrier, vous ne fîtes coup d' épée ni de lance.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tals vassals, tal senhor. Aimeri de Péguilain: Li fol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à tels vassaux, tels seigneurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3. Personnalité, appartenance.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poiria nos A amdos enuiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A me del dire, A vos del escotar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud de Vaqueiras: Senher marques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il pourrait nous ennuyer à tous deux, à moi du dire, à vous de l' écouter.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrans, la filha AL pros comte Raimon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Degra vezer qu' il gensa tot lo mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillaume de Saint-Didier: Aissi cum es.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand, la fille au preux comte Raimond devrait voir qu' elle charme tout le monde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vol la terr' A mos enfans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born: Ges de far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il veut la terre de mes enfants.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4. Attribution, indication.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baptejavan AL nom de Yeshu Xrist. La nobla leyczon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ils baptisaient au nom de Jésus-Christ.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad honor del cors sanct faria una capella.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de S. Honorat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ferait une chapelle en l' honneur du corps saint.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A las obras pareis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born: Nostre senher.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aux œuvres il paraît.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">5. Espèce, qualité.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' era forniers que escaudava lo forn A coser lo pan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de Bernard de Ventadour.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui était fournier qui échauffait le four à cuire le pain.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">6. Manière, état.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A genolhos sopleyan humilmen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Raimond de Toulouse: Si cum seluy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suppliant humblement à genoux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anar A pe, A ley de croy joglar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenson d' Albert Marquis et de Rambaud de Vaqueiras: Ara m digatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aller à pied, à la manière de vil jongleur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">7. Destination.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era mercadiers que tenia draps A vendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. d' Aimeri de Peguilain.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il était marchand qui tenait draps à vendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Favas A desgranar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marcoat: Mentre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fèves à écosser.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">8. Moyen, cause, effet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades pueg A plena vela.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud d' Orange: Una chansoneta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A présent je monte à pleine voile.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vengron sas donzelas AL crit, e demanderon:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'es aisso?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de Pierre Vidal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses demoiselles vinrent au cri, et demandèrent; Qu'est-ce?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero us d' els mi veira A son dan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Blacasset: Gerra mi play.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour cela un d' eux me verra à son dommage.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">9. Temps, époque, circonstance de temps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A quascun jorn de l' an...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com par neus A Nadal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. de Ventadour: Lo gens temps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à chaque jour de l' an... comme paraît neige à Noël.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges AL premier an no val gaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas AL ters torna de bon aire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deudes de Prades. Auz. cass.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à la première année, il ne vaut guère, mais, à la troisième, il devient de bonne qualité.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL premier lans pert ieu mon esparvier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born: Ieu m' escondisc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au premier jet je perds mon épervier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">10. Localité, circonstance de lieu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vendre tot quant avion A Berniz. Titre de 1168.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vendre tout ce qu'ils avaient à Bernis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la fontana del vergier...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' ombra d'un fust domesgier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trobei sola.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marcabrus: A la fontana.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je la trouvai seule à la fontaine du verger, à l' ombre d'un arbre domestique.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A doas leguas lonhet d' aqui.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">R. Vidal de Bezaudun: Unas novas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il s' éloigna de là à deux lieues.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos encontrem, AL pas de Belestar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII lairos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud de Vaqueiras: Honratz marques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nous rencontrâmes, au passage de Belestar, douze voleurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">11. Ordre, rang.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un A un los avia pres. Roman de Jaufre, fol. 23.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il les avait pris un à un.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilatz s' aset e sa cadeira, (cadiera, cadira, cátedra: silla)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li autre AD una tyeyra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. de l' Évangile de Nicodème.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilate s' assit en sa chaire, et les autres à une même file.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'el met' AL latz sanh Johan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born: Mon chant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il le mette au côté de saint Jean.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">12. Mesure, poids, quantité, valeur, capacité.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Richartz mettra A mueis e A sestiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aur et argent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born: Miez sirventes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Richard fournira à muids et à setiers l'or et l' argent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E metrai hi blasmes e deshonors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tracions A miliers e A cens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Cardinal: Un sirventes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et j' y mettrai les blâmes et les déshonneurs et les trahisons à milliers et à cents.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faita d'un nov talh presan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A compas et A guaran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaubert Moine de Puicibot: Uns joys.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faite d'une nouvelle taille distinguée, à compas et à proportion.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fara m canuzir A flocs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Adhemar: Ben fora.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et me fera blanchir à flocons.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, préposition romane, se traduit ordinairement par A dans les langues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">de l' Europe latine, mais il a quelquefois le sens exact ou approximatif d' autres prépositions, dont les principales sont:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1. Après.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mot A mot no li contatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Jaufre, fol. 24.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ne lui racontez mot à mot.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc. Fr. Que je conte un à un les astres radieux...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les desrompt pièce à pièce.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k53679n.r=" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Desportes, premières œuvres</a>, fol. 108 et 223.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Torsetz los li un á un tots. Trad. catalane dels <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/deudes-daude-prades-pradas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">auz. cass</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Enna corte poc á poco te faras connoscer.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. En la corte poco a poco te harás conocer; darás a.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Alexandre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Poema de Alexandro</a>, cop. 369.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Tirando peca á peca...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">a poucos dios morreo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-third-decade-of-asia-jo%C3%A3o-de-barros/QwFXHSqgWjRjqQ?hl=es" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barros, Decad.</a> I, l. III, cap. 9; l. I, cap. II (o 11).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. a morte al ciel s' annidi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10686506" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Buonarotti, Rime</a>, 29.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2. Avec, voyez AB.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De totas parts y venon A gran joya.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud de Vaqueiras: Truan mala.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De toutes parts y viennent avec grande joie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fas A la gent un covinent novelh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-peire-cardenal-cardinal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">P. Cardinal</a>: Tos temps azir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je fais avec la gent un traité nouveau. (convenientia)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. à plours et à larmes leur conta la grant doleur... Le lia fortement à un arbre à quatre fors hars torses... Et se conseilla Kalles à sa gent... Et s'en retournèrent à grans proies et à grant gaing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rec. des hist. de Fr., t. V, p. 269, 302, 297; et III, p. 275.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il les tenroient à bonne foi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/search?q=Villehardouin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ville-Hardouin</a> (<a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/11/lexique-roman-dictionnaire-de-la-langue.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Villehardouin</a>), p. 12.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le col li prit à ses deus meins.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marie de France, t. 1, p. 322.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilains et de mauvès afere</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne pot à els nul marchié fere.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabl. Et cont. anc. t. IV, p. 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Convinença que... havra feta á mercaders o á sos mariners. <a href="https://archive.org/download/librodelconsulad00capm/librodelconsulad00capm.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Consolat de la mar</a>, cap. 209.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Recebidas las duenas á una grant ondranza...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">á tant grant ondra ellas á Valencia entraban...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En buenos cavallos á petrales é á cascabeles</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E á cuberturas de cendales.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 1586, 1617, 1516, 1517.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Estou a mil nós atado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Ferreira, Bristo, act. I, sc. I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pedindo a altas voces a Deos misericordia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lucena, V. de P. Fr. Xavier, liv. X, cap. 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. a fidanza richiederò... a gran fatica si, levò di terra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boccaccio, Decameron, III, 2; et IX, 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E comandò che l' amassero a fede.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dante, Parad., II.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voyez la Grammaire comparée des langues de l' Europe latine, p. 319.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3. Auprès de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E platz mi be lai en estiu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m sojorn A font o A riu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le moine de Montaudon: Mout me platz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et il me plaît bien là en été que je me repose auprès de fontaine ou auprès de ruisseau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. Fr. Après que Themistocles, dechassé premierement d' Athenes et depuis de toute la Grece, fut retiré au roi des Perses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Macault, Trad. des apopht. fol. 294.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Encara al <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/05/capitol-cvii-senyor-vingue-flum-jorda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">flum</a> non era... al flum Granico combatut avem.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. catal. de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinte-Curce" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Quinte-Curce</a>, lib. 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Sedien á los sos pies.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de S. Millán, cop. 261.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. … E quanto mais á fonte</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se chega, tanto mais verde parece.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Ferreira, Egloga I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Messer Lancialotto combattea un giorno a una fontana con un cavaliere. Cento novelle antiche, nov. 42.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4. Comme, en qualité de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si volon Frances ni Picartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A senhors ni A drogomans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Cardinal: Per folhs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ils veulent Français et Picards en qualité de seigneurs et comme interprètes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu lo jutge per dreg A traydor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T. de Gui d' Uizel et de M. de Ventadour; Gui d' Uiselh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je le juge justement comme traître.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Deus t'a enuint à prince et a rei.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc. trad. des livres des Rois, fol. II (o 11).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à segnur lo volrunt aveir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marie de France, t. II, p. 123.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Là fu li enfes enoinz e coroné à roi par la main de l' apostoile Adrien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rec. des hist. de Fr., t. VI, p. 129.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à fol et à mauvés s' encuse</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ceste requeste refuse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nouv. Rec. de Fabl. et cont. anc., t. II, p. 188.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Lo que havem pres e prenem á molta e singular complascencia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capmany, Collect. diplom. t. 1, p. 305.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y á burla no os tingau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vic. Garcia, Quintillas, p. 63.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. No lo tenga á mal. Poema del Cid, v. 985.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. O teve a máo Sinal. Moraes, Palmeirim, l. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Ella si governava a republica. Novelle inedite, p. 131.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelli che riceve a figliuoli. Guittone d' Arezzo, Lett. 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">5. Contre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estiers no m puesc A sas armas defendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Richard de Barbezieux: Be volria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autrement je ne puis me défendre contre ses armes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. à renart de rien ne tenciez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, p. 256.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. E 'l falco gran batayla rendon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">á selhs qui lurs auzelos prendon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. catal. dels auz. Cass.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Daude de Pradas, Deudes de Prades, dels auzels cassador. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quien compare la lengua de Daude con la traducción catalana verá que el catalán era la misma lengua, la plana lengua romana, romance, occitano, provenzal, etc. https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/deudes-daude-prades-pradas.html )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Este lidiare á tod' el mas ardido.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 3372.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">á Dios non se defienden nin carceres nin cuebas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. A Dios no se defienden ni en cárceles ni en cuevas.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vida de S. Domingo de Silos, cop. 713.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. He ter o sprito armado á má fortuna.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Ferreira, Castro, acto V, sc. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Che l' apressar' a terra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A nave è mortal guerra...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Che mal non fieri a scoglio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barberini, Docum. D' amore, p. 263 et 270.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">6. DE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Filla 's AL rei qui a grant poestat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elle est fille du roi qui a grande puissance.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' A sa vida be non cantet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. d' Auvergne: Chantarai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui de sa vie ne chanta bien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Sez-tu que soies fille à roi?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabl. et cont. anc., t. IV; p. 155. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Congié prist à son manage.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. II, p. 44.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à une voiz tuz s' escrioient.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marie de France, t. II, p. 458.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Si algun mariner fugirà á nau o á leny, pus que aura rebut son loguer. Consolat de la mar, cap. 228.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esp. Besan las manos al rey don Alfonso. Poema del Cid, v. 3469.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Dom João beijou a mão a el rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de Andrada, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Per servo star' a così gran signore.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barberini, Docum. d' amore, p. 101.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">7. Devant, en présence de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cantatz ma canson voluntiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la reyna dels Normans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. de Ventadour: Pel dols chant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantez ma chanson volontiers devant la reine des Normands.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coma la pols futz AL ven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cat. dels apost. de Roma, fol. 170.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comme la poussière fuit devant le vent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui 'l papa pogues citar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A maior de se, fora gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folquet de Lunel: Al bon rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et qui pourrait citer le pape devant plus grand que lui, ce serait beau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car A mos heylls veg veramen (N. E. nueva versión de uelhs; ojos)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Te per cui aurem salvamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. de l' Évangile de Nicodème.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car devant mes yeux je vois vraiment toi par qui nous aurons salut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. à lui s' encline la cort tote.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. I, p. 338.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. C' apres meta 'l hom al solell.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. catal. dels auz. cass.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Buelven coma hoja al viento.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Vuelven como hoja al viento.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Torrellas, Canc. gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Isto se obrava aos olhos do governador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de ANDRADA, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. E poi a miei occhi veggenti</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sputò fuor dell' elmetto quattro denti.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burchiello, part. I, son. 129.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Stava in una grotta al sole. Cento novelle antiche, nov. 63.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">8, DANS, EN.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E platz mi A ric hom franqueza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Moine de Montaudon: Mout me platz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et la franchise me plaît en un homme puissant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' A Bezers fesetz faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout estranh mazel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Figueiras: Sirventes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dans Béziers fîtes faire très étrange carnage.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que chantarai A despieg de trachors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Cardinal: Un sirventes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que je chanterai en dépit des traîtres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Mès il meisme les va querre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">à plain et à bois.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. I, p. 335.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Entant al mon ha durat est engan...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E port' al cor sens fum continu <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/11/doctrina-pueril-cap-50-100.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">foch</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.culturavalenciana.es/ausias-march-s-xv-un-lenguaje-que-responde-a-la-realidad-el-valenciano/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ausias March</a>: Lo tot es; Alt et amor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Raynouard cita a <a href="https://visat.cat/traduccions-literatura-catalana/esp/autor/8/ausias-march.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ausias como lengua catalana</a>; no sé si conocería a <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/04/apuntamientos-historia-derecho-valenciano-joseph-villarroya-furs-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bonifacio Ferrer</a>, a <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/vita-christi-isabel-villena-ysabel-billena-monestir-trinitat-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Isabel de Villena</a>, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esp. Todos esa noch (noche) fueron á sus posadas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 2192.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. E o peito le passou de banda a banda.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Camoens, Oitav, VII, 68.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. E tutto ciò è nulla anco a paraggio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guittone d' Arezzo, Lett. 10.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I pesci notar vedean per lo lago a grandissime schiere:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boccaccio, Decameron, VII, 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En li suoi vietò terrena grandezza e la biasma a tutti.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guittone d' Arezzo, Lett. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">9. Envers, a l' égard de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' A totas sui bos e francx e privatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pons de Capdueil: Tant m'a donat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' envers toutes je suis bon et franc et apprivoisé.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' A son senhor fassa en re fallimen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. de Montagnagout: Per lo mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' envers son seigneur il ne fasse faute en rien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo coms d' Anjou es ses merce</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ALS Proensals.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paulet de Marseille: L'autr'ier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le comte d' Anjou est sans merci à l' égard des Provençaux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos chantars es enueg ALS enoios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ALS plazens plazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Cardinal: Ricx hom.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon chanter est ennui à l' égard des ennuyeux, et joie à l' égard des joyeux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Sages soies et acointables...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et as grans gens et as menues.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de la Rose, v. 2109.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. De que son tengutz los mercaders als senyors de las naus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Consolat de la mar, cap. 238.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. El catalán mantendrá el plural en AS incluso después de Pompeyo Fabra. Ahora se usa el plural en ES, como ya hacía la lengua valenciana siglos antes.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Falso á todos è mas al criador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 3399.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Facendo do merecimamento dos homens estimação tam justa que nem á conveniencia, nem ao estado ficava devedor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de Andrada, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Ad ogni mancanza pieno ristoramento...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">a quelli Dio s' ira forte che peccando</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">non li fragella.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guittone d' Arezzo, Lett. 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">10. Lors de, au moment de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom conoys los amics fenhedors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E los verays A las coytas maiors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lanfranc Cigala: Si mos chans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car on connaît les amis feints et les véritables lors des malheurs plus grands.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran complit VII ans AL prim erbatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cadenet: Ab leyal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sept ans seront accomplis lors de la première herbe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Au departir fu li dels granz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. II, p. 44.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Ell al entrar porta molt gran dolsor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausias March: Molt me par. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al ser donaretz l' á menjar de carn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. catal. dels auz. cass.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. á la salida de Valencia mis fijas vos di yo... </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al exir de Salon mucho ovo buenas aves.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 3273 et 867.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Ao romper das lanças foi tamanho estrondo que parecia que todo Londres se arruinava. Moraes, Palmeirim, part. II, l. 46.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Ad ogni passo di lana filata, che al fuso avvolgeva, mille sospiri... gittava. Boccaccio, Decameron, IV, 7. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu mi darai mille livre al primo piatto que tu vincerai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cento novelle antiche, nov. 53.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">11. PAR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' adoncs n' aug tan A quascun de ben dir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. de Ventadour: Quan la fuelha.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' à présent j' en ouïs dire tant de bien par chacun.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et A manh nesci, ab fol parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai ja vist trop ben son pro far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Adhemar: Ieu ai ja vist.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et par maint ignorant, avec un fol parler, j'ai déjà vu très bien faire son profit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras vei possezir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A clercx la senhoria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Cardinal: Li clerc si fan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maintenant je vois posséder par les clercs la domination.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pren l' ALS cabelhs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">R. Vidal de Bezaudun: Unas novas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Si Ramon Vidal, de Besalú, catalán, escribía en catalán; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¿cómo se traduciría “pren l' als cabelhs” al occitano? Pregunten en alguna escuela de infantil de Cataluña, por ejemplo, en Vielha.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il le prend par les cheveux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Si faz-je, à la foi que je doi:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A-je corone? Oïl, par foi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. I, p. 125.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toutes leurs choses prenoit et ravissoit à force et sanz raizon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rec. des hist. de Fr. t. III, p. 261.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui à force l' en ad menée.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marie de France, t. II, p. 72.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. No seria ni fora perduda als dits mercaders, ans al dit senyor de la nau. Consolat de la mar, cap. 44.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Que no puede ser tomada </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">á fuerza mi fortaleza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni á traycion.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gómez Manrrique, Canc. gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Dito foi a um grande sabio: Casa cum igual.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Ferreira, Bristo, act. I, sc. 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Le cautele provate</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">a voi che navigate.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barberini, Docum. d' amore, p. 256.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C'est surtout après quelques verbes, tels que laissar, far, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'eu no us fassa lauzar A tota gent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La dame Castelloze: Amic s' ie us.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que je ne vous fasse louer par toute gent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s'en laisset ALS sieus trahir e vendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bernard d' Auriac: Be volria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et s'en laissa trahir et vendre par les siens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Fere vos feré grant homage</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As chevaliers de mon parage.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. II, p. 196.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. E jaquiran possehir als asseguradors las quantitats.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capmany, Collect. diplom. t. I, p. 387.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. á los Judios te dexeste prender.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Por los judíos te dejaste prender.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 348.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Nem dar a entendre ao mundo que fazia tanto caso de la guerra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de Andrada, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Se non mi fa cridare merce a cento baroni ed a cento cavalieri ed a cento dame e a cento donzelle...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' era lassato ingannare a uno alchimista.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cento novelle ant., nov. 61 et 74.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">12. Pendant, Durant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que us am A tota ma vida.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Figueiras : L'autr'ier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que je vous aime pendant toute ma vie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'ls poiria mostrar A totz mos jorns vivenz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre de Corbiac: El nom de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne les pourrais montrer pendant tous mes jours vivants.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Avez-vous intention de me demourer à année devant mon chastel? Roman de Perceforest, t. IV, fol. 26.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Totz regimens son mesuratz; mas alcuns son annuals, altres á vida. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. de Gilles de Rome, Reg. del princ.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Floreció el arcipreste á la mitad del siglo XIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sánchez, Colec. de poes. castel. not. t. 1, p. 102.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Ao mesmo tempo assaltarão os baluartes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de Andrada, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Ad ogni stagione</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sono in sua compagnia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jacopone da Todi, Od. III, 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No li porria mostrare a tutti miei giorni viventi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galvani, Trad. de P. de Corbiac. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">13. Pour, afin de, a l' effet de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que re non val A amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom que joglars sia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Bremon Ricas Novas: Lo bel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ne vaut rien pour l' amour homme qui soit jongleur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A vos aurai amor coral.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnaud de Marueil: Totas bonas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' aurai pour vous amour de coeur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos sens es clars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ALS bons entendedors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trop es escurs</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A selh que no sap gaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gavaudan le Vieux: Leu no sui.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sens est clair pour les bons entendeurs; il est très obscur pour celui qui ne sait guère.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et AL beure rescondo s dins maizo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et AL manjar no queron companho...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A que far doncs van emblan ni tolen?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Cardinal: Ricx hom.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et afin de boire se cachent dans la maison, et pour manger ne cherchent compagnon. Pourquoi faire donc vont-ils volant et enlevant?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Ainsi que s' ils estoient nés seulement à boire et a manger.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Œuvres d' Alain Chartier, p. 316.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Deu ha dos mons á tot hom establit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausias March: O quant es.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. á mi, que ver te desseo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mil annos se haze un dia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rodrigo de Ávalos, Canc. gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Como s' á terra só fossem creadas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Ferreira, Cart. II, 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Se ad esti vani, vili e picciuli beni....</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">avesse criati noi.... a viver bene e beato,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">neente manca loco o' è vertù.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guittone D' Arezzo, Lett. I et 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">14. Selon, d' après, conformément a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et estai gen A luecx et A sazos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Giraud le Roux: Ara sabrai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et il est bien selon les lieux et selon les temps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que talan ai que defenda</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las donas A mon poder.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T. de Bernard et de Gaucelm: Gaucelm no us. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que j'ai volonté que je défende les dames selon mon pouvoir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Qui à ses besoins la servoit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nouv. rec. de fabl. et cont. anc. t. II, p. 315.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Que la pogues vendre e fer á sa voluntat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Consolat de la mar, cap. 211.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Aqui lo meiorare á juuicio de la cort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 3271.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cantar el Te Deum Laudamus á poder.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de S. Domingo de Silos, cop. 566.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Negocio, ao parecer dos sens, não muy difficil.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de Andrada, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Tutto tempo ensegnando a potere loro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guittone d' Arezzo, Lett. 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">15. SUR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cant a manjat, el lo forbis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A peira o A fust ronhos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deudes de Prades, Auz. cass.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand il a mangé, il le fourbit sur une pierre ou sur du bois raboteux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sas sanhtas espatlas la levet... el portet, en la cros, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sas espatlas los nostres peccatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. de la règle de S. Benoît, fol. 15.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il la plaça sur ses saintes épaules... il porta, en la croix, sur ses épaules tous les nôtres péchés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC FR. à la terre entre deux eschames s' asiet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman du Renart, t. II, p. 12.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. So son paucas bossas que naisson á l' ausel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. catal. dels auz. cass.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Con unos quince á terra s firió.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 2029.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Contase de elephante o que traza torre ás costas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">F. de SA de MIRANDA, ecl. 8.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. L' appoggiaro ritto alle sponde...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et abbatello morto alla terra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cento novelle antiche, nov. 92.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">16. VERS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m tira ves amor lo fres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' A nulh' autra part no m' aten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. de Ventadour: Non es maravelha.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tellement le frein me tire vers l' amour que je ne me porte vers nulle autre part.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC. FR. Et tant tirai que j' amené</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le fust à moi tout empené.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de la Rose, v. 1722.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CAT. Al vici som moguts naturalment.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausias March: Volgra ser nat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESP. Alzaba Ananias á Dios ambas las manos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. de S. Domingo de Silos, cop. 555.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PORT. Mandou ao seu piloto que governasse ao porto de Combre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. F. de Andrada, V. de D. J. de Castro, l. I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olhando a todas as partes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Moraes, Palmeirim, cap. XII, p. I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IT. Gli occhi tenendo al cielo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guittone d' Arezzo, Lett. I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, placé devant des mots avec lesquels il présente un sens absolu, concourt à former des adverbes composés. En voici quelques exemples:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1. Avec un substantif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' A PENA vei la clara luz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folquet de Marseille: Senher Dieu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' à peine je vois la claire lumière.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A LA MIA FE, Amors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gran peccat avetz de me.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gavaudan de Vieux: A la mia fe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par ma foi, Amour, vous avez grand péché envers moi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2. Avec un adjectif ou un participe employé substantivement.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non amarai autra mas vos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni A PRESENT ni A RESCOS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un troubadour anonyme: Seinor vos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je n' aimerai autre excepté vous ni à découvert ni en cachette.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu fui AL PRIM destrier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et apres palafres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Raimond de Miraval: Ben aia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que je fus au commencement destrier et après palefroi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A est employé quelquefois dans une ellipse où le verbe dont il exprime</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">l' action est sous-entendu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AD armas! seinor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Jaufre, fol. 112.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aux armes! seigneurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le verbe sous-entendu est corretz, courez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il exprime quelquefois le rapport d'un substantif à un autre:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non ai dreg AL fieu qu' ieu ai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre Rogiers: Tant ai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et je n' ai pas droit au fief que je possède.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Celui d'un substantif à un verbe:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M' es obs un novel chant A faire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnaud P. d' Agange: Quan lo temps,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il m' est besoin de faire un nouveau chant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Celui d'un adjectif à un verbe:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que anc mais no fo leus A enamorar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Faidit: Mon cor e mi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que jamais il ne fut facile à rendre amoureux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autre dol ai que m'es greus A durar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aimeri de Peguilain: Anc no.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J'ai une autre douleur qui m' est pénible à supporter.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et enfin celui d'un verbe à un autre verbe:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' al jorn c'om nai, comensa A morir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. Faidit: Cascus hom deu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' au jour qu'on naît, on commence à mourir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En chantan m' aven A membrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So qu'ieu cug chantan oblidar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folquet de Marseille: En chantan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En chantant il m' arrive de rappeler ce que je crois oublier en chantant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, placé entre deux verbes, dont le dernier est au présent de l' infinitif, signifie quelquefois de quoi, le moyen de.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trobes om A comprar et A vendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pistoleta: Ar agues ieu:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et qu'on trouvât de quoi acheter et de quoi vendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non er qu' ilh don' A manjar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garin d' Apchier: Mos cominals.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jamais ne sera qui lui donne de quoi manger.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A forme, à la suite de divers mots, des prépositions composées.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pauc sent los mals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUANT A Damieta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tomiers: De chantar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il sent peu les maux quant à Damiette.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il se joint même explétivement a d' autres prépositions.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TRO A kalenda maia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T. d' Ebles et de Gui d' Uisel: Gui d' Uisel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jusques aux calendes de mai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels maiors mov tota la malvestatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pois apres, de gra en gra, dissen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TRO ALS menors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sordel: Qui be s membra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des plus grands part toute la méchanceté, et puis après elle descend, de degré en degré, jusqu'aux plus petits.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, devant un adverbe de quantité, gouverne parfois cet adverbe employé</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">substantivement.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A MEINS me tenh que Juzieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Vidal: De chantar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me tient à moins que Juif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car AL PLUS qu'il pot m' enansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. de Ventadour: Tuit selhs que.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car elle me rehausse au plus qu'elle peut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il sert aussi à former des adverbes composés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QU' A TOT LO MEINS m' er l' atendres honors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aimeri de Sarlat: Fis e leials.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' à tout le moins l' attendre me sera honneur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sert à désigner le régime indirect des substantifs personnels, démonstratifs et relatifs: ME, MI, TU, TE, TI, NOS, VOS, EL, LI, LUR, CUI, LOQUAL, etc.; mais il est souvent sous-entendu. Voyez ces divers mots.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Après le verbe AVER il sert à exprimer l' idée d'une action à faire, d'un</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">projet à exécuter, d'un devoir à remplir, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus sap qu' ab lieys AI A guerir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Comte de Poitiers: Mout jauzens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puisque je sais que j'ai à guérir avec elle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voyez AVER.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parfois, avec cette préposition, le verbe AVER exprime le sens précis de</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">tenir à, regarder comme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l monz fondes a meravilla gran,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non l' AURIA A descovinenza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Zorgi: Si 'l monz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si le monde s' écroulait par grande merveille, je ne le tiendrais pas à inconvenance.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A, placé après le verbe ESSER, aide à former diverses locutions.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec un substantif:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dis: Baros, A DIEU SIATZ,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per vos mi son trop tardatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aras n'i puesc plus estar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Jaufre, fol. 24.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et dit: Barons, à Dieu soyez, car je me suis trop retardé pour vous,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">et maintenant je n'y puis plus rester.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A DIEU SIATZ correspond au latin DOMINUS VOBISCUM, Dieu soit avec vous. (N. E. Cat. A Deu siau; siatz : tz segunda persona: au)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANC FR. à Dieu soyez, je m' en revois.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nouv. rec. de fabl. et cont. anc., t. II, p. 349.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par ellipse on a dit: A DIEU. (N. E. Cat. A Deu, adeu, elipse siau)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'ie us dis: A DIEU, doussa amia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Zorgi: Mout fai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Cat. actual: Què jo us dic: Adeu, dolça amiga.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que je vous dis: à Dieu, douce amie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfin la langue française en a composé le substantif adieu, adieux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec un verbe:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh' e plazens, si que non ES A DIRE</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negus bos ayps qu'on puesc' en domn' eslire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pons de Capdueil: Tant m'a donat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belle et agréable, tellement que ne manque aucune bonne qualité qu'on puisse distinguer en une dame.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voyez DIRE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En général, après le verbe ESSER, A exprime l' idée d'une action qui reste à faire, qu'il convient de faire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leu chansoneta m' ER A far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus n'ai man de ma doss' amia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G. de Montagnagout: Leu chansoneta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il me sera à faire une légère chansonnette, puisque j' en ai ordre de ma douce amie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A placé absolument au-devant du présent de l'infinitif, répond quelquefois au gérondif en DO de la langue latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL COMENSAR jogua majestrilmen. (mayestrilmen)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aimeri de Peguilain: Atressi m pren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En commençant il joue savamment.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Souvent le présent de l'infinitif et le participe présent sont employés substantivement.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que filha, c'an de <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/sirventes-divers-60.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">comayre</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan lur nepta AL MARIDAR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Carbonel: Tans ricx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la fille, qu'ils ont d'une commère, ils la font leur nièce au marier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-rougier-peire-rogiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">AL PAREISSEN</a> de las flors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-rougier-peire-rogiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">P. Rogiers</a>: <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-rougier-peire-rogiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Al pareissen</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au paraissant des fleurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A était employé aussi comme interjection.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A! Proensal, vos devetz tug plorar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' onrat senhor del Baus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paulet de Marseille: Razos non es.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ah! Provençaux, vous devez tous pleurer l' honoré seigneur de Baux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A! com m' an mort fals amador truan!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. de Ventadour: Quan la fuelha.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hélas! comme les faux amoureux perfides m' ont tué!<br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">// Index:<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ab.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ab</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ac.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ac</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ad-adait.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ad</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ae-af-aer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ae - af</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ag-aganda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - ag</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ai-ais.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - ai</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-al-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - al</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-a.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - am</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-an.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - an</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-ap-aparat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ap</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-aq-ar-aquilo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - aq - ar</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lexique-roman-as.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - as</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-at.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - at</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-auca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - au</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-avar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - av</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-aym-ayzeiar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ay</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-azar-azur.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - az</a><br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-b.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - b</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-be.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - be</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-biais-bizon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman biais bizon</span></a></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-blanc-blos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman blanc blos</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-boas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - boas - boya</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-brac.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - brac - bruzac</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-caber.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - caber</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-cap-kap.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - cap, kap</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-capella.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - capella</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-cas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>lexique roman - cas</span></a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-castelh-castelhs-castels.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - castelh</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-castiar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - castiar</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-ceba.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ceba</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-ces-ses.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - ces - ses - ceu</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-cha.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - cha</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-clamar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - clamar</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-climax.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - climax</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-cobeitos-cubitos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - cobeitos -cubitos</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-coca-cocha.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - coca, cocha</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-compactio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - compactio</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-conte.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - conte</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-copia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - copia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-coralh.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - coralh</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-corona.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - corona</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-cors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - cors</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-creat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - creat</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-d-dacita.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - d, dacita</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/01/lexique-roman-de.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - de</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-debanar-delir.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - debanar - delir</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-demezida-deus-dieus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - demezida - deus - dieus</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-devi-devin.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - devi - devin</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-devendalh-devendaill.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - devendalh - devendaill</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-dia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - dia</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexiquer-roman-diable-diabol-diptamni.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - diable, diabol, diptamni</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-diptonge-predit.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - diptonge - predit</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-disciple-dol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - disciple - dol</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-dol-adolzar-adoussar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - dol - adolzar - adoussar</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-don-donpn-adomesgar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - don - donpn - adomesgar</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-donc-dunc-doncas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - donc, dunc, doncas</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-dorc-dormir-entredormir.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - dorc - dormir, entredormir</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-dorn-dui-duy.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - dorn - dui, duy</a><br /></span><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-doas-duire-durre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">lexique roman - doas - duire, durre</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-duptar-doptar-redoptable.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - duptar, doptar - redoptable</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2024/02/lexique-roman-dur-perdurablamen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lexique roman - dur - perdurablamen</a><br /><br /></span></div>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-42840187140288253022023-12-04T12:53:00.000-08:002023-12-10T12:45:43.426-08:00Pièces diverses. En aissi cum son plus car, (+ Index)<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pièces diverses. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chanson attribuée au <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Comte de Poitiers</a> et a Prebost de Valence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aissi cum son plus car,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no solon, mey cossir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E plus honrat mey desir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dey plus plazens chansos far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' ieu tan plazen chanso</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fas, que n' ai plazen razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben er ma chansos plazens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/06/guay-cultiva-maracuya-huerta-mayor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">guaya</a> et <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/giraud-riquier-en-cataluenha-la-gaya.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avinens</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'el dig e 'l fag e 'l ris e 'l bel semblan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son avinens de vos, per cuy <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ieu chan</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m dey ben esforsar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab lauzar et ab servir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vostre ric pretz grazir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n dey Amors merceiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car de mi vos a fag do,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que be m ren ric guizardo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels greus, durs malstraytz cozens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels plazens pessamens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu ai de vos, cuy am e vuelh e blan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fug e siec e dezir e soan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sens mi fai vos soanar, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no m' en mostra jauzir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azautz vos mi fay <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=abellis" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">abelhir</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dompna, e m fai vos dezirar; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E siec vos, car m' es tan bo, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan remir vostra faisso, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E us fug pel brug de las gens, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E us blan, quar etz tan valens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E us vuelh, e us col per sufrir derenan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E us am, quar vey qu' a mon cor plazetz tan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu volia ben lauzar </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostra lauzor, ses mentir, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' honrar e l' aculhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l vostre avinen parlar, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E las beutatz qu'en vos so,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l bel sen e 'l plazen no, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ricx guays captenemens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben sabria 'l meyns sabens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quals etz, per qu' ieu no us vuelh ges lauzar tan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum mostra vers, ni cum ai en talan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neys no m' auzi cossirar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja us prec, ni vos aus dir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si cum faitz jauzen morir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni no m vuelh dezesperar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'en la vostr' entencio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suy ricx, pueys ai sospeysso</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' Amors, qu' els ricx autz cors vens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi puesca, aitan leumens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos donar so que ieu li deman,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fin gaug entier, qu' als no 'lh vau demandan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belha dona, ges no m par</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu 'om deya may obezir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autra del mon ni servir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En dreg d' amor, ni honrar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a ben plazent razo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh qu' es en vostra preizo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'el vostr' humils, francs parvens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai dels <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2018/04/senalizacion-camino-rural-ulldemo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cors mortz</a> vius jauzens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mal que m datz son ben, e pro li dan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' ira joys, e repaus li afan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/silvia-dilla-valderrobres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Na Salvatga</a>, mout m' es gens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostre ricx captenemens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu'el dig e 'l fag son gay e benestan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l vostre cors d' aquelh mezeys semblan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">// Index<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/giraud-roux-be-m-ten-en-son-poders-amors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Giraud le Roux - be m ten en son poders Amors</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/rambaud-orange-assatz-sai-d-amor-ben-parlar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud Orange - Assatz sai d amor ben parlar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/pierre-rogiers-ges-non-puesc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre Rogiers. Ges non puesc en bon vers falhir</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/estat-ai-cum-hom-esperdutz-bernar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bernard de Ventadour. Estat ai cum hom esperdutz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/us-novels-pessamens-m-estai-pierre-raimond-toulouse.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre Raimond de Toulouse. Us novels pessamens m' estai</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/be-m-platz-quar-treva-ni-fis-bertrand-born.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertrand de Born. Be m platz quar treva ni fis</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/los-mals-amor-ai-ieu-ben-totz-apres-folquet-marseille.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folquet de Marseille. Los mals d' amor ai ieu ben totz apres,</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/ben-fora-oimais-sazos-locs-guillems-adhemars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillaume Adhemar. Guillems Adhemars. Ben fora oimais sazos e locs</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/grans-beutatz-fis-ensenhamens-arnaud-marueil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaud de Marueil. La grans beutatz e 'l fis ensenhamens</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/aital-dona-cum-ieu-sai-berenguer-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bérenger de Palasol. Aital dona, cum ieu sai,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/cadenet-oimais-m-auretz-avinen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cadenet. Oimais m' auretz avinen</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/rambaud-de-vaqueiras-ja-non-cugei-vezer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud de Vaqueiras. Ja non cugei vezer</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/moutas-sazos-es-hom-plus-volontos-gaucelm-faidit.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaucelm Faidit. Moutas sazos es hom plus volontos</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/aquest-terminis-clars-gens-giraud-borneil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Giraud de Borneil. Aquest terminis clars e gens,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/cuendas-razos-novelhas-plazens-hugues-brunet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hugues Brunet. Cuendas razos, novelhas e plazens</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/pierre-vidal-mas-nos-partim-dels-catalas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre Vidal. Mas nos partim dels Catalas,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/un-sirventes-vuelh-far-en-aquest-son-d-en-gui-hugues-saint-cyr.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hugues de Saint-Cyr. Un sirventes vuelh far en aquest son d' En Gui</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/elias-de-barjols-bon-aventura-don-dieus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elias de Barjols. Bon' aventura don Dieus</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/selh-que-no-vol-auzir-chansos-raimond-miraval.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Raimond de Miraval. Selh que no vol auzir chansos</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/marcabrus-pois-l-iverns-d-ogan-es-anatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marcabrus. Pois l' iverns d' ogan es anatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/12/deudes-prades-trop-be-estera-tolgues.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deudes de Prades. Trop ben m' estera, si s tolgues</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/de-fin-amor-comenson-mas-cansos-aimeri-peguilain.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aimeri de Péguilain. De fin' amor comenson mas cansos</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/estat-ai-dos-ans-qu-ieu-no-fi-vers-ni-chanso-elias-cairels.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elias Cairels. Estat ai dos ans Qu' ieu no fi vers ni chanso</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/sirventes-faire-no-m-tuelh-pierre-cardinal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre Cardinal. D'un sirventes faire no m tuelh;</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/sordel-qui-be-s-membra-del-segle-qu-es-passatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sordel qui-be-s-membra-del-segle-qu-es-passatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/boniface-calvo-enquer-cab-sai-chanz-solatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boniface Calvo enquer-cab-sai-chanz-solatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/lanfranc-cigala-ges-eu-non-sai-com-hom-guidar-se-deia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lanfranc Cigala. Ges eu non sai com hom guidar se deia</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/serveri-de-gironne.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serveri de Gironne - Cerverí de Girona</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/guillaume-anelier-de-toulouse-ara-farai.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillaume Anelier de Toulouse. Ara farai, sitot no m platz</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/guillaume-figueira-del-preveire-maior.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillaume Figueira. Del preveire maior</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/12/guillaume-de-la-tour-qui-sap-sufrent.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillaume de la Tour - qui sap sufrent esperar</a></span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-40276101215341652052023-11-02T15:57:00.007-07:002023-11-13T12:09:52.034-08:00Tome sixième, Grammaire comparée des langues de l' Europe latine, chapitre 1. (+ Index)<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tome sixième, contenant la Grammaire comparée des langues de l' Europe latine, dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A PARIS,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1821.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Discours préliminaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' étude des poésies des troubadours sera d' une grande utilité pour connaître et juger les mœurs, les usages, les opinions de l' époque où ils ont occupé une place si honorable dans la société et dans les divers pays dont ils ont favorisé la civilisation.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' étude approfondie de leur langue n' offrira pas moins d' avantages aux philologues, aux linguistes, aux grammairiens qui aiment à rechercher et à déterminer les rapports des idiomes, et surtout de ceux dont les éléments principaux, les formes essentielles paraissent appartenir à une origine commune.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si, avant la publication des ouvrages de ces poëtes, un littérateur avait dit: “Français, Espagnols, Portugais, Italiens, et vous tous dont l' idiome vulgaire se rattache aux idiomes de ces peuples, vous êtes sans doute surpris et charmés des identités frappantes, des nombreux rapports, des analogies incontestables que vous découvrez sans cesse entre vos langages particuliers; permettez-moi de vous en expliquer la cause; c' est qu' il a existé, il y a plus de dix siècles, une langue qui, née du latin corrompu, a servi de type commun à ces langages. Elle a conservé plus particulièrement ses formes primitives dans un idiome illustré par des poëtes qui furent nommés troubadours. Leurs ouvrages, monuments du douzième et du treizième siècle, ont péri en très grande partie; mais, dans ce qui nous en reste encore aujourd'hui, j' ai reconnu, j' ai admiré une langue formée, fixée et perfectionnée, qui paraît n' avoir subi, pendant trois siècles, aucune altération importante. La grammaire de cette langue a eu des règles constamment observées: on peut les indiquer et en faire un nouveau corps de doctrine, soit à la faveur de quelques traditions grammaticales (1) qui sont parvenues jusqu'à nous, soit surtout par une active et profonde investigation des éléments et des formes qui constituent cette langue, et lui permettent de rendre souvent avec grace ou avec énergie et toujours avec précision, soit la vive expression du sentiment, soit la fidèle image de la pensée.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Justement étonnés d' une pareille promesse, les savants des divers pays auraient répondu: “Vous avancez qu' il a existé primitivement une langue intermédiaire, dont le type a fourni les éléments et les formes de nos idiomes actuels, hâtez-vous de nous indiquer les règles mêmes de cette langue.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1: Il reste le <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Donatus" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Donatus provincialis</a> et le traité de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Raimond+Vidal" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raimond Vidal</a>, écrits l' un et l' autre dans la <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue des troubadours</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le premier divise la grammaire en huit parties: nom, pronom, verbe, adverbe, participe, conjonction, préposition, interjection.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En définissant le substantif, il indique par quel signe les sujets et les régimes doivent être distingués au singulier et au pluriel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans l' énumeration des pronoms, on ne trouve que les pronoms personnels, les pronoms démonstratifs personnels et les pronoms possessifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le verbe, dit-il, est un mot qui sert à exprimer qu' on fait ou qu' on souffre quelque chose. Les verbes romans se divisent en cinq modes: indicatif, impératif, optatif, conjonctif et infinitif, et en quatre conjugaisons. Des exemples indiquent la plupart des inflexions des personnes pour les divers temps et pour chaque mode.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' adverbe est ainsi nommé, parce qu' il doit être placé après le verbe; la conjonction, parce qu' elle unit un mot avec l' autre; elle est copulative, ordinative, assimilative, explétive, disjonctive, rationnelle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cet ouvrage, qui ne nous est parvenu que très incomplet, est terminé par une sorte de dictionnaire de rimes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le traité de Raimond Vidal est écrit sans méthode, mais il contient des règles, soit générales, soit particulières, qui ont l' avantage d' être autorisées par la citation d' exemples pris dans les poésies des troubadours; même il les critique toutes les fois qu' il pense qu' ils ont manqué aux règles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cet auteur divise les substantifs romans en cinq déclinaisons sans les spécifier. Il indique le signe qui doit distinguer les sujets et les régimes au singulier et au pluriel, mais en termes qui seraient difficiles à comprendre, si les exemples n' expliquaient le précepte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il entre dans beaucoup de détails à l' égard des personnes de divers temps des verbes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' est ce que j' ai tâché de faire en publiant les Éléments de la grammaire romane avant l' an 1000; et ensuite la Grammaire de la langue romane, ou langue des troubadours.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais ils auraient ajouté: “Vous prétendez que nos idiomes divers appartiennent à une origine commune; qu' il a existé pour tous un type primitif, et que c' est dans la langue des troubadours qu' on en retrouve, plus particulièrement et plus évidemment, les éléments constitutifs, les formes antiques et essentielles. Osez donc comparer nos idiomes divers avec cette langue; si leurs éléments caractéristiques, si leurs formes principales, leurs combinaisons ordinaires offrent de grandes et fréquentes conformités qui paraissent, non des accidents du caprice des langues, des rencontres du hasard, mais le résultat nécessaire de principes uniformes, d' analogies constantes, de développements naturels, nous pourrons croire à cette communauté d' origine; N' oubliez pas surtout qu' il faut la démontrer par des rapprochements qui ne soient pas forcés, par des rapports souvent identiques, par des faits nombreux et détaillés. C' est une tâche difficile sans doute, mais c' est la vôtre.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je l' accepte, et je consacre de nouveaux soins à la remplir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avant d' examiner les langues de l' Europe latine, dans leurs rapports particuliers et directs avec la langue des troubadours, je crois indispensable de présenter le tableau des principales désinences masculines des substantifs et des adjectifs de cette langue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Caresma, legista.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab. Gab, trab.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alb. Alb, balb.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eb. Pleb.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erb. Verb.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ob. Glob, clob.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Omb. Plomb.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orb. Corb, orb.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ac. Sac, flac.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aic. Ebriaic, simoniaic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alc. Falc, manescalc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc. Banc, franc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arc. Marc, larc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asc. Pasc, guasc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auc. Trauc, rauc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ec. Bec, cec.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uec. Luec, gruec.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enc. Brenc, arenc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erc. Clerc, ausberc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esc. Sirventesc, fresc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ic. Amic, ric.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oc. Broc, badoc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olc. Folc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onc. Tronc, embronc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orc. Porc, dorc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osc. Bosc, losc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uc. Duc, astruc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usc. Brusc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aid. Laid.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ald. Cald.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">And. Mand, grand.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ard. Regard, tard.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">End. Cuend.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oind. Coind.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aud. Baud.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Und. Mund.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E. Merce, le.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebe. Tebe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obe. Cobe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arbe. Carbe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erbe. Serbe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ade. Cade.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unde. Munde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orde. Orde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Age. Corage, salvage.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ige. Batige.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onge. Monge, conge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erge. Verge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esge. Domesge, foresge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atge. Viatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etge. Fetge, metge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itge. Litge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entge. Dimentge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Utge. Jutge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uge. Eruge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euge. Greuge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enche. Penche.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orche. Porche.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Able. Diable, colpable.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eble. Feble.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ible. Nible, visible.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oble. Doble.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acle. Miracle, tabernacle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ecle. Secle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Icle. Article.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Incle. Vincle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oncle. Oncle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ercle. Cercle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ascle. Mascle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iscle. Giscle, siscle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oscle. Oscle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uscle. Muscle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ofle. Girofle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egle. Segle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eigle. Eigle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aile. Baile, graile.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Angle. Angle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aple. Chaple.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ample. Ample.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emple. Exemple, temple.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Imple. Simple.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ople. Pople.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eule. Teule.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ecme. Flecme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eime. Deime.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alme. Salme, balme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ome. Home.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arme. Marme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erme. Terme, erme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asme. Blasme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isme. Regisme.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ume. Lume.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egne. Regne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igne. Signe, digne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aine. Domaine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umne. Umne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eune. Leune.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ayne. Sayne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oyne. Moyne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Empe. Tempe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abre. Fabre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebre. Lebre, febre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ibre. Genibre, libre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ambre. Cambre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Embre. Membre, setembre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ombre. Nombre, encombre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obre. Colobre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arbre. Arbre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ercre. Dimercre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ulcre. Sepulcre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Andre. Blandre, gandre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Endre. Divendre, mendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ofre. Cofre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agre. Magre, agre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egre. Alegre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igre. Tigre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ongre. Congre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ogre. Pologre, Sogre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ire. Jauzire, sufrire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aire. Paire, faire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eire. Preveire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oire. Loire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uire. Buire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enre. Cenre, menre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olpre. Solpre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aspre. Aspre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Espre. Vespre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orre. Sorre, orre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entre. Ventre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ontre. Encontre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ertre. Tertre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ortre. Tortre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Astre. Astre, filhastre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estre. Maestre, senestre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Istre. Ministre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostre. Nostre, vostre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eutre. Feutre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ivre. Givre, delivre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oure. Coure.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ovre. Covre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Extre. Dextre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eyre. Veyre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aisse. Fraisse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Omte. Comte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ente. Cente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onte. Conte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apte. Apte, disapte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Opte. Dopte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oste. Hoste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aute. Malaute.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eute. Deute.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exte. Texte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egue. Portegue, foregue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ergue. Clergue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orgue. Morgue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esque. Evesque.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Inh. Enginh, sinh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Einh. Seinh, sufreinh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oilh. Foilh, broilh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olh. Genolh, colh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onh. Besonh, lonh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unh. Punh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai. Mai, verai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bi. Proverbi, cambi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ci. Servici, silenci.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Di. Studi, homicidi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ei. Conrei, domnei.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li. Oli, evangeli.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni. Capitani, strani.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oi. Joi, croi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pi. Jaspi, principi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ri. Adversari, contrari.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ui. Autrui.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vi. Diluvi, savi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zi. Vizi, aizi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al. Mal, criminal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El. Fel, fedel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il. Abril, sobtil.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ol. Rossinhol, fol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ul. Mul, cogul.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aul. Badaul.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Am. Fam, gram.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alm. Psalm, calm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Em. Gem, estrem.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elm. Elm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Er. Plazer, ver.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Err. Ferr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ier. Lebrier, sobrier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ir. Desir, consir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Air. Frair, vair.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Or. Honor, senhor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ur. Mur, segur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aur. Aur, taur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Yr. Martyr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als. Fals.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As. Vas, gras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ars. Gars, escars.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aus. Laus, descaus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eps. Estrueps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es. Marques, espes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emps. Temps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ens. Sens, ascens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ers. Vers, pers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Is. Paradis, gris.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ais. Pantais, savais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eis. Peis, geis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obs. Obs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ops. Ops.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orps. Corps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os. Tos, amoros.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ols. Pols.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oms. Coms.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ors. Secors, sors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us. Refus, confus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Out. Cout, vout.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unt. Punt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urt. Furt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ust. Fust, robust.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Yt. Trayt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">U et V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">U. Glu, dru.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au. Clau, suau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eu. Deu, breu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iu. Estiu, caitiu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ou. Nou.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ov. Bov.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alv. Calv, salv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erv. Nerv, serv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ix. Nix, afix.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ox. Box, fox.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ove. Jove.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aze. Aze.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aize. Aize.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auze. Sauze.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">F.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ef. Sef.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Of. Prof.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erf. Serf.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uf. Cuf.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ag. Maltrag, lag.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ang. Stang, estrang.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aug. Gaug.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eg. Freg, estreg.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ig. Fastig, maldig.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eng. Reng.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eing. Reing, seing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Og. Pog, rog.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oing. Poing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ong. Perpong.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ug. Desdug, brug.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ung. Pung.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">H, après C, L, N.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uch. Fruch, conduch.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uech. Fuech, muech.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alh. Miralh, badalh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ailh. Brailh, mailh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anh. Gazanh, estranh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elh. Conselh, belh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enh. Renh, luenh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ilh. Yssilh, volpilh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eilh. Greilh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erm. Verm, ferm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Im. Razim, prim.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Om. Pom, som.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Um. Lum, flum.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An. Afan, certan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ain. Estrain.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arn. Carn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En. Terren, plen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ern. Enfern, etern.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">In. Matin, pelegrin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On. Baston, bon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ion. Devocion, jauzion.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orn. Sojorn, morn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un. Grun, commun.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O. Pro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ap. Cap, drap.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amp. Camp.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aip. Aip.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ayp. Ayp.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ep. Cep, trep.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erp. Serp.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ip. Mancip, particip.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Op. Galop, clop.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olp. Colp, volp.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orp. Dorp.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Up. Estreup.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aup. Jaup.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">R.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar. Altar, avar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eys. Peys.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">At, fem. Voluntat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">At, masc. Cat, delgat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ait. Maltrait.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alt. Assalt, alt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ant. Cant, mant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Art, fem. Part, art.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Art, masc. Laupart, quart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ast. Bast, cast.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aut. Pipaut, azaut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et. Tozet, secret.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ent. Dent, content.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ment. Mandament, cauziment.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ert. Desert, cert.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Est. Forest, manifest.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">It. Marit, petit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eit. Dreit, freit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ueit. Enueit, nueit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Int. Retint, quint.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ist. Conquist, trist.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uit. Guit, fruit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ot. Escot, glot.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olt. Grenolt, molt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ont. Afront, pront.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ort. Sort, fort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ost. Prebost, empost.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ut, fem. Salut, vertut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ut, masc. Tribut, englut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iaut. Bliaut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ux. Endux, grux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ay. Lay, veray.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ays. Biays.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ey. Ley, rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oy. Joy, croy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uy. Autruy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atz. Solatz, latz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etz. Pretz, vetz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itz. Amairitz, ametitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitz. Palaitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eitz. Enueitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olz. Dolz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otz. Votz, crotz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oz. Corroz, goz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uz. Cruz, luz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les manuscrits des poésies des troubadours offrent de légères différences d' orthographe dans les consonnes finales des substantifs et des adjectifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L 'L prend un autre L ou l' H: Consel, bel, ell, elh, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' N prend l' H ou le G: Gazan, Gazanh, Gazang; Pon, ponh, pong.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le T se change en G, ou en CH, frut, frug, fruch.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL en AILL, ailh: Trebal, treball, trebailh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uel, en Oil, ueil: Orguel, Orguoil, Orgueil.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ut, uch, ug, en uit, uich, uig: Fruit, fruich, fruig.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De même on, onh, ong, en oin, oinh, oing;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et un, unh, ung, en uin, uinh, uing. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je n' entrerai ici dans aucun détail relativement aux substantifs et aux adjectifs féminins terminés en A bref ou muet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les substantifs féminins terminés en A bref ou muet, seront l' objet d' un travail spécial, placé dans le corps de l' ouvrage, et qui, par une comparaison suivie et détaillée, prouvera sur ce point la conformité exacte, les rapports identiques des langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le tableau des désinences des adjectifs dont le féminin prend la voyelle A final, ne serait d' aucune utilité. Il suffit de dire que cet A n' est ajouté que comme signe caractéristique du féminin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais je place dans ce tableau les désinences des principaux substantifs féminins qui ne sont pas terminés en A bref ou muet, des masculins qui ont cette terminaison, et des autres substantifs, soit masculins, soit féminins, qui prennent une autre désinence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le même tableau comprend les désinences des adjectifs, soit de ceux qui marquent le genre féminin par le signe final A, soit de ceux qui étant invariables s' associent également à des substantifs masculins, ou à des substantifs féminins, sans rien changer à la terminaison primitive.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je comparerai les éléments et les formes des langues de l' Europe latine, quand la comparaison pourra s' établir entre toutes ces langues ou la plus grande partie, mais auparavant je dois indiquer ici les rapports plus particuliers de chaque langue avec la langue des troubadours.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ancienne langue française.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans un mémoire sur l' origine et les révolutions de la langue française, Duclos s' exprime ainsi:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Enfin, la langue romane, qui sembloit d' abord devoir céder à la tudesque, l' emporta insensiblement, et nous allons voir que, sous la troisième race, elle fut bientôt la seule, et donna naissance à la langue française.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avant d' expliquer par quelles modifications le français se forma de la langue romane, il convient de rassembler, en faveur de l' assertion de Duclos, les preuves matérielles qui attestent encore aujourd'hui l' ancien usage de la langue romane primitive, dans les pays de la France situés au nord de la Loire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' ai eu précédemment occasion de citer le passage des litanies Carolines qui prouve que sous Charlemagne la langue romane était populaire dans le nord de la France.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le serment de 842 donne à ce fait une telle évidence qu' il peut sembler inutile de rechercher d' autres preuves; mais, puisqu' elles existent, on me pardonnera de ne pas les omettre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' indiquerai d' abord les noms appellatifs qui sont cités dans des monuments antérieurs à l' an 1000, et qui ont la terminaison romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beaucoup de noms de villes, de campagnes, avaient la terminaison romane AS, changée ensuite en ES français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, les noms Cellas (1), Fontanas (2), Ferrerias (3), employés dans les sixième et septième siècles ont été changés postérieurement en Celles, Fontaines, Ferrieres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) “In pago Milidunense, in villâ Cellas nominatâ... ipsam villam Cellas nominatam super Alvecun Sequanae ubi Iona illam ingreditur.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dipl. ch. etc. ad res fr. Spect., t. I, p. 43, an. 658, Child. I, n° XXVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Villam Fontanas.” Ib. Test. de 642, t. I, p. 191, n° CXIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) “Loca quorum vocabula sunt Ferrerias, etc.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ib. t. I, p. 129, an. 628. Dagob. I, n° LXVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cette preuve se rattache le fait constaté par l' archevêque de Rheims, Hincmar, mort en 842, qui dit, en parlant de l' armée: Bellatorum acies quas vulgari sermone Scaras vocamus. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce mot Scaras, que le français a exprimé par Echelles, est roman.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il résulte incontestablement de ce passage, que l' archevêque Hincmar et les habitants du nord de la France parlaient encore le roman primitif dans le milieu du neuvième siècle, puisqu'il dit: que nous appelons scaras en langue vulgaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les formules de Marculfe, on rencontre quelques vestiges de cette langue; le mot LUI s' y trouve plus d' une fois. (2)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Hincmar, t. 2, p. 158.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Omnes causas LUI ubicunque prosequere.” Marc. I, 21.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Ipsius LUI.” App. ad Marc. XXIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Si colonus ipsius LUI esse debebat.” App. ad Marc. XXII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les étrangers nous ont conservé plusieurs vestiges précieux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un poëme en vieux allemand sur l' expédition de Charlemagne contre l' Espagne, cap. 6, sect. 2, offre ce passage:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=s_7PslVN_oYC&pg=RA5-PA55&lpg=RA5-PA55&dq=%22Ir+herzaichen+wart+ein+schal%22&source=bl&ots=7UX2B9PiJj&sig=ACfU3U2DbSYfmjAZbzyStBd-aMFk2kyh0Q&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV-e2fyaqCAxWbhP0HHbwZDjIQ6AF6BAgPEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ir herzaichen wart ein schal</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Munsgoy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On attribue ce poëme, qui est rimé, à un auteur nommé Stricker, mais on ignore en quel siècle il a vécu. Rien n' indique si ce poëme est original ou si c' est une traduction. Comme il raconte les fables qui se trouvent dans Turpin, on peut en conclure qu' il est postérieur à l' ouvrage de ce romancier, à moins de supposer que Turpin a copié le poëte étranger, ou que l' un et l' autre ont puisé à une source commune.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quoi qu' il en soit, il est très remarquable qu' un auteur étranger, soit qu' il composât le poëme, soit qu' il le traduisît, ait employé ou conservé le mot Munsgoy, purement roman, tandis que, dans le douzième siècle, Robert Wace a dit, dans le roman de Rou:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">François crie <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-21-sainct-denis-mont-joye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mont-joye</a> et Normand Dex aïe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un autre poëme très ancien, écrit de même en vieux allemand, sur les guerres de Charlemagne contre les Sarrasins, et dont l' auteur est inconnu, a aussi rapporté plusieurs fois en roman le cri de guerre monsoy, et il a aussi exprimé en roman le mot preciosa. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1). V. 2573. Thiu scare rief: <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-21-sainct-denis-mont-joye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Monsoy</a>, Monsoy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2593. Sie riefen andere warf: Monsoy, Monsoy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2936, Mit michelere frothe hoben si</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2937. Monsoy! Monsoy!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3343. Thie kristene riefen: Monsoy! Monsoy!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4035. Thie kristen hoven: Monsoy! Monsoy!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4036. Thie haithene ire zaichen sa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4037. Preciosa! Preciosa!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4430. Ise zaichem riefen sie sa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4431. Preciosa! Preciosa!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voilà donc que deux auteurs différents citent le cri de guerre des Français, <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-21-sainct-denis-mont-joye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Monsgoy</a>, en pur roman, et que l' un des deux emploie plusieurs fois le mot Preciosa dont la terminaison est pareillement romane; il est donc permis de penser, ou qu' ils ont traduit d' anciens poëmes dans lesquels les faits de Charlemagne étaient écrits dans la langue des troubadours, ou qu' à l' époque de la rédaction de ces ouvrages les Français employaient encore ces mots romans qu' ils ont écrits et prononcés depuis, Mont-joye, Précieuse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La plus ancienne monnaie où se trouve une inscription romane, est celle qui fut frappée de l' an 980 à 1050, par un comte de Tonnerre. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elle porte les noms romans toinero moneic, elle est gravée dans le recueil intitulé: Monoyes des prélats et barons de France, t. 2, suppl. p. 188. (1) Ville qui avait titre de comté dans le Senonois, en Champagne, aux confins de la Bourgogne, à sept ou huit lieues d' Auxerre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce seul monument prouverait que vers l' an 1000, des habitants du nord de la France employaient encore le roman qui n' avait pas été entièrement modifié en idiome français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' après les théories générales, et surtout d' après les faits particuliers, il faut admettre que la modification de la langue romane en langue française ne s' est effectuée que par gradation, par nuances, et par intervalles de temps, plus tôt dans un pays, et plus tard dans un autre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On rencontre encore des documents d' une époque peu reculée, qui offrent le mélange des deux idiomes, et qui démontrent de quelle manière a dû se faire le passage d' une langue à l' autre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ces documents ont surtout retenu encore assez tard l' A final changé ensuite en E muet, l' O de l' article LO et du pronom relatif CO, changés depuis en LE et CE, français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour donner une idée juste et précise de la manière dont la langue romane est devenue langue française, il suffira d' indiquer les changements sous deux rapports.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tantôt ce sera par la comparaison des mots romans avec les mots français dont la légère différence démontrera matériellement qu' ils ont été employés autrefois tels qu' ils étaient dans la langue romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tantôt ce sera par la preuve de l' emploi de divers mots, ou des diverses inflexions des mots romans assez long-temps conservés par la langue française elle-même qui leur a fait subir depuis les modifications que les autres mots ou leurs inflexions avaient subies plus anciennement.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E muet français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parmi les principaux changements de consonnes et de voyelles, il faut distinguer l' E muet qui a remplacé en français les voyelles A, I, O, des mots romans. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Souvent la langue française ajouta un E final muet euphonique à des mots que le roman terminait en consonnes, tels que les substantifs et adjectifs, hom, corn, joi, parjur, ferm, etc., etc., qui devinrent homme, corne, joie, parjure, ferme (2), etc., etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Substantifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman. Français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Musa, fortuna. Muse, fortune.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adjectifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bella, bona. Belle, bonne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ama, senta. Aime, sente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Substantifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I. Servici, justici. Service, justice.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adjectifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contrari. Contraire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O. Lo, co. Le, ce.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et les pluriels des mots en AS: Musas, bonas, muses, bonnes, ainsi que les secondes personnes des verbes, quand elles sont en AS:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amas, sentas, aimes, sentes, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Outre les exemples nombreux qu' on trouvera dans le cours de l' ouvrage, je citerai les suivants:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Il estoit propre homs.” Chron. de Fr., Rec. des Hist. de Fr., t. V, p. 244.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Ne voilliez eshalcier vostre corn.” Trad. du ps. 74, MS. n° I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Et se j' en suis parjurs à escient.” Le roi de Navarre, chans. XVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Là soit tun curage</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ferm sans être remué.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Everard, Hist. Litt. de la Fr., t. XIII, p. 68.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tels que les verbes, os, dout, pri, desir, pens, etc., qui devinrent ose, doute, prie, desire, pense (1), etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et les adverbes, prépositions, conjonctions, com, changé ensuite en come (2), etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Mais ne li os descovrir ma pensée.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avugle sunt, de ce ne dout je mie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Por ce vos pri d' amors douce semblanche.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que je desir s' amour et s' acointance.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Come a cheli où je pens main et soir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le roi de Navarre, chans. LIII, LIV, LVII, LIX, LVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Car onques rien ne fis si à envis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com vos laisser.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le roi de Navarre, chans. LVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL roman changé en EL français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' aurai occasion de donner des preuves nombreuses de ce changement qui a seulement modifié la désinence des adjectifs. (3)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Roman. Français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Celestial, corporal. Celestiel, corporel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mortal, natural. Mortel, naturel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal, qual, etc. Tel, quel, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans l' ouvrage intitulé: <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1846_num_7_1_452015" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">De l' état civil des personnes et de la condition des terres dès les temps celtiques jusqu'à la rédaction des coutumes</a>, in-4° 1786, t. 2, pag. 553, se trouve une charte de franchise des villages de la Cluse et de la <a href="https://www.visorando.com/randonnee-la-chapelle-mijoux/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chapelle-Mi-Joux</a>, donnée en 1324, où on lit:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Francs et quittes de la main morte... et de tous debtz reals et personals.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">At final changé en ET français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand je comparerai les langues de l' Europe latine (1), je fournirai des développements qui démontreront cette modification importante, laquelle a ensuite été soumise à un autre changement.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On verra qu' il s' est opéré par la suppression du T final dans les substantifs et dans les adjectifs terminés en ET.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette suppression a été indiquée par l' accent aigu placé sur l' É final.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' est de cette double modification que viennent presque toutes les désinences en É des mots français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Substantifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman. Français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Libertat, veritat. Libertet, veritet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Participes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amat, turbat. Aimet, turbet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On trouvera des exemples nombreux, pag. 37 et suiv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EL roman changé en EAU français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette modification est si évidente qu' il suffira de jeter les yeux sur la liste des mots qui autrefois ont pris, en français, la désinence EL, et qui depuis l' ont changée en EAU. (2: Voyez ci-après, pag. 43. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L roman changé en U français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Souvent l' ancien français conserva l' L intérieur ou final dans les mots romans, et ensuite il le changea en U. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, d' AL, d' ALS, articles, d' ELS, pronom personnel, vinrent, AU, AUX, articles, EUX, pronom personnel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albe, almone, alter, halt, altre, cald, salf, fals, palme, ciels, genols, oltre, etc., etc. produisirent,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aube, aumone, autel, haut, autre, chaud, sauf, faux, paume, cieux, genoux, outre, etc., etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' L a été conservé dans le mot altesse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Doneir almones.” Serm. de S. Bernard, fol. 88.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Emposerunt sur tuen alter.” Trad. du ps. 50, MS. n° I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Les tabernacles de très halt.” Trad. des ps. 45, MS. n° I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“E li altre de l' altre part.” Trad. du IIe livre des Rois, fol 42.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Kar nuls n' en est salfs.” Trad. du ps. 55, MS. n° I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Encuntre lur ydles e lur fals deus.” Trad. du IIe livre des Rois, fol. 47.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Seies eshalciet sur les ciels.” Trad. du ps. 56, ms, n° I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Maladie de gote qui le tenoit és genols.” Villehardouin, p. 130.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“La terre d' oltre mer.” Villehardouin, p. 8.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AU roman changé en O français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans aur, auratge, ausar, laus, repaus, rauba, causa, aurelha, raustir, et beaucoup d' autres mots romans, l' AU se changea en O, et produisit, or, orage, oser, los, repos, robe, chose, oreille, rotir, français, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le français garda quelquefois l' AU roman dans des mots qui depuis ont toujours pris l' O. (1: “Qui pur haur n' el fist ne pur altre chose.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lois de Guillaume le Conquérant, XVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni un chant qui ne peut plaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aux aureilles du vulgaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P. Ronsard, t. I, p. 342.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les ordonnances des Rois de France le mot Thresaurier est souvent employé. Voy. Tom. XV, pag. 119.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AU est resté dans thésauriser.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O roman changé en OU français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, boca, roman, a produit d' abord boche, et depuis, bouche.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2: “Mel a la meie boche.” Trad. du ps. 118, psaut. de Corbie.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OC roman changé en UEC français, et ensuite en EU.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foc, Loc, romans, etc, qui d' abord avaient produit Fuec, Luec, (3) etc., ont depuis été changés en Feu, Leu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) “Si mist le fuec ou bors et en art grand part.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, p. 165.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je crois convenable d' avertir ici que la langue des troubadours a admis des modifications qui ont ensuite appartenu spécialement à d' autres langues; et pour en donner quelques exemples, je citerai: volh, fog, lonh, olh, oimai, pos, changés en vuelh, voill, fuec, luenh, huelh, hueimai, pues, pois, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le D, dans l' intérieur des mots, a été souvent modifié en Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1. Voyez page 59 et suiv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2. Ainsi de razor est venu razoir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3. Voyez page 122 et suiv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4 Du roman greu, adjectiu, viu, votiu, etc., bov, nov, ov, serv, nerv, cerv, etc, sont venus en français grief, adjectif, vif, votif, etc., boeuf, neuf, oeuf, serf, nerf, cerf, etc.; mais on dit serve, votive, vive, griève, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OR roman changé en OUR et EUR, OIR français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pendant assez long-temps, la langue française conserva la désinence romane des mots romans en OR, mais ensuite elle changea les uns en OUR, et les autres en EUR. J' entrerai à cet égard dans des détails qui ne laisseront aucun doute. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Très rarement OR roman fut changé en OIR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OS roman changé en EUX français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il reste un nombre infini d' exemples des adjectifs de l' ancien français qui avait conservé la désinence romane OS; mais ensuite cet OS devint EUX. (3)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">U, V final roman changé en F français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce changement est très ancien, mais il n' en est pas moins évident, puisque les féminins des adjectifs terminés actuellement en F, ont conservé le V primitif. (4)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I introduit devant E.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' ancien français employa des mots purement romans tels que: cel, mel, fel, ben, dener, deu, leu, etc, qui ont pris ensuite l' I intérieur et ont</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">produit ciel, miel, fiel, bien, denier, dieu, lieu, (1) etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Il suffira de quelques citations.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Sur mel a la meie boche”. Trad. du ps. 118, psaut. de Corbie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Deit doner le dener Saint Pere.” Lois de Guillaume le Conquérant, XVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“En un altre leu.” Sermons de S. Bernard, fol. 88.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A roman changé en AI français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I fut placé par le français après l' A des mots terminés par AM, AN, ANCT, ANT, ARN, AR, ACT, romans. (2: Roman: Fam, gran, man, nan, pan, refran, certan, human, lontan, san, van, vilan, sanct, mant, carn, clar, par, affar, vulgar, benfact, lact, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Français: Faim, grain, main, nain, pain, refrain, certain, humain, lointain, sain, vain, vilain, saint, maint, chair, clair, pair, affaire, vulgaire, bienfait, lait, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Divers mots ont conservé la terminaison romane. (3: Tels que; An, ban, océan, paysan, roman, satan, tyran, etc. Voy. pag. 33 et 102.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On le plaça aussi après l' A dans l' intérieur de plusieurs mots. (1: Roman: Ala, aram, agre, magre, agu, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Français: Aile, airain, aigre, maigre, aigu, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Et leur longue ague espée.” Trad. du ps. 56. psaut. n° I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Touz jours me dit: amez, amez, amez.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le roi de Navarre, chans. XXIX.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En roman changé en EIN français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, des substantifs et des adjectifs en EN, roman, tels que fren, terren, plen, seren, furent modifiés en frein, terrein, plein, serein.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E roman changé en O et en OI français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les mots romans, tels que lei, rei, arnes, cortes, borges, tres, changèrent l' E en O et en OI, et produisirent, loi, roi, arnois, courtois, bourgeois, trois.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On verra dans la suite qu' une semblable opération eut lieu pour des verbes en ER.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IA final roman changé en EIE, OIE français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Via, mia, romans, furent d' abord changés en veie (2), meie, et ensuite en voie, moie. (2) Trad. des ps. 109 et 114, psaut. de Corbie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des verbes furent modifiés de même.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suppressions de consonnes intérieures dans les mots français venus du roman.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Souvent la langue française supprima des consonnes, et surtout le C, D, G, Z, dans l' intérieur des mots. (1: Les mots romans: Edificar, mesclar, publicar, glorificar, sanctificar, mendicar, multiplicar, traucar, oblidar, mudar, cridar, convidar, maridar, castigar, ligar, jogar, fizar, vezer, lauzar, auzir, jauzir, etc. etc., se changèrent en: Édifier, mesler, publier, sanctifier, mendier, multiplier, trouer, oublier, muer, crier, convier, marier, chastier, lier, jouer, fier, voir, louer, ouir, jouir, etc. etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les grammairiens qui ont réfléchi sur ces sortes de contractions conçoivent facilement pourquoi certains mots français, qui sont aujourd'hui monosyllabes, furent dissyllabes autrefois, quand on avait encore la tradition de la prononciation primitive et de la suppression de la consonne intérieure.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fugir roman a été modifié en fuir français, qu' on a long-temps prononcé fu-ir, et beaucoup plus tard fuir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Changement du P latin en B roman, et du B roman en V français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce changement qui s' opéra toujours dans l' intérieur des mots que la langue romane emprunta à la langue latine, et que la langue française conserva de la langue romane, fut soumis à des règles si exactes, à une analogie si constante, qu' on est justement étonné de ce qu' un pareil ordre de correspondance s' est établi dans les temps où l' usage et l' euphonie dirigeaient seulement les personnes qui parlaient le roman et celles qui parlèrent ensuite le français. (1:)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Latin. Roman. Français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aperire ubrir ouvrir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aprilis abril avril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capillus cabel cheveu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capra cabra chevre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Crepare crebar crever</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Concipere concebre concevoir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nepotem nebot neveu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capistrum cabestre chevestre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coprire cubrir couvrir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Decipere decebre décevoir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Juniperus genibre genievre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Opera obra oeuvre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Operari obrar ouvrer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pauper paubre pauvre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Percipere percebre percevoir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Recipere recebre recevoir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Recuperare recobrar recouvrer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ripa riba rive</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Separare sebrar sevrer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sepelire sebelir ensevelir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sapa saba seve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sapere saber savoir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sapor sabor saveur</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saporus saboros savoureux</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Désinences communes aux substantifs et aux adjectifs romans et français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans la comparaison des langues de l' Europe latine, on verra les désinences des substantifs et des adjectifs français (1) qui ont dû être rapprochées non-seulement du roman, mais encore des autres langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) On trouvera dans les substantifs les désinences suivantes:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Age, al, an, ar, art, at, el, en, ent, ment, er, ier, es, il, in, it, ol, olp, om, on, ion, ont, or, rn, u, v, uc, ul, ut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les adjectifs: Al, an, and, anct, ar, at, el, ent, ert, il, in, olz, on, ort, os, au, eu, iu, ou, ur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il y a un bien plus grand nombre de ces désinences romanes qui sont restées dans la langue française et qui n' ont pu entrer dans les tableaux comparatifs (2), soit parce qu' elles appartiennent à peu de mots, soit parce qu' elles ne se retrouvent pas assez intégralement dans les autres langues.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) En comparant les désinences caractéristiques des adjectifs dans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">les diverses langues de l' Europe latine, je ne dirai rien des adjectifs terminés en ble. Cette désinence est rare dans les adjectifs de l' ancienne langue romane, et dans les vieux monuments des autres langues de l' Europe latine; elle n' est pas admise par le portugais et par l' Italien. Je n' en parlerai donc qu' en traitant des rapports particuliers des langues qui l' ont adoptée.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici le tableau des principales désinences romanes que la langue française a conservées, ou qu' elle n' a soumises qu' à de très légères modifications. Les mots suivants correspondent aux mots romans du tableau, pag. V, etc. J' indique rarement dans les tableaux particuliers les désinences qui entreront dans la comparaison générale des langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Miracle. Arbre. G. Morne. Bast.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Globe. Siècle. Sépulcre. Rang. Commun. Chaste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plomb. Article. Moindre. Etang. P. Droit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbe. Oncle. Coffre. Etrange. Drap. Forest.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Corb. Cercle. Aigre. Seing. Camp. Manifeste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C. Masle. Allegre. Poing. R. Nuit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sac. Muscle. Negre. Feuille. Desir. Triste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Banc. Girofle. Tigre. Besoin. Frère. Escot.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franc. Angle. Père. Loin. Vair. Prompt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marc. Seigle. Martire. I. Mur. Sort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Large. Grèle. Cendre. Mai. Martyr. Prévost.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rauque. Chaple. Souffre. Vrai. S. Point.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bec. Ample. Aspre. Proverbe. Pas. Fort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luec. Exemple. Vespre. Service. Gras. Robuste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clerc. Simple. Ventre. Silence. Gars. U et V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fresque. Peuple. Encontre. Etude. Los. Glu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Riche. Double. Tertre. Homicide. Deschaus. Dieu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Broc. Tuile. Desastre. Huile. Faux. Bref.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tronc. Psaume. Maistre. Capitaine. Marquis. Chetif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Porc. Baume. Ministre. Joie. Temps. Bœuf.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D. Home. Nostre. Jaspe. Sens. Neuf.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chaud. Terme. Feutre. Principe. Vers. Chauve.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Command. Blasme. Givre. Adversaire. Pers. Nerf.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Regard. Règne. Delivre. Contraire. Paradis. Cerf.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tard. Signe. Cuivre. Autrui. Gris. Y.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monde. Digne. Dextre. Déluge. Pouls. Lay.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E. Domaine. Comte. Vice. Corps. Biais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monge. Ymne. Conte. M. Secours. Roi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manege. Moyne. Apte. Faim. Refus. Joie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lige. Tempe. Doute. Psaume. Confus. Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Juge. Lièvre. Texte. Calme. T. Palais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Porche. Libre. Evesque. Ferme. Assaut. Croix.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diable. Septembre. Aise. Raisin. Haut. Courroux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coupable. Membre. F. Pome. Chant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foible. Nombre. Suif. N. Léopard.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Visible. Couleuvre. Serf. Sejour. Quart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Langue Espagnole.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les historiens espagnols n' ont transmis aucun fait qui permette de fixer l' époque où la langue romane s' établit au delà des Pyrénées.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais un monument atteste qu' elle était en usage en Espagne et en Portugal dans le huitième siècle, c' est l' ordonnance publiée en 772 (-734), par Alboacem, fils de Mahomet-Alhamar, fils de Tarif. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quoique les critiques aient jugé avec raison que la chronique des Goths, imprimée dans les œuvres de Luitprand, n' est pas de cet auteur (2), il me semble, toutefois, que le passage que j' en ai rapporté (3), mérite quelque considération, et qu' il concourt à prouver l' existence ancienne de la langue valencienne et de la langue catalane, quoiqu' on reconnaisse que cette chronique a été rédigée dans un siècle postérieur à celui où Luitprand a écrit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et si l' on se souvient que l' agiographe de sainte Lobe, rapporte qu' un Italien qui se trouvait en Allemagne, comprit le langage d' un espagnol, par cela seul qu' il était Italien, eo quod italus erat, on ne se refusera point à admettre l' opinion des philologues qui font remonter au temps des Goths l' établissement de la langue vulgaire espagnole.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Elle est rapportée dans l' introduction du tom. Ier du Choix des poésies originales des troubadours, pag. xj et xij.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Bibl. hisp. vetus, lib. VI, cap. XVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Introd. du tom. Ier, p. xvj.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus les monuments de cette langue sont anciens, plus ils offrent de rapports d' identité avec la langue romane. Ainsi, le mot TRO, préposition romane, se trouve encore dans cinq manuscrits du Fuero Juzgo, au lieu de hasta (1) qui l' a remplacé depuis long temps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les mots vinagre, desastre, l' E roman, se trouve conservé, quoique l' E d' astre et de agre, romans, ait été changé en O dans astro, agro, espagnols.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne crains pas d' avancer que dans le Fuero Juzgo presque la moitié des mots sont entièrement romans, et qu' une partie des autres le redeviendrait par le seul retranchement de la voyelle finale euphonique, ou par des modifications très légères.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' indiquerai bientôt les nombreux rapports de la langue espagnole avec celle des troubadours. Pour rendre ces rapports plus faciles à saisir, il importe d' expliquer quelques-unes des modifications auxquelles la langue romane primitive a été soumise.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Dans le texte imprimé, on lit: Entró al dia. Des manuscrits portent: Fasta el dia; d' autres: Ata. Il en est cinq dans lesquels on lit: Tro al dia. Fuero Juzgo, II, I, 24, not. 27.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O roman changé en UE espagnol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce changement, qui a existé même dans la langue des troubadours, est très commun dans la langue espagnole (1); ce n' est qu' un accident euphonique, et peut-être on n' aurait pas dû regarder comme irréguliers, des verbes qui, en quelques modes, ou en quelques temps, prennent UE, au lieu de l' O primitif. Il paraît qu' autrefois UE et O ne différaient pas dans la prononciation, puisque l' ancien poëme du Cid emploie muerte, fuerte, luen, fuent, comme assonantes, avec carrion, campeador, amor, sol, (2) etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Je crois convenable d' entrer dans quelques détails.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Substantifs: Poblo, morte, forza, torto, prova, dona, cor, etc., ont produit: Pueblo, muerte, fuerza, tuerto, prueba, dueña, cuer, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adjectifs: Bono, novo, fort, moble, nostro, etc., sont devenus:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bueno, nuevo, fuerte, mueble, nuestro, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbes. Tels que: Fo, fora, foron, fossen, etc., rogo, demostra, tolga, poda, demostra, poden, ont été changés en Fué (fue), fuera, fuéron (fueron), fuesen, etc., ruego, demuestra, tuelga, pueda, demuestra, pueden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Participes: De posto, morto, etc., on a fait: Puesto, muerto, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conjonctions: Pos, depos, ont été modifiés en Pues, después.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il m' a paru inutile d' indiquer les passages du Fuero Juzgo ou de la Collection de poesías castellanas anteriores al siglo XV, dans lesquels se trouvent les mots que je rapporte, surtout les variantes du Fuero Juzgo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Por muchos versos de este poema se ve claramente la pronunciación que daban en aquellos tiempos a muchas voces que en los de Berceo ya se pronunciaban de otra manera; y así se ve con mucha frecuencia que las voces muerte, luen, nues, fuent, etc., son asonantes de carrión, campeador, amor, sol, etc., en las cuales no sólo el diptongo UE se convertía siempre en O sino que la última sílaba o vocal se suprimía a veces en la escritura, a veces en la pronunciación.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sánchez, Coll. de poes. cast. ant. al sig. XV, t. I, p. 224.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I placé devant l' E dans l' intérieur des mots.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les anciens monuments de la langue espagnole contiennent plusieurs mots qui avaient conservé encore leur forme romane et qui ensuite prirent IE, au lieu d' E intérieur. (1) Cette modification donna surtout aux verbes une forme qui passe aujourd'hui pour une anomalie, lorsqu' elle n' est appliquée qu' à certains modes ou à certains temps.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Les exemples suivants sont tirés seulement du Fuero Juzgo, et surtout des variantes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Substantifs: Bisneto, tenebras, juramento, tempo, salvamento, tormento, defendimento, medo, setembro, etc., au lieu de Bisnieto, tinieblas, juramento, tiempo, salvamiento, tormiento, defendimiento, miedo, setiembre, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adjectifs: Aberto, encuberto, destro, etc., pour Abierto, encubierto, diestro, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbes: Acerto, adestra, atendo, perde, sento, adverte, encerren, tendan, mentan, pour Acierto, adiestra, atiendo, pierde, siento, advierte, encierren, tiendan, mientan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL roman changé en O espagnol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le changement de l' L en U, et de l' AU en O (2), a aussi lieu dans la langue espagnole.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adverbes: Cegament, destrament, pour Ciegamente, diestramente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Roman: Aur, causa, pausar, raubar, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Espagnol: Oro, cosa, posar, robar, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi altro a changé l' L en U, et de l' AU d' autro, est venu otro. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) On trouve un fréquent emploi d' altro dans les Fueros d' Oviedo, p. 97, 98, 99 et 101 du tome IV de la collection intitulée: Noticias de las provincias vascongadas, par Llorente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Changement des consonnes placees devant l' L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue espagnole change en L diverses consonnes, quand elles se trouvent placées devant L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cl, en ll; llamar, llave, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fl, en LL; llama, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pl, en ll; allanar, llaga, lleno, llover, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">F changé en H aspiré.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' F placé au commencement des mots romans, fut souvent changé en H aspiré (2); des ouvrages anciens ont conservé la forme romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Hazer (hacer), hierro, hiel, higo, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T changé en D.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le T placé dans plusieurs mots romans fut quelquefois changé en D; (3) mais on rencontre souvent, dans les anciens monuments, le T primitif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Abad, deidad, edad etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V changé en B.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le V fut quelquefois changé en B. (4: Bogar, bolar, berruga, bermejo, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Terminaison BRE dans quelques substantifs espagnols.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs substantifs espagnols qui d' abord avaient été terminés en E, y substituèrent BRE; (1) ainsi, d' ome vint hombre, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Hambre, nombre, lumbre, etc., répondent en espagnol aux mots romans: Fam, nom, lum, etc. On trouve dans les anciens monuments espagnols, Fame, nome, lume, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il est à remarquer que cette terminaison BRE ne se trouve guère dans les anciens auteurs; aussi a-t-on reconnu qu' en recopiant l' ouvrage manuscrit de don Juan Manuel, intitulé, El conde Lucanor, le mot d' hombre avait été parfois substitué à l' ancien mot ome. (2: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bouterwek" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bouterwek</a>, Hist. de la litt. espag. liv. I, sect. I.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Terminaisons des substantifs et des adjectifs romans conservés par la langue espagnole.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les substantifs et dans les adjectifs espagnols autres que ceux qui prennent l' A féminin final, on trouve les terminaisons romanes suivantes, qui seront l' objet d' une comparaison spéciale avec les autres langues.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Substantifs: Age, al, an, ar, art, ad, at, el, en, ent, ment, er, es, il, in, it, ol, olp, on, ion, ont, or, ot, uc, ut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adjectifs: Al, an, ant, ar, el, ent, il, it, olz, on, ulz, un.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De nombreuses terminaisons de substantifs et d' adjectifs espagnols ont aussi des rapports particuliers avec la langue des troubadours. (1:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici le tableau des principales; plusieurs ajoutent l' E ou l' O final euphonique.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A masc. Herege. Enfermo. M. Seguro. Quinto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quaresma. Monge. Signo. Hambre. S. Cristo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Legista. Porche. Digno. Salmo. Vaso. Triste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Culpable. Himno. Extremo. Graso. Fruto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cabo. Feble. Reyno. Yelmo. Falso. Escote.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albo. Visible. Fabro. Diezmo. Guarzo. Insulto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plebe. Simple. Libro. Racimo. Senso. Fronte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbo. Moble. Sepulcro. Primo. Incenso. Pronto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Corvo. Doble. Agro. Infirmo. Verso. Preboste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C. Pueble. Milagro. Pomo. Diverso. Tributo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saco. Mueble. Magro. Lumbre. Lis. Astuto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Flaco. Fraile. Miembro. N. País. Punto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Banco. Aire. Ministro. Carne. Paradiso. Furto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franco. Fraire. Malato. Lleno. Amoroso. Gusto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marco. Ome. Apto. Infierno. Pulso. Robusto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Largo. Peine. Cuento. Eterno. Responso. U et V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pasco. Liebre. Texto. Peregrino. Curso. Nao.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Frasco. Fiebre. Astro. Contorno. Uso. Llave.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seco. Gengibre. Fieltro. O. Confuso. Suave.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fresco. Setiembre. Cabestro. Pro. T. Breve.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rico. Cobre. Siniestro. P. Pacto. Cautivo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loco. Cofre. Nuestro. Capo. Tacto. Salvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poco. Vinagre. Freixo. Campo. Salto. Calvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tronco. Alegre. I. Cepo. Asalto. Novo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Porco. Desastre. Sabio. Sierpe. Canto. Nervo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caduco. Maestre. Silencio. Tipo. Rapto. Servo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Brusco. Azufre. Remedio. Galope. Apto. Y.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D. Conte. Evangelio. Colpe. Parto. Mayo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laido. Oste. Olio. Estribo. Quarto. Rayo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caldo. O pour E Imperio. R. Basto. Ley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mando. Mondo. Contrario. Vero. Gasto. Rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Blando. Diablo. Diluvio. Hierro. Decreto. Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dardo. Siglo. L. Vitriero. Secreto. Paz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tardo. Amplo. Melle. Mártir. Desierto. Solaz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mundo. Templo. Felle. Suspiro. Cierto. Imperatriz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E. Exemplo. Hilo. Oro. Digesto. Dulz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fe. Carbunclo. Dolo. Toro. Manifesto. Voz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conde. Masclo. Muro. Dreito. Cruz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Patois d' Espagne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On retrouve encore dans les patois de chaque pays quelques vestiges de formes anciennes qui ont été conservées par le peuple.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, la <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue valencienne</a> se rapproche de la langue romane plus encore que l' espagnol. (1: On en voit dans l' Oraison Dominicale en <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/search?q=Christi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langage valencien</a>, imprimée dans le <a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10779523" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mithridates d' Adelung</a>, t. 2, p. 554, diverses preuves assez remarquables:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel, sanctificad, nom, voluntad, pa, mal, perdonam, com, sans voyelle euphonique finale, teu, nostre, pronoms romans, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il en est de même du <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/08/xiii-desig-de-los-desigs.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">patois de Mayorque</a>. (2: Dans l' Oraison Dominicale en <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langage de Majorque</a> ibid., on trouve pareillement <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/09/ramon-lull-obras-rimadas-introduccion.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sanctificat</a>, nom, voluntad, cel, com, perdonam, sans voyelle euphonique finale, et les pronoms nos altres, tot, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un savant espagnol, qui s' occupa beaucoup de la recherche des anciens titres et des vieux manuscrits, assure avoir trouvé dans les Asturies et dans la Navarre des documents anciens dont l' idiome était semblable à l' idiome catalan. (3: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Buenas_Letras_de_Barcelona" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Real academia de Barcelona</a>, t. I, part. 2, p. 628.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' évêque d' Orenze, ayant été prié d' examiner le <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoF7M7Ku7tE" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langage vulgaire de la Galice</a> et de vérifier s' il avait quelque conformité avec <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">le catalan</a>, répondit que le peuple, qui seul parle l' <a href="https://www.xunta.gal/a-lingua-galega?langId=es_ES" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idiome vulgaire en Galice</a>, non-seulement emploie des noms, des verbes et d' autres dictions entièrement identiques avec l' <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idiome catalan</a>, mais même des phrases entières. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un écrivain, qui a traité à fond de la paléographie espagnole, compare l' idiome des habitants de la Galice à <a href="https://www.xuliocs.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">celui des habitants des Asturies</a> et trouve qu' il est le même. (2) Selon lui, la manière de prononcer constitue toute la différence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce qui surprendra peut-être davantage, c' est de voir l' idiome roman dominant encore comme vulgaire dans le <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Grenade" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">royaume de Grenade</a> à une époque ou l' idiome espagnol était déja généralement en usage en Castille et en d' autres parties de l' Espagne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers la fin du treizième siècle, dans des disputes dogmatiques qui eurent lieu entre les juifs du royaume de Grenade et les naturels du pays d' une part et saint Pierre Pascal de l' autre, celui-ci, quoique instruit et versé dans l' idiome castillan, ainsi que le prouvent ses ouvrages écrits en cet idiome, était obligé de se servir de l' idiome catalan; et la rédaction des conférences fut faite en cette langue. (3)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) “Abbia observado, no sólo nombres y verbos y otras dicciones totalmente unívocas col el <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idioma de Cathaluña</a>, sino también algunas cláusulas enteras.” Real acad. de Barc. p. 613.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) <a href="https://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=4564" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Terreros</a>, paleogr. p. 208 et 210.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Titol primer qui comença la questio sobra la lei de Moyses:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Senyer En <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/vita-christi-isabel-villena-ysabel-billena-monestir-trinitat-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">christiá</a>, prech vos que us placia a mi de respondre sobra una questio de la qual desig hoyr vostra resposta segons fé <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/07/amazon-vita-christi-isabel-villena.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">christiana</a>, etc.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Real acad. de Barc. p. 615.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il importe donc de se faire une idée de cet <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idiome catalan</a> auquel se rapportaient plusieurs patois espagnols.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Langue catalane</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalan</a> est, de tous les idiomes qui appartiennent à la langue romane, <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">celui qui s' en rapproche le plus</a>, sans en excepter peut-être l' idiome des <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vaudois</a>. (1: Voici quelques-unes des légères modifications qui établissent des nuances entre la <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufres-rudels-de-blaia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue romane</a> et l' <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idiome catalan</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' article pluriel féminin <b>LAS</b>, les substantifs et adjectifs féminins en <b>AS</b>, changent AS en ES, quoique les singuliers gardent l' A primitif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Antes de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Pompeyo+Fabra" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pompeyo Fabra</a> se encuentran todavía los <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/10/joseph-marti-y-folguera-poemas-catalans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plurales femeninos con AS</a> en el <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dialècte occitan catalan</a>. Ejemplos, las casas, igual que en castellano; apellidos como <a href="https://www.blasonari.net/apellidos/Casasnovas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Casasnovas</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Junqueras" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Junqueras</a>. Raynouard publica estos tomos en los años 1816-1821.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les substantifs et les adjectifs terminés en AN, EN, IN, UN roman, prennent la lettre finale euphonique Y: Ann, affan, estran, sen, engin, llun, se changent en Anny, affany, estrany, seny, enginy, lluny.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. ¿Por qué encuentra tantas diferencias Raynouard entre la <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua romance</a>, <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">occitano</a>, con el <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dialecto catalán</a>? En los tomos anteriores encontramos las palabras <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=estranh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">estranh</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=estanh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">estanh</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=lunh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lunh</a>, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelquefois cet Y s' incorpore dans les mots mêmes, comme dans Menys.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/10/joseph-marti-y-folguera-poemas-catalans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Y</a></b> est aussi employé, mais rarement, pour <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/10/joseph-marti-y-folguera-poemas-catalans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ET</a>, ainsi qu' en espagnol. (N. E. Et, e, &, y, i)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' E se change quelquefois en I: Propres, <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/05/capitol-lxxviii-com-la-mare-de-deu-dona.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">propris</a>; et cette modification s' applique même aux participes en ENT, et on dit: Dormint, servint, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Puigdemont" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fugint</a>, dans les verbes en IR, et premint, etc., dans les verbes en ER ou RE.<br />(N. E. la terminación t, en la lengua romance, se omite en muchísimos casos que se pueden leer en los tomos anteriores, 1-5.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il arrive que l' S se change en X: Axi, <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/05/capitol-xv-15-disputa-veritat-pietat-redempcio-natura-humana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">puix</a>; AI en E, l' L en LL au commencement et à la fin des mots <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/05/capitol-xcvi-perde-amat-fill-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aquell</a>, ull, <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2022/02/tratat-de-adages-y-refranys-valencians.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lloch</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=lluny" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lluny</a>, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. ¿Cuándo empieza a generalizarse este cambio?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' U final se joint à quelques inflexions des verbes; je ne crois pas nécessaire d' entrer à cet égard dans des détails minutieux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est assez remarquable que les Pyrénées et les Alpes offrent ainsi parmi les peuples voisins qu' elles séparent de la France, le langage qui a le plus de rapport avec la langue romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le catalan est depuis long-temps une langue fixée; elle a des grammaires, des dictionnaires. Un très grand nombre de livres catalans sont imprimés, et il en existe un nombre bien plus considérable en manuscrit. (N. E. Pues el swahili no debe ser una lengua, ni lo serían el Quechua y muchas otras, incluso ya extinguidas.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Accident singulier! la différence la plus remarquable qui existe entre la langue des troubadours et les idiomes des Catalans et des Vaudois, c' est que ni l' un ni l' autre n' a retenu la règle fondamentale qui, par la présence ou l' absence de l' S, désigne les sujets ou les régimes, soit au singulier, soit au pluriel. Il semble que cette règle n' ait pu franchir ni les Pyrénées, ni les Alpes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais un caractère de l' idiome catalan, c' est d' avoir employé les affixes romans. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je l' ai dit, et je crois devoir le répéter, le catalan est un idiome régulier, soumis à des formes constantes; il mérite un rang honorable dans l' opinion des savants qui étudient le mécanisme des langues et les formes qui les caractérisent. (N. E. Lean ustedes a <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/08/catala-dialecte-provenzal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Meyer-Lübke</a>, por ejemplo.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) En voici la preuve tirée des poësies d' <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/05/viaje-literario-las-iglesias-de-espana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ausias March</a>: (N. E. ¡Madre mía, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/01/falsificacion-eugenio-estevez-francisco-ribalta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ausias March, valenciano</a>, escribiendo en <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/08/catala-dialecte-provenzal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dialecto provenzal catalán</a>. ¿Conocería Raynouard la <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/07/amazon-vita-christi-isabel-villena.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vita Christi</a> de <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/vita-christi-isabel-villena-ysabel-billena-monestir-trinitat-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Isabel de Villena</a>, “açi comença un vita Christi en <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/vita-christi-isabel-villena-ysabel-billena-monestir-trinitat-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">romanç</a>”, o la <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/03/apendice-2-sagrada-escritura-biblias-lemosinas-fragmentos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Biblia de Bonifacio Ferrer</a>, traducida del latín a <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/03/apendice-2-sagrada-escritura-biblias-lemosinas-fragmentos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la nostra (llengua) valenciana</a>, de la que sólo queda una página?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¿Sabría que en los años <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">1461, 1462</a>, e incluso después de Nebrija aún usaban el <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hoc, oc, òc : sí</a> en <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cataluña</a>?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M. Tal delit sent que no m cuyt ser al mon. (c. 1.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mostra m la llum de vera <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/capitol-3-nativitat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">esperança</a>. (c. 3.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T. No solament los leigs qui t venen contra, (c. esp.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S. Qui per montar ab be que no s pot perdre, (c. 21.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NS. Be NS mostra Deu lo mon que vol finir, (c. m. 5.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">US. Tot mon parlar als qui no US auran vista. (c. 11.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. ¿Por qué no escribe Raynouard la tabla de palabras que usa con las demás lenguas de Europa? Me parece un tanto sospechoso.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Langue Portugaise.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ordonnance de 734</a> qui prouve l' existence de la langue romane en Espagne, sert aussi à prouver qu' elle existait en Portugal, puisque <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem</a> régnait à <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Coïmbre</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' il fallait s' en rapporter à l' assertion de quelques philologues, le Portugal aurait droit de s' enorgueillir d' un monument littéraire très ancien. (N. E. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Otros autores colocan esta fecha unos 300 años después</a>. Supongo que algunos autores, como por ejemplo <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/05/carta-xviii-opinion-recibida-siglo-xii-sitio-antigua-segobriga-segorbe.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Casiri</a>, habrán fijado con documentos el reinado de Alboacem en Coimbra.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Manuel de Faria y Souza</a>, a publié (1: Europa portuguesa, t. III, p. 379. ) des fragments d' un poëme relatif à l' invasion des Maures en Espagne, et il a prétendu que le manuscrit fut trouvé lors de la prise du château de Luzan défendu par les Maures, sous le premier ou le second roi de Portugal. Cet historien suppose à ce poëme une antiquité très reculée, et il semble croire qu' il fut composé lors du fatal événement qui en a fourni le sujet. Un examen approfondi du langage dans lequel les fragments de ce poëme sont écrits ne permet pas de lui assigner une haute antiquité; on n' y remarque point les signes qui caractérisent des monuments littéraires portugais du douzième et du treizième siècles où se retrouvent des formes romanes (2: Telles que les articles el, lo, la, etc., les pronoms ma, sa, etc.) qu' on chercherait en vain dans les vers de ces fragments.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais la littérature portugaise possède d' anciens documents (1), qui sont d' une époque plus reculée.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est à regretter que le manuscrit unique du roman d' Amadis, composé par Vasco de Lobeira, ait péri avec la bibliothèque du duc d' Arveiro, lors du désastre de Lisbonne, en 1744.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deux sonnets qu' on lit dans les œuvres d' Antonio Ferreira, écrits en langage ancien, à l' imitation de celui d' Amadis, offrent quelques formes romanes (2), et sans doute l' Amadis portugais aurait fourni des exemples curieux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Cancioneiro de Resende ne renferme pas de pièces anciennes; ce recueil est très recherché, mais c' est à cause de sa rareté; son mérite est plus bibliographique que littéraire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une collection précieuse qui m' a été très utile, c' est le Cancioneiro manuscrit que possède la bibliothèque du collége royal des Nobles de Lisbonne. (3)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Voyez l' ouvrage intitulé: Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárâo, etc., por Fr. Joaq. de Santa Rosa de Viterbo. Lisboa 1798 et 1799; 2 vol. fol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Telles que EL employé comme pronom personnel, SAS comme pronom possessif, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Le chevalier Charles Stuart, ambassadeur d' Angleterre en France, avait fait prendre une copie de ce manuscrit pendant son séjour à Lisbonne. Il a bien voulu me le communiquer, et il m' a autorisé à en prendre des extraits. L' idiome de ce Cancioneiro est portugais gallicien, qui, pour me servir des expressions de la note placée en tête de la copie:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Se falou na provincia d' entre Douro e Minho, nos premieros seculos da monarquia e qual se usou muito na poesia entre nós e os Gallegos e Casthelhanos, ainda em tempos, em que o dialecto portuguez em geral se hia polindo e separando do Galliziano extreme, que no seculo X et XI se fallava em toda a Galliza e Portugal ate Coimbra.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La copie que possède le ch. Stuart est terminée par ces mots:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Copiado e conferido por mim Bernardo Jozè de Figueiredo e Silva, com faculdade regia para autlenticar documentos de letra antiga. Lisboa 19 de mayo 1810.” Bernado Jozè de Figdo e Sa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' y ai trouvé, plus qu' en tout autre ouvrage portugais, des vestiges de la langue romane, et des formes identiques avec l' idiome des troubadours. Je me bornerai maintenant à indiquer quelques-uns des changements que la langue portugaise a fait subir aux mots de la langue romane primitive.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Changement de l' AU en OU, de l' OC en OU.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue portugaise changea souvent en O, l' A qui précédait l' U, (1) et l' OC fut changé en OU. (2)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Auro, auvir, autro, ausar, pauco, causa, autòno, repauso, ont produit: Ouro, ouvir, outro, ousar, pouco, cousa, outòno, repouso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Doctor, doctrina, etc., devinrent doutor, doutrina, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suppression de l' L dans l' intérieur et a la fin des mots.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette suppression intérieure est très commune en portugais. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' L fut quelquefois supprimé à la fin des mots. (2)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L intérieur changé en R.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les mots qui avaient l' L intérieurement prirent un R à la place. (3)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M ajouté, comme consonne euphonique, a la fin de quelques mots portugais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue portugaise ajouta souvent l' M à la fin des mots en E bref, en I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La terminaison romane AGE reçut assez généralement l' M final. (4)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) De Malo, celo, filo, velo, dolente, salude, soler, vigilar, etc., vinrent Mao, ceo, fio, veo, doente, saude, soer, vigiar, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Avol, pol, etc., furent changés en Avò, pò, etc., et cet accent (* ò) désigna la suppression de la consonne finale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Noble, doble, blanco, playa, placa, esclavo, plazer, planto, emplegar, flaco, simpleza, doblar, exemplo, etc., produisirent: Nobre, dobre, branco, praya, praca, escravo, prazer, pranto, empregar, fraco, simpreza, dobrar, exempro, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) On trouvera dans le cours de l' ouvrage des preuves que parfois les terminaisons romanes ont été conservées par divers auteurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' M fut de même ajouté souvent à si, mi, assi, qui devinrent sim, mim, assim, etc. (1: Barros emploie souvent assi pour assim.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M employé au lieu da l' N final des mots portugais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue portugaise place souvent à la fin des mots l' M pour l' N primitif (2: Fim, jardim, latim, som, um, etc. etc.); mais quand le mot, primitivement terminé par l' N, est uni et confondu dans les dérivés, il le reprend intérieurement. Ainsi, Fim, jardim, som, dom, etc, gardent l' N dans final, jardineiro, sonoroso, donativo, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N intérieur supprimé dans les mots portugais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs mots perdent l' N intérieur. (3: Pano, capellano, mano, rana, lana, grano, pleno, arena, vena, mensa, cenar, vanitade, luna, etc., produisirent: Pao, capellao, mao, rao, lao, grao, cheo, area, vea, mesa, cear, vaitade, lua, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PL changé en CH.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des mots commençant par PL, ont pris à la place CH. (4: De Plantar, plano, pleno, plaga, plorar, plover, plumbar, plumbo, etc., vinrent: Chantar, chao, cheo, chorar, chover, chumbar, chumbo, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Changement du T en D.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue portugaise changea souvent, comme la langue espagnole, le T final ou pénultième en D: libertade, abbade, etc..</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Divers autres changements de consonnes et de voyelles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">RL se change en LL: farlar a produit fallar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ST en SS: de nostro est venu nosso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' S prend l' E devant plusieurs mots, tels que espectaculo, estylo, etc.. etc.. (N. E. castellano, espectáculo, estilo.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je crois ne devoir pas m' arrêter davantage sur les modifications que la langue portugaise a fait subir à la langue romane primitive.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Désinences communes aux substantifs et aux adjectifs romans et portugais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elles sont assez nombreuses (1), et il est à remarquer que le portugais a employé l' H après l' L et l' N, et a eu des substantifs et des adjectifs terminés en LH et NH, en y ajoutant la voyelle euphonique.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) On trouvera dans le cours de l' ouvrage la comparaison des désinences suivantes. Pour les substantifs: Age, al, am, ar, ad, el, em, er, es, il, im, ol, om, und, or, ul;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et pour les adjectifs: Al, am, ar, el, il, un.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici l' indication des principales désinences qui, soit conservées</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">intégralement, soit soumises à une légère modification, correspondent aux désinences romanes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. D. O POUR E. H après L, N. Fel. Commun.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Systema. Saldo. Domingo. Trabalho. Feel. P.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Legista. Mando. Amplo. Malho. Abril. Guapo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Fardo. Templo. Talho. Subtil. Campo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Balbo. Tardo. Exemplo. Conselho. Sol. Serpe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plebe. Bando. Psalmo. Velho. Mulo. Galope.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Globo. Mundo. Termo. Olho. M. Golpe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbo. E. Ermo. Folho. Enxame. Estrepe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rombo. Fè. Reino. Banho. Ramo. R.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chumbo. Salvage. Signo. Estanho. Palmo. Altar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Corvo. Monje. Hymno. Estranho. Calmo. Avaro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C. Dobre. Membro. Desenho. Remo. Prazer.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sacco. Nobre. Setembro. Engenho. Extremo. Vero.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fraco. Milagre. Sepulcro. Lenho. Elmo. Ferro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prosaico. Segre. Agro. Punho. Verme. Barbeiro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Banco. Baile. Magro. Junho. Firme. Honor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franco. Conde. Congro. I. Racimo. Senhor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marco. Ome. Sogro. Pai. Primo. Muro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Largo. Lume. Encontro. Maio. Pomo. Seguro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Frasco. Lebre. Feltro. Baio. Lume. Ouro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rouco. Febre. Astro. Proverbio. Fumo. Touro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beico. Gengibre. Destro. Cambio. N. Martyr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cego. Libre. Ministro. Lei. Affano. S.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fresco. Cobre. Sinistro. Necio. Soberano. Vaso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amigo. Cofre. Cento. Evangelho. Carne. Crasso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rico. Alegre. Apto. Capitâo. Terrenho. Esparso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fogo. Tigre. Texto. Principio. Pleno. Escasso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tronco. Maestre. G. Ordinario. Inferno. Descalço.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Porco. Semestre. Lago. Contrario. Eterno. Marquez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bosque. Ventre. Mago. Diluvio. Peregrino. Espesso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tosquo. Padre. Largo. Sabio. Bom. Encenso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Duque. Oste. Jogo. L. Morno. Verso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Brusco. Bronze. Jugo. Mal. Torno. Diverso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paraiso. Ingrato. Deserto. Forto. Cativo. Luxo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Riso. Assalto. Certo. Preboste. Ovo. Influxo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noioso. Alto. Testo. Imposto. Nove. Y.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amoroso. Canto. Manifesto. Tributo. Calvo. Pay.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falso. Tanto. Marido. Statuto. Salvo. Rayo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pulso. Parte. Apetite. Punto. Nervo. Rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dorso. Arte. Direito. Furto. Servo. Grey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urso. Quarto. Meito. Fuste. X. Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uso. Basto. Triste. Robusto. Graxo. Paz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abuso. Casto. Fruto. U et V. Sexo. Imperatriz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Confuso. Discreto. Escote. Nao. Prefixo. Noz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T. Dente. Trote. Clave. Fixo. Voz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gato. Contento. Prompto. Suave. Prolixo. Gozo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grato. Mandamento Sorte. Breve. Flux. Luz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Langue italienne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs philologues ont prétendu que le peuple de Rome et les habitants des campagnes de l' Italie avaient, même pendant les beaux jours de la république et de l' empire, un langage vulgaire autre que la langue latine; et que de ce langage se forma ensuite l' idiome Italien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si l' on se bornait à dire que, dans Rome et dans les pays voisins où le latin était la langue publique, des personnes peu instruites, et le peuple surtout, défiguraient souvent cette langue, s' exprimaient d' une manière insolite et incorrecte; si l' on ajoutait que, dans leur bouche, le latin ne fut plus qu' un langage vulgaire et rustique, et qu' au lieu des mots propres, des formes grammaticales, des tournures élégantes, le peuple et les ignorants usaient souvent de mots grossiers, de formes inusitées, de tournures vicieuses, il ne serait pas convenable de contester de telles assertions, soit parce que ces circonstances se rencontrent dans tous les pays où il existe une langue savante que le peuple ne saurait parler avec pureté, soit parce que des preuves irrécusables démontrent qu' elles ont particulièrement existé en Italie, dans le temps même de la plus grande perfection de la langue latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais si ces philologues ont voulu dire que, dans le siècle d' Auguste, il existait à Rome, concurremment avec la langue latine, un idiome vulgaire qui a précédé et préparé la langue italienne, c' est-à-dire un idiome particulier, qui faisait usage des articles, des verbes auxiliaires, et qui avait les autres caractères romans distinctifs, quand le latin n' employait aucun de ces caractères spéciaux, les personnes les moins impartiales seront forcées de convenir qu' aucune preuve, que même aucun indice raisonnable ne permet d' adopter ces assertions.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et même les savants qui ont démontré que le peuple de Rome et des campagnes parlait un latin corrompu, se servait d' expressions, de termes insolites ou inélégants, et de tournures triviales, n' ont-ils pas fourni, par leurs propres recherches, une preuve évidente qu' il n' existait pas à Rome un idiome particulier, puisque ces termes, ces mots, quoique grossiers, étaient toutefois employés selon l' esprit et d' après les formes de la grammaire latine?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parmi les doctes italiens qui ont examiné cette question, je choisirai l' opinion du cardinal Bembo; elle me paraît une autorité aussi décisive qu' imposante.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il dit très judicieusement que, si un idiome vulgaire et différent du latin avait été en usage parmi le peuple, il serait bien extraordinaire qu' on n' en retrouvât aucun vestige dans les nombreux monuments de l' époque, surtout sur les anciens édifices et dans les inscriptions sépulcrales. (1: Che se ella stata fosse a quelle stagioni, se ne vederebbe alcuna memoria negli antichi edificii et nelle sepolture, si come se ne vedono molte della latina e della greca. Che, come ciascuno di noi sa, infiniti sassi sono in Roma, servati dal tempo infino a questo dì, scritti con latine voci et alquanti con greche, ma con volgari non niuno, e mostranvisi a riguardanti in ogni parte et in ogni via titoli di vilissime persone in pietre senza niuna dignità scritti e con voci nelle regole della lingua et della scrittura peccanti, sì come il volgo, alle volte quando parla e quando scrive, fa, nondimeno tutti o greci o latini. Che se la volgar lingua a que' tempi stata fosse, posto che ella fosse stata più nel volgo, come que' tali dicono, che nel senato o ne' grandi huomini, impossibile tuttavia pure sarebbe che, almeno tra queste basse e vili memorie che io dico, non se ne vedesse qualche segno. Oltra che ne' libri ancora si sarebbe ella, come che sia, trapelata et passata infino a noi; che non è lingua alcuna, in alcuna parte del mondo, dove lo scrivere sia in usanza, con laquale o versi o prosa non si compongano et molto o poco non si scriva, solo che ella acconcia sia alla scrittura, come si vede che è questa. Bembo, della volgar lingua, lib. I.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne serais pas étonné si l' on découvrait en Italie quelque monument</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">très ancien de la langue vulgaire du pays pendant le moyen âge, c' est-à-dire de l' idiome commun roman; mais je suis forcé de dire que les preuves fournies jusqu'à présent sont loin de démontrer l' existence très ancienne d' un idiome qui différât du latin par ces formes et ces particularités qui caractérisent la langue romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deux chants populaires nous ont été conservés par l' histoire d' Italie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' un fut composé en 871 pour exciter l' intérêt public en faveur de Louis II, empereur, qui avait été fait injustement prisonnier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre est le chant par lequel les soldats s' animaient à la défense de Modêne, assiégée par les Hongrois en 924.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tous deux sont en vers latins. (1: Muratori diss. XL.) Ne faut-il pas admettre que l' Italie n' avait pas alors une langue particulière assez formée pour qu' elle servît à transmettre au peuple les idées et les sentiments qui devaient l' animer, puisqu' on composait en langue latine les chants qui lui étaient adressés?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' ancienne langue des Osques, dont quelques mots se retrouvent dans les fragments d' Ennius (2) et ailleurs, paraît avoir eu un des caractères élémentaires qui ont distingué la langue romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2: Les Osques disaient: Coel, famul, debil, gau, mi, sos, sas, mots dont la forme est entièrement romane, pour les mots latins, Coelum, famulus, debilis, gaudium, mihi, suos, suas (* Mém. de l' acad. des Inscr. et Bell.-Lettr., t. XXIV, p. 599. Ennii fragmenta, passim.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais comme cette langue portait le retranchement des désinences plus loin que la langue romane, et disait Pol, volup, do, pour pollucem, voluptatem, domum, latins, et que d' ailleurs rien ne permet de supposer qu' elle ait employé les articles, les verbes auxiliaires, etc., il n' est guère permis de supposer que cette langue ait influé sur la formation de la langue commune romane.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cependant il n' est pas permis de méconnaître l' existence ou l' introduction de la langue romane en Italie, à l' époque très ancienne où divers documents nous offrent quelques vestiges, quoique rares et épars, de cette langue. J' ai rapporté précédemment (1) des témoignages irrécusables au sujet de l' emploi des articles; j' y ai joint d' autres preuves du même genre, et j' ai recueilli des faits historiques qui les fortifient.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Éléments de la grammaire romane avant l' an 1000, pages 43, 44.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Choix des poésies originales des troubadours, t. 1, introduction pag. XIV, XVI et XVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On pourrait ajouter d' autres autorités aux diverses preuves que j' ai rapportées.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une forte preuve de l' antiquité de la langue italienne me semble résulter de l' existence des patois qui sont encore en usage dans les différents pays compris sous le nom de haute Italie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' identité des formes élémentaires permet de reconnaître dans ces patois les témoins et les débris de l' ancienne langue commune, de cette romane rustique que chaque pays a modifiée successivement pour en composer son langage particulier. (1: Lisez, à ce sujet, les savantes dissertations de M. le comte Perticari dans l' ouvrage intitulé: Proposta di alcune correzioni ed aggiunte al <a href="https://accademiadellacrusca.it/it/contenuti/dizionari/6225" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vocabolario della Crusca</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ces patois ont avec la langue des troubadours encore plus de rapports et de conformité que la langue italienne. (2: Denina, dans ses Observations sur les dialectes d' Italie, (a: Mém. de l' Acad. de Berlin, an. 1797.) dit: “Notre patois, lombard, milanais et piémontais, n' ayant pas retenu la terminaison en O et en I du toscan, etc.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans l' appendice, placé à la fin de ce volume, on trouvera les exemples de chaque patois de la haute Italie; et ces preuves incontestables de leurs rapports plus intimes avec la langue romane primitive, ne seront peut-être pas sans intérêt.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' on me permette d' indiquer ici rapidement les principaux de ces patois.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Ferrarais est un de ceux qui ont conservé plus intégralement les formes romanes, sans y mêler beaucoup de formes particulières ou étrangères.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Bolonais, au contraire, use souvent de contractions, d' aphérèses et d' apocopes. (b: Diavl, prgar, tgni, lzier, pr, qsi, etc., pour Diavol, pregar, tegni, lezier, per, quasi, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il termine en a, i, u, des noms qui devraient l' être en at, it, ut.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le patois Milanais offre la particularité très remarquable d' employer EM pour la première personne du pluriel d' AVER au présent de l' indicatif; il a ER final dans plusieurs mots, au lieu de RE, (a: Sepolcher, noster, etc., au lieu de sepolchre, nostre, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">et supprime l' R final du présent de l' infinitif. (b: Ausà, vedè, dì, etc., pour Ausar, veder, dir. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il termine souvent en AA, en II, en UU des substantifs et des participes primitivement en at, en it, en ut. (c: Soldaa, veritaa, peccaa, lavaa, passaa, servii, gradii, avuu, sconduu, poduu, etc. etc. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il emploie quelques contractions et mutations de consonnes et se sert, surtout alors, de T et S affixes pour TE, SE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Bergamasque a conservé beaucoup de formes romanes, et entre autres l' inflexion ST de la seconde personne des parfaits simples de l' indicatif au singulier. (d: Fust, amest, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il supprime ordinairement l' N dans les désinences en ment, et l' R final du présent des infinitifs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il change l' E roman en O. (e: Ainsi, au lieu des articles el, del, il dit ol, dol.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le patois d' Engaddine (f) a beaucoup conservé des formes romanes essentielles qu' on reconnaît aisément à travers les modifications qu' il a subies.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(f) J' aurais pu indiquer beaucoup d' autres patois du pays des Grisons, de Vaud, et d' autres contrées de la Suisse, et établir des conjectures qui permettraient de croire à l' ancienneté de ces patois: je me suis borné à citer celui qui, fournissant une bible, traduite depuis long-temps, permet de donner des exemples incontestables. Le voisinage, et même le mélange de la langue allemande, ont influé surtout sur la prononciation du patois d' Engaddine. Ainsi canta, cassador, etc. etc. se prononcent et s' écrivent tschantscha, tschasschador, etc. etc. Voyez, sur les patois romans de la Suisse, l' ouvrage intitulé: Die Landessprachen der Schweiz oder schweizerische Dialektologie, etc.., von Franz Joseph Stalder, pag. 349 et suiv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi il dit AI pour E (a); il ajoute souvent le G à la fin des mots (b).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' est de tous les patois celui qui a conservé plus spécialement les affixes. Il est à remarquer qu' il a conservé l' article pluriel LAS, par la raison que les pluriels féminins des substantifs et des adjectifs ont aussi la terminaison romane en AS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La seconde personne du singulier du verbe esser, au présent de l' indicatif, est en AIST, qui représente l' EST roman, et l' inflexion de la troisième personne du prétérit de l' indicatif au singulier, est en ET, comme en roman, dans les verbes en AR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour le patois Piémontais, il me suffira de renvoyer à la grammaire publiée par le docteur Pipin. (c)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une singularité de ce patois, c' est qu' il n' a point de prétérit simple ni dans les verbes auxiliaires, ni dans les verbes soit réguliers, soit irréguliers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le patois Sarde a conservé plusieurs formes romanes, et entre autres des finales en consonne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un auteur a publié un ouvrage sur ce patois. (d)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Celui du Frioul a aussi divers caractères romans, et j' aurai occasion d' en citer des exemples.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(a) Mai, tai, quai, testamaing, aist, quaist, trais, pour Me, te, que, testament, est, quest, tres, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(b) Eng, filg, volg, haig, saig, etc., pour Eu, fil, vol, hai, saig, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(c) Gramatica piemontese del medico Maurizio Pipino. Torino, 1783.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quoique dans cette grammaire l' article roman LO ne soit pas indiqué comme existant encore, on le retrouve dans une pièce de l' an 1321, placée à la fin du livre; on y lit, page 136: A lo nom.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(d) Saggio d' un' opera, intitulata: Il ripulimento della lingua Sarda, lavorato sopra la sua analogia colle due matrici lingue, la greca e la latina, etc., scritta da Mat. Madao, Cagliari 1782.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' après tous ces faits, sera-t-on surpris de ce que plusieurs savants italiens ont pensé que leur langue tirait son origine de la langue provençale? A l' appui de leur opinion, je pourrais citer des locutions évidemment empruntées à la langue des troubadours, et qui restées dans la langue italienne ne sont plus en harmonie avec ses règles actuelles; ainsi, on trouve dans le dictionnaire de la Crusca:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sal mi sia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sal, mot purement roman, est ainsi resté dans le langage ordinaire Italien. (1: Voyez Gramm. rom., chap. II.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De même on trouve dans les anciens auteurs italiens des mots romans changés ensuite: Dia pour di. (2: Jacopone da Todi, lib. III, oda 22.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais je réserve de pareils détails pour le vocabulaire où ils se trouveront à leur véritable place; et j' examine à présent les modifications qu' il faut reconnaître dans la langue italienne pour apprécier plus facilement les rapports de cette langue avec l' idiome des troubadours.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Désinences italiennes en consonnes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un auteur estimé qui a écrit l' histoire de la langue florentine atteste qu' autrefois (3) la plus grande partie des mots se terminait en consonnes; il cite même l' époque où les voyelles finales euphoniques furent introduites dans le langage florentin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette assertion s' accorde parfaitement avec l' état des patois de la haute Italie, qui rejettent ces voyelles finales, et terminent leurs mots par les mêmes consonnes qui terminent les mots analogues de la langue romane.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aussi est-il resté dans la langue italienne l' usage de supprimer à volonté les voyelles finales des mots dont la désinence est en l, m, n, r.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Terminavano que' nostri antichi la maggior parte delle parole con le lettere consonanti, si come poco fa poteste comprendere nelle antichissime voci etrusche raccontateci dal Giambullari; e i Siciliani, per l' opposito, le finivano con le vocali, come apertamente vedere si può in molti vocaboli siciliani che si riconoscono ancora in que' primi compositori. Dicono adunque che Lucio, considerando la nostra pronunzia, e la Siciliana, e vedendo che la durezza delle consonanti offendeva tanto l' orecchio quanto per voi medesimo conoscete per le rime de' Provenzali, cominciò, per addolcire e mitigare quella asprezza, non a pigliare le voci de forestieri, ma ad aggiungere le vocali nella fine di tutte le nostre. Il che, se bene per allora non piacque molto se non a pochi, dopo la morte nientedimeno di esso Lucio, conoscendo si manifestamente la suavità e la dolcezza di tale pronunzia, cominciarono i Toscani a seguire la regola detta; e non solamente nelle composizioni rimate, ma nelle prose ancora e nel favellare ordinario dell' uno a l' altro; di maniera che, addolcite frà poco tempo, le parole aspre de' nostri antichi, et abbandonato quel dire incolto, si condussero appoco appoco a quella dolcezza che nel Petrarca avete sentita.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Origine della lingua fiorentina, altrimenti il Gello di M. Pierfrancesco</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Giambullari academico fiorentino, Fiorenza, 1549.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autorité de Salviati est si décisive qu' il suffit de citer ce savant grammairien. (1: Lion. Salviati: Degli avertimenti della lingua sopra il Decamerone, t. 1, p. 212; il y explique les conditions auxquelles il est permis de supprimer la voyelle finale euphonique des désinences en L, M, N, R.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans ses observations sur le <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Décaméron de Bocace</a>, il déclare que ce grand écrivain avait écrit Decameron sans l' E final, qui n' a été ajouté que tard. (1: Quanto al nome Decameron, egli si legge tredeci volte nel libro de Manni e sempre nella stessa guisa Decameron, si que la N è sempre l' ultima lettera della detta parola e così l' hanno quasi tutte le copie, che più dell' altre vestigia serbano d' antichità. Per la qual cosa si può tener per fermo che il vocabolo Decamerone che, ne' libri stampati ed in alcuni scritti si legge, fermamente sia, senza fallo, moderna manifattura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lion. Salv. ib. p. 37.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben. Varchi, dans l' Ercolano, confirme la règle qui permet la suppression des voyelles finales euphoniques, mais il s' exprime en d' autres termes. (2: Non solo tutti i verbi ma tutte le persone di tutti i verbi finiscono ordinariamente nella lingua toscana, in alcuna delle vocali, quando si pronunziano intere, ma l' uso gli profferisce molte volte mozzi o tagliati...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avertite ancora voi che i volgari, quando vogliono o mette lor conto, possono infinite volte levare le vocali delle fini delle parole, e far le terminare in consonanti. Varchi. Ercolano, p. 336 et 441.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le poëme de P. Bascapé, que j' aurai occasion de citer dans le cours de l' ouvrage, l' E final ne se trouve point aux substantifs en on (3), et manque souvent à ceux qui sont terminés en X, comme Pax,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lux, Verax:, etc., qui aujourd'hui prennent toujours l' E final pace, luce, verace.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Non seulement dans les fragments rapportés par Tiraboschi, stor. della lett. Ital., t. III, mais aussi dans des fragments plus considérables dont j' ai obtenu une copie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AU roman changé en O Italien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les anciens auteurs italiens ont souvent employé l' AU primitif depuis changé en O. (1: Dans Guitt. d' Arezzo, on trouve souvent: Auro, paraula; dans Pétrarque: Auro, tesauro; dans Barberini, doc. d' am., on lit: “L' AU loro l' abbiam noi convertito in O.” Tav. de' doc. d' am. v° Robbadori.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I introduit devant l' E dans l' intérieur des mots italiens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salvini, dans ses discours académiques, reconnaît qu' anciennement les Toscans ne plaçaient pas l' I devant l' E de tene, pensero, etc. (2)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le poëme de P. Bascapé, on trouve cel au lieu de cielo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Ed ognun sa che anticamente i Toscani, alla provenzale, soleano, senza il toscano dittongo, dire tene, pensero e simili.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salvini, disc. acad. 95, t. II, p. 419.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L roman changé en I Italien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quoique l' L des mots romans, placé après b, c, f, p, soit remplacé par l' I en Italien, on trouve encore dans plusieurs auteurs des exemples nombreux qui prouvent qu' autrefois on employait la forme primitive.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3: Ainsi on lit dans Barberini, doc. d' am., Blasmo, flor, doplo, clama, clarezza; dans Guittone d' Arezzo, Clarire; dans Brunetto Latini et dans Boccace, Templo, esemplo, etc. etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J roman changé en GI Italien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs anciens auteurs ont encore employé le J qui a depuis été remplacé par GI. (1: Juramento, judice, judicio, dans Fr. Saccheti, nov. e op. div. Jorno, dans le bon texte de Guit. d' Arezzo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lit dans les notes, pag. 180: “Se pure non si voglia dire forse con maggior probabilità que queste voci sono prese di peso dal provenzale.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il me soit permis de faire au sujet de la langue italienne une remarque applicable à toutes les autres langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si je suis parvenu à constater plusieurs rapports intimes, plusieurs identités frappantes qui ont existé entre ces langues, je l' ai dû souvent au hasard heureux qui m' a fait connaître d' anciens manuscrits ou quelques éditions de certains auteurs dans lesquelles les locutions, les formes antiques avaient été plus évidemment conservées.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est très vraisemblable que de nombreuses preuves de la conformité primitive de ces idiomes ont été perdues par la destruction des manuscrits, par les corrections des copistes ou des imprimeurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je dirai plus; je ne doute pas qu' un grand nombre de preuves n' aient échappé à mes recherches, et ne puissent être encore découvertes par le zèle des savants qui auront à vérifier mes observations.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je pourrais indiquer divers autres changements tels que l' OS changé en OI, dans nos, vos, pos, qui ont produit en Italien Noi, voi, poi; les E retranchés au devant des mots commençant par S, etc. etc.; mais les modifications que les mots italiens ont subies, sont faciles à reconnaître, et sont même indiquées dans plusieurs ouvrages.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il me suffise de renvoyer (1) à la comparaison des langues de l' Europe latine, où les désinences des substantifs et adjectifs italiens non terminés en A féminin, seront rapprochées des désinences de ceux des autres langues.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) On trouvera dans les substantifs les désinences suivantes:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al, an, ar, el, en, er, il, in, ol, om, on, ion, or, ul.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les adjectifs: Al, an, ar, el, il, in, on, un.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le tableau suivant contient l' indication des principales désinences romanes que la langue italienne a conservées ou n' a modifiées qu' en y joignant la lettre finale euphonique.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Aringo. Ginepre. Ministro. Agio. Terreno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quaresima. Fresco. Settembre. Nostro. L. Pieno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Legista. Amico. Acre. Vestro. Mal. Inferno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B. Ricco. Tigre. Feltro. Criminal. Eterno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gabbo. Broco. Ventre. Destro. Fele. Matino.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albo. Solco. Conte. Atto. Fidel. Pelegrino.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Balbo. Tronco. Oste. Malato. Abril. Bastone.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plebe. Bronco. Salce. F. Sottil. Bono.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verbo. Porco. O pour E. Sevo. Ruscinuolo. Devozione.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Globo. Bosco. Amplo. Servo. Folle. Soggiorno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piombo. Losco. Exemplo. G et H. (*) Mulo. Commune.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Corbo Duque. Templo. I. Cuculo. O.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orbo. Brusco. Salmo. Proverbio. M. Pro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C. D. Marmo. Cambio. Fame. P.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sacco. Laido. Ermo. Servizio. Gramo. Capo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fiacco. Caldo. Biasmo. Silencio. Psalmo. Drapo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebriaco. Bando. Regno. Studio. Extremo. Campo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Simoniaco. Grande. Segno. Homicidio. Elmo. Ceppo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falco. Sguardo. Inno. Olio. Verme. Serpe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manescalco. Tardo. Libro. Evangelio. Fermo. Mancipio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Banco. Nudo. Membro. Capitano. Primo. Participio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franco. Mundo. Sepolcro. Strano. Pomo. Galoppo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marco. E. Macro. Crojo. Sommo. Colpo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Largo. Fè. Allegro. Principio. Lume. R.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pasco. Image. Aspro. Adversario. Fiume. Altare.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rauco. Visible. Vespro. Altrui. N. Avaro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beco. Ome. Astro. Diluvio. Afanno. Piacere.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cieco. Febre. Figliastro. Sabio. Certano. Vero.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loco. Celebre. Maestro. Vizio. Carne. Ferro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavaliere. Scalzo. Delicato. Mandamento. Preposto. Bove.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leggiere. Marchese. Assalto. Deserto. Imposto. Calvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desiro. Spesso. Alto. Certo. Solute. Salvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Consiro. Senso. Parte. Foresto. Virtute. Nervo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Honore. Incenso. Arte. Manifesto. Tributo. Servo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segnore. Verso. Canto. Marito. Punto. X.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Muro. Perso. Manto. Dritto. Furto. Afixo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sicuro. Paradiso. Leopardo. Quinto. Fusto. Bosso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oro. Griso. Quarto. Conquisto. Robusto. Y.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toro. Amoroso. Cauto. Tristo. U et V. Lai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Martir. Polso. Basto. Frutto. Gru. Croio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S. Corso. Casto. Scotto. Clave. Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falso. Uso. Tozzetto. Molto. Soave. Prezzo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vaso. Confuso. Secreto. Afronto. Breve. Palazzo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grasso. T. Dente. Sorte. Cattivo. Gozzo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Scarso. Gato. Contento. Forte. Novo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(*) L' Italien fait subir aux mots romans terminés en G et en H des modifications qui ne peuvent trouver ici leur place.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Langue valaque ou moldave. (N. E. <a href="https://esmedo.es/idioma/rumano/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rumano</a>, válaco, moldavo)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour déterminer si cet idiome mérite d' être compté parmi les langues de l' Europe latine, il faut reconnaître que, formé par la corruption de la langue latine dans les pays de l' Europe orientale où des colonies romaines s' étaient établies, il doit être examiné à la fois et dans ses rapports et dans ses dissemblances avec la langue romane formée par la même cause dans l' occident de l' Europe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les rapports sont intimes; les dissemblances sont extrêmes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici les principaux rapports.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1.° Dans l' idiome valaque se retrouve le principe essentiel et fondamental de la langue romane qui a retranché toutes les désinences par lesquelles la langue latine désignait les cas des substantifs et des adjectifs. (1: Specimen d' un recueil de substantifs valaques classés par assonances. (*)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A. Altar. I. Pom. Jug.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lac. Nas. Lin. Domn. Ulm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sac. Vas. Crin. Somn. Fum.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drac. Pekat. Vin. Os. Num.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lard. E. O. Nepot. Lup.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cristal. Anel. Corb. U. Aur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ram. Fen. Loc. Riu. Taur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gran. Temp. Foc. Bou. Uurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ann. Ferr. Nod. Plumb. Gust.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Camp. Vent. Idol. Trunc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cap. Desiert. Om. Turd.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je crois inutile de recueillir les substantifs féminins dont la terminaison est en A, comme en langue romane, tels que tierra, vaca, septemana, doamna, credenca, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adjectifs valaques et romans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alb. Lat. Bor. Vin. Lung.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larg. Sant. Orb. Profund. Surd.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">* Il serait facile d' en composer un dictionnaire entier. Je n' ai rassemblé que les substantifs et les adjectifs cités dans les exemples que fournit le petit ouvrage intitulé: Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae... Per Geor. Sinkay. Budae, 1805, 12°.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2.° Plusieurs inflexions des verbes valaques rejettent, ainsi que les inflexions des verbes romans, la voyelle euphonique que des langues de l' Europe latine ont ajoutée aux désinences romanes. (1)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.° Les participes présents, les participes passés qui sont les mêmes qu' en roman. (2)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4° La conformité de plusieurs éléments de discours. (3)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">5° L' usage des auxiliaires être et avoir. (4)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Je me borne aux exemples suivants des premières personnes du présent de l' indicatif des verbes:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En ARE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. Pl.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laud Laudam</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cant Cantam</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cunosc Cunoscem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Calc Calcam</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reman Remanem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joc Jocam</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Judic Judicam</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cerc Cercam</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En IRE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dorm Dormen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En ERE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tac Tacem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aud Audem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ved Vedem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fug Fugem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cad Cadem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rid Ridem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bat Batem</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cred Credem.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) En ARE. En ERE. En IRE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Part. Pr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laudand Batend Dormind</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PAS. Laudat Batut Dormit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Mai pour terme de comparaison; l' article indéfini un, l' adjectif Tot, les pronoms Io, jeu, tu, iel, lui, Noi, voi, lor, meu, amei, anoastre, avoastre, acest, cel, acel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Le premier de ces auxiliaires en valaque est dérivé du verbe Fuo dans tous les temps et dans tous les modes, à l' exception du présent et de l' imparfait de l' indicatif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le second avere, on distingue entre autres avem, première personne du présent de l' indicatif roman au pluriel havend, et avut, participes présent et passé romans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">6.° La réduction des verbes en trois conjugaisons ARE, ERE, IRE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si ces rapports sont frappants, les dissemblances sont plus frappantes encore.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1.° Non-seulement les articles de la langue valaque sont autres que ceux de la langue romane, mais encore ils sont placés après le mot auquel ils se rapportent, et y sont attachés comme affixes. (N. E. típico <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_b%C3%BAlgaro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">balcánico</a>, y <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">euskera</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2° Quoique le substantif et l' adjectif soient primitivement purs romans, la déclinaison les soumet à des formes qui les modifient tellement, qu' il est difficile de reconnaître le mot primitif. (1: Ainsi Domnum au nominatif présente Domn roman, et ul, article valaque. L' accusatif prend la préposition PRE, et fait pre-domn-ul, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il en est de même de la plupart des pronoms.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3° Les augmentatifs et les diminutifs sont exprimés par des signes entièrement différents de ceux qui sont employés pour désigner les augmentatifs et les diminutifs dans les langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4.° Les deux verbes auxiliaires être et avoir et les autres verbes, réguliers ou irréguliers, n' offrent guère de rapports avec les verbes romans, et quelques formes sont entièrement étrangères.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">5.° Dans les verbes romans, le futur est formé par l' adjonction du présent de l' indicatif du verbe Avoir au présent de l' infinitif; au contraire, dans les verbes valaques il est désigné par le présent de l' indicatif de l' auxiliaire vouloir, qui précède le présent de l' infinitif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le passif des verbes valaques n' est point formé par le moyen de l' auxiliaire être placé devant le participe passé, comme dans toutes les langues de l' Europe latine, mais la voix passive se forme par la réunion du pronom personnel à la voix active. Ainsi ME LAUD signifie en valaque: je suis loué, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette forme n' est pas tout-à-fait étrangère à la langue romane. Souvent le pronom SE, placé au devant de la voix active, produit l' effet d' un passif. (1: Ainsi nous disons passivement: Cette ville se nomme Paris pour est nommée, etc..)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs adverbes, prépositions et conjonctions ont des rapports plus ou moins directs avec les adverbes, prépositions et conjonctions de la langue romane (2: Poi, gios, sus, quand, ieri, cum, que, etc. ), et on reconnaît souvent leur forme composée; mais il en est d' autres qui n' offrent aucune sorte d' analogie avec cette langue. (3:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se pour ut. Dece pour quare.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De si. Langa penes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Shi et. Pre supra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Far sine. Spre ad, in.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Din ex. Quatra versus.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour établir, avec tous les détails et tous les développements convenables, le parallèle raisonné de l' idiome valaque avec les langues de l' Europe latine, il faudrait posséder des ouvrages valaques qui démontrassent matériellement le long usage ainsi que les formes antiques et progressives de cet idiome. Mais un tel secours manque; la Bible a été traduite et imprimée très tard, et rien ne prouve que les livres de liturgie, les catéchismes écrits en valaque, soient d' une époque un peu reculée.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne consignerai point ici le résultat des recherches historiques à la faveur desquelles les philologues reconnaîtraient comment a pu se former et se conserver, en Valachie et en Moldavie, une langue née de la corruption de la langue latine; je me borne à exposer l' opinion personnelle que j' ai acquise par l' étude des faits historiques et par l' examen approfondi des éléments caractéristiques de l' idiome valaque.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des colonies romaines placées dans les pays qui composent aujourd'hui la Valachie et la Moldavie y avaient porté la langue des Romains dès le deuxième siècle de l' ère chrétienne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des peuples de diverse origine, et notamment les Goths, occupèrent les mêmes pays, et se mêlèrent aux anciens habitants; les Goths (1: Vers l' an 360.) y étaient établis, lorsqu' ils embrassèrent la religion chrétienne; ils eurent donc une nouvelle occasion de connaître la langue latine, avant qu' ils fissent leurs irruptions en occident.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par la cessation des rapports directs avec la métropole, par le laps du temps qui altère presque partout le langage, et surtout par l' influence inévitable des idiomes des différentes nations qui environnaient les descendants des colonies romaines, ou qui se confondaient successivement avec eux, la langue latine ne put que se corrompre et se modifier; et il s' opéra du côté de l' orient, mais avec d' autres résultats, le même phénomène grammatical qui dans l' occident produisit la langue romane primitive.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soit par l' effet du hasard, soit par la force même des choses, l' idiome valaque retint ou rencontra quelques-uns des principes élémentaires, quelques-unes des formes essentielles qui ont constitué, d' une manière si précise et si analogique, les langues de l' occident, mais il créa ou accepta un plus grand nombre de principes et de formes qui établirent une extrême dissemblance entre cet idiome et ceux de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il arriva alors pour l' idiome valaque ce qui serait infailliblement arrivé pour chacune des langues de l' Europe latine en occident, si, au lieu d' avoir eu un type commun et primitif, elles s' étaient formées isolément de la corruption de la langue latine, et avaient suppléé des formes particulières, ou adopté les formes accidentelles et diverses que l' influence des idiomes voisins aurait pu fournir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' hésite d' autant moins à placer l' idiome valaque parmi les langues de l' Europe latine, que s' il présente de nombreuses dissemblances dans plusieurs des formes grammaticales élémentaires, il en offre beaucoup</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">moins dans les mots. On aura reconnu que tous les substantifs, adjectifs et verbes valaques que j' ai cités, (1: Pages LXII et LXIII.) sont identiques avec les mots romans qui expriment la même idée.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je terminerai ce discours préliminaire par une réflexion. On s' étonnera peut-être de ce que j' ai conservé, dans cet ouvrage, certaines dénominations grammaticales, sans tenter de corriger les plus défectueuses; mais j' ai cru que, m' adressant à des lecteurs de différents pays, j' aurais une difficulté de plus à vaincre, si j' employais des expressions qu' il serait nécessaire de définir, et je me suis asservi à l' usage, (2) qui est d' une si grande autorité en pareille matière.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Ainsi j' ai appelé pronoms possessifs mon, ton, son, et pronoms personnels, je, tu, nous, vous, bien qu' on ne les emploie pas à la place d' un nom, et que les uns soient des adjectifs possessifs, et les autres des substantifs personnels, etc. etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comparaison des langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour établir la comparaison des diverses langues de l' Europe latine, et notamment du français, de l' espagnol, du portugais et de l' Italien, avec la langue des troubadours; pour indiquer les rapports intimes et primitifs, les formes identiques, les caractères communs de ces langues, et même des idiomes populaires et locaux qui s' y rattachent, je suivrai le plan que j' ai adopté dans ma <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-1-appendice-manuscrits.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Grammaire romane</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, je rassemblerai dans huit chapitres les divers et nombreux rapports de ces langues.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le premier chapitre traitera des articles;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le second, des substantifs;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le troisième, des adjectifs;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le quatrième, des pronoms;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le cinquième, des noms de nombre;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le sixième, des verbes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le septième, des adverbes, prépositions et conjonctions;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le huitième, des locutions particulières.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans chacun de ces chapitres, je présenterai les rapports grammaticaux; je prouverai les identités de formes, en rapprochant toujours les exemples anciens que fournissent les écrivains dans chaque idiome.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre premier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Articles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Articles de la langue romane, qui se trouvent dans les autres langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masculin. Féminin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, lo la, il</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del, de lo de la</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al, el, a lo a la</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els, los, li las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels, de los, de li de las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als, a los, a li a las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anciens articles français.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aujourd'hui, d' après les modifications qu' ont subies les articles de la langue française, il ne reste en usage que les suivants:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masculin. Féminin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le, la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du, de la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au, à la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pluriel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les, les.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des, des.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aux, aux.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais, dans les anciens monuments, on retrouve les articles romans qu' employaient les troubadours.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si ces monuments n' existaient pas, les linguistes habiles, les philologues exercés, reconnaîtraient facilement les modifications que les articles de la langue des troubadours ont subies dans l' ancien français. (1: J' ai expliqué comment lo, los, las, par le changement de leur voyelle en E muet français, ont produit le, les, les.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del a produit d' abord Deu, dont on trouve quelquefois des exemples dans les anciens manuscrits.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Et tenom et avom deu davant dich comte tot quant nos avom et tenom.” Aveux de l' Angoumois, Arch. du Royaume, an 1270, cart. 512.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ensuite ce Deu s' est contracté en Du; dels, els, al, als, ont produit des, ès, au, aux.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais des monuments de cet idiome nous ont conservé la preuve matérielle de l' existence des articles romans, savoir:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. El, lo, del, de lo, al.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La, de la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pluriel Li, de li, dels, als.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En voici de nombreux exemples:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, lo, sujets.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est rare de trouver EL et LO employés comme sujets.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Al grant palais où EL grant conseil ere et li petitz.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, p. 12.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le roi Artus, en un esté,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estoit à Cardoil sa cité,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O lui la <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-26-famille-anjou-royaume-naples.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">roine</a> et Gauvain,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Keu LO senechal et Yvain.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabl. <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/acourcho-aeroustat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dou</a> Chevalier a l' Espée. (1: Sinner, cod. MSS. bibl. Bern. t. III, p. 379.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et quant il sera éloigniés</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sa maison, LO chapelain</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y ira.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabl. do Mire de Brai. (2: Ib. p. 382.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo, régime:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Il alast à Justinien LO prince... Et là, estisant LO poble e regardant...”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. des Dialogues de S. Grégoire. (3: Hist. Litt. de la Fr. t. XIII, p. 11.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Car il esleit LO bien e si refusast lo mal.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IIe sermon de S. Bernard, sur l' Avent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Dedanz LO voile el sanctuaire por orer por LO peule... qui par LO sanc de sa passion desarmeit LO ciel.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com. d' Haimon, sur l' Ép. de S. Paul. (4: Mém. de l' Ac. des Inscr. Et Belles-Lettres, t. XVII, p. 726.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Ne demoura fors LO mouton.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marie de France, t. II, p. 223.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Par LO jugement de Engleterre.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lois de Guillaume le Conquérant, XXV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Si aroit LO quart de la conqueste... dedans LO quar jor.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, p. 94, 122.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Lo plus de nostre gens.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, p. 150.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del, de lo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Le mestre del palais.” Chroniques de France. (1: Recueil des Hist. de France, t. III, p. 295.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Forment se deffendit del cas que la royne li metoit sus."</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chroniques de France. (2: Ib. p. 232.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“El nun DEL Pere, del Fiz, del Espeirit.” Trad. en vers de la Bible. (3: Mém. de l' Acad. des Inscr. t. XVII, p. 730.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“El regart del tot poissant deu.” Trad. des Dial. de S. Grégoire. (4: Hist. Litt. de la France, t. XIII, p. 11.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“El chief DEL mois.” Villehardouin, p. 16.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E DEL romans un livre faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El nom et en la reverence</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del roi fil Philippe de France.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Dolopatos. (5: Fauchet, Hist. des anc. Poëtes fr. XII. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sire de tot lo monde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman d' Alexandre. (1: Hist. Litt. de la France, t. XV, p. 123.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pere de tot lo mont.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. du Livre de la cour du roi d' Allemagne. (2: MS. de la bib. de Berne.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salvament de tot lo monde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sermon sur la Sagesse. (3: Glossaire sur Joinville, A.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, al, régimes:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Li message vindrent EL mostier.” Villehardouin, p. 10.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Si fiert celui el vis.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabl. et Cont. anc., t. 1, p. 87.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Et se meist EL leu le comte de Champaigne.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, p. 16.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“EL buisson vienent trestot droit.” Fabl. et Cont. anc., T. 1, p. 98.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' EL puis le convient avaler</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.quiveutdufromage.com/r-herisson-au-fromage-du-gouter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Se del fromaige velt gouter</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Castoiement, conte 21.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Quant EL lit ot un poi géu”. L' Ordène de Chevalerie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“E tote la terre encor se rendi à lui et obéi et ruina EL païs.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, p. 189.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Al matin si fu le <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/2-3-parlement-estably-dans-paris-autres-royaume.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">parlemenz</a>.” Villehardouin, p. 17.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Al tiers jur repairad un huem.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trad. du IIe livre des Rois, fol. 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Et li fil AL Grieu se revella.” Villehardouin, p. 135.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Lorsque AL palais de Blaquerne.” Villehardouin, p. 84.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“L' empereris qui ere fame AL pere et marastre AL fil et ere suer AL roi de Hongrie.” Villehardouin, p. 85.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gilebertz conta icel fait</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al autor ki 'l nus ad retrait.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marie de France, t. II, p. 480.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“LI Franc vainquirent les Grejois,” Villehardouin, p. 132.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LI bois recovrent lor verdure. Roman de la Rose, v. 53.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si cum font LI loial amant. Roman de la Rose, v. 4229.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Apud villam DELS Glotos.” Chartre de Louis IX, de l' an 1260. (1: Rymer, t. I, p. 55.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Ès cambres dels reis meesmes.” Traduction du Ps. 104: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khXIGwIhpYE" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Confitemini</a>. (2: Psautier de Corbie, MSS. de Colbert, à la Bibl. du Roi.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Qui avoient esté pris à celle desconfiture et ALS autres leus dont il avoit assez en sa terre.” Villehardouin, p. 202.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LA, DE LA, A LA, articles féminins romans, au singulier, ont été conservés dans la langue française. (1:Dans quelques manuscrits des poésies des troubadours, on trouve les contractions des articles ALS, A LAS, en AS, et ELS en ES. AS et ÈS ont été pareillement employés dans l' ancien français; Ès est même resté dans quelques expressions surannées, maître Ès arts, chevalier Ès lois.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Articles espagnols.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' identité de ces articles avec ceux de la langue des troubadours est telle qu' il suffit d' en présenter le tableau comparatif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masculin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman. Espagnol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. El, lo El, lo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del, de lo del, de lo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al, el, a lo, al, a el, a lo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plur, Los, los</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De los, de los</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A los a los.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Féminin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. La, la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la, de la</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la, a la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pluriel Las. las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las, de las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A las a las.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue espagnole emploie spécialement au singulier masculin, l' article EL, et au pluriel masculin, l' article LOS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' article LO est réservé au singulier pour les mots employés neutralement: lo bueno, lo malo, lo peor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette règle est établie depuis long-temps, puisque dans les monuments qui restent de l' ancien idiome espagnol, LO ne se trouve plus que comme article neutre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il est permis de croire que primitivement LO était aussi article masculin au singulier, quand on voit qu' il a été employé autrefois comme pronom relatif, se rapportant aux personnes, ainsi que j' en donnerai des exemples, quand je comparerai les pronoms.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' article EL masculin se place au lieu de l' article LA féminin, devant les noms féminins qui commencent par la voyelle A. C' est ainsi qu' en français, pour ne pas choquer l' oreille en disant MA amie, TA odeur, SA épée, etc., on a substitué MON amie, TON odeur, SON épée, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les anciens monuments espagnols fournissent des exemples de ce changement euphonique:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Por EL agua a passado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 150.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antes perderé el cuerpo e dexaré EL alma.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema del Cid, v. 1030.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais comme la règle a été introduite par le seul besoin de l' euphonie, elle n' a pas été assez constamment et assez généralement observée, pour qu' on ne retrouve encore des preuves de l' usage primitif.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Como va a LA agua.” <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuero_de_Llanes" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fuero de Llanes</a>. (1: Llorente, Not. de las tres prov. vascongadas, t. IV p. 183.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per amor de LA alma. Vida de santa Oria, v. 113.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Levaron los diablos LA alma en preson.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Milag. de N. Sra, cobl. 163.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anciens articles portugais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parmi les langues de l' Europe latine, la langue portugaise semble, au premier aperçu, avoir formé ses articles d' après un type particulier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Articles romans. Articles portugais modern.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masculin. Féminin. Masculin. Féminin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. El, lo, la. O, a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del, de lo, de la. Do, da.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al, a lo, el, a la. Ao, á.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pluriel Els, los, las. Os, as.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels, de los, de las. Dos, das.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als, a los, a las. Aos, ás.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cependant il est aisé de reconnaître que la différence ne tient qu' à une modification unique, modification que la langue portugaise reproduit régulièrement dans plusieurs de ses mots auxquels elle retranche l' L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, c' est en supprimant l' L des articles primitifs LO, LA, qu' ont été formés les articles actuels O, A; de même des mots celo, quales, sont venus ceo, quaes, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce caractère particulier de la langue portugaise étant reconnu, il ne resterait plus aucun doute sur l' identité primitive des articles romans et portugais; mais j' ai à fournir des preuves et des autorités positives auxquelles les philologues portugais eux-mêmes n' avaient pas fait attention. Ces détails et leurs résultats démontreront que c' est le seul défaut de monuments très anciens qui empêche de porter au même degré d' évidence tous les rapports identiques et essentiels qui ont existé primitivement entre les divers idiomes de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peut-on méconnaître l' emploi des articles lo, los, la, las, dans pello, pollos, pella, pollas, nollas, todalas, contractions de per lo, por lo, etc.?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Outre cet emploi évident des anciens articles lo et la, les Portugais ont conservé l' article EL pour le mot REY.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Por EL rey Fadrique... En casa DEL rey seu pay... El rey Tarnaes.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Palmeirim de Inglaterra, t. I, p. 2, 6 et 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais ces conjectures très fondées deviennent des certitudes, des vérités incontestables, quand on rencontre les articles romans dans les anciens monuments de la langue portugaise. En voici de nombreux exemples:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“E foy <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=fablar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fallar</a> a EL rey... dizendo lhe EL rey, etc.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chronica del rey D. Joam. I, part. III, c. 21,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“El rey de Bitinia, el rey de Caspia, el rey de Trapisonda.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Palmeirim de Inglaterra, t. III, p. 10.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Per LO porto de Figueira.” (N. E. LO : O : <a href="https://www.portugal.net/oporto/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">O porto</a>, <a href="https://porto-north-portugal.com/oporto-portugal-porto-es.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oporto</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foral de Moz. 1162. (1: Elucidario, t. II, p. 209.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Sobre LO departimento dos davanditos termos.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Docum. de Aguiar de Beira, 1268. (1: Elucidario t. II, p. 483. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Dar li am por LO marco de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=argent" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">prata</a>.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Docum. da villa de Moz, 1270. (2: Ib. p. 118.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En LO dia en que vos vi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cancioneiro MS. do real Collegio dos Nobres de Lisboa, fol. 94.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Et palacio del senor de Molas.” Docum. da villa de Moz. 1162. (3: Ib. p. 195.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Complane en sulco de LO só.” Elucidario, t. 2, supp. p. 23.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“De LO comaro a suso.” Docum. de Pendora, 1185. (4: Ib. p. 337.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Sine plaser de LO esposo.” Docum. de Moncorvo. (5: Ib. p. 308.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De LO dia en que a connoci.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Canc. MS. do real Collegio dos Nobres, fol. 59.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Pectet XXX morabitinos, et AL rancoroso.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Docum. de Moncorvo. (6: Ib. p. 264.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Pectet XX ff AL rancuroso.” Docum. de Thomar. (7: Ib. p. 264.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Pectet quatuor morabitinos AL rancuroso.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foral de Santa Cruz da Villariça, 1225. (1: Elucidario t. I, p. 464.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Sobre LOS <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/03/sagrada-escritura-biblia-lenguas-vulgares-joaquin-lorenzo-villanueva.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">santos livros</a>.” Carta del Rei D. Diniz, 1284. (2: Elucidario t. II, p. 95.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Cum tres parentes LOS magis circa.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foral de Santa Cruz de Villariça, 1225. (3: Elucidario t. I, p. 464.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Sobre LOS santos evangelhos.” Inq. del Rei D. Diniz. (4: Elucidario t. II, p. 332.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La, de la:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“In tota LA villa.” Foral de Santa Cruz da Villariça, 1225. (5: Elucidario t. I, p. 464.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“De la boca de fos de Sousa.” Docum. de Graça de Coimbra, 1290. (6: Elucidario t. II, p. 395.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Prior de Portugal DE LA Ordem de Espital.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foral de Crato, 1220. (7: Ib. p. 397.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“De la carrega tres mealias... aprehendat suo hospite LA tertia.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foral de Aguiar de Beira, 1258. (8: Ib. p. 230.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Pectet LAS anguejras.” Foral de castello Branco, 1213. (1: Elucidario t. I. p. 118.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Sahir sobre LAS fontes... sairem sobre LAS fontes.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Test. de Santiago de Coimbra, 1231. (2: Elucidario t. II, p. 299.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Inquiziçam que foi feita sobre LAS honras.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Docum. de Lamego, 1292. (3: Elucidario t. 1, p. 374.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans une traduction que le roi Denis fit faire de divers morceaux de la bible, et dont il existe deux manuscrits à la bibliothèque de l' Escurial, l' un du XIVe, et l' autre du XVe siècle, (4: Memorias de Litter. portug. t. VII, p. 48.) on lit:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Quando nosso sennor deus crio en o començo o ceo e a terra e todas LAS cousas que... E todas LAS naturas dos angeos.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Articles italiens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La plupart des articles ou segnacasi italiens sont les mêmes que ceux de la langue des troubadours, ou n' offrent que de légers changements. Autrefois ces changements étaient moindres encore.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anciens articles italiens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masculins.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. EL changé en IL.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LO, DEL conservés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DE LO changé en DELLO.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AL, A LO conservés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pluriel. LI changé en GLI, I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DE LI DEGLI, DE'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A LI AGLI, AI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Féminins.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LA conservé.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DE LA changé en DELLA.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A LA ALLA.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EL, sujet: “El sommo saggio buono maiestro mio mi degnerà dimostrare.” Guitt. d' Arezzo, carta I, p. 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“EL coro del duomo di Siena fù finito... EL vino valeva... muoia EL tiranno e viva EL popolo.” Chronice Sanese. (1: Muratori, Rer. Ital. script, t. XV, p. 217-224.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“In quest' anno fù fatto EL palazzo... Et EL dito podestà durò per sei mesi e similmente el podestà de Vicenza.” Regim. Paduae. (2: Muratori, Rer. Ital. script, t. VIII, p. 384-388. )</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“EL conte Filippo Bonromeo metterà el bavero al duca.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Registro dei Duchi di Milano, sec. XV. (3: Rosmini, Doc. ined. t. IV, dell' Istoria di Milano.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Col maestro Martino di Santo Spirito EL quale dicea... EL maestro ed io Jacobo.” Jacobo di Boccacio. (4: Manni, Istor. del Decamerone, p. 104.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, régime:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Ma se tutto EL ben loro no fa.” Guit. d' Arezzo, cart. I, p. 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vedi ed odi EL lusignol che canta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ug. Azzo Ubaldini. (1: Dans la pièce: Passando con pensier.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Messere Guarnero gli farà EL sermone e gli darà EL sagello con EL Consiglio secreto.” Registro dei Duchi di Milano, sec. XV. (2: Rosmini, Docum. ined. t. IV, dell' Ist. di Milano.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Col popol mio contra EL fiorentino. Cronaca di Ser Gorello. (3: Muratori, Rer. Ital. scriptores, t. XV, 823.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“EL quale gli diedi in serbanza.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jacobo di Boccacio. (4: Manni, Istor. del Decamerone, p. 104.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' aurais pu multiplier à l' infini les preuves de l' existence de l' article EL dans l' ancienne langue italienne. On me pardonnera d' en avoir fourni un certain nombre, parce que l' académie de la Crusca n' a pas fait mention de cet article dans son dictionnaire, quoiqu' elle ait indiqué EL comme ancien pronom personnel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il y a peu de dialectes ou patois italiens qui n' aient fait usage de cet article primitif EL.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue italienne ne se sert plus aujourd'hui de l' article LO que devant les mots qui commencent par un S, suivi d' une autre consonne. Mais autrefois cet article était employé indifféremment devant les mots qui commencent, soit par une seule consonne (1), soit par une voyelle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Si dolcemente LO cor m' inamora.” Boccaccio, Decameron X, 7.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grave a la terra per LO mortal gielo. <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-ix.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dante, Purgatorio</a>, XII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Lo abate udendo.” Boccaccio, Decameron II, 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Avevan LO innocente per falsa suspizione accusato.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boccaccio, Decameron III, 7.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Lo amore.” Cento Nov. ant., n° 47.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De LO:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Così de LO mio core</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ogni altra cosa, ogni pensier va fore.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Petrarca, canz. 19.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Gia LI surgenti raggi per tutto il nostro emisperio avevan fatto chiaro.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boccaccio, V, Proemio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E LI angeli formao.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Brunetto Latini, Tesoretto, p. 36.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Castelvetro, Giunte al Bembo, lib. III, avance que Pétrarque S' était servi de l' article LO devant MIO, CUI et semblables, pour donner à ses vers une sorte de dignité, en y répandant quelques vestiges de l' antique usage de cet article: Per accrescere, spargendo alcun vestigio dell' uso antico di questo articolo, dignità alle sue rime.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“En Li suoi vietò terrena grandezza.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guit. d' Arezzo, lett. I, p. 5.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De li:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De li quai non ti penti.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barberini, Doc. d' am., p. 38.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Signor de la mia fine e de la vita.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Petrarca, sest. A qualunque.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Così parlando lo percosse un demonio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la sua scoriada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/search?q=inferno" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dante, Inferno</a> XVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dispregio e damno a la fiata.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barberini, Doc. d' am., p. 14.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">...Pensate a la partita</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venti contrari a la vita serena.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Petrarca, canz. Italia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mattino a la sera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Petrarca canz. Ne la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le tableau synoptique suivant, on trouvera le rapprochement de tous les articles romans qui ont été jadis en usage, ou qui le sont encore aujourd'hui dans les langues de l' Europe latine. (1: Les lettres en caractère ordinaire désigneront, dans ce volume, les articles et les mots qui ont été employés autrefois dans une langue et qui le sont encore à présent; les lettres capitales désigneront les articles et les mots qui ont jadis appartenu à la langue, et qui, ensuite, ont été abandonnés ou modifiés.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tableau des rapports des articles dans les langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman. Français. Espagnol. Portugais. Italien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, el, el, el, el.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo, lo, lo, lo, lo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del, del, del, del, del.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lo, de lo, de lo, de lo, de lo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al, al, al, al, al.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A lo, a lo, a lo, a lo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los, los, los.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li, li, li.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels, dels,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De li. de li.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De los, de los;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als, als,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A li, a li.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A los, a los,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La, la, la, la, la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la, de la, de la, de la, de la, (della)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la, a à la, a la, a la, a la.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las, las, las.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las, de las, de las,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A las, a las, a las.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' ai prouvé précédemment que LOS et LAS romans ont produit LES français; de sorte que le tableau pourrait comprendre comme français los, las, de las, a las.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans la grammaire de la langue romane, j' ai dit que devant des noms propres, génériques, qualificatifs, etc., elle supprimait quelquefois la préposition qui sert à indiquer le régime indirect.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette forme grammaticale est restée dans les diverses langues de l' Europe latine, qui suppriment parfois les prépositions A et DE devant les noms que j' ai indiqués.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Français:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sire, merci, por... dieu amor. Le Castoiement, conte 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“La... dieu merci.” Villehardouin, p. 107.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si la mets en la... dieu main. Villehardouin, p. 43.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Bien se conformoit aux mors et à la maniere... le roi.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chron. de France. (1: Rec. des Hist. de France, t. III, p. 260.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toute semblable aux filles... Jupiter.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clément Marot, t. 4, p. 110.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“La corone... le rei, la justice... le roi, la pais... le roi.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lois de Guillaume le Conquérant.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La mort ne me greveroit mie</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si ge moroie es bras... m' amie. Roman de la Rose, v. 2474.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per l' ame... mon pere. Roman de la Rose, v. 2609.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette ancienne forme se retrouve encore en quelques expressions restées dans la langue actuelle, telles que hôtel-dieu, fête-dieu, de par le roi (1: On verra, dans le cours de cet ouvrage, que jadis on disait, de part le roi.), choisy-le-roi, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“L' offre que il avoient faite... Le duc de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/coleccion-documentos-corona-aragon-tomo-iii-parte-9.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bouigoingne</a> et... le comte de Bar-le-Duc, et comment il avoient refusé.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villehardouin, pag. 16.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li marcheans dist donc... son frere. Le Castoiement, conte 20.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Espagnol:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En l' apocalypsi... Sant Joan evangelista.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arc. de Hita, cobl. 985.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Por el fue, ... deo gracias, la eglesia sagrada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vida de S. Domingo, v. 110.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas avie, ... deo gracias, so <a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/viajes/2020/07/30/aragon-extraordinario-viajes-turismo-fornoles-matarrana-teruel-1388521.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pleyto</a> ben librado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poema de Alexandro, v. 2303. (N. E. Alexandre)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Portugais:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Partiran se á... deos misericordia.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J. de Barros, dec. I, liv. I, cap. 7.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Italien:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Nel sommo bene... nostro signore.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guit. d' Arezzo, cart. 1, p. 8.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Il qual cardinal, la... dio mercè, hora papa Leon.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bembo, l. 1. p. 6.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“L' <a href="https://amicsdelchapurriau.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">amistà</a> del mondo è... dio nemica.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guit. d' Arezzo, cart. 36, p. 84</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“La... dio mercè e la vostra.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boccacio, Decameron, III, 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Uscite segretamente una notte di casa... il padre.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boccacio, Decameron, V, 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“E grazia non... dio rende di tanta grazia.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guit. d' Arezzo, cart. 13, p. 34.</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">INDEX:<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/grammaire-comparee-tome-6.html</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/tome-sixieme-grammaire-comparee.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chapitre 2, Substantifs</a></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/chapitre-iii-adjectifs.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">3, Adjectifs</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/chapitre-4-pronoms-grammaire-comparee.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">4. Pronoms</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/chapitre-v-5-noms-nombre-grammaire-comparee.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>5. Noms de nombre</span></a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/chapitre-vi-6-verbes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">6. Verbes</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/chapitre-vii-adverbes-prepositions.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">7. Adverbes, prépositions, conjonctions</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/chapitre-viii-locutions-particulieres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">8. Locutions particulières, idiotismes</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/appendice-indication-principaux-ouvrages.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Appendice + Indication des principaux ouvrages cités dans ce volume.</span></a></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comParís, Francia48.856614 2.352221920.546380163821155 -32.8040281 77.166847836178846 37.5084719tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-2011855262694605492023-11-01T12:34:00.004-07:002023-11-01T12:34:35.134-07:00tome cinquième, Appendice, biographies, Aicarts del fossat - Azemar le noir. (+ Index)<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Tome cinquième,</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>contenant<br />les Biographies des Troubadours, et un Appendice à leurs poésies imprimées dans les volumes précédents.<br /><br />Paris, 1820.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avertissement.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le premier volume du Choix des poésies originales des troubadours contient des recherches sur l' origine de la langue dans laquelle ils ont écrit, et la grammaire qui en explique les principes et les règles.<br />Dans le second; j' ai publié les plus anciens monuments qui nous restent de cette langue, et indiqué les divers genres de composition de ces poëtes.<br />J' ai ensuite choisi, dans leurs nombreux ouvrages, les pièces qui, par la facilité, la pureté ou l' élégance du style, méritaient de trouver place dans une collection destinée à rétablir et à justifier la renommée de ces chantres du moyen âge.<br />Les principales pièces, qu' ils ont consacrées à l' amour et aux dames, composent le troisième volume.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le quatrième offre un choix de pièces historiques, satyriques, religieuses, morales, également utiles à l' histoire littéraire, et au philosophe toujours curieux des documents qui expliquent les mœurs et les opinions des temps passés.<br />Dans ce cinquième volume, on verra une liste alphabétique de tous les troubadours dont les noms m' ont paru dignes d' y entrer; leur nombre est de plus de trois cent cinquante.<br />Cette nomenclature est rédigée de manière, qu' après le nom du troubadour, se trouve l' indication des volumes qui contiennent ses pièces imprimées; je place ensuite sa biographie en langue romane,<br />quand elle existe dans nos manuscrits; le plus souvent j' y joins des fragments pris dans les pièces qui, ne devant point être imprimées en entier, offraient cependant des détails et des vers dignes d' être connus; et quelquefois je publie des pièces qui n'avaient pu être insérées dans les volumes précédents.<br />Il n' eût pas été difficile d' offrir, sur la plupart des troubadours, des observations et des éclaircissements qui n'auraient pas manqué d' intérêt (a), et il ne m' en eût coûté aucun frais d' érudition; j' avais eu occasion<br />de rassembler les matériaux nécessaires. Mais je me suis strictement contenu dans les limites de mon plan; j' ai préféré l'avantage de publier un nombre plus considérable de pièces ou de fragments, à celui de discuter quelques points d' histoire littéraire, quelques détails de biographie, ou d' établir les synchronismes des principaux troubadours, etc.; et j' ai seulement indiqué, en bas de chaque article,<br />les principaux auteurs qui ont parlé de leurs ouvrages, et qui sur-tout ont nommé des manuscrits qui les contiennent.<br />Lorsque je n' ai trouvé dans nos manuscrits, ni la biographie, ni aucun ouvrage d' un troubadour, j' ai très-rarement admis son nom dans la liste suivante (b), quoique des écrivains eussent, sans doute d' après des manuscrits qui ne sont pas venus jusqu'à nous, nommé ces troubadours, donné des détails de leur vie, et même des fragments de leurs ouvrages (c); mais une des principales raisons qui m' ont fait exclure les noms de ces troubadours, c' est que ces fragments contiennent presque toujours des fautes (d) qui, à mon avis, proviennent de la prononciation de l' époque où ils ont été imprimés, ou du peu d' habileté à lire les originaux.<br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(a) Je me bornerai à indiquer quelques-uns des ouvrages où l' on trouve des détails relatifs à des troubadours.<br />Les vies d' Aimeri de Peguilain,<br />D' Arnaud de Marueil,<br />De Bertrand de Born,<br />Composées par Papon, ont été publiées à la suite de son Voyage<br />littéraire de Provence.<br />Le P. Joseph de Haiti est auteur de quelques dissertations dont les VIIe et VIIIe concernent Folquet de Marseille. Dans la Xe il est parlé de la comtesse de Die.<br />La LXIe des Cento novelle antiche est relative à Richard de Barbezieux, quoiqu' il n' y soit pas nommé.<br />Une partie de la pièce de ce troubadour: Atresssi cum l' olifans, y est insérée avec la traduction italienne de quelques vers, et l' on rapporte l' anecdote qui donna lieu à cette pièce; anecdocte qui ne se trouve pas dans la vie de ce troubadour.<br />Dans la cour du Puy-Notre-Dame, un gentilhomme de grand mérite eut le malheur de déplaire à sa belle par une indiscrétion excusable. Des chevaliers la prièrent de pardonner à cet infortuné; elle répondit:<br />“Je ne lui pardonnerai qu' autant que cent barons, cent chevaliers, cent dames et cent demoiselles me crieront à la fois merci, sans savoir à qui leur prière s' adresse.”<br />Il devait y avoir bientôt une fête qui attirait ordinairement un grand concours de personnes; le gentilhomme se flatta que sa dame s' y trouverait, et qu' il pourrait y venir assez de monde pour crier merci.<br />Il composa une chanson; et le matin de la fête il monta sur un lieu élevé, et la chanta devant une assemblée immense; c' est la pièce:<br />Atressi cum l'olifans, imprimée tome V, page 433.<br />J' aurais pu, en comparant le texte de cette pièce, tel qu' il est imprimé dans les Cento novelle antiche, avec celui qui est publié dans ce Ve volume, démontrer combien il est nécessaire et indispensable, quand on veut publier ou traduire les ouvrages des troubadours, de conférer les divers manuscrits, d' examiner et de juger les variantes avec goût et critique, et sur-tout sous les rapports des règles grammaticales.<br />Le même recueil contient dans la nouvelle XXXIX une aventure très-piquante, relative à Guillaume de Bergedan, qui n' est pas rapportée dans la biographie de ce troubadour.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hauteserre, dans son ouvrage: Rebum aquitanarum, cite, du comte de Poitiers, des passages que j' ai cru devoir retrancher de la pièce En Alvernhe rapportée presque en entier dans ce volume.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' histoire littéraire de la France parle des troubadours suivants:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebles de Ventadour, t. XI, p. 44; et t. XIII, p. 119.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillaume d' Agoût, t. XIV, p. 209.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillaume Mite, t. XV, p. 466. Etc., etc.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il ne reste rien de leurs ouvrages.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans les notices de manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi, on a publié,<br />t. V, p. 689, des vers de Pierre de Boniface, qui appartient au quatorzième siècle</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les commentaires sur Pétrarque, et sur-tout ceux de Tassoni, les notes de Redi sur son dithyrambe, la table des Documenti d'amore, rapportent souvent des passages des troubadours, ainsi que les savants ouvrages de MM. Ginguené et Sismondi.<br />Les historiens étrangers, ceux sur-tout qui traitent de l' histoire littéraire, tels que Tiraboschi, etc., Eichorn, etc, offrent des détails ou des jugements sur des troubadours et sur quelques-uns de leurs ouvrages.<br />Dans les nombreuses histoires particulières de provinces, de diocèses, de villes, on trouve parfois des fragments et même des pièces entières de ces poêtes; Baluze et Justel en ont publié dans l' histoire de la maison d' Auvergne; Catel, dans ses mémoires pour servir à l' histoire du Languedoc, etc., etc.<br />Mais, en renvoyant à ces auteurs et à un grand nombre d' autres, il eût fallu entrer souvent dans des discussions que leurs assertions pouvaient exiger, corriger les textes altérés, etc.; j' ai laissé cette tâche aux personnes qui mettront en œuvre les matériaux que je publie.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><br />(b) J' ai admis seulement l' empereur Frédéric Ier.<br /><br />(c) Ainsi on trouve dans les vies des poêtes provençaux, par Nostradamus, les noms de plusieurs troubadours dont il cite quelquefois des fragments que je n' ai retrouvés dans aucun des manuscrits qui nous sont parvenus; il nomme entre autres troubadours:<br />Ancelme de Moustiers, page 211.<br />Bernard Marchis, 196.<br />Bernard Rascas, 220.<br />Bertrand de Pezars, 213.<br />Ebles de Ventadour, 72.<br />Geoffroi du Luc, 205.<br />Guillaume d' Agoult, 198.<br />Guillaume de Bargemon, 159.<br />Guillaume Bouchaud, 197.<br />Guillaume Boyer de Nice, 232.<br />Guillaume Durand, 125.<br />Hugues de Lobières, 84<br />Hugues de Saint-Cesaire, 254.<br />L. de Lascaris, 236.<br />Loys Emeric, 197.<br />Luc de Grimaud, 180.<br />Le Moine des Isles-d'Or 26.<br />Le Moine de Mont-Major, page 27.<br />Perceval Doria, 130.<br />Pierre de Boniface, 245.<br />Pierre de Châteauneuf, 142.<br />Pierre Hugon, 197.<br />Pierre de Ruerc, 182.<br />Pierre de Saint-Remi, 117.<br />Pierre de Valeries, 196.<br />Pons de Brueil, 82.<br />Raimond Berenger, 103.<br />Rollet de Gassin, 89.<br />Rostang Berenguier, 192.<br />Taraudet de Flassans, 229.<br />Les Discours sur les arcs triomphaux, par Chasteuil Galaup, désignent aussi quelques noms de troubadours, tels que:<br />Isnard de Mandols,<br />Luc de Lascaris,<br />Raimond Romieu, etc.<br /><br />(d) Quelques exemples suffiront pour le prouver. Dans les fragments publiés par Nostradamus, on trouve toujours <i><span>ou</span></i> au lieu d' <i><span>o</span></i>, etc.<br />It dit :<br />Vergiers ni flours ni praz<br />Non m' an fach cantadour<br />Mays per vous qu' yeu adour.<br />Au lieu que les manuscrits portent, ainsi que je l' ai imprimé, page 328 de ce volume:<br />Vergiers, ni flors, ni pratz<br />No m' an fait chantador<br />Mas per vos cui azor, etc.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Explication de quelques indications ou abréviations.<br /><br />Cresc. Crescimbeni; Istoria della volgar Poesia, t. II.<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Bastero+Crusca" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bastero</a>. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">La Crusca provenzale</a>.<br />(N. E. Editada por Ramón Guimerá Lorente, disponible online en varios blogs y en <a href="https://www.amazon.es/Crusca-Provenzale-Primo-Antonio-Bastero/dp/B0C5P5JR9Q/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=2JFDMV1EACSFZ&keywords=Crusca+Bastero&qid=1698002128&sprefix=crusca+bastero%2Caps%2C98&sr=8-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Amazon</a>.)<br />Millot. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4216d.image" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Histoire des Troubadours.</a><br />P. Occ. <a href="https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=4skSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Parnasse occitanien</a>; Toulouse, 1819; in-8°.<br />Nostrad. J. de Nostradamus; <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4251z.image" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vies des Poëtes provenceaux</a>.<br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Appendice au Choix des poésies originales des troubadours,<br />contenant les biographies de plusieurs de ces poètes, et de nombreux fragments de leurs ouvrages.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Aicarts+fossat" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aicarts del fossat</a>. La seule pièce qu' on trouve de ce troubadour, dans les manuscrits, est imprimée tome IV.<br />Millot, II, 326.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aimar Jordans, auteur de deux pièces dont sont extraits ces passages:<br />Sitot m' ai estat lonjamenz<br />Guerreian ab mon mal seingnor,<br />E pert lai entre mos parenz<br />C' uns no m' en acor;<br />Ges no m lais per tan,<br />Que solatz e chan<br />No sega e domnei,<br />Sitot me guerrei.<br /><br />Anc guerra no m fo espavenz<br />Ni malstraics, per so c' a honor<br />Pogues estar entre las genz,<br />Ses mal dich de fol parlador...<br /><br />Puois qu' el vescoms m' es avinenz<br />E m rete per son servidor,<br />Molt li serai obedienz;<br />E lo coms non aura peior<br />Guerrier a son dan,<br />Qu' ieu non ai talan<br />Mas de far que ill grei<br />On qu' an ni estei.<br /><br />Sitot m' ai.<br /><br />E s' enquer no vos abriu,<br />Tart prendretz al poing l 'esparvier;<br />Mas be par que sobr' aiga escriu<br />C 'aitan ne faretz oi cum ier.<br /><br />Paris viscom.<br />Millot, III, 386.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><br />Aimar de Rocaficha. Trois pièces, dont l' une est attribuée à Giraud de Calanson; voici des passages des deux autres:<br />E qui falh per trop saber,<br />Pres es de chazer;<br />Que maynthas vetz dreitz defen<br />So qu' amors cossen:<br />Pero amicx dreituriers<br />Vai derriers;<br />Lai on amors vol renhar,<br />Razos no pot contrastar.<br /><br />Amors apodera e vens<br />Paubres e manens...<br />E d' aital pes compra e ven<br />Que partis e pren;<br />E non dupta lauzengiers<br />Ni parliers;<br />E fai drutz frir' e tremblar<br />Amors, e' ls maritz pensar.<br /><br />Si amors fos.<br /><br />Ar tenon solatz entre lor<br />Li malvay de lurs malvestatz,<br />Et an belhs trobars aziratz,<br />Que a negus non l' a sabor;<br />Quascus s' en gaba e s' en ri,<br />Gieta lengua e fai bosci,<br />Quant aug dire als trobadors<br />Que ses valor non es ricors,<br /><br />No m lau de mi dons.<br /><br />Millot, III, 386.<br /><br />Aimeri. Il a été imprimé de ce troubadour une pièce, tome IV. Dans une autre on trouve:<br />Totz hom que so blasma que deu lauzar<br />Lauz atressi aco que deu blasmar,<br />Et eu dic o per so car es amors<br />Forjujada per nescis jujadors...<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mainz homes aug amor acusar,<br />Et el maldiz d' amor asutilar;<br />Que cavaliers ai vist e trobadors<br />Que de bassez fez auz e d' auz ausors,<br />Tant es laissatz que non tenian fre<br />De dir d' amor tot mal senes merce...<br /><br />Una dona sai que no troba par<br />Que de beutat puesc' ab lei pareiar;<br />E sa beutatz es entre las gensors<br />Genser aisi com entre foillas flors.<br /><br />Totz hom.<br /><br />Une tenson d' Aimeri avec Pierre du Puy sur le OUI et le NON, soumise au jugement de Blacas, commence ainsi:<br />Peire del Puei, li trobador<br />Fan tenson de so que lur plaz;<br />Mas de vos vueill que m respondaz,<br />S' o sabes faire a razo,<br />Que ieu vos partisc <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">OC</a></b> e NO;<br />Per qual reman hom plus onratz?<br />E dic vos ben, qual que prendatz,<br />Vencut seretz de la tenso.<br />Peire del Puei.<br /><br />Millot, III, 387.<br /><br />Aimeri de Bellinoy, t. IV. Vingt-deux pièces, dont plusieurs sont attribuées à d' autres troubadours.<br />N Aimerics de Belenoi si fo de Bordales, d' un castel que a nom Lesparra, neps de maestre Peire de Corbiac. Clercs fo, mas pois si fez joglars; e trobet bonas cansos, e bellas et avinens, d' una domna de Gascoingna que avia nom Gentils de Ruis, e per leis estet lonc temps en aquella encontrada. Pois s' en anet en Cataloingna, et estet lai entro qu' el moric.<br /><br />Nulhs hom no pot complir adrechamen<br />So qu' a en cor sitot quan ditz o fai<br />No 'l sembla pauc, ni ama ab cor verai<br />Pus que cuia amar trop finamen;<br />Qu' aitals cuiars descreys e l' autr' enansa;<br />Mas ieu non am ges per aital semblansa,<br />Ans jur, per lieys cui tenc al cor pus car,<br />Qu' on plus fort l' am, la cug petit amar.<br /><br />Nulhs hom.<br /><br />Dans une pièce où il répond à des invectives qu' Albert s' était permises contre les femmes, on lit:<br />Jamais N Albertz non deu chantar d' amia,<br />Que renegat a tota cortesia;<br />E car domnas apella de bauzia,<br />Be 'l deuria om pendre cum traidor:<br />E dic vos ben, si la forsa fos mia,<br />Ja no i agra nuill enemic peior;<br />Qu' om non es pros, si en domnas no s fia;<br />Mas avols hom so ten a gran folor.<br /><br />Tant es d' amor.<br /><br />Dans une pièce sur la croisade, il dit:<br />Cossiros, cum partitz d' amor,<br />Chant mesclatz de joy e de plor,<br />Quar dols e plors e pietatz<br />Mi ve del comte mo senhor,<br />Qui es per dieu servir crozatz:<br />Et ai joy quar dieus l' enanza,<br />E vol que la crestiandatz<br />Torn per lui en alegransa<br />E sia 'n dieus grazitz e lauzatz.<br /><br />E pus dieus, per sa gran doussor,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos baylha tal capdelhador,<br />Ben es recrezens e malvatz<br />Qui rema, e partitz d' onor,<br />E qui vai grazitz et honratz;<br />Que l' anars es esperansa<br />De ben e de joy e de gratz<br />E de valor e d' onransa,<br />E deslieuramen de peccatz…<br /><br />Molt devon esser ses paor,<br />Segur, e bon guerreyador<br />Selhs qu' iran, qu' ades er de latz<br />Saint <b>Jorgi</b>, et dieus er ab lor<br />Que los a absoutz e mandatz.<br />E qui murra, ses duptansa,<br />Er el cel martyr coronatz,<br />Qu' el senher l' en fai fiansa,<br />Qu' es dieus e reis et hom clamatz.<br /><br />Selh cui dieus det sen e vigor<br />Et a de totz bos pretz l' onor,<br />Qu' es coms et er reys apellatz,<br />Ajuda premiers e secor<br />Al sepulcre on dieus fo pauzatz;<br />E dieus, per sa gran pitansa,<br />Si cum es vera trinitatz,<br />Lo guid e 'l fass' amparansa<br />Sobr' els fals Turcx desbatejatz.<br /><br />E qui al desliurar non cor,<br />Greu sera per lui desliuratz,<br />E greu n' aura dieus membrensa<br />D' aquelhs per cuy es oblidatz,<br />Que reston a sa pezansa<br />Per mal far e non ges per patz.<br /><br />Cossiros.<br /><br />Nostrad. 120. Crescimbeni, 83. Bastero, 75. Millot, II, 331. P. Occ. 204.<br /><br /><br />Aimeri de Belmont. Une seule pièce, dont voici la plus grande partie:<br />Ja n' er credutz c' afan ni consiriers,<br />Ni greu sospir, ni plagner, ni plorars,<br />Ni grans trabaillz, ni fier maltrait sobriers,<br />Ni loncs desirs ni ira ni veillars<br />Aion poder de null home aucir,<br />Ni per amor puesca nullz hom morir,<br />Car ieu non muor, e mos mals es tan grieus,<br />Per qu' ieu non crei qu' anc en moris N Andrieus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Anc nuls amantz ni nuls penedensiers<br />N' an trais lo mal ni la dolor ni l' ars,<br />Qu' ieu ai sufert plus de cinc ans entiers<br />Per lieis a cui amors ni merceiars<br />No m val, sivals d' aitan que no m' asir<br />Lo sieu gen cors, quar ieu m' aus enardir<br />De lieis amar; e voill mais esser sieus<br />Que senes lieis lo mons sia totz mieus.<br /><br />Quar tan m' es dous de lieis lo desiriers<br />Plus que d' autra lo jaser ni 'l baisars,<br />Qu' ieu estau sai sos paubres soudadiers,<br />E 'n lais ma terra e mantz de ricx afars;<br />Quar senes lieis non puosc ricx devenir;<br />Mas, s' ill plagues, ela m pogr' enriquir.<br />Qualque ric joi de s' amor mi des dieus,<br />Lo reis Felips tenria pueis mos fieus.<br /><br />Tant es sos pretz verais e dreituriers,<br />E 'l sieu gai cors onratz e fins e cars,<br />Qui 'n parlaria semblaria ufaniers;<br />Qu' aissi com coill totas aiguas la mars,<br />Sab totz bons pretz retener e chausir;<br />Et en totz temps hom non poiria dir<br />La gran beutat, ni escriur' en un brieus,<br />Del sieu cors clars plus que rosa ni nieus...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Bona domna, per vos plang e sospir,<br />E quan de vos me coven a partir,<br />No presera tot lo comtat d' Angieus<br />Qu' ieu non anes per vostr' amor romieus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Franch reis gentils d' Aragon, gran dezir<br />Hai, qu' ieu vos vei las armas baillir;<br />Quar Crestians, Saracins ni Judieus<br />Tan ricx afars no saup far bons e lieus.<br /><br />La comtessa de Sobiratz sab dir<br />E far plazer, per qu' hom no s deu soffrir<br />De sa lauzor; tan l' a onrada dieus<br />Que totz pretz val mais de mi dons lo sieus.<br /><br />Ja n' er credutz.<br /><br />Millot, II, 340.<br /><br />Aimeri de Peguilain, t. III et IV. Les manuscrits contiennent environ cinquante pièces de ce troubadour.<br />N Aimeric de Peguilha si fon de Tolosa, fils d' un borges qu' era mercadiers que tenia draps a vendre. Et apres cansos e sirventes; mas molt mal cantava. Et enamoret se d' una borgeza sa vezina, et aquela amors li mostret trobar, e si fes de leis mantas bonas cansos. Mas lo marit se mesclet ab lui, e fes li desonor: En Aimericx s' en venget, qu' el<br />lo ferit d' una espaza per la testa, per que 'l covenc a issir de Tolosa, e faidir. Et anet s' en en Cataluenha, e 'N Guilems de Berguedan si l' aculhit; et el enanset lui e son trobar en la premeira chanso qu' el avia faita, tan qu' el li donet son palafre et son vestir: e presentet lo al rei 'N Amfos de Castella, quel crec d' aver e d' armas e d' onor. Et estet en aquelas encontradas lonc temps; pueis s' en venc en Lombardia, on tug li bon home li feiron gran honor: e lai definet en eretgia, segon c' om ditz. E fon aventura qu' el marit guerit de la nafra et anet a San Jacme. En Aimeric saup o et ac voluntat d' intrar en Toloza. E venc s' en al rei e dis li que, si plazia, volria anar vezer lo marques de Monferrat; e 'l rei si 'l det bando d' anar, e mes lo en arnes de totas res. En Aimeric dis al rei que passar volia a Tolosa, mas regar avia de so qu' el sabia, qu' el rei sabia tot lo fag, e vi que la amor de sa dona lo tirava, e det li companha tro Monpeslier. Et el det a entendre tot lo fag als companhos e qu' els li ajudesso, qu' el volia vezer sa dona en forma de malaute: et els responderon qu' els feran tot so que comandaria. Et quan foron a Toloza, los compans demanderon l' alberc del borzes, e fon lor ensenhatz. E troberon la dona, e disseron li que un cozi del rei de Castella era malautes, que anava en pelerinatge, e que 'l plagues que lainz pogues venir. Ella respos que lainz seria servitz et onratz.<br />En Aimeric venc de nueg, e 'ls compagnos colgueron lo en un bel lieg. E lendema 'N Eimeric mandet per la dona; e la dona venc en la cambra e conoc N Aimeric, e det se grans meravilhas, e demandet li com era pogut intrar en Tolosa. Et el li dis que per s' amor; e comtet li tot lo fag. E la dona fes parvent que 'l cubris dels draps, e baizet lo.<br />D' aqui enans, no sai co fo, mas tan que X jorns lai estec N Aimeric per occaizo d' esser malautes. E cant s' en parti, d' aqui anet s' en al marques, on fon ben aculhit.<br /><br />Ni fin' amors, so vos man,<br />Non a ni non pot aver<br />Ab se forsa ni poder,<br />Ni nulh cosselh pauc ni gran,<br />S' il huelh e 'l cor no li dan;<br />Mas so qu' als huels platz et al cor agensa<br />Vol fin' amors, que no i pot contrastar;<br />Per so non deu amor ochaizonar<br />Tan quan los huelhs e 'l cor, a ma parvensa.<br /><br />Ancmais de joi.<br /><br />Cet auteur fait un fréquent usage des comparaisons.<br />Atressi m pren com fai al joguador<br />Qu' al comensar jogua mayestrilmen<br />A petitz juecs, pueis s' escalfa perden,<br />Qu' el fai montar tan que sen la folhor.<br />Aissi m mis ieu pauc e pauc en la via,<br />Que cuiava amar ab mayestria<br />Si qu' en pogues partir quan me volgues<br />On sui intratz tan qu' issir non puesc ges.<br /><br />Atressi m pren.<br /><br />Le passage suivant désigne le Vieux de la Montagne, chef des Assassins.<br />Car mielhs m' avetz, ses duptansa,<br />Qu' el Vielhs Ansessi la gen<br />Que van neys si era part Fransa,<br />Tan li son obedien,<br />Aucire sos guerriers mortals.<br /><br />Pus descobrir.<br /><br />Voici presque en entier une complainte sur la mort du marquis d' Est:<br />S' ieu anc chantiei alegres ni jauzens,<br />Er chantarai marritz et ab tristor,<br />Que totz mos gaugz torn en dol et en plor,<br />Per qu' ieu sui tristz, e mos chans es dolens,<br />Quar lo melher marques e 'l plus valens<br />E 'l plus honratz e 'l plus fis ses falsura<br />Es mortz lo pros marques d' Est e 'l prezans,<br />Et en sa mort mor pretz e joys e chans.<br /><br />Ges lo marques non es mortz solamens,<br />Qu' el melher coms, qu' anc fos de sa ricor,<br />Es mortz ab lui, que ns dobla la dolor<br />E 'l dan don ja non er restauramens.<br />Tan gran perda hi fai lo remanens;<br />Segle caitiu e de falsa natura,<br />Soven es traitz aquelh qu' ab vos s' atura;<br />Quar qui plus fai ni ditz vostres comans,<br />Aisselh n' es plus enganatz mil aitans.<br /><br />Las! qui sabra mais tan entieiramens<br />Far ad autrui honramens ni honor;<br />Ni qui aura jamais tan fin' amor<br />Ves sos amicx ni ves sos bevolens;<br />Ni on sera mais tan desenhamens<br />Cum el marques fo, per que pretz pejura,<br />Ni qui sabra jamais tan ben dar cura<br />De totas gens, qu' els privatz e 'ls estranhs<br />Sabia tener amics et agradans?<br /><br />Ges enqueras no puesc serrar mas dens<br />Qu' ieu del comte non digua sa lauzor,<br />De totz bos aips foron sieu li melhor<br />Que gen parlars e dous aculhimens<br />E largueza e fors' et ardimens<br />E guay solatz e beutatz fin' e pura</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foron ab lui; ailas! tan gran fraitura<br />N' aurem hueimais dels dos amics amans.<br /><br />Senher verais, Ihesus omnipotens,<br />Reys dreituriers, humils, ples de doussor<br />Salvaire Crist, qui claman peccador,<br />Als dos baros, senher, siatz guirens,<br />Qu' en lor era merces e chauzimens<br />E lialtatz, ab fiansa segura;<br />Per so devetz, senher dieus, per dreitura<br />A quasqun d' els esser vers perdonans,<br />Que quasqus fo fis e ses totz enjans.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Lo plang fenisc ab dol et ab rancura,<br />Quar de dol mov et ab dolor s' atura,<br />E per so deu ab dol fenir mos chans,<br />Qu' el mielhs del mon s' es perdutz en un lans.<br />S' ieu anc chantiei.<br />Les vers suivants sont tirés d' un sirvente qu' il fit à l' occasion de la mort d' un autre prince.<br />Totas honors e tuig fag benestan<br />Foron gastat e delit e mal mes<br />Lo jorn que mortz aucis lo miel presan<br />E 'l plus plasen qu' ancmais nasques de maire,<br />Lo valen rei Manfrei que capdelaire<br />Fon de valor, de gaug, de totz los bes;<br />Non sai cossi mortz aucir lo pogues.<br />Ai! mortz crudels, com lo volgist aucir,<br />Quar en sa mort ve hom totz bes morir?<br />Q' era s' en vai Honors sola ploran<br />Que non es hom qu' ab se l' apel ni res,<br />Coms ni marques, ni reis que s fass' enan,<br />Ni la semo que venga a lor repaire.<br />Era fag desenors tot qu' anc volc faire,<br />Qu' a forostada honor de son paes,<br />E i son cregut enjan tant e no fes<br />Qu' an revirat vas totas part lor gir<br />Qu' a pena sai on posc om pros gandir...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Part totz los monz voill qu' an mon sirventes<br />E part totas las mars, si ja pogues<br />Home trobar que il saubes novas dir<br />Del rei Artus, et quan deu revenir.<br /><br />Ai! cobeitatz, vos e vostras arnes<br />Confonda deus e totz vostres conres,<br />Qu' aves viven gastat e faig delir<br />Deport e jai ab vostre fals desir.<br /><br />Totas honors.<br /><br />Nostrad. 112. Crescimbeni, 79. Bastero, 75. Millot, II, 232. P. Occ. 169.<br /><br />Aimeri de Sarlat. Trois pièces, dont deux se trouvent tome III.<br />N Aimerics de Sarlat si fo de Peiregors, d' un ric borc que a nom Sarlat.<br />E fetz se joglars, et fo fort subtils de dire e d' entendre, e venc trobaire; mas no fetz mas una canson.<br />Les vers suivants forment le premier couplet de la troisième pièce adressée au roi d' Aragon et à Guillaume de Montpellier:<br />Aissi muev mas chansos<br />Com la lauzeta fai,<br />Que poian aut s' en vai,<br />E de sus deisen jos;<br />Pueis pauza s' en la via,<br />Chantan.<br />Per aquel eis semblan<br />Ai fait un sonet gai<br />C' ades pug e s' enbria<br />D' aut entro la fenia.<br /><br />Aissi muev mas.<br /><br />Nostrad. 198. Crescimbeni, 133. Bastero, 75. Millot, II, 427. P. Occ. 238.<br /><br /><br /><br />Albert Caille.<br /><br />Albertetz Cailla si fo uns joglars d' Albezet. Hom fo de pauc vallimen; mas si fo amatz entre sos vesins e per las domnas d' Albeges. E fes una bona canson; e fes sirventes: mas el non issi de la soa encontrada.<br />Les manuscrits contiennent, sous le nom de ce troubadour et sous celui de Gavaudan, une satire indécente contre le sexe; les vers suivants feront juger du style:</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras quan plov et iverna,<br />E fregz, aura e buerna<br />S' atrai e chai e despuelha la vernha,<br />Fas sirventes per esquerna<br />D' amor qu' en aissi s' enferna<br />Que las joves an levada taverna...<br />Plus son ardens non es lums en lanterna.<br /><br />E sai cum quascuna dola...<br />Neis en mostiers non pot gandir estola.<br /><br />Aras quan.<br /><br />Crescimbeni, 166. Millot, III, 387. Hist. Litt. XV, 463. P. Occ. 354.<br /><br />Albert, marquis de Malespine, t. III et IV.<br />Albertz Marques si fo del marques de Malespina. Valenz hom fo e larcs, e cortes et enseignatz; e saub ben far coblas e sirventes e cansos.<br />Crescimbeni, 115 et 167. Millot, I, 334. P. Occ. 94.<br /><br /><br />Albert de Sisteron, ou Albertet, t. IV. Vingt pièces.<br />Albertetz si fo de Gapenses, fils d' un joglar que ac nom N Asar, e fes de bonas cansonetas. Et Albertetz si fez assatz de cansos que aguen bons sons e motz de pauca valensa; ben fo grazitz pres e loing per los bons sons qu' el fasia; e bel joglars en cort e plasentiers de solatz entre la gen. Et estet lonc temps en Aurenga, e venc ne, e pois s' en anet a Sistaron estar; e lai el definet.<br />Fragments tirés de deux de ses pièces:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solatz e chantar,<br />Joi, e deport e rire<br />Cugey tot laissar<br />E virar mo martyre,<br />Mas silh cui ten car<br />E cobei e desire<br />E dopt e reblan<br />Vol que torn en mon chan...<br /><br />Be m dei alegrar<br />Can sel que m vol aussire<br />Me vol esmendar<br />Lo mal don soi sofrire<br />Ab un dous baysar,<br />Que m venc al cor assire<br />Un ric joi prezan.<br /><br />S' om per ben amar<br />Fon anc d' amor jauzire,<br />Be m deu joios far<br />La bela don no m vire,<br />Que vendre o dar<br />Me pot, e no s' albire<br />Qu' autra mi deman,<br />Qu' ades, vas on qu' ieu m' an,<br />Soi seus ses totz enjan;<br />E si tan s' umilia<br />Que m vuelh' enrequir<br />De so que plus volria,<br />Be m dei esbaudir...<br /><br />Et ai joi tan gran<br />Can mi fai bel semblan...<br />Que res no 'l sai dir<br />D' aiso qu' obs me seria,<br />Si m fai joi falhir...<br /><br />Solatz e chantar.<br /><br />Bon chantar fai al gai temps del pascor,<br />Quar li ausel chanton tan dousamen,<br />Qui pot aver benananza d' amor,<br />Mas ieu no sai com pogues d' avinen<br />Faire chansos, pos non aus mos talen<br />Mostrar a lei o van mei cossirier;<br />Mas s' ill sentis de la dolor qu' ieu sen,<br />Ja no m fera morir del dezirier.<br /><br />Dezirier n' hai, qu' anc hom no l' hac maior,<br />Mas so ric pretz mi fai tan d' espaven<br />Qu' ieu no l' aus dir mo mal ni ma dolor,<br />Tant tem de far contra lei faillimen;<br />Mas s' ill saupes com ieu l' am finamen,<br />Tuit li maltraich me sembleran leugier;<br />Mas ieu sui fols quar am plus hautamen<br />Que no s' eschai, ni m' auria mestier...<br /><br />Peirol, violatz e chantatz cointamen<br />De ma chanson los motz e 'l so leugier.<br /><br />Bon chantar.<br /><br />Nostradamus, 165. Crescimbeni, 115. Bastero, 71. Millot, III, 180. Papon, II, 410. P. Occ. 299.<br /><br />Alegret. Trois pièces, dans l' une desquelles a été pris ce fragment:<br />Tot so m' es bo, amors, pus a vos platz<br />Que m' auciatz deziran,<br />E si us fora plus benestan<br />Qu' a lieys que m defen sas beutatz,<br />Vos tornessetz e maior cortezia;<br />Quar no fai gran esfors, so vos plevis,<br />Qui so conquer qui vencut non conquis,<br />Mas esfortz fai qui 'ls pus fortz vens e lia.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />De sol aitan mi tengr' ieu per paguatz<br />Que 'l vengues mas jontas denan,<br />E 'l mostres de ginolhs, ploran<br />Cum sui sieus endomenjatz;<br />Mas ardimen non ai que ieu lo y dia,<br />Ni l' esgart dreit, ans tenc mos huels aclis,<br />Tal paor ai qu' ilh aitan no m sufris,<br />E que m tolgues la su' avinen paria.<br /><br />Bona domna, vostres suy on que m sia,<br />Et on que m' an ades vos suy aclis;<br />E s' avia trastot lo mon conquis,<br />En tot volgra aguessetz senhoria.<br />Aissi cum selh qu' es vencutz.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Millot, III, 388. P. Occ. 354.<br /><br />Alexandri. Tenson avec Blacasset:<br />En Blacasset, bon pretz e gran largueza<br />Avetz ab joi, a cui que plass' o pes,<br />Quar ieu ho sai que no us platz escaseza,<br />Qu' a mi dones dos palafres...<br />Pero be m platz, s' a vos plazia,<br />Que ja nuill temps no m dasetz vostr' aver,<br />Ab sol qu' el mieu no voillatz retener.<br /><br />Blacasset répond:<br />Alixandri, s' anc mi prestetz, no us peza<br />Quar no us paguei, ieu sai com ho fares,<br />So qu' aves dig que us dei ab gran largueza<br />Er tot vostre, sol de l' autre m sostes;<br />E quar lo dons val mais qu' el pretz non fes,<br />En mon causimen sia;<br />Ho si m rendes so c' aves dig per ver<br />Qu' ieu vos donei, rendrai vos vostr' aver.<br />En Blacasset bon pretz.<br /><br />Millot, III, 388.<br /><br />La dame Almuc de Châteauneuf.<br />N' Iseus de Capnion si preget ma dompna Almucs de Castelnou qu' ela perdones a 'N Gigo de Tornen, qu' era sos cavaliers, et avia faich vas ella gran faillimen, e n' o s' en pentia ni non demandava perdon.<br />Dompna n' Almucs, si o us plages,<br />Be us volgra pregar d' aitan,<br />Que l' ira e 'l mal talan<br />Vos fezes tenir merces<br />De lui que sospir' e plaing,<br />E muor langrat, e s complaing,<br />E quier perdon humilmen;<br />Be us fatz per lui sagramen,<br />Si tot li voletz fenir,<br />Qu' el si gart meilz de faillir.<br /><br />Ma dompna N' Almucs, lacals volia ben a 'n Gigo de Torno, si era mout dolenta, car el non demandava perdon del faillimen, e respondet a ma dompna N' Iseus si com dis aqesta cobla:<br /><br />Dompna n' Iseus, s' ieu saubes<br />Qu' el se pentis de l' engan<br />Qu' el a fait vas mi tan gran,<br />Ben sera dreich que n' agues<br />Merces; mas a mi no s taing,<br />Pos que del tort no s' afraing<br />Ni s pentis del faillimen,<br />Que n' aia mais chauzimen;<br />Mas si vos faitz lui pentir,<br />Leu podes mi convertir.<br /><br />Millot, III, 388. P. Occ. 356.<br /><br />Alphonse II, Roi d' Aragon, t. III.<br />Lo reis d' Aragon, aquel que trobet, si ac nom Amfos; e <u>fo lo premiers reis que fo en Aragon, fils d' En Raimon Berrengier</u> que fo <u>coms de Barsalona</u>, que <b>conques lo regisme d' Aragon</b> e 'l tolc a Sarrazins.<br />Et <b>anet se coronar a Roma</b>; e quant s' en venia, el mori en Poimon al borc sainz Dalmas; et <b>sos fils fo faiz reis, Amfos</b> que <b>fo paire del rei Peire</b> loqual <b>fo paire del rei Jacme</b>. (N. E. Esta descripción es por supuesto posterior al rey Jaime I de Aragón. Contiene demasiadas falsedades en su brevedad, además de su mala redacción.)<br />Bastero, 72. Crescimbeni, 167. Millot, I, 131. P. Occ. 36. Hist. Littér. XV, 158.<br /><br />Amanieu des Escas, t. II.<br />Dona, per cui planc e sospir<br />Soven, car a tart vos remir,<br />Per merce us vuelh preiar e us prec<br />Que vulhatz entendre mon prec,<br />E que vulhatz saber mon sen<br />E mon cor e mon estamen,<br />E co m' a fin' amor conques<br />E vencut e laissat e pres<br />Per vos que non faitz ablasmar;<br />Que jes non podes devinar<br />Ieu com vos am, si no us o dic,<br />Ans per amor d' aital amic,<br />Aisi com baisar en dormens;<br />Vers es, gentils don' e plazens,<br />Que vos sabetz be qu' ieu vos am,<br />Mas jes no sabetz com aflam<br />Et art mon cor per vostr' amor,<br />C' anc nulh temps mais aital ardor<br />Non ac mos cors ni no senti;<br />Vers es lo reprochier c' om di:<br />Tal se cuia calfar que s' art.<br />E li vostre plazen esgart<br />Fon me tan dos al comensar<br />Qu' el dos m' es tornatz en amar,<br />Com di 'l repropchier que vers es:<br />Aital cuia penre qu' es pres.<br />Tot en aisi m' es avengut<br />Que pres e liat e vencut<br />M' avetz vos et amors essems;<br />E dieus do m vezer loc e temps<br />Que portetz vostra part del fais,<br />Qu' ieu l' ay trastot, e non engrais,<br />Ans n' amagrezisc a sobrier,<br />Per que m sove d' un reprovier<br />C' ai mantas vetz auzit contar:<br />Que aital fais deu hom levar<br />Sul col qu' el puesca sostenir;<br />Dona, et ieu no puesc sofrir<br />Jes lo fai ses la vostr' adjuda.<br />Amors es com miega perduda,<br />Cant es trastota d' una part;<br />Mas cant a dos amans se part<br />Que l' us n' a e l' autr' atertan, (atretan)<br />Adoncx val amors a guaran<br />Lial e bona et entieira;<br />Et es fort avinen manieira,<br />Can l' us amicx a l' autre val,<br />E dire us n' ay, si no us sap mal,<br />Un repropchier que fort m' azauta,<br />C' ab la una ma lavon l' autra,<br />Et ambas los huels e la cara.<br />Vos sabetz, dona gentil, clara,<br />Que us plazers autre n' adutz;<br />E per so car mi soi rendutz<br />A vos et al vostre voler,<br />Per razo m deuria valer<br />Amors e servirs e merces<br />E sufrensa e bona fes,<br />E vey que negus no m' acor;<br />Pero en vostra gran valor<br />M' albir et ay bon' esperansa,<br />C' aisi cant n' ay gran malenansa,<br />N' auray gran be ab joi isnel,<br />C' apres la plueia fara bel,<br />So ditz homs salvatjes...<br />C' ai auzit dir manta sazo<br />Que l' autrui dol badalha so...<br />Un repropchier ai auzit dir:<br />Piegers es sofrirs que morirs,<br />E sofrirs es coma languirs,<br />E languirs es com pietz de mort.<br />E pueys dieus m' a en aital port<br />Menat, e vol qu' en aissi sia,<br />Dirai vos, ans que mort m' ausia,<br />De que muer ni com ni per que;<br />Qu' enquera m val may, per ma fe,<br />Vergonh' als huels que dol al cor.<br />Que sel que per vergonha s mor<br />E per temensa de parlar,<br />No 'l deuria dieus perdonnar...<br />Amadors trobarias pro<br />E pus gentils e de pus ricx,<br />Mas amicx y a et amicx,<br />E non es aurs tot cant que lutz:<br />Tal vos ri e us fa bels salutz<br />Que o fa per vostre destricx...<br />S' ie us o dic qu' el mielher tezaurs<br />C' om puesc' aver, argen ni aurs,<br />Es fizel amic, cant hom l' a<br />Leial e segur e serta,<br />Que am de cor e de bocha,<br />Per c' om ditz que may val en cocha<br />Amicx que aur e tor sarrada,<br />S' el vos a s' amor autreiada,<br />Que no us falhira tro la mort<br />Al sieu dreg ni al vostre tort;<br />E fe que us dey, aquel soy ieu<br />Que al vostre tort ni al mieu<br />No us falhirai ja tan com viva;<br />E si m' es brava ni esquiva,<br />Faitz contra vos e contra mi,<br />Blasm' es, dona, qui 'ls sieus ausi<br />De dieu e dels pus conoissens.<br />E demandaran mantas gens,<br />Cant l' us veira l' autre venir,<br />Diguatz: Auzitz contar ni dir<br />Novelas de negus afars?<br /><b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oc</a></b> – Que? - 'N Amanieu des Escas<br />Se mor per amor de s' amia.<br />L' autre dira: Dieu malazia<br />Tota dona senes merce.<br />En aissi de vos e de me<br />Parlaran tug miey conoissen<br />E miey amic e miey paren...<br />Per que m soven d' un repropchier<br />Qu' ieu auzi retraire l' autr' ier:<br />Qui amic vol de cocha s gart.<br />E vos que m vezetz en regart<br />De fin' amor que m vol aussir,<br />E vezetz qu' ieu no puesc fugir,<br />Ni no m puesc defendre ses vos,<br />Falhitz me, don soi engoissos;<br />En mon cor en ai gran dolor,<br />Gardatz si dey aver paor,<br />Ni si puesc dire per razo:<br />De bel servir mal guazerdo.<br />Que si m fossetz lial amia,<br />Ja per vostr' amor no moiria,<br />Enans m' en volgratz ajudar,<br />Car bos amicx en cocha par;<br />E la cocha es me sobieira<br />D' aitan sobirana manieira<br />Que menat m' a pres de la fi.<br />E cant no y aura pus de mi,<br />Be leu pezara us de ma mort,<br />E volriatz m' aver estort.<br />E ditz hom d' aital bevolensa:<br />Soven apres mort penedensa.<br />E ja re no us demandarai<br />Cant en l' autre segle serai,<br />Car autre plag aurai en ma;<br />Per qu' eras, can gran mestiers m' a,<br />E m tenetz de tot en poder,<br />E us o quier, mi degratz valer,<br />E vos metetz mi en refuy,<br />Don puesc dir: Qui dereir' autruy<br />Cavalgua, non baiza qui vol.<br />Greu fa de si meteis son vol<br />Aisel qui a sobresenhor.<br />En mi avetz poder maior<br />Que dona del mon terrenals;<br />E car est monda de totz mals,<br />E conoissens en tota res,<br />Cre que us penra de mi merces,<br />Qu' anc en re no fes falhizo.<br />Que <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/jaime-ii-elige-esposa-1314.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo rey Jacme d' Arago</a><br />Que reys es dels Cecilias,<br />Ses grat de Frans' e de Romas,<br />Non a ges conquetz tan de pretz,<br />E segon rey, com yos avetz...<br />Dona per cui planc.<br /><br />Millot, III, 193.<br /><br />Armand. Une tenson avec Bernard de la Barte:<br />Bernart de la Barta, 'l chauzit<br />Voill aiatz de doas razos.<br />Doas dompnas valenz e pros<br />Son engal de faitz e de ditz,<br />Engal de pretz e de joven;<br />L' un' a bel cors e covenen,<br />Mas autra beltaz l' oblida;<br />L' autra de beltat complida<br />En la cara, mas cors a mal taillat;<br />En cals deu meillz druz metre s' amistat?<br />Bernart de la Barta.<br />Millot, III, 389.<br /><br />Arnaud P. d' Agange. Une seule pièce mutilée dans le manuscrit; en voici quelques vers:<br /><br />E vei mermatz los menutz auzelos<br />Del bel deport qu' entr' els esser solia,<br />Qu' el freg d' ivern los destrenh e 'ls desvia,<br />Si c' us non es alegres ni chantaire;<br />La doncs m' es obs un novel chan a faire<br />D' amor que m vol del tot al sieu servir,<br />E no m' en puesc pus selar ni cobrir...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><br />C' ab bon esfortz conquier hom manentia,<br />E bon esfortz adossis senhoria,<br />E bon esfortz torna brau de bon aire,<br />E bon esfortz conquier autrui repaire;<br />Bon esfortz fai malastre sebelir;<br />De bon esfortz nos vezem totz jauzir.<br />Pus bon esfortz a tan de be en se,<br />Ab bon esfortz vos enquerrai, so cre...<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com l' enclaus que s' es lieuratz en l' aire,<br />En la gran mar, e 'l falh son governaire,<br />E 'l vens lo vai ab las ondas ferir,<br />E lo vens tan que ges non sap gandir;<br />En atretal o en peior merce<br />M' avetz tengut, pus ieu vos vi ancse.<br /><br />Quan lo temps brus.<br /><br />Millot, III, 389.<br /><br /><br />Arnaud Brancaleon. Une pièce religieuse. La voici en entier:<br />Pessius, pessans, peccans e penedens,<br />Planc en ploran, preian planc mos peccatz<br />Don anc failhi en cutz ni en pensatz<br />Ni en fols ditz ni en faitz decebens;<br />E quar sui fortz e forfaitz follamens,<br />Clam merceyan merce merceyamens<br />A sel cui es unitz et unitatz,<br />E trinables e tres en trinitatz,<br />Qu' el me perdon qu' es perdonans perdos,<br />Com perdonet als perjurs perilhos.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Qu' elh es leos et homs complidamens,<br />Aigla, vedels doblamen figuratz,<br />E bos espers e fes e veritatz,<br />Fis senes fin, e vers comensamens,<br />E port salvan ab complitz guerimens,<br />E dossa fon baysan totz mals talens,<br />Caps de totz bes, merces e caritatz,<br />E jais entiers e franc' humilitatz,<br />E pas pleniers que del cel venc sa jos<br />Per deslieurar los greus mals enguoyssos.<br /><br />Et es fis rais sobre totz resplandens,<br />Don anc nulh temps no s mermet sa clardatz,<br />E dos anhels per cui fon restauratz<br />De tot lo mon lo sobriers perdemens;<br />Qu' ins en ifern avian perdemens<br />Los bes e 'ls mals ses totz retenemens,<br />Tro el nasquet e fon martiriatz,<br />Don l' aunitz locx remas espoliatz;<br />E lay laisset los mals e pres los bos<br />Qu' al sant puiar triet per companhos.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Et es vida, guitz e consolamens,<br />Pastres e lutz, et primiers engenratz,<br />E dregz camis, peyra e fermetatz,<br />E de totz bes totz entiers complimens,<br />E sans espos ses nulh corrumpemens,<br />E mayestres de totz melhuramens,<br />E clars solelhs, per cuy es aut puiatz<br />Lo menre be, e 'l mager mal bayssatz;<br />Vertutz e bras misericordios,<br />E no mortals, e sans e poderos.<br /><br />Millot, III, 389.<br /><br />Arnaud de Carcasses. Une seule pièce dont l' extrait se trouve tome II, p. 275.<br /><br />Millot, II, 390.<br /><br />Arnaud Catalans. Six pièces; presque toutes sont attribuées à d' autres troubadours.<br /><br />Quan remir son plazen vis<br />M' es avis<br />Qu' ieu n' aya 'l joy qu' ai tan quis.<br />Be volgra, tan l' <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=abellis" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">abelhis</a><br />Mos estars, qu' elha m sufris<br />Qu' ieu ja de lieys no m partis,<br />E qu' a son grat ja servis,<br />Quar siey bel huelh m' an conquis<br />E 'l dous esgart e 'l bel ris.<br /><br />No sai dona en tot un renh<br />Plus gent renh,<br />Ni genser dona no y s senh,<br />Que 'lh no y met color ni s penh.<br />Ans ha beutat ses tot genh;<br />Per qu' ieu sos sers esdevenh;<br />E s' ieu per lieys non revenh,<br />Amors qu' en aissi m destrenh<br />Per lieys m' en deu far captenh.<br /><br />Quar, per tot on vau ni venh,<br />Ieu me tenh<br />Per sieu, ab sol qu' elha m denh;<br />Qui s vuelha m torn' en desdenh;<br />Que quant ieu denant lieys venh,<br />De sa gran beutat mi senh;<br />Per qu' ieu son ric pretz mantenh,<br />E no vuelh d' autra sostenh,<br />Pus amors tant aut m' empenh.<br /><br />Tan renha adrechamen<br />Qu' om non men<br />Lauzan son fis pretz valen;<br />Qu' ab los fatz qu' an pauc de sen<br />Sap estar nesciamen;<br />E 'lh pros trobon la valen<br />E de belh acullimen,<br />Qu' en aissi pagua la gen,<br />E quascus, quo s val, si s pren.<br /><br />Proensal an tan plazen<br />Domna e tan conoyssen,<br />Qu' ilh vivon d' onor ab sen<br />Ses par, e de pretz valen.<br /><br />Amors ricx fora.<br /><br />Dans une pièce amoureuse, où il joue sans cesse sur le même mot, se trouve le couplet suivant:<br />E si mi dons, qu' ieu am tan<br />Et amarai, no m desam,<br />Pauc tem autra desamor;<br />Qu' ieu l' am tan per fin' amor<br />Que, quan no m dezamaria,<br />Ieu ab tot si l' amaria;<br />Mais l' amaria amatz<br />Cent aitans que desamatz.<br /><br />Als entendens.<br /><br /><br />Une pièce religieuse est terminée par ces vers:<br />Senher, dels bes temporals<br />Mi donas tant que sivals<br />Trop sofrachos non estia.<br />Dieus verais.<br /><br />Bastero, 75. Muratori, 170. Millot, III, 29.<br /><br />Arnaud de Cominge. Un sirvente, dont ces deux passages sont tirés:<br />Enans se fan comprador<br />O toledor qui no los ven;<br />Et aqui eis fan bastimen<br />Per vilans tolre a lor seingnor;<br />Et aissi cuidan restaurar<br />Lo dan quan pres per autr' afar,<br />Mas non restauran ges honor...<br /><br />E fan o coma 'l jogador<br />Qu' al gran joc premieramen<br />Perden, e puois, ab pauc d' argen<br />Qu’ ill reman, vai jogar aillor<br />A petit joc, per assaiar<br />Se poiria d’ autrui cobrar.<br /><br />Be m plai us usages.<br />Millot, III, 60.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><br />Arnaud de Cotignac ou de Tintignac. Trois pièces; l’ une est ainsi terminée:<br />Ben es lo vers e ’l chantador,<br />E volgra bon entendedor.<br />Per dieu, belhs clercx, tu lo m’ escriu.<br />Lo vers comens.<br /><br />Dans une autre il dit:<br />Mout dezir l' aura doussana,<br />Quan vey los arbres floritz<br />Et aug d’ auzels grans e petitz<br />Lur chans pel vergiers e pels plays...<br /><br />No sai quals son pus aveuzitz<br />De lauzengiers lenga forbitz,<br />O selhs que crezon ditz savays:<br />Plus qu’ al juec de la correya,<br />No say sobre qual s’esteya,<br />Lo maier fays de mensprezo.<br />Mout dezir.<br /><br />Nostradamus, 224. Crescimbeni, 148. Papon, III, 456. Millot, III, 375.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Arnaud Daniel, t. II. En lisant les ouvrages qui nous restent de ce troubadour, on comprend difficilement les causes de la grande célébrité dont il a joui de son vivant, et que lui ont assurée les éloges de Dante et de Pétrarque: il n' est aucun troubadour dont, les poésies aient été autant défigurées par les copistes, mais il est vraisemblable qu' elles n' étaient plus guère intelligibles à l' époque où furent transcrits les recueils qui les contiennent. Arnaud Daniel semble avoir affecté la bizarrerie des idées, l' obscurité des expressions, l' incohérence des images; on remarque dans ses vers des rimes, des coupes de vers audacieusement recherchées. Il a été nécessaire de rejeter dans l' appendice une collection de divers passages de cet auteur, en choisissant ceux qui sont moins difficiles à entendre, et qui peuvent faire juger de sa manière.<br />Arnaut Daniel si fo d' aquela encontrada don fo 'N Arnaut de Maruelh, del evesquat de Peiregorc, d' un castel que a nom Ribayrac, e fo gentils hom. Et emparet ben letras, e deleitet se en trobar, et abandonet las letras, e fes se joglars; et apres una manieira de trobar en caras rimas, per que sas cansos non son leus ad entendre ni a apprendre. Et amet un' auta domna de Gascuenha, molher d' En Guilem de Buovila; mas non fo crezut que la dona anc li fezes plazer endreg d' amor, per qu' el dis:<br />Ieu soi Arnautz qu' amas l' aura<br />E cas la lebre ab lo bou,<br />E nadi contra suberna.<br />Lonc temps estet en aquela amor, e 'n fes motas bonas cansos. Et el era mot avinens hom e cortes. E fon aventura qu' el fon en la cort del rei Richart d' Englaterra: et estant en la cort, us autres joglars escomes lo com el trobava en pus caras rimas que el. Arnaut tenc s' o ad esquern, e feron messios cascun de son palafre que no fera, en poder del rey.<br />E 'l reys enclaus cascun en una cambra. En Arnaut, de fasti qu' en ac, non ac poder que lassetz un mot ab autre. Lo joglar fes son cantar leu e tost. Et els non avian mas X jorns d' espazi; e devia s jutjar per lo </span></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">rey a cap de cinq jorns. Lo joglar demandet a 'N Arnaut si avia fag: e 'N Arnaut respos que </span><b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">oc</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">, passat a tres jorns; e non avia pessat.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El joglar cantava tota nueg sa canso per so que be la saubes; e 'N Arnaut pesset col traisses isquern: tan que venc una nueg el joglar la cantava, e 'N Arnaut la va tot' arretener e 'l so. E can foron denan lo rey, 'N Arnaut dis que volia retraire sa chanso; e comenset mot be la chanso qu' el joglar avia facha. E 'l joglar, can l' auzic, gardet lo en la cara, e dis qu' el l' avia facha. E 'l reis dis co s podia far? E 'l joglar preguet al rei qu' el ne saubes lo ver. E 'l reis demandet a 'N Arnaut com era estat. En Arnaut comtet li tot com era estat. E 'l rei ac ne gran gaug, e tenc s' o a gran esquern. E foro aquistiat los gatges, et a cascu fes donar bels dos. E fo donatz lo cantar a 'N Arnaut Daniel, que di:<br />Anc ieu non l' ac, mas ella m' a.<br />La pièce suivante est entière; le reste ne consiste qu' en fragments plus ou moins considérables des pièces qui sont indiquées au bas.<br />Ans qu' els cim reston de brancas<br />Sec, ni s despuelhon de fuelha,<br />Fas, quar amors m' o comanda,<br />Breu chanson de razon longa,<br />Quar gen m' adutz de las artz de l' escola;<br />Tan sai qu' el cors fas restar de suberna,<br />E mos buous es trop plus correns que lebres.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab razos cuindas e francas<br />M' a mandat qu' ieu no m destuelha<br />Ni autra non prec ni m 'n blanda,<br />Pus tan fai qu' ab si m' acuynda,<br />E m ditz que flors no semble de viola<br />Qui s camja leu sitot noquas iverna<br />Mas per s' amor sia laurs o genibres.<br /><br />E tu, qu' ab joy no t' afranhas<br />Per esper qu' amors t' acuelha,<br />Sec si t desfui ni t fai guanda,<br />Que greu er qu' om no i aponga<br />Qui s' afortis de preyar e no i cola;<br />Qu' ieu passarai part la palutz d' Uzerna<br />Cum pelegris, o <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/mozarabes-zaragoza-expulsados-el-burgo-ebro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lai per on corr Ebres</a><br /><br />S' ieu ai passatz pons ni planchas<br />Per lieis, cuiatz qu' ieu m' en duelha?<br />No fas, qu' ab joy ses vianda</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me sap far mezina coinda<br />Baisan, tenen, e 'l cor, sitot mi vola,<br />No s part de lieys qui 'l capdel e 'l governa;<br />Cor! on qu' ieu m' an, de lieys no t luyns ni t sebres.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans dic qu' alhors no t' estanchas<br />Per autra que t prec ni t vuelha;<br />Son voler fuy e desmanda,<br />Sai e lai qui t somonga.<br />Gran son dan fai qui se meteis afola,<br />E tu no fassas res per qu' om t' esquerna;<br />Mas, apres dieu, lieys honors e celebres.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges de Paris tro qu' a Sanchas<br />Genser no s vest ni s despuelha,<br />E sa beutat es tan granda<br />Que semblaria us messonga;<br />Be m vai d' amor qu' elha m baiz' e m' acola,<br />E no m frezis freitz, ni gels ni bolerna,<br />Ni m fai sentir dolor guota ni febres.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sieus es Arnautz del sim tro en la sola,<br />E no vuelh ges ses lieis aver Lucerna<br />Ni 'l senhoria del <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/fuentes-ebro-salvada-plaga-langosta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">renc per on corr Ebres</a>.<br />Ans qu' els sims.<br /><br />Sols sui que sai lo sobrafan que m sortz<br />Al cor d' amor sofren per sobramar,<br />Car mos volers es tan ferms et entiers<br />C' anc no s' esduis de cellei ni s' estortz<br />Cui encubit al prim vezer e puois,<br />C' ades ses lieis dic a lieis cochos motz;<br />Pois, quan la vei, no sai, tant l' am, que dire.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' autras vezer sui secs e d' auzir sors<br />Qu' en sola lieis vei et aug et esgar,<br />E jes d' aisso no ill sui fals plazentiers<br />Que mais la vol non ditz la boca 'l cors,<br />Que non val tant champs, vauz, ni plans ni puois<br />Qu' en un sol cors trobes si bos aips totz<br />Qu' en lieis los volc dieus triar et assire.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben ai estat e maintas bonas cortz,<br />Mas sai ab lieis trob pro mais que lauzar<br />Mesura e sen et autres bos mestiers,<br />Beutatz, jovens, bos faitz e bels demors;<br />Gen l' enseignet cortesia e la duois,<br />Tant a de si totz faitz desplazens rotz<br />De lieis non cre rens de ben sia a dire.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nuills jauzimens no fora breus ni cortz<br />De lieis cui prec qu' o vueilla devinar,<br />Que ja per mi non o sabra estiers<br />Si 'l cors ses dir no s presenta defors;<br />Que jes rosiers per aiga que l' engrois<br />Non a tal briu, car cor plus larga dotz<br />No m fai ges tant d' amor, quan la remire.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jois e solatz d' autra m par fals e bortz,<br />C' una de pretz ab lieis no i s pot egar,<br />Qu' el sieus solatz es dels autres sobriers.<br />Aissi no l' ai; las! tant mal m' a comors!<br />Pero l' afans m' es desportz, ris e jois,<br />Car en pensan sui de lieis lecs e glotz;<br />Ai! dieus! si ja 'n serai estiers jauzire!...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>E ma chansos prec que no us sia enois,<br />Car si voletz grazir los sos e 'ls motz,<br />Pauc preza Arnautz cui que plassa o que tire.<br />Sols sui que sai.<br /><br />Ab plazer recep et recuelh<br />Lo dos temps que colora e penh,<br />Que no y a ram no s' entressenh<br />De belas flors e de vert fuelh;<br />E 'l colombet, per gaug d' estieu,<br />Mesclan lur amoros torney,<br />E duy e duy fan lur domney,<br />Que par c' amors bayzan los lieu.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=semencz" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Qui gaug semena plazer cuelh</a>,<br />Per qu' ieu port gaug can vau ni venh,<br />E per bon' aventura m fenh<br />D' amor pus jauzens que no suelh...<br /><br />No y a cors tan serrat d' erguelh<br />C' amors, si s vol, dedins non renh,<br />Quar ilh sap, ab son cortes genh,<br />Traire joi del auzor capduelh,<br />E qui non lig so qu' ilh escrieu<br />Pauc sap de l' amoroza ley...<br /><br />May cascus dis d' amor me duelh<br />C' ap dos semblans vol e non denh,<br />Pren los us e 'ls autres destrenh,<br />E qui li play met en son fuelh,<br />Mas dretz es que dona esquieu<br />So don vol c' om plus la playdey;<br />E jes per no hom no s' esfrey,<br />C' amors a sol so que la plieu.<br /><br />Dona, per qu' ieu d' autras me tuelh...<br />Pos tan vos cobeitan miey huelh,<br />Que de tot pes me dessovenh...<br /><br />Ab plazer recep.<br /><br /><br />Amors e joi e liocs e temps</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi fan bon sen tornar edrech</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aicel joi qu' avia l' autr' an,</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan cassava lebre ab lo bov:</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era m vai mielz d' amor e pieg,</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car ben am, d' aips m clam astrucs,</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ma non amatz joi, no m' enquiers</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' amors no vens son dur cor e 'l mieu precs.<br /><br />Cel que tut ben pert aensems<br />Mestier es c' us ric segnor sierva<br />Per restaurar la perda e 'l dan<br />Qu' el paubre non valria un uov...<br />Pauc pot voler om de jois sems...<br />Qu' en liei amar volgra murir senecs...<br /><br />D' aiso c' ai tant duptat e crems<br />Creis ades e miglura e m derc,<br />Qu' en reprocier c' auzian<br />Me dis que tant trona tro plov...<br />Amors e joi e liocs.<br /><br />Lan quan vei fueill e flor parer<br />Dels albres e ill ramel,<br />Et aug lo chan que faun el brueil<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=ranes" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Las ranas</a> el riu, el bos l' auzel,<br />Adoncx mi fuelha e m floris<br />E m fruchs amors el cor tan gen<br />Que la nueit me retsida,<br />Quant autra gen dorm e pauz e sojorna...<br /><br />Si l' auzes dir, ben saubron tug<br />Que jois mi monta 'l cor el cel,<br />Quar deport mi creis e desdug<br />La bela que d' amor apel<br />MON BON ESPER, mi dobla sa valors;</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui mais vol mais dopta far faillida,</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ill non es trista ni morna...<br /><br />Vai t' en, chansos, a la bela de cors,<br />E diguas li c' Arnautz met en oblida<br />Tot' autra amor per lieis vas cui s' adorna.<br />Lan quan vei fueill.<br /><br />Lan can son passat li <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=gebra" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">givre</a>...<br />Sai al temps de l' intran d' avril.<br /><br />Ben greu trob hom joi deslivre<br />C' a tantas parts vol unt encomba<br />Fals' amors que no s' asembla<br />Lai on lei autatz asoma;<br />Qu' ieu non trob ges doas en mil<br />Ses falsa paraula loigna,<br />E puois c' a travers non poigna<br />E non torn sa cartat vil.<br /><br />Ses fals' amor quidei vivre,<br />Mas ben vei c' un dat mi plomba,<br />Quand ieu mieills vei qu' il m' o embla;<br />Car tuich li legat de Roma<br />Non son de sen tant sotil<br />Q' una devisa messoigna<br />Que tan soavment caloigna<br />M' en puosca falsar un fil.<br /><br />Qui amor sec per tal livre<br />Cogul tenga per columba...<br />Si col proverbis s' acoigna:<br />Si 'l trai l' uoill sol, puois l' uoil ongna,<br />Sofra e sega ab cor humil.<br />Lan can son passat.<br /><br />Autet et bas entr' els prims fuelhs<br />Son nov de flors e 'ls rams li renc,<br />E no y ten mut bec ni guola<br />Nuls auzels, ans bray e canta<br />Cadaus<br />En son us;<br />Per joi qu' ai d' els e del temps<br />Chan, mas amors mi assauta<br />Qu' els motz ab lo son acorda...<br /><br />C' ab lei c' al cor plus m' azauta<br />Sui liatz ab ferma corda...<br />Merces, amors, car acuelhs<br />Tart mi fo, mas en grat m' o prenc<br />Car si m' art dinz la meola<br />Lo fuecx, non vuelh que s' escanta.<br />Autet e bas entr' els.<br /><br />Les troubadours ont rarement employé des rimes en AGRE, ANDRES, telles qu' Arnaud Daniel les a choisies dans deux pièces:<br />Arnautz vol sos chans sia ufertz<br />Lai on dous motz mov en agre.<br />En breu briza.<br /><br />Ar vei vermeils, blaus, blancs e grocs<br />Vergiers, plans, plais, tertres e vaus<br />E 'l votz dels auzels son e tint<br />Ab doutz acort matin e tart;<br />So m met en cor qu' eu colore mon chan<br />D' una tal flor don lo frugz si' amors<br />E jois lo grans e l' odor de notz gandres.<br />Ar vei vermeils.<br /><br />Voici un couplet d' une pièce qui en a six, et dans laquelle tous se correspondent exactement pour la mesure et la rime de chaque vers:<br /><br />Si m' anpara<br />E m trai aluctz<br />D' auzir<br />Silh qu' es de pretz capduelh;<br />Dels quecx<br />Precx<br />C' ay dedins arencx<br />L' er fort rendutz<br />Clars<br />Mos pessars;<br />Qu' ieu fora mortz,<br />Mas fa m sofrir<br />L' espers<br />Que m crey, que m grey;<br />C' aiso m ten leyt e baut<br />Que d' als jauzir<br />No m val joys una poma.<br />L' aur' amara.<br /><br />Le couplet suivant est tiré de la réponse qu' Arnaud Daniel fit à <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimon_de_Durfort_e_Turc_Malec" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Turc Malet</a>:<br /><br />Bernart, ges eu n' o m' acort<br />Al dig Raimon de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Durfort" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Durfort</a><br />Que vos anc n' aguesses tort.<br />Que, si cornavas per deport,<br />Ben trobavatz fort contra fort,<br />E la pudors agra us tost mort<br />Que peitz ol no fai fems en ort;<br />E vos, qui que us en desconort,<br />Lauzatz en dieu que us n' a estort.<br />Puois Raimons.<br /><br />Nostrad. 41. Bastero, 75. Crescimbeni, 23, 46, 237. Hist. Littér. XV, 434. Millot, II, 479. P. Occ. 253.<br /><br />Arnaud d' Entrevenas. Une pièce, dont un passage a été cité tome II, page 297; en voici deux autres:<br />Del sonet d' En Blacatz<br />Sui tant fort enveios<br />Que descortz e chansos<br />E retroenzas i faz,<br />E quar vei qu' a lui platz,<br />Sirventes i faria,<br />Si faire l' i sabia;<br />E pos far no l' i sai,<br />Una danza i farai<br />Coindeta e ben estan<br />Que chanto ill fin aman,<br />E mova de coindia.<br /><br />Si plagues a 'N <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Blacatz" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Blacaz</a>,<br />Pos novels es lo sos,<br />Mais valgra sa chansos<br />Si meses puois e praz,<br />Flors e vergers foillaz,<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Espanya" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Espaigna</a> et Alamania,<br />E Fransa et Lombardia,<br />E 'ls bauzes Bertelai,<br />E los loncs jorns de mai,<br />E 'l dolze mes de l' an,<br />E l' <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/drugs-supplements-st-johns-wort/art-20362212" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">herba saint Joan</a><br />E la pasca floria.<br />Del sonet.<br /><br />Millot, III, 389. Papon, II, 404.<br /><br />Arnaud de Marsan, auteur d' un Ensenhamen, qui offre une peinture intéressante de la manière de vivre des seigneurs; il en a été imprimé des fragments, tome II, pages 301, 306, 308:<br />Aiso fo en <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=octubre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">octembre</a>...<br />C' a dos mieus donzelos<br />Fis penre II falcos<br />Et al III un austor...<br />E los chis e 'ls lebriers;<br />E foron cavayers,<br />Ben so cug, entorn dex,<br />E volian bordir...<br />Enans qu' ississem fors...<br />Vecvos un chivayer<br />Coma penedensier...<br />Me trais a una part...<br />E dis me sa rancura...<br />“Seigner, per dieu, merci<br />Te prec aias de mi...<br />E que m dones cosselh<br />Com d' amor m' aparelh...”<br />Intrem en un verdier<br />E deves un laurier<br />Fi 'l denan mi assire,<br />E commensey l' a dire:<br />“Amicx, er aprendetz<br />Aiso don m' enqueretz...<br />Si voletz esser drutz...<br />Vostre cors tenetz gen...<br />E d' azaut vestimen...<br />Car tot pros cavayer<br />Deu vestir a sobrier<br />Camizas de tansan<br />Primas, car ben estan,<br />E blancas totas vetz,<br />Que mielhs en semblaretz<br />Cortes et ensenhatz,<br />En totz locx on venhatz;<br />Estrechamens caussas<br />Pes e cambas e bras,<br />E sobrecot e manjas...<br />Garatz vostra <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Bibiloni" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gonela</a>,<br />Can la faretz novela,<br />Que non sia tro lonja,<br />Que pus en seria conja;<br />E faitz la cabessalha<br />A traves ab ventalha<br />Ampla pels muscles sus,<br />Car lo pieytz n' er pus clus...<br />D' eys drap faitz lo mantelh<br />E gardatz qu' el tessel<br />Y sia ben estan,<br />E l' afiblalh denan.<br />Gardatz vostres cabelhs<br />Que mais val hom per elhs;<br />Sovendet los lavatz...<br />Mas no 'ls portes trop loncx,<br />Que mais valon adoncs,<br />Can son un pauc tondut<br />Que s' eran trop cregut.<br />Ni portes loncx ginhos,<br />Que sapchatz no so bos,<br />Ni la barba trop lonja...<br />Escudiers per servir<br />Vos son bos a tenir...<br />Larcx siatz en despendre,<br />Et aiatz gent ostau<br />Ses porta e ses clau.<br />Non crezats lausengiers,<br />Que ja metatz portiers<br />Que feira de basto<br />Escudiers ni garso<br />Ni <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlequ%C3%ADn" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arlot</a> ni joglar<br />Que lay vuelha intrar...<br />A joc maior joguatz,<br />C' aco es jocx onratz,<br />Que no s tanh jocx d' azar<br />Mas ad home avar<br />Que get per un denier<br />Cen vetz en un taulier;<br />Qui pren los datz e 'ls laissa<br />Tot son pretz en abaissa;<br />Per so us man ieu aver<br />A joc maior tener,<br />Ni ja no us irascatz<br />Per perdre que fassatz,<br />Ni camjes vostre loc<br />C' om non puesca far joc...<br />Can seretz en torney,<br />Si creire voletz mey,<br />Totz vostre garnimens<br />Aiatz cominalmens,<br />L' ausberc e l' elm doblier,<br />E las caussas d' assier,<br />E vostr' espaz' al latz,<br />Que de grans colps fassatz<br />Entressenh al caval,<br />E denan al <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=pitral" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">peitral</a><br />Bels sonalhs tragitatz<br />Gent assis e fermatz;<br />Car sonalhs an uzatje<br />Que donan alegratje,<br />Ardimen al senhor,<br />Et als autres paor;<br />A l' encaussar premier,<br />Et al fugir derrier,<br />Car tot aiso cove,<br />A drut c' amor mante...”<br />Qui comte vol aprendre.<br /><br />Millot, III, 62.<br /><br /><br />Arnaud de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Maruelh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marueil</a>, t. III et IV. Ce troubadour, que Pétrarque appelle Il men famoso Arnaldo, est remarquable par la gracieuse et abondante facilité de son style.<br />Arnautz de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Maruelh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maruelh</a> fo de l' <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/continua-catalogo-obispos-mallorca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avescat</a> de Peiragorc, d' castel que a nom Maruelh, e fon clergue de paubra generasio. E car no podia viure per las suas letras, el s' en anet per lo mon: e sabia ben trobar e s' entendia be. Et astre et aventura conduis lo a la cort de la comtessa de <span>Burlatz</span>, que era filha del pros comte Raimon, molher del vescomte de <span>Beders</span> que avia nom Talhafer.<br />Aquel Arnautz e cantava be e legia be <b><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/chapitre-vi-verbes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">romans</a></b>: si era avinens hom de sa personna, e la comtessa li fazia gran be e gran honor. Et el enamoret se d' ela, e d' ela fazia sas cansos; mas non las auzava dire a ela ni a negun per nom qu' el las agues faitas, ans dizia que autre las fazia. Mas amors lo forset tan que dis en una canso:<br />La franca captenensa<br />Qu' ieu non posc oblidar.<br />et en aquesta canso el li descobrit l' amor qu' el li avia. E la comtessa non l' esquivet, ans entendet sos precs e los receup e los grazic; e 'l mes en arnes, e det li baudeza de trobar e de cantar d' <b>ella</b>. E fon onratz hom de cort; don fe mantas bonas cansos d' <b>ela</b>, lasquals cansos mostran qu' el n' ac de grans bens e de grans mals.<br />Vos avetz auzit d' En Arnaut com s' enamoret de la comtessa de <span>Bezers</span>, filha del pros comte Raimon, maire del vescomte de Bezers que il Frances auciron quan l' agron pres a Carcassona; laquals comtessa era dicha de Burlatz, per so qu' ela fon nada dins lo castel de Burlatz; molt li volia gran be Arnautz ad ela, e <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">moltas bonas cansos</a> en fes de leis, e molt la preguet ab gran temensa; et ela volia gran ben a lui. E lo rei 'N Anfos, que entendia en la comtessa, s' aperceup que volia ela gran be ad Arnaut de Marueil. E 'l rei fo ne fort gilos e dolens, qu' an vit los semblans amoros qu' ela fazia ad Arnaut, et auzit las bonas cansos qu' el fazia d' ela. Si la occaizonet d' Arnaut; e dis tan, e tan li fes dire, qu' ela donet comjat ad Arnaut, e 'l vedet que mais no 'l fos denan ni mais cantes d' ela e dels sieus precx d' ela.<br />Arnautz de Marueil, quant auzi lo comjat, fo sobre totas dolors dolens; e si s' en parti com hom desesperatz de lieis e de sa cort. Et anet s' en a 'N Guillem de Monpeslier qu' era sos amics e sos senher, et estet gran temps ab lui. E lai plays e ploret, e lai fes aquesta canso que dis:<br />Molt eran dous miei cossir.<br />On aimera sans doute à lire encore quelques fragments de deux de ses épîtres.<br />Dona cortez' et avinens,<br />No us fassa razos oblidar<br />Merce, que non o devetz far;<br />Razos part mantas res de se<br />Que merces cossent e rete;<br />Razos es esquiv' e cozens,<br />Merces es dolza e plazens,<br />Razos s' irais, merces blandis<br />Razos destruy, merces noyris,<br />Razos esguarda ab erguelh,<br />De merce son humil siey huelh;<br />E razon a ganren de fel,<br />En merce non a ren mas mel;<br />Soven se tol razos amicx,<br />Merces plaideya enemicx;<br />Razo ausi per jutjamen,<br />Merces aduy a salvamen;<br />Mantas vetz jutg razos a mort<br />Que merces perdona lo tort...<br />Mas eras sai be que vers es<br />Tal se cuia calfar que s' art,<br />Qu' ieu non cugera ges qu' el cart<br />Me destreisses per vos amors<br />Lo jorn que m fes vostra valors,<br />E 'l paratje e la beutatz<br />Oblidar autras amistatz.<br />De lor en sai, si m valha dieus,<br />Ai estat vostre mielhs que mieus,<br />De mon saber e de mon sen,<br />De bon cor e de bon talen.<br />Per totz vostres bes enansar<br />Totas sazos que us tang a far;<br />E si merces no m val ab vos,<br />Tristz e marritz e vergonhos,<br />Lais chant e deport e solatz,<br />E non o fes hom pus forsatz;<br />Ieu non puesc may joi mantener<br />Si a vos no ven a plazer<br />Que denhes virar pres de me<br />Los huelhs d' amor e de merce:<br />M' esperansa, mon cor e me<br />Lais tot en la vostra merce.<br />Sel cui vos es.<br /><br />E ditz que vos es sela res<br />Cuy cove mais honors e bes<br />Et obezirs e car teners,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Servirs et honors e temers,<br />C' a nulh' autra, ses contenso;<br />Per so vol e manda que do<br />Aisi a vos per bona fe<br />Que res no y aia part en me<br />Mas vos sola, foras de dieu;<br />E si dieus deges tener fieu,<br />De vos tengra la sua part...<br />No cossen pas amor selar,<br />Enans lo m fai a vos mostrar...<br />Que ieu, dona, vos clam merce,<br />Qu' el fin cor e la bona fe<br />Qu' ie us ai non getes a non cura;<br />Franca res, fina, car' e pura<br />Res no us quier de tot quant avetz,<br />Mas so que tolre no m podetz;<br />Tolre no m podetz que no us am,<br />Neys s' ieu e vos o voliam,<br />Que no m' o cossentri' amors<br />Ni no m' o <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=tolre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tolria</a> paors;<br />Qu' ieu no us quier autre guizardo<br />Mas solamens que us sia bo<br />Qu' ie us am, e sitot bo no us es,<br />Sivals faitz semblan que no us pes,<br />Si per m' amor non o sufretz,<br />Sufretz o endreg vostre pretz;<br />Car mot l' es ops sacha sofrir<br />Qui vol a gran honor venir;<br />Si m' avetz mal cor, no me lais;<br />Greu m' es, dona, mas non puesc mais,<br />Que no m' en sai venjar estiers,<br />Mas d' aitan vos serai gueriers,<br />A vos aurai amor coral<br />Eta mi meteys volrai mal<br />E laissarai chant e deport<br />E murrai trist ab desconort,<br />Si vey que vos plassa mos dans<br />E no us sia bos mos enans,<br />Aquesta venjansa ’n penrai<br />Que jes autra penre non sai;<br />Mi eys puesc ieu ben azirar,<br />Mas ja vos non puesc dezamar…<br />Tug aquist avinen plazer...<br />Guardon a la vostra honor<br />Mon cor per mandamen d’ amor;<br />E 'l tenon si assolassat<br />Ab aitan fina voluntat<br />Que no y intra autre voler,<br />Ni auzaria remaner;</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus de vos no m puesc partir,<br />Si autre be no m deu venir,<br />Per dieu e per merce vos clam<br />Que no us sia greu car vos am,<br />Que no me puesc partir ni aus,<br />C' amors a pres de mi las claus;<br />Aisi a vostre salvamen,<br />Tot autr' amistat mi defen:<br />Cal que m fassatz o mal o be,<br />Vos am e us amarai jasse;<br />E fin' amor, per sa merce,<br />Meta us en cor que ametz me;<br />Digatz tug AMEN per amor,<br />Las donas e li amador.<br />DONA.<br /><br />Totas bonas.<br /><br />Nostrad. 65. Crescimbeni, 46 et 225, Bastero, 120, 135. Millot, I, 69. Hist. Litt. XV, 441. P. Occ. 15.<br /><br />Arnaud Plagues. Couplet d' envoi d' une de ses pièces:<br />Belha Eleienors, guirensa<br />Trob ab vos pretz ses falhensa,<br />E valor e conoyssensa<br />Volc dieus en vos gent assire;<br />Tant d' onor hi mes<br />Qu' en un mes<br />Non poiria dir los bes<br />Per saber qu' ieu aia.<br /><br />Ben es razos.<br /><br />Crescimbeni, 170. Millot, III, 390. P. Occ. 357.<br /><br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnaud Sabata. Une seule chanson:<br />Preyada us ai que no m fassatz maltraire,<br />E dig vos ai lo mieu voler quals es;<br />E no us cugetz qu' ie us am dos ans o tres<br />Tot en perdo, qu' ades vuelh mon pro faire<br />Ab vos, dona, que ieu am finamen...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Silvia+Dilla" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ieu no dic ges que siatz la belayre<br />De tot lo mon</a>, bona domna, no us pes,<br />Quar ieu no sui coms ni ducx ni marques,<br />Per que m sembla no m fos belh per retraire<br />Que ieu ames del mon la plus valen;<br />Mas pro avetz beutat e pro joven,<br />E pro valetz, tan qu' autra non dezire;<br />Ab vos reman, si m voletz far jauzire.<br />Fis amicx sui.<br /><br />Millot, III, 390.<br /><br />Aruer. Une tenson avec Henri, auquel il répond:<br />Enric, eu, crei veramen ses duptansa<br />Q' el sobranzier c' amar fa star joyos<br />Deu mai plaser a domnas...<br />Mai si col fruc qui de l' albre sobrier<br />Son plus plasent e de sabor plenier,<br />Tot autresi deu la domna grazir<br />Lo sobranzier, e 'l nescis deu fugir.<br /><br />Amic Aruer.<br />Aubert, ou Gaubert, moine de Puicibot, t. III. Auteur de seize pièces.<br />Gaubert de Puegsibot fo gentils hom, e fon de l' avescat de Lemozi, filh del <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castela</a> de Puegsibot; e fo mes monges cant era efans en un monestier de Sant Launart. E saup ben letras e ben cantar e trobar.<br />E per voluntat de femna <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=Ramiro+II" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">isic del monestier</a>, e venc s' en a selui on venian tuit aquil que per cortesia volion onor ni bienfait, al pros, al valen En Savaric de Malleo; et el arnesquet lo a joglar de vestir e d' arnes. Et anet per cortz, e fes mantas bonas cansos. Et enamoret se d' una gentil donzela bela; e d' ela fe sas cansos: et ela no 'l volia amar si no s fezes cavayers e no la tolgues per molher. Et el contet o tot a 'N Savaric, et el lo fes cavalier e donet li alberc, terra e renda; et el pres la donzela per molher e tenc la gran honor. Et avenc se qu' el anet en Espanha, e la dona remas. Et us cavayers de la terra si entendia en ela, e fes e dis tan que ab se la 'n menet; e tenc la longa sazo per druda, e pueys la layset malamens anar. E cant Gaubert tornava d' Espanha, el alberguet un ser en la ciutat on ela era. E cant venc lo ser, el anet defora per voluntat de femna, et intret en l' alberc d' una paubra femna, que 'l fon dig que lainz avia una bela donzella. Et el intret e trobet que aquela era la soa molher;</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">e can la vi, fon gran dol entr' els e gran vergonha. Ab leis estec aquela nueg, e lendeman s' en anet ab ela, e menet la en una mongia, e aqui la fes rendre. E per aquela dolor el laysset lo trobar e 'l cantar.<br />Couplet d' une pièce dans laquelle il accuse sa dame d' infidélité:<br />Qu' ab belh semblan trichador<br />Mi saup gent enfolhetir<br />E sa falsedat cubrir,<br />Tro m' ac pres per servidor;<br />Pueys, quan fo de mi aizida,<br />No m poc far mais de guandida<br />Son leugier talan,<br />Qu' ans que passet l' an,<br />Aizic un fals preyador<br />Ab si jos sotz cobertor.<br />Partit de joy.<br /><br />Dans une autre pièce, adressée au roi d' Aragon et à l' empereur, il dit:<br />Al rei dels Alamans<br />Cap dels emperadors...<br />S' ieu anc jorn dis clams<br />Encontra vos, amors,<br />Erguelh ni deshonors<br />Ara m dey en mos chans<br />Humiliar dos tans,<br />E laissar mas clamors,<br />Pus ma dona Elyonors,<br />La pros reyna prezans,<br />Ho denh' aissi voler...<br />S' ieu anc jorn.<br /><br />Nostrad. 114. Crescimbeni, 81. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Crusca" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bastero</a>, 71. Millot, II, 384. P. Occ. 218.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Augier, ou Ogiers, t. III.<br />Ogiers si fo un joglars de Vianes qu' estet lonc temps en Lombardia, e fez bons descortz, e fez sirventes <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">joglaresc</a> que lauzava l' uns e blasmava los autres.<br />Dans une de ses pièces, il parle de Roger-<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_I_Barbarroja" target="_blank">Frédéric Ier</a>, roi d' Italie en 1151, et <a href="http://www.holyromanempireassociation.com/holy-roman-emperor-frederick-i-barbarossa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">empereur en 1155</a>.<br />Qu' ieu vi ja 'l ric <a href="https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/federico-barbarroja-emperador-alemania_20133" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rei Rogier Frederic</a><br />Fres ses esfre per valer e valor;<br />Ja no cugei, tan l' auzi pretz prezar,<br />Que ja 'l pogues emperis peiurar.<br />Totz temps serai.<br /><br />Dans une tenson avec Bertrand, il lui dit:<br />Bertran, vos c' anar soliatz ab lairos,<br />Panan bueus e bocx, cabras e moutos,<br />Porcs e galinas et aucas e capos,<br />Eratz glotz e raubaire,<br />Digas vostre veiaire:<br />Qual mestier es plus aontos,<br />D' esser joglar o laire?<br />Bertran vos.<br /><br />Dans une autre tenson, il parle ainsi des vieilles femmes:<br />E tenc m' o a meraveilla<br />De la color que s fan blanca e <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/search?q=Pe%C3%B1arroya" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vermeilla</a><br />Ab l' englut<br />D' un ov batut<br />Que s met viron l' aureilla,<br />Del blanquet<br />Que pois i met<br />Et essug e solleilla<br />Del tifingon,<br />Del mentiron<br />Entro sobre l' aissella.<br /><br />Era quan l' ivern.<br />Crescimbeni, 202. Millot, I, 340. Hist. Litt. XIII, 419. P. Occ. 96.<br />Austois de Maensac. Voyez Pierre de Maensac.<br /><br />Austorc d' Orlac. Une pièce dans laquelle il déplore les malheurs de la croisade où périt saint Louis:<br />Ay! dieus per qu' as facha tan gran maleza<br />De nostre rey frances larc e cortes...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ay! bella gens avinens e corteza<br />Que oltra mar passetz tan bel arnes,<br />May no us veyrem tornar sai, de que m peza,<br />Don per lo mon s' en es grans dols empres.<br />Mal dicha si' Alexandria,<br />E mal dicha tota clergia,<br />E mal dich Turc que us an fach remaner;<br />Mal o fetz dieus, quar lor en det poder.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Crestiantat vey del tot a mal meza,<br />Tan gran perda no cug qu' ancmais fezes,<br />Per qu' es razos qu' hom hueymais dieus descreza.<br />E qu' <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2018/03/coran.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">azorem Bafomet</a> lai on es...<br />Pus dieus vol e sancta Maria<br />Que nos siam vencutz a non dever...<br /><br />L' emperaires volgr' agues la crotz preza<br />E qu' a son filh l' emperis remazes,<br />E que s tengues ab lui la <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gens franceza</a><br />Contra fals clercx en cui renha no fes,<br />Qu' an mort pretz e cavalairia<br />E morta tota cortezia;<br />E prezo s pauc qui a son desplazer,<br />Sol qu' ill puesco sejornar e jazer.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanh Peire tenc la drecha via,<br />Mas l' apostolis la 'lh desvia...<br />Ay! dieus per qu' as<br />Millot, II, 430.<br /><br />Austor Segret. Un sirvente sur la mort de saint Louis et sur les malheurs de la croisade.<br />Ieu vey gueritz los paguas mescrezens<br />E 'ls Sarrazis e 'ls Turcx d' outra la mar<br />E 'ls Arabitz, que non cal un gardar<br />Del rey Felips, dont es grans marrimens,<br />Ni d' En Karle, qu' elh lur es caps e guitz;<br />No sai don es vengutz tals esperitz,<br />Que tanta gens n' es morta e perida,<br />E 'l <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/2-15-nobles-gendarmes-roturiers-vilains-chevaliers-armoiries-france.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">reys Loix</a> n' a perduda la vida.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ancmais no vim del rey que fos perdens,<br />Ans l' avem vist ab armas guazanhar<br />Tot quant anc volc aver ni conquistar...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar aura ops proez' et ardimens<br />A 'N Audoart, si volha Enric venjar<br />Qu' era de sen e de saber ses par,<br />E tot lo mielhs era de sos parens,<br />E si reman aras d' aisso aunitz,<br />No 'l laissaran ni cima ni razitz<br />Frances de sai ni forsa ben garnida,<br />Si la valors es de pretz desgarnida.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos sirventes, Cotellet, sia ditz<br />Mo senhor N Oth qu' es lauzatz e grazitz...<br />E donar t' a rossin a la partida.<br />No sai qui m so.<br /><br />Millot, III, 391.<br /><br />Auzers Figera figure dans une tenson; ce couplet paraît lui appartenir:<br />Bertran d' Aurel, se moria<br />N Aimerics anz de martror<br />Digatz a cui laissaria<br />Son aver e sa ricor<br />Qu' a conques en Lombardia,<br />Sufertan freit e langor,<br />Com dison l' arbergador?<br /><br />Aimeri de Péguilain, un des interlocuteurs, nomme Figera:<br />Bertran d' Aurel, s' avia<br />N Auzers Figera doptor,<br />Digatz a cui, etc...<br />Millot, III, 390.<br /><br />Azalais de Porcairagues, t. III.<br />N' Alazais de Porcairagues si fo de l' encontrada de Monpeslier, gentils domna et enseignada. Et enamoret se d' En Gui Guerreiat, qu' era fraire d' En Guillem de Monpeslier. E la domna si sabia trobar, e fez de lui mantas bonas cansons.<br />Hist. gén. du Languedoc, II, 519. Millot, I, 110. Hist. Litt. XIII, 422.<br />P. Occ. 27.<br /><br />Azars. Ces vers sont tirés d' une pièce qui est sous son nom:<br />Qui ben se vol d' amor jauzir<br />De proesa si deu garnir;<br />Mas mal s' en penon li plusor<br />Quar fan lor meteis escarnir...<br />Dompna plaz.</span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azemar le noir.<br />N Azemar lo Negres si fo del Castelvieil d' Albin. Cortes hom fo e gen parlans; e fo ben honrat entre las bonas gens, per lo rei Peire d' Aragon e per lo comte de Tolosa, per aquel que fon dezeretatz, qu' il donet maisons e terras a Tolosa.<br />Dans l' une de ses pièces il dit:<br />per so m' ausi deziran,<br />quan la remir en pensan,<br />c' ades la cuig vezer nuda<br />en aissi com l' ai veguda.<br />De solatz e de.<br /><br />Une autre est adressée à l' infant de Castille:<br />Chanzos, l' enfant me saluda<br />De Castella, qu' eu enten<br />C' om no 'l val de son joven.<br />Era m vai.<br />Crescimbeni, 201. Papon, II, 383. P. Occ. 359.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/barthelemi-zorgi-boniface-de-castelane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barthélemi Zorgi - Boniface de Castelane</a></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/cadenet-la-comtesse-de-provence.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cadenet - La comtesse de Provence</a></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/dauphin-auvergne-durand-tailleur-paernes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dauphin d' Auvergne, Durand, tailleur de Paernes</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/ebles-de-signe-eveque-de-clermont.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/ebles-de-signe-eveque-de-clermont.html</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/faidit-de-belistar-frere-barte.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faidit de Belistar, Frère Barte</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/garins-d-apchier-guionet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garins d' Apchier - Guionet</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/hameus-amedee-broquerie-uc-saint-circ.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hameus ou Amédée de la Broquerie, N Uc de Saint Circ</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/la-dame-isabelle-izarn-rizols.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La dame Isabelle - Izarn Rizols</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/jacme-grill-jutge.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jacme Grill - Jutge</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/lambert-la-dame-lombarde.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lambert - La dame Lombarde</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/marcabrus-montant-sartre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marcabrus - Montant Sartre</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/nat-de-mons-nicolet-de-turin.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nat de Mons - Nicolet de Turin</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/olivier-de-la-mer-ozils-de-cadartz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olivier de la Mer - Ozils de Cadartz</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/palais-pujols.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Palais - Pujols</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/raimond-rostans-de-merguas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Raimond - Rostans de Merguas</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/sail-de-scola-sordel-de-goi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sail de Scola - Sordel de Goi</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/taurel-vinzens-fin-du-tome-v.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Taurel - Vinzens (Fin du tome V)</span></a></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-52009195550029738332023-10-19T08:54:00.006-07:002023-10-20T12:08:22.815-07:00Sirventes divers. (60)<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Sirventes divers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Index:<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/cominal-vielh-flac-playdes-garin-apchier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">I, cominal, vielh, flac, playdes</a><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-mos-cominals-fai-ben-parer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, mos Cominals fai ben parer</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-comtor-d-apchier-rebuzat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, Comtor d' Apchier rebuzat,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-ancmais-tan-gen-no-vi-venir-pascor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Ancmais tan gen no vi venir pascor,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-reis-pus-vos-de-mi-chantatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Reis, pus vos de mi chantatz,</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vergoigna-aura-breument-nostre-evesque-cantaire.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI, Vergoigna aura breument nostre evesque cantaire,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vii-mout-mi-plai-quan-vey-dolenta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Mout mi plai quan vey dolenta</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/belh-m-es-quan-vey-camjar-lo-senhoratge.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Belh m' es quan vey camjar lo senhoratge,</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ix-guerra-e-trebalh-vei-et-afan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IX, Guerra e trebalh vei et afan</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/x-quan-lo-dous-temps-d-abril.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">X, Quan lo dous temps d' abril</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-sirventes-e-chansos-lais.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XI, Sirventes e chansos lais</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-ar-faray-sitot-no-m-platz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XII, Ar faray, sitot no m platz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-ara-farai-no-m-puesc-tener.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIII, Ara farai, no m puesc tener,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-no-m-agrad-iverns-ni-pascors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIV, no m agrad iverns ni pascors</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-d-un-sirventes-far-ai-gran-talen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XV, D' un sirventes a far ai gran talen,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/de-nuilla-ren-non-es-tan-grans-cardatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVI, De nuilla ren non es tan grans cardatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-tans-ricx-clergues-vey-trasgitar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVII, Tans ricx clergues vey trasgitar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/per-espassar-ira-dolor-ay-dins-mon-cor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVIII, Per espassar l' ira e la dolor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-joan-fabre-yeu-ai-fach-un-deman.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIX, Joan Fabre, yeu ai fach un deman</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-messonget-un-sirventes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XX, Messonget, un sirventes</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-pus-chai-la-fuelha-del-garric.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXI, Pus chai la fuelha del garric</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxii-belha-m-es-la-flors-d-aguilen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXII, Belha m' es la flors d' aguilen,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiii-chantarai-d-aquetz-trobadors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIII, Chantarai d' aquetz trobadors</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiv-pus-mos-coratge-s-esclarzis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIV, Pus mos coratge s' esclarzis</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxv-auiatz-de-chan-com-enans-se-meillura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXV, Auiatz de chan com enans se meillura,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/belh-m-es-quan-vey-pels-vergiers-e-pels-pratz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXVI, Belh m' es quan vey pels vergiers e pels pratz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxvii-no-m-laissarai-per-paor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXVII, No m laissarai per paor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxviii-sirventes-vuelh-far.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXVIII, Sirventes vuelh far</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxix-greu-m-es-durar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIX, Greu m' es a durar,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxx-ieu-ai-ja-vista-manhta-rey.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXX, Ieu ai ja vista manhta rey</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/qui-se-membra-del-segle-passatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXI, Qui se membra del segle qu' es passatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxii-lo-segle-m-es-camjatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXII, Lo segle m' es camjatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/per-lo-mon-fan-los-uns-dels-autres-rancura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXIII, Per lo mon fan l' us dels autres rancura</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxiv-del-tot-vey-remaner-valor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXIV, Del tot vey remaner valor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxv-un-sirventes-fas-en-luec-de-jurar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXV, Un sirventes fas en luec de jurar,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxvi-falsedatz-e-desmezura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXVI, Falsedatz e desmezura</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ticx-hom-que-greu-ditz-vertat-e-leu-men.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXVII, Ricx hom que greu ditz vertat e leu men,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxviii-li-clerc-si-fan-pastor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXVIII, Li clerc si fan pastor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxix-per-folhs-tenc-polles-e-lombartz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXIX, Per folhs tenc Polles e Lombartz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xltos-temps-azir-falsetat-et-enjan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XL. Tos temps azir falsetat et enjan,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xli-tals-cuia-be-aver-filh-de-s-espoza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLI, Tals cuia be Aver filh de s' espoza,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlii-pus-ma-boca-parla-sens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLII, Pus ma boca parla sens</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xliii-qui-ve-gran-maleza-faire.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLIII, Qui ve gran maleza faire</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xliv-tartarassa-ni-voutor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLIV, Tartarassa ni voutor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlv-tot-atressi-com-fortuna-de-ven.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLV, Tot atressi com fortuna de ven</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlvi-tan-son-valen-nostre-vezi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLVI, Tan son valen nostre vezi,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlvii-razos-es-qu-ieu-m-esbaudey.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLVII, Razos es qu' ieu m' esbaudey,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlviii-un-sirventes-novel-vuelh-comensar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLVIII, Un sirventes novel vuelh comensar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlix-una-cieutat-fo-no-sai-quals.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLIX, Una cieutat fo, no sai quals,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/l-pus-peyre-d-alvernhe-chantat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">L. Pus Peyre d' Alvernhe a chantat</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/li-l-autre-jorn-m-en-pugiey-al-cel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LI, L' autre jorn m' en pugiey al cel,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lii-de-sirventes-aurai-gran-ren-perdutz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LII, De sirventes aurai gran ren perdutz,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ab-gran-dreg-son-maint-gran-seignor-del-mon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIII, Ab gran dreg son maint gran seignor del mon</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/liv-per-tot-so-c-om-sol-valer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIV, Per tot so c' om sol valer</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lv-qui-ha-talen-de-donar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LV, Qui ha talen de donar</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lvi-mon-sirventes-tramet-al-cominal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LVI, Mon sirventes tramet al cominal</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/blog-post_20.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LVII, Cristias vey perilhar Per colpa dels regidors,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lviii-qui-m-disses-non-dos-ans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LVIII, Qui m disses, non a dos ans,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/fortz-guerra-fai-tot-lo-mon-guerreiar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIX, Fortz guerra fai tot lo mon guerreiar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lxvertatz-es-atras-tirada.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LX, Vertatz es atras tirada</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cominal, <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vielh</a>, flac, playdes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paubre d' aver</a> et escas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant faitz malvatz sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que del respondre sui las;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l vostra cavalaria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra tota ad un dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant er so denan detras,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' avol bo e 'l bo malvas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc un bon mot non fezes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non i agues dos malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ie us tolrai vostre ses,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon chan ab que us fermiatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar chantatz ab vilania;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l comtessa m' en chastia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ten Beders e Burlas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ditz que vos rebuzas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc sagramen non tengues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tornel, quant l' avias;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni nul temps ver non disses,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si mentir non cuidavas;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anas queren tot dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om se fi, e qui se fia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenetz lo taulier e 'ls datz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del joc sabetz assatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ie us tolia Vivares,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' Argentiera e 'l Solas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lor comtes mans orbes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mezures vos hom lo vas;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quant Ponstorstz vos payssia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Sanh Laurens vos vestia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siatz totz paubres e ras,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sieus es enquer, si us plas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et avetz tan de mal pres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras e d' aissi entras,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non sai cum vos tolgues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l pe no us toli o 'l nas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O 'ls huelhs, o no us aussizia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no fos la confrairia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Chassier e de Carlas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab los pecols anaras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Garin d' Apchier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">II.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos Cominals fai ben parer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si 'l saubes dire ni far</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So qu' a mi degues enuiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el en faria son poder;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas jovens e poders li falh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paubreira e veillors l' assalh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' al guerrier non fai paor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non a amic ni senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no 'l tenha per enueyos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan quant ditz nostras tensos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' ieu lo vuelh ben dechazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el vuelha tolre mon chantar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non er qu' ilh don' a manjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l vuelha albergar un ser;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas metray lo chan din serralh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el soven trembl' e badalh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la verchieira de sa sor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vendet de son gay maint pastor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car lai vivia ab sos lairos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emblan las fedas e 'ls moutos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc ab armas non sap valer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom meinz, tant s' en volgues lauzar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni als guerriers, mas ab parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No saup hom meinz de dan tener;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas soven mov guerra et assalh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sels que an croz e sonalh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don mil monge dins refeitor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pregan, ploran, nostre senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en Ponstortz e 'n Sanz Laurens fos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si cum es vielhs e sofraitos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leialtat sol molt mantener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E falsetat totz temps blasmar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas al tornei la i vim laissar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del tot metr' en non chaler;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que ditz lo par de Neralh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que home que nafre e talh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E prenda son lige senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni qu' el toilla castel ni tor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l deu mantener nulhs homs pros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el no 'l mante ni 'n randos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja nulh marit non cal temer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lui, ni sa molher gardar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans lo pot laissar domneiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et estar ab leys a lezer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quals qu' el de bois vil entalh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deboissar lo pot d' aital talh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses pel, ses carn e ses color</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ses joven e ses vigor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E d' ome qu' es d' aital faysos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non deu esser maritz gelos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Garin d' Apchier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">III.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comtor d' Apchier rebuzat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pos de chan vos es laissat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Recrezut vos lays e mat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luenh de tota benanansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vencut, de guerra sobrat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comtor, mal encompanhat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab pauc de vi e de blat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plen d' enuey e de carn ransa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aisi prenc de vos comjatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois may de mi no chantatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del vostre vielh barat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de vostra vielha pansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del nas tort, mal talhat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del veser biaisat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tal vos a dieus tornat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' anas co escut e lansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be us a breujat lo corril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monlaur que tenias per vil, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de may tro qu' en abril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos fay estar en balansa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non aves senhoril,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant aut son dur cor apil!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja us trobon en plan mil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m pren de vos pezansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Can vos clavon lo cortil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sil que us son deus lo capil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tornat de brau humil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tout chant et alegransa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' anc raubes loc mongil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara us faitz dire a mil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus e l' orde clergil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos a tout pretz et onransa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pos de chantar em al som</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aiss' ie us desampar lo nom;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot vostr' argen torn en plom,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vostr' afar desenansa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilhet pus blanc d' un colom,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be us menon de tom en tom,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no sabetz qui ni com;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tart seres mais reis de Fransa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cominal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ancmais tan gen no vi venir pascor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el ve guarnitz de solatz e de chan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz de guerra e de mazan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz d' esmay e de paor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz de gran cavalairia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz d' una gran manentia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tals sol pro cosselhar e dormir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ara vay gent bras levat aculhir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh m' es quan vey que boyer e pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Van si marrit q' us no sap vas o s' an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E belh quan vey que 'l ric baro metran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So don eron avar e guillador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ara dara tals que cor non avia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E montara 'l pages qu' aunir solia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que grans guerra, quant hom no i pot gandir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai mal senhor vas los sieus afranquir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab nulha gent no trob om tan d' amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tan de fe, segon lo mieu semblan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com ab los sieus, que ja no falhiran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En nulha re, sol qu' om no falha lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas a senhor qu' els sieus forsa e gualia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non pot hom fe portar ni senhoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ab los sieus qui los sap gen baillir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pot hom lo sieu gardar e conquerir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El mon non a thesaurs ni gran ricor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si' aunitz, sapchatz qu' ieu prez un guan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aitan tost mor, mas non o sabon tan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avols cum bos; e vida ses valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pretz meyns que mort, e pretz mais tota via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Honor e pretz qu' aunida manentia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar selh es folhs que se fai escarnir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selh savis que se fai gen grazir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al pro comte de Tolza mon senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prec que 'l membre qu' il valc ni qu' il tenc dan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que valha a cels que valgut l' an, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sian ric per lui bon servidor; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el savis dis que cel qui be volria </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esser amatz, ames be ses bauzia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car qui be vol baissar ni frevolhir </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos enemics, bos amics deu chauzir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bernard Arnaud de Montouc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reis, pus vos de mi chantatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trobat avetz chantador;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan me faitz de paor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m torn a vos forsatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E plazentiers vos en son:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' aitan vos ochaizon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ueymais laissatz vostre fieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m mandetz querre los mieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no soy reis coronatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni hom de tan gran ricor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que puesc' a mon for, senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Defendre mas heretatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas vos, que li Turc felon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Temion mais que leon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reis e ducx, e coms d' Angieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sufretz que Gisors es sieus!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc no fuy vostre juratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E conoissi ma folor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tant caval milsoudor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tant esterlis pezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Donetz mon cosin Guion;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So m dizon siey companhon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tos temps segran vostr' estrieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol tant larc vos tenga dieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be m par, quan vos diziatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu soli' aver valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m laysassetz ses honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys que bon me laysavatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero dieus m' a fag tan bon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' entr' el Puey et Albusson</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puesc remaner entr' els mieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no soi sers ni juzieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senher valens et honratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m' avetz donat alhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no m sembles camjador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ves vos m' en fora tornatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas nostre reis de saison</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rend Ussoir' e lais Usson;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l cobrar es me mot lieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu n' ai sai agut sos brieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu soi mot entalentatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos e de vostr' amor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el coms, que us fes tan d' onor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Engolmes n' es gen pagatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que Tolvera e la mayson,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A guiza de larc baron,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li donetz, qu' anc non fos grieus;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So m' a comtat us romieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reis, hueymais me veiretz pron,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tal dona m' en somon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cui soi tan finamen sieus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que totz sos comans m' es lieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Dauphin d' Auvergne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergoigna aura breument nostre evesque cantaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol veigna lo legatz que non tarzara gaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E farem denan lui los sirventes retraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O pels mieus o pels sieus lo cuig de l' orden traire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc mieils non o conquis lo seigner de Belcaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol dieus gart lo legat que per aver no s vaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no s vaira 'l legatz e vol gardar dreitura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades nos ostara sa falsa creatura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alverne, be us garnic de gran mal' aventura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui 'l fetz governador de la sainta escriptura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be s pot meravillar qui conois sa figura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cossi s' ausa vestir de sainta vestidura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li vestiment son saint, mas fals' es sa persona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum cel que rauba e tol e pren, e ren non dona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas vai guerra mesclan plus que 'l Turcs de Mairona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E saup mieils prezicar la comtessa d' Artona;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si fos nostre vezis lo legatz de Narbona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais non portera anel ni crossa ni corona.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc tan fals coronat non ac en esta terra;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grans meravilla es cum tota gens non erra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que nuills hom son amic ses aver non sosterra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan pot tant donar, costa il mil solz la bera;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab deniers dels mortz alonga al rei sa guerra:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan l' azire dieus cum el ama Englaterra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Englaterra ama el ben e fai gran fellonia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lo reis l' a cregut de mais qu' el non avia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant el li promes que del frair' el creiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fetz li frangner Mausac, quan lo reis lo tenia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal portara honor al rei ni seignoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois no la porta a dieu ni a sa preueiria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' evesques me dis mal segon sa fellonia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu li port ades honor e cortesia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas s' ieu dir en volgues so qu' ieu dir en sabria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El perdria l' evescat et ieu ma cortesia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Dauphin d' Auvergne.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout mi plai quan vey dolenta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La malvada gent manenta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab paratge mov contenta;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m plai quan los vey desfar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De jorn en jorn vint o trenta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls trop nutz ses vestimenta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E van lur pan acaptar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' ieu ment, m' amia m menta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilas a costum de trueia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de gent viure s' enueia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant en gran ricor pueia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' aver lo fai folleiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que 'l deu hom la tremueia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totas sazos tener vueia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l deu del sieu despensar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E far sufrir vent e plueia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui son vilan non aerma</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En deslialtat lo ferma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' es fols qui be no 'l merma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan lo vetz sobrepuiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vilas, pus si conferma</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En tan ferm loc si referma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De maleza non a par,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot quan cossec aderma.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja vilan non deu hom planher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l vetz bras o camba franher</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ren de sos ops sofranher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vilan, si dieus m' ampar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cel que pus li pot tanher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per planher ni per complanher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nuls hom no 'l deu ajudar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enans deu lo fag refranher.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rassa, vilana tafura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plena d' enjan e d' uzura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' erguelh e de desmezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur faitz non pot hom durar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieu geton a non cura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E leialtat e drechura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adam cuion contrafar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus lur don mal' aventura!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand de Born.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh m' es quan vey camjar lo senhoratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls viels laisson als joves lurs maizos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quascus pot laissar en son linhatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitans d' efans que l' us puesc' esser pros:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adoncs m' es belh qu' el segle renovelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mielhs que per flor, ni per chantar d' auzelh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui dona ni senhor vol camjar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielh per jove ben deu renovelar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc dona pus capelaya,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha quan cavalier non a;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc si de dos drutz s' apaya,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha si avols hom l' o fa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc s' ama dins son castelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha mal' ha ops de fachelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc pos l' ennueion juglar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha quan trop vuelha parlar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves dona que sap honrar paratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves per bos fagz quan los fa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quant a adreg coratge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vas bon pretz avol mestier non a;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan guarda son cors belh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves dona quan be s capdelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan no y cal devinar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab belh jovent se guart de mal estar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves es hom que lo sieu ben enguatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves quant es ben sofraitos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan pro 'l costa ostatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves quan fa estraguat dos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quant art l' arqua e 'l vaixelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai estorn e vouta e sembelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan li plai domneiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves quan ben l' aman juglar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielhs es ricx hom quan re no met en guatge, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li sobra blat e vis e bacos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vielh lo tenc liura huous e formatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A jorn carnal si e sos companhos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vielh quan viest capa sobre mantelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vielh si a caval qu' om sieu apelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Viels es quan vol un jorn en patz estar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vielhs si pot guandir ses baratar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sirventesc port e vielh e novelh, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnaut juglar, a Richart qu' el capdelh, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ja thesaur vielh no vuelh' amassar, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab thesaur jove pot pretz guazanhar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand de Born.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerra e trebalh vei et afan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sofrir a mant baron truan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pauc m' es del dol e menz del dan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m vueilh alegrar chantan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ab joi vauc et ab joi pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pensamens no m' enpacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni sabers no m fai sofracha</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De far un novel sirventes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerra m plai, sitot guerra m fan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amors e ma domna tot l' an;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar per guerra vei trair' enan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cortz e domnei, solatz e chan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerra fai de vilan cortes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m plai guerra ben facha, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m plai quan la trega es fracha </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels Esterlins e dels Tornes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esterlins e Tornes camjan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tollen e meten e donan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veirem de ill dui reis, ans d' un an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo menz croi, segon mon semblan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero 'l senhers coms, ducs, marques,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' a ben sa pegnora tracha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas metre lo fan per gaicha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So dizon Gascon et Engles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En breu veirem qual mais poiran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sofrir lo maltrach e 'l mazan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant caval bai e mant ferran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veirem e mant elm e mant bran,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mant colp ferir demanes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant bratz, manta testa fracha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant mur, manta tor desfacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant castel forsat et conques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges non crei Frances ses deman</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tengan lo deseret que fan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tort a mant baron presan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero meravilha m don gran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del seinhor dels Aragones,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ab lor dan non destacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueis sai nos ades a pacha</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desmandat a coms, duc, marques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui s vuelha n' aia mal o bes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O enpacha, o desenpacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O bratz rotz, o testa fracha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tan m' es del mort com del pres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gay mi ten una bella res,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avinens, joves, ben facha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ab lei aital pacha</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com an Pisan ab Genoes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand de Born.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan lo dous temps d' abril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fa 'ls arbres secs fulhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls auzelhs mutz cantar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascun en son lati,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben volgr' aver en mi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poder de tal trobar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum pogues castiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las domnas de falhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mal ni dan no m' en pogues venir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu cugiey entre mil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una lial trobar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan cuiava sercar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totas an un trahi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan o atressi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Col laire al bendar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que demanda son par</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sas antas sofrir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el mazans totz sobre lui no s vir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant an prim e subtil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur cor per enganar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' una non pot estar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sa par non gali;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys s' en gab e s' en ri,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan la ve folleiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui d' autruy afar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si sap tan gent formir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben es semblans qu' el sieu sapch' enantir. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selha que del fil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sos ops no pot far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad autra en fai filar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ja peior mati</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us qual de mal vezi;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que so qu' avetz plus car</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos faran azirar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tal ren abelhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de mil ans no vos poiretz jauzir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si las tenetz tan vil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que las vulhatz blasmar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sempre us iran jurar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sobre las dens N Arpi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que so qu' om ditz que vi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s fai a consirar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E saubran vos pregar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan gent ab lur mentir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lurs enjans nulhs hom no s pot guandir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui en loc feminil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuia feutat trobar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben fai a castiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu dic qu' en loc cani</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vai ben sercar sai:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui vol comandar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al milan ni baillar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos poletz per noyrir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja us dels grans no m don pois per raustir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Rainartz d' Isengri</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s saup tan gent venjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan lo fetz escorjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E il det per escarnir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capel e gans, com ieu fas quan m' azir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Donas, pois castiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us voletz de falhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amtas e dans vos n' aven a sufrir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pierre de Bussignac.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes e chansos lais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tot quan suelh far ni dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja no 'n parlarai mais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar des que fui natz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi sui trebalhatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum pogues mi dons defendre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels manens malvatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tot es niens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' aurs e l' argens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El vis e 'l fromens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai ves si atraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dona de mal aire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' am e la bais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que 'l senhorey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot s' es de malvada ley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jamais feutres ni gambais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solatz, ni motz que fan rire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni torneys, on hom s' eslais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No seran prezatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Servitz ni honratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per elms ni per escutz fendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals temps es tornatz!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar s' etz belhs e gens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larcx et avinens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non etz manens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vos valra gaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us fals d' avol aire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilas e putnais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Part vos non estey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab deniers que tenha e maney.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era 'n faran colh e cais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m vau josta lor assire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las falsas, cui dieus abais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et er me vedatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo joys e 'l solatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar conosc e sai entendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las lurs malvestatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys las avols gens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diran entre dens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu sui mal dizens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu, per mon paire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuiava lur traire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pel don lur nais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malvestatz, e vey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per un lur en naisson trey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un pauc estan en bon plais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan si podon escondire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al prim que jovens las pais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro qu' es aut montatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur pretz ves totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pueys lo fan bas deyssendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab lur orretatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En fan per totz sens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lurs drutz conoyssens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu serai lens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tornar al laire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m' en puesc estraire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar totz malvatz fais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Porta qui las crey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E parec en la cub' al rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges ab donas no m' irais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ja negus no s cossire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu per lur mal dir engrais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan suy iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan vey lur beutatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lay, on no s' eschay, despendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ay ajustatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitals motz cozens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur es grans sens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E castiamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar quant aug retraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La foudatz ni braire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cove que s biais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que no folley,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans fassa so que ben l' estey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mielhs mi vai qu' al rey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que m melhur e non sordey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre de Bussignac.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar faray, sitot no m platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantar verses ni chansos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes en son joyos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai qu' en seray blasmatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas del senhor suy servire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per nos suferc martir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en crotz deynhet morir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu no m tem de ver dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vey qu' el temps s' es camjatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls auzelletz de lurs sos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paratges que chai jos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vilas coutz son prezatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clercx e Frances cuy azire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu per ver vey dregz delir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E merces e pretz veuzir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus m' en do so qu' ieu 'n dezire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es grans lur cobeytatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dreytura n' es al jos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et enjans e tracios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es dreitz per elhs apellatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don pretz, dos, solatz e rire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franh, e vezem car tenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los malvatz que ges servir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non podon dieu ni ver dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu suy al cor iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar aissi s pert ad estros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sofracha d' omes bos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquest segle ves totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vey qu' hom met en azire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drechura per fals mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l tort ans qu' el drech escrir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mals enans qu' el bes dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joglars, ben son desamatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La flor dels valens baros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuy cortz, dompneyars e dos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plazion joys e solatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' er, si re als voletz dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos pessaran descarnir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ja no 'ls pot abellir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aver aver lur tolh rire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo valens coms, sens fench dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mante pretz e s fa grazir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Astarac, e 'l platz servir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E donar e joy e rire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Anelier de Toulouse.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara farai, no m puesc tener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un sirventes en est son gay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab bos motz leus per retener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot chantar cum sol no m play;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar li ric son tan non chalen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el pretz ne perdon d' aquest mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar cobeytatz los vay vensen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don proeza s bayssa e s cofon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar aras no ven a plazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joys ni deportz ni pretz veray,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enans creys malvestatz per ver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E falsetatz contra ver vay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paratges pren aunimen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vilas coutz on totz be s fon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tan son ples de mal talen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot bon fag de lor s' escon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui vol de lor grat aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Er ses merce ab cor savay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fara tot fach per aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que n' aya, que pueys n' er may</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Honratz e tengutz per paren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sia vengutz no sai don;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' er non es prezatz hom valen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si non a pro de que s' aon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas us enfans cobra poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es a paratge lums e ray,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ses elh no pogra valer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans er al bas per tos temps may,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tant a pres gran honramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De selhs de qui fetz planqua e pon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eychanple tal qu' ab cor temen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son Frances, quar tan prop li son.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don prec Ieshu Crist que poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li don e qu' el garde, si 'l play,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que clercx no 'l puescon dan tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab fals prezicx totz ples d' esglay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tant es grans lur trichamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el fuecx enfernals plus preon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardran, quar volon tant argen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' hom peccaire fan cast e mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la gleiza falh son saber,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vol los Frances metre lay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On non an dreg per nulh dever,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gieton cristias a glay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per lengatge sens cauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar volon lo segle redon;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero en camp clercx non aten,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas de perdon daran un mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo coms a laus de tota gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Astarac, e s' espenh amon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son pretz, et a en dar talen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E flac cor ab luy no s' apon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Anelier de Toulouse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m' agrad' iverns ni pascors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni clar temps ni fuelhs de guarricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar mos enans me par destricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E totz mos magers gaugz dolors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son maltrag tug mei lezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dezesperat mei esper;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si m sol amors e dompneys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tener guay plus que l' aigua 'l peys;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus d' amdui me sui partitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum hom eyssellatz e marritz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot' autra vida m sembla mortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tot autre joy desconortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus d' amor m' es falhida 'l flors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l dous frug e 'l gras e l' espicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don jauzi' ab plazens predicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pretz m' en sobrav' et honors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m fazia entr' els pros caber,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era m fai d' aut en bas chazer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si no m sembles fols esfreys,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc flama tan tost non s' esteys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu for' esteyns e relenquitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E perdutz en fagz et en digz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo jorn que m venc lo desconortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no m merma, cum que m' esfortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero no m comanda valors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si be m sui iratz et enicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu don gaug a mos enemicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan qu' en oblit pretz ni lauzors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ben puesc dan e pro tener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai d' irat jauzens parer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai entr' els Latis e 'ls Grezeis:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l marques, que l' espaza m ceis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerreye lai blancs e droguitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anc pus lo mons fo bastitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fes nulha gens tan d' esfortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum nos, quan dieus nos n' ac estortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belhas armas, bos feridors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Setges e calabres e picx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E traucar murs nous et anticx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E venser batalhas e tors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vey et aug, e non puesc vezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ren que m puesc' ad amor valer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vauc sercan ab rics arneys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerras e coytas e torneys,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don sui, conquerenz, enrequitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus joys d' amor m' es falhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz lo mons me par sol uns ortz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mos chans no m' es mais conortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo Marques vey honrat e sors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Campanes, e 'l coms Enricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sicar, Montos e Salanicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Costantinople socors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar gent sabon camp retener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pot hom ben proar en ver;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ancmais nulha gent non ateys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan gran honor apareys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per bos vassals, valens, arditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nostr' emperi conqueritz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus trameta nos esfortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' elh se trai' a cap nostre sortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Alixandres no fetz cors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni Karles ni 'l reys Lodoycx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant honrat; ni 'l coms N Aimericx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni Rotlan ab sos ponhedors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No saubron tan gen conquerer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan ric emperi per poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum nos, don pueia nostra leys;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' emperadors e ducx e reys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avem fagz, e castels garnitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pres dels Turcx e dels Arabitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ubertz los camis e 'ls portz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Brandis tro al bratz Sanh Jortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs que m val conquitz ni ricors?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu ja m tenia per plus ricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant era amatz e fis amicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m payssia cortes' amors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' amava mais un sol plazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sai gran terr' e gran aver;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ades on plus mos poders creys,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' ai maior ir' ab me mezeis;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus mos Belhs Cavaliers grazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E joys m' es lunhatz e faiditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don no m venra jamais conortz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' es mager l' ira e plus fortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belhs dous Engles, francx et arditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cortes, essenhatz, essernitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos etz de totz mos gaugz conortz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar viu ses vos fatz esfortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vos er Damas envazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Jerusalem conqueritz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l regnes de Suria estortz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els Turcx o trobon en lur sortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los pelegris perjurs faiditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que nos an sai en camp gequitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui los manten en cort es tortz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quascus val meins vius que mortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rambaud de Vaqueiras.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un sirventes a far ai gran talen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E farai lo, si dieus me benezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot lo mon vey tornar en nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que negus hom l' us en l' autre no s fia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans si m sirvetz, vos farai ab falsia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro que us aya fach lo vostre perden,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aissi a gran desconoissemen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que ns dona dieus gran mal quascun dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de tot be frachura e carestia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la gleysa vos dic primeiramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que y corr engans, e far non o deuria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar cobeitatz la lassa e la pren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per deniers perdonon que que sia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E prezicon la gens la nueg e 'l dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non aion enveya ni talen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De nulha ren, mas ges elhs non an sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E devedon renou e raubaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elhs fan lo, e d' elhs pren hom la via.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A legistas vey far gran falhimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E corr entr' elhs grans bautucx e bauzia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot bon dreg fan tornar a nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan tener de tort la dreyta via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi dampno l' arma e la via;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que n' iran trastug a perdemen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins en yfern, e sofriran turmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu dolor e peior malautia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En escurdat, ab fera companhia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En totz mestiers vey far galiamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que y corra nulha mercadaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar messorguier son compran e venden,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ses mentir negus hom no us vendria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gieton dieu e la verge Maria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En messorgas per cobeitat d' argen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ailas! caytiu, quo no son conoyssen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que als deniers donon tal senhoria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que perdon dieu qu' els ten totz en bailia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar vey lo mon mal e desconoyssen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E senes fe e de tot avol guia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom paupres non troba ab manen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nulh' amistat, si gazanh no y vezia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E doncx aisselh que ns a formatz e ns cria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sofri mort oltra son mandamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faym quascun jorn, e faym dieu de l' argen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per deniers lo meten en oblia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a la fin negus non porta mia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ancmais non ayc coratge ni talen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De repentir, mas aras si podia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar quascun jorn propcham del fenimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que quascus cofessar si deuria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar gran signe en vi antan un dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ploc terra e sanc verayamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so degram aver bon pessamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que valgues a son par qui podia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi quascus s' emendaria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mon Azaut vai corren e ten via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mo sirventes, quar es flors de joven,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sobre totz yssaussa son pretz gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa valor e sa gaya paria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et agradans es en tot luec on sia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pons de Teza, dieu prec que us benezia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar a totz etz de belh aculimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quascun jorn creyssetz vostr' onramen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu me suy mes en vostra bailia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar bona fi fai qui ab bon arbre s lia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pons de la Garde.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De nuilla ren non es tan grans cardatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum d' omes pros, e car n' es carestia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai n' a plaigner uns pros qan se cambia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et eu dic lo pel vescomt de Burlatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' auzit ai dir q' es de bon pretz camjatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car no il platz jes aitan cum sol valors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eu non dic jes per so q' a mal so tenga,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enanz o fatz per respeig que reveigna;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vida es anta e desonors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui non a pretz segon q' es sa ricors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom non es tan pros ni tan prezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non aia blasme de cui que sia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si us fols li ditz mal per follia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jes per aisso no s tenga per blasmatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enanz s' en deu tener per ben lauzatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que blasmes es del fol al pro lauzors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' eu li prec que mon conseill reteigna, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cum se sol captener se capteigna,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E laisse dir als nescis lor follors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ill conoissen en diran pro d' onors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu ai auzit mal dire d' En Blacatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per aisso non i s refrenet un dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E d' En Raimon Agout que tan valia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del marques de cui fon Monferratz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per aisso non semblet nuills iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni non tolgron benfaig a cantadors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pauc vos ama, vescoms, qui us enseigna</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de ben far hi de pretz no us soveigna;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leu aura fait vostre fins pres son cors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si non avetz amics e lauzadors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las domnas mi platz be lur honors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Caherci, e voill mal als seignors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cadenet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tans ricx clergues vey trasgitar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aissi col trasgitaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'l filha c' an de comayre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan lur nepta al maridar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et atruep ne d' autres fols vers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que an tan d' ipocrisia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om non conoys lor bauzia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni l' enjans don lor ven l' avers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falses clergue, e cals devers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es fassas tan gran folia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' el be mostres tot dia?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es be fols doncx vostres volers!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bos pastres non deu hom preyar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sas fedas per nulh afaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que vos o vulhatz faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es pastor, fariatz a cremar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ben vol de dieu prezicar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non deu esser fols ventayre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car fols es lo prezicayre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ben ditz, e vuelha mal far;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols si no 'l destrenh temers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols qui s fenh que bos sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols sel que dieus oblia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols qui sec sos vas plazers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On que s' an lo devis poders</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sap cal clercx fai bona via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sap be la tricharia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fals ples de totz mals sabers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sap com per otracuiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An portels tras lor repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per on intran li cofraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergonhos, can van cofessar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mal qu' ilh fan deu hom blasmar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ben grazir e retraire:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ufana non lor play gayre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que aisso lor puesc ieu lauzar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ricx manjars ni ricx jazers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni erguelh ni feunia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas empero tota via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan so c' a dieu es desplazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sel hom cui es fis pretz vers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes, e cortezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al mieu car senhor t' envia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dir qu' ie 'l prec que s gar de fals clercx;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' ieu soi sieus ses bauzia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per far e dir totz sos plazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand Carbonel.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per espassar l' ira e la dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' ay dins mon cor, e per cofizamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' ay bon en dieu, fas lo comensamen </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un sirventes contra la gran folor </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fals clergue fan sotz bela semblansa; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh dizon be, mas en vey ses doptansa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh fan tot mal, don yeu ay dolor gran, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car sel que vai la lei de dieu mostran, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Degra ben far, e seguir drech semdier; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas cobeitat fay home messongier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laia cauza es tengud' al doctor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So dis Catos, can nescis lo repren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui mais val mais fay de falhimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Can falh en res, que us hom ses valor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui prezica c' ayam en dieu fiansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fassam be per la su' amistansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sertas ben dis; mas lo repres deman</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' o dis per que fai nulh fach malestan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que honestat non porta costalier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fier ni franh ni fay fach de murtrier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai! fals clergue, messongier, traidor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perjur, lairo, putanier, descrezen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant faitz de mals cascun jorn a prezen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot lo mon avetz mes en error:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Sans Peyre non tenc captal en Fransa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fes renou, ans tenc drech la balansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De liautat; no faitz vos pas senblan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per argen anatz a tort vedan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys n' absolvetz, pueys no datz empachier, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys ses argen no y trob om deslieurier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non crezantz pas silh fol entendedor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Blasme totz clercx, mas los fals solamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni d' autra part no vazan entenden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aiso digua per doptansa de lor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais que m plagra fezessan acordansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels reys que an guerr' e desacordansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si c' otra mar passessan est autr' an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l Pap' ab els; e lay fezesson tan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que crestiantat s' en dones alegrier;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E valgra may, qu' encar son sa guerrier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es ben dretz, pus ieu n' ai dich blasmor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el be qu' els fan laus e vaza dizen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drap de color e vaysela d' argen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Refudan tot per dieu nostre senhor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi 'ls gart dieus de mal e de pezansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com els non an ni erguelh ni bobansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni riquezas no van cobezeian,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni joc d' amor, mas autre dieu non an:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adonc mostran can veian, qu' en l' armier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' en vay l' arma e la carn el carnier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al pus privat Proensal, ses doptansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que huey viva e de mais d' alegransa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vay, sirventes, a sel on car lay van</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miey sirventes, dir qu' el pres qu' entr' enan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sosten, qu' el gart de fals clercx, car leugier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son a mal far e fals e messongier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand Carbonel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan Fabre, yeu ai fach un deman</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ton fraire, et a m' en bel espos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G**, dis ieu, per que es fabre vos?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E respondec: Car ieu vau fabregan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aquel mestier que hom a, cal que sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O d' aquel art lo vay lo mons seguen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aysi n' a faitz dretz adhordenamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx qui foudat fay per aital semblan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dic ieu qu' es fols, c' aisi 'l jutja razos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es tracher sel que fay trassios;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es layres aysel que vay emblan:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui malvestat fay nulhs hom non poiria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolre lo nom del malvat sertamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que fay bon renhar adrechamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tu, Joan, que vey anar obran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malvayzamen, soi per sert cossiros;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu dizia que savis iest e pros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon cor dira: Bertran, tu vas faulan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que anc nulh homs mays no fetz de fulia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni d' avoleza que Joans vay fazen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En son alberc, prezen de tota gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab ta molher et ab tu va s colcan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E manj' e beu la femna d' un gibos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tos temps devetz esser fort doloiros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caitieu, dolens de ta folia gran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A joc de datz o en bordelairia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Te troba hom, cant hom te vay queren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan, per sert, mens vales de nien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz hom savis garda per adzenan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx veyas y, e cals es tos ressos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mal c' adutz fol' e vils messios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On non yray mon sirventes selan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans lo volray ensenhar cascun dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tot home per so c' an retrazen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La malvestat del teu cor recrezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan, car ieu t' ay amat ses bauzia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E t' am encars, te vau aiso dizen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' amicx non es qui non o fay parven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand Carbonel.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Messonget, un sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M' as quist, e donar l' o t' ay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al pus tost que ieu poyrai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El son d' En Arnaut Plagues;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que autr' aver no t daria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non l' ay; ni s' ieu l' avia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non t' en seria amicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' era de mil marcx ricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un denier no t' en valria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en tu non es nulha res</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De so qu' a joglar s' eschai,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tos chans no val ni play,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tos fols ditz non es res;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E croya es ta folia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paubra ta joglaria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan que si no fos N Albricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El marques que es tos dicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nulhs hom no t' alberguaria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' una res t' es ben pres </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' aisso, qu' aras pus play, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As pus qu' anc non aguist may </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Follia e nescies;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si negus hom que sia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De ta folhor te castia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu non creiras sos casticx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar per folhor t' es abricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal que per sen no t valria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tu blasmon lo marques</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li croy joglar e 'l savay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per lo ben que elh te fay;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu vuelh qu' en Verones</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al comte tenhas la via;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal dig, que mais li valria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us braus balestiers enicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que traisses als enemicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' ieu tu li trametia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hugues de Saint-Cyr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per solatz revelhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar es trop endormitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per pretz qu' es fayditz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aculhir e tornar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi cuyei trebalhar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas er m' en sui giquitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so quar sui falhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar non es d' acabar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum plus m' en ven voluntatz e talans, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus creys de lai lo dampnatges e 'l dans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Greu es a sofertar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A vos o dic, qu' auzitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum era jois grazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tug li benestar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hueymais podetz jurar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja de fust no vitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vilas miels formitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estra grat cavalgar:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lagz es l' afars e greus e malestans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don hom pert dieu e reman malanans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu vi torneis mandar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E segre gens garnitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pueys dels miels feritz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una sazo parlar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es pretz de raubar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Buous, motos e berbitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavaliers si' aunitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s met a domneiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus que toca dels mans motos belans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni que rauba gleizas ni viandans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On son gandit joglar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vi gent aculhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a tal mestier fo guitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que solia guidar?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey senes reptar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anar tals escarits,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus fon bos pretz failhitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que solia menar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De companhos, e no sai dire quans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gent en arneis e bels e benestans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vi per cortz anar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De joglaretz petitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gen caussatz e vestitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol per domnas lauzar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar non auzon parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es bos pretz delitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dont es lo tortz issitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las mal razonar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diatz de quals d' elhas o d' els amans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu dic de totz, qu' el pretz n' a trag enjans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu eys que suel sonar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz pros hom issernitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estauc tant esbaitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no m sai cosselhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en luec de solassar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aug en las cortz los critz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aitan leu s' es grazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lans e de bramar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo comtes entre lor cum us bos chans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels ricx afars e dels temps e dels ans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas a cor afrancar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' es trop endurzitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non deu hom los oblitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'ls viels faitz remembrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mal es a laissar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Afar pus es plevitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mal don sui guaritz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m qual ja mezinar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas so qu' om ve, volv e vir en balans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E prenda e lais e forss' e dams los pans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aitan me puesc vanar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc mos ostaus petitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fon d' els envazitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sels cui aug totz duptar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc no fetz mas honrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los volpils mal arditz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs mos senher chauzitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si deuria pensar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non l' es ges pretz ni laus ni bobans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu que m laus d' el sia de lui clamans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eras non plus per que no m' o demans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que blasmes er, si vau d' aissi clamans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So di 'l Dalphins que conois los bons chans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud de Borneil.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus chai la fuelha del garric</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Farai un guai sonet novelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que trametrai part Mongibel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al marques qu' el sobrenom gic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Monferrat, e pren selh de sa maire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a laissat so que conquis son paire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal resembla lo filh Robert Guiscart</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' Antiocha conques e Mongizart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marques, li monges de Clunhic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vuelh que fasson de vos capdel,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O siatz abbas de Cystelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus lo cor avetz tan mendic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mais amatz dos buous et un araire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Monferrat qu' alhors estr' emperaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben pot hom dir qu' ancmais filhs de lhaupart </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s mes en crotz a guiza de raynart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gran gaug agron tug vostr' amic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant agues laissada la pel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don folretz la capa e 'l mantelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tug cuideron estre ric</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Silh que per vos son liurat a maltraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que son tondut et an paor del raire:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascus aten socors de vostra part;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no y venetz, qui dol y a, si 'l guart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marques, li baron vair' e pic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An contra cel trait un cairel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lor tornara sus capel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de l' emperador Enric</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos dic aitan que ben sembla 'l rey Daire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sos baros gitet de lor repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dont elh ac pueys de morir gran reguart; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas mantas vetz qui s cuida calfar s' art.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo regisme de Salonic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses peirier e ses manguanel,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pogratz aver, e man castel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' autres, qu' ieu no mentau ni dic;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per dieu, marques, Rotlan dis e sos fraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Guis marques e Rainaut lur cofraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Flamenc, Frances, Burgonhos e Lombart</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Van tug dizen que vos semblatz bastart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostr' ancessor, so aug dir e retraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foron tug pros, mas vos non soven guaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l revenir non prendetz geynh et art, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vostr' onor perdretz lo tertz e 'l quart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Elias Cairels.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belha m' es la flors d' aguilen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant aug del fin joy la doussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fan l' auzelh novelhamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pel temps qu' es tornat en verdor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son de flors cubert li reynh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gruec e vermelh e vert e blau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De molherat ges no m' es gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s fasson drut ni amador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab las autruis van aprenden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Engienhs ab que gardon las lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selh per que hom las destrenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Port' al braguier la contraclau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilas cortes hi eis de son sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E molherat dompneiador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' azes quan brama eyssamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum fai lebriers ab son senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu no cre pros dompna denh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Far drut molherat gelos brau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molherat fan captenemen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De veziat enguanador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' autruy pan guasta e despen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' sieu met en luec salvador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selh a cuy grans fams en prenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manja lo pan que non l' abau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maritz que marit vay sufren</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu tastar d' atretal sabor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que car deu comprar qui car ven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l gelos met li guardador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys li laissa sa molher prenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un Girbaudo filh de Girbau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aqui naisson li recrezen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us non ama pretz ni valor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai! cum an abaissat joven</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tornat en tan gran error!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sest ama l' aver e l' estrenh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li folh e 'l gars son naturau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancta Maria, en Orien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guiza 'l rey e l' emperador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E faitz lor far ab la lor gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo servizi nostre senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'lh Turc conosco l' entressenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus pres per nos mort carnau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi vay lo vers definen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu que no 'l puesc far lonjor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mals mi ten e lo turmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m' a mes en tan gran languor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no suy drutz, ni drutz no m fenh, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni nulhs joys d' amor no m' esjau.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus, que nasques en Betlehen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu los capdela e 'ls acor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per lo nostre salvamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prezes en cros mort e dolor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers dieus, vers hom, vai m' accoren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trinus unus n' aor e 'n lau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non er mais drutz, ni drutz no s fenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los pitars, ni joys non l' esjau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre d' Auvergne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantarai d' aquetz trobadors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que chantan de manhtas colors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El sordeyor cuida dir gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas a chantar lor er alhors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' entremetre n' aug cent pastors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us no sap que i s monta o i s dissen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aisso m' er mal Peire Rogiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que n' er encolpatz premiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar chanta d' amor a presen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E covengra 'l mielhs un sautiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En la gleisa, o us candeliers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Portar ab gran candela arden.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El segonz Guirautz de Bornelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sembla drap sec al solelh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab son magre chantar dolen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es chans de vielha portaselh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si s mirava en espelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s prezaria un aguilen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El tertz Bernatz del Ventadorn</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es menres d' En Bornelh un dorn;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas en son paire ac bon sirven</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per trair' ab arc manal d' alborn;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa maire calfava 'l forn,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et amassava l' issermen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El quartz de Briva 'l Lemozis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us joglaretz pus prezentis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sia tro en Benaven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E semblaria us pelegris</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malautes, quan chanta 'l mesquis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a pauc pietatz no m' en pren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Guillems de Ribas lo quins</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es malvatz defors e dedins,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dis totz sos vers raucamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu non pres ren sos retins, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' atrestan s' en faria us chins;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels huelhs sembla vout d' argen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El seizes N Elias Gausmars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es cavayers e s fai joglars;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai o mal qui lo y cossen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l dona vestirs belhs ni cars,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aitan valria 'ls agues ars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en joglaritz, s' en son ja cen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Peire Bermon se baysset,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus qu' el coms de Toloza 'l det,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc no soanet d' avinen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que fon cortes qui 'l raubet,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fe o mal, quar no 'l talhet</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquo que hom porta penden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' ochen es Bernatz de Sayssac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc negun bon mestier non ac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' anar menutz dons queren; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que despueys no 'l prezei un brac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus a 'N Bertran de Cardalhac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Queri un mantelh suzolen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El noves es En Raymbautz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s fai per son trobar trop bautz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu lo torni a nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non es alegres ni cautz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu pres trop mais los pipautz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que van las almornas queren.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Ebles de Sancha 'l dezes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cuy anc d' amor non venc bes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot se canta de Coyden;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilanetz es e fals pages,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ditz hom que per dos poges</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai si logua e lai si ven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' onzes Guossalbo Rozitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s fai de son chan trop formitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan qu' en cavallairia s fen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anc no fon tan ben guarnitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per elh fos dos colps feritz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si doncs no 'l trobet en fugen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El dozes us petitz Lombartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que clama sos vezins coartz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas elh es d' aquelh eys parven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per q' us sonetz fai gualiartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab motz amaribotz bastartz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E luy apellon Cossezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peire d' Alvernhe a tal votz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que chanta cum granolh' en potz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lauza s trop a tota gen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero maiestres es de totz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab q' un pauc esclarzis sos motz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a penas nulhs hom los enten.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo vers fo faitz als enflabotz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Poivert tot jogan, rizen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre d' Auvergne.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus mos coratge s' esclarzis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per selh joy dont ieu suy jauzens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey qu' amors part e chauzis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu n' esper estrenamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben dey tot mon chant esmerar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om re no mi puesca falsar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per pauc es hom desmentitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh en cui sest' amors cauzis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves, cortes e sapiens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selh cui refuda delis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E met a totz destruzemens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui fin' amor vol blasmar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elha 'l fai si en folh muzar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per art cuida esser peritz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So son fals jutges raubador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals molheratz e jurador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Homicidi e lauzengier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lengu' a loguat, creba mostier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aissellas putas ardens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui son d' autrui maritz cossens; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cyst auran guazanh ifernau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Homicidi e traidor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Simoniaix, encantador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luxurios e renovier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vivon d' enoios mestier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cill que fan faitilhamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E las faitileiras pudens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran el fuec arden engau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebriaicx et escogossatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals preveires e fals abatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falsas reclusas, fals reclus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai penaran, dis Marcabrus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tuit li fals y an luec pres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car fin' amors o a promes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai er dols dels dezesperatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ay! fin' amors, fons de bontatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot lo mon enlumenatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce ti clam, lai no m' acus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Em defendas, qu' ieu lai non us,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en totz luecx me tenh per ton pres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per ton lairon en totas res;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tu esper estre guidatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon cor per aquest vers destrenh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar mi plus qu' els autres reprenh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que qui autrui vol encolpar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dregs es que si sacha guardar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sia dels crims techitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De que lieys encolpa e ditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueis poira segur castiar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero si er asatz cauzitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel que ben sap dire e 'l ditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pot si se vol remembrar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marcabrus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auiatz de chan com enans se meillura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Marcabrus, segon s' entensa pura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sap la razo e 'l vers lassar e faire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si que autr' om no l' en pot un mot traire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero sospir, quar mouta gens abura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De malvestat, c' ades creis e peiura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aquist baro an comensat estraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E passat per un pertuis de taraire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li sordeior an del dar l' aventura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li meillor badon ves la penchura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La retraissos fai trist e sospiraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' a rebuzos fant li ric lur affaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No i a conort en joven mas trop surra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni contra mort ressort ni cobertura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ist acrupit l' an gitat de son aire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de cami per colpa de la maire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui per aver per vergonh' e mezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E giet honor e valor a non cura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segon faisson es del semblan confraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' erisson et al goz et al laire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Proeza franh e avoleza mura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no vol joi cuillir dins sa clauzura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreitz ni razo no i vei mais tener guaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan per aver es un gartz emperaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coms de Peiteus, vostre pretz s' asegura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a 'N Anfos de sai, si gaire ill dura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai Avignon e Proensa e Belcaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De meils per sieu no fes Tolzan son paire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' aquest N' Anfos far contenensa pura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni envas mi fai semblan de frachura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai vas Leo en sai un de bon aire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franc de sazo, cortes e larc donaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De malvestat los gart sanct' escriptura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no lur fassa c' a floquet ni peintura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel qu' es e fo regom, recx e salvaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La sospeiso del rei 'n Anfos m' esclaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marcabrus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh m' es quan vey pels vergiers e pels pratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tendas e traps, e vey cavals armatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey talar ortz e vinhas e blatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey gienhs traire, e murs enderrocatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aug trompas e grans colps dels nafratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mal lur grat meto 'ls en las postatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aital guerra m' agrada mais que patz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non tals treguas ont hom si' enganatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot aisso dic per l' Enfant d' Arago;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E deu aver nom Enfant per razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar leu s' ave qu' enfans fa fallizo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elh falhi quant aucis son baro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Raymon Guillem, qu' anc treguas no 'l tenc pro,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni en sa cort jutjamens datz no 'l fo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que totz selhs a cuy elh treguas do</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Devon duptar aquelh enfant fello.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Treguas trencar escien esta lag</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant a fe no s' emenda 'l forfag;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que l' enfant a fag un sol assag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab un mal sag qu' als Catalas a fag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dizon tug qu' om de selhs treguas gag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' el son cors y fo mes en fol plag;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a filh de rey esta mal atrazag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant ampara nulh offici de sag.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aissi par qu' el sag no fon certas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar n' a lauzor d' aul gent e de vilas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gran blasme de totz los sobiras;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si d' est sag no s clamon Catalas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom los tenra totz per flacx e per vas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E plus suffrens que negus hermitas;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E meta hi quascus per si sas mas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostenra pus que rabia de cas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al vescomte de Cardona despley</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sirventes, ans que alhors desrey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mai vol pretz que laire pres mercey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar en valor se banha, don ieu crey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pro a pretz, qui s vuelha so plaidey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot vescomte qui n' a egal d' un rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A gran poestat esta mal, fe que us dey, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que trenc treguas ni que tan lag desrey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de guerra no s pot honrar lo rey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trencan treguas, o vol tornar so crey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bernard de Rovenac.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m laissarai per paor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' un sirventes non labor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En servizi dels fals clergatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant sera laboratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conoisseran li plusor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' engan e la fellonia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mov de falsa clerzia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lai on an mais forsa ni poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan plus de mal e plus de desplazer.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquist fals prezicador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An mes lo segl' en error,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il fan los mortals peccatz:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois cill cui an prezicatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan so que ven far a lor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tuit segon orba via;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs si l' uns orbs l' autre guia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non van amdui en la fossa cazer?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si fan, so dis dieus, qu' ie 'n sai ben lo ver.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers es que notre pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son tornat lop raubador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il rauban deves totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mostran semblan de patz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E confortan ab doussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los oveillas noit e dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois quant las an en bailia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ill las fan morir e dechazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ist fals pastor, don eu m' en desesper.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois fan autre desonor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al segle, et a dieu maior;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' uns d' els ab femna jatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lendeman tot orrejatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenra 'l cors notre seignor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es mortals eretgia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que nuls preire no deuria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab sa putan orrejar aquel ser</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lendeman deia 'l cors dieu tener.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si vos en faitz clamor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran vos encusador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E seretz n' escumeniatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni, s' aver non lor donatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab els non auretz amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni amistat ni paria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergena, sancta Maria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Domna, si us platz, laissatz me 'l jorn vezer </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els puosca pauc doptar e mens temer!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vai sirventes, ten ta via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E di m' a falsa clerzia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aicel es mortz qui s met en son poder; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a Tolosa en sab hom ben lo ver.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Figueiras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes vuelh far</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En est son que m' agensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l vuelh plus tarzar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni far longu' atendensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai, ses duptar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en aurai malvolensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car fauc sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fals d' enjans ples,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Roma que es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caps de la dechasensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On dechai totz bes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m meravilh ges,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, si la gens erra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el segl' avetz mes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En trebalh et en guerra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car pretz e merces</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mor per vos e sosterra:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma enganairitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' etz de totz mals guitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sims e razitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo bon reys d' Anglaterra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fon per vos trahitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma trichairitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cobeitatz vos engana,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a vostras berbitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tondetz trop la lana;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sayns Esperitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que receup carn humana</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entenda mos precx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E franha tos becx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, e no m' en precx, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar yest falsa e trefana </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vas nos e vas Grecx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom', als homes pecx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rozetz la carn e l' ossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E guidatz los secx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab vos ins en la fossa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trop passatz los decx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu, quar es tan grossa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostra cobeitatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vos perdonatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per deniers peccatz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De trop mala trasdossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, vos cargatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be sapchatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vostr' avols barata</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vostra foldatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fetz perdre Damiata.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malamen renhatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, dieus vos abata</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En dechazemen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tan falsamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Renhatz per argen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, de mal' escata</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es ab fals coven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, veramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sabem senes duptansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab gualiamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De falsa perdonansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Liuretz a turmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo barnatge de Fransa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La gent de Paris;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l bon rey Loys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vos fon aucis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab falsa prezicansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">'L gitetz del pays.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom', als Sarrazis </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz petit de dampnatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas Grecx e Latis </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geratz a carnalatge: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins el foc d' abis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, avetz vostr' estatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n perdicio;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ja dieus no m do,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del perdo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni del pellegrinatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fetz d' Avinho.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ses razo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avetz manta gent morta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ges no m sap bo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tenetz via torta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a salvatio,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, serratz la porta;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' a mal govern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' estiu e d' ivern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui sec vostr' estern,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el diables l' enporta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins el foc d' ifern.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ben dessern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los mals qu' om ne pot dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar faitz per esquern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels crestias martire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas en qual cazern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trobatz qu' om dey' aucire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, 'ls crestias?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers dieus e vers pas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vers cotidias</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me don so qu' ieu dezire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vezer dels Romas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, vers es plas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que trop etz angoissoza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels prezicx trefas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que faitz sobre Toloza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lag rozetz las mas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ley de cer rabioza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als paucs et als grans:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si 'l coms prezans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Viu encar dos ans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fransa n' er doloirosa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels vostres enjans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, tant es grans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La vostra forfaitura, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus e sos sans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En gitatz a non cura, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant etz mal renhans, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma falsa e tafura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' en vos s' escon </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s baissa es cofon </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' enguan d' aquest mon, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant faitz gran desmezura </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al comte Ramon!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, dieus l' aon, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l don poder e forsa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al comte que ton</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los Frances e 'ls escorsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls pen e 'n fai pon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant ab luy fan comorsa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a mi plai fort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, dieus recort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li vostre gran tort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l plai, qu' el coms n' estorsa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos e de mort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be m conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' abans que trigue guaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venretz a mal port,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si l' adreitz emperaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Endressa sa sort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai so que deu faire:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ieu dic ver,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vostre poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veyretz dechazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus, del mon salvaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lais m' o tost vezer!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, per aver </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz manta fellonia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mant desplazer, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E manta vilania;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan voletz aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon la senhoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que res non temetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu ni sos devetz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans vei que fairetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais qu' ieu dir non poiria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mal per un detz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, tan tenetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estreg la vostra grapa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que so que podetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tener, greu vos escapa; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'n breu non perdetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poder, a mala trapa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es lo mon cazutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mortz e vencutz. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, la vostra papa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai aitals vertutz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, selh qu' es lutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon e vera vida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vera salutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos don mal' escarida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tans mals saubutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz, don tot lo mons crida.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma desleyals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Razitz de totz mals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els focs yfernals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardretz, senes falida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si non pessatz d' als.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, als cardenals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos pot hom ben rependre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per los criminals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peccatz que fan entendre; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non pensan d' als</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas cum puoscan revendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu e sos amicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y val casticx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, grans fasticx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es d' auzir e d' entendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los vostres prezicx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ieu suy enicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vostre poders monta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar grans destricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz ab vos nos afronta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vos etz abricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E capdelhs de gran anta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de dezonor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vostre pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son fals e trachor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, e qui 'ls acointa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai trop gran folhor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, mal labor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fa 'l papa, quar tensona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab l' emperador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l dreg de la corona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li met en error,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a sos guerriers perdona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aitals perdos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui non siec razos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, non es bos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans qui 'l ver en razona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es trop vergonhos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, 'l glorios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sufri mort e pena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En la crotz per nos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos don la mala estrenha;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar totas sazos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Portatz la borsa plena,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, d' avol for;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot vostre cor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avetz en tezor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don cobeitatz vos mena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El foc que non mor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del mal cor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que portatz en la gola</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nais lo sucx don mor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons e s' estragola</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab dossor del cor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el savis tremola,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar conois e ve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mortal vere,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de lai on ve,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del cor vos cola</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don li pietz son ple.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ben ancse</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A hom auzit retraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el cap sem vos te,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el faitz soven raire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que cug e cre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ops vos auria traire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del cervel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de mal capel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etz vos e Cystelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a Bezers fezetz faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout estranh mazelh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom', ab fals sembelh </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tendetz vostra tezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E man mal morselh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manjatz, qui que l' endura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car' avetz d' anhelh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab simpla guardadura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dedins lop rabat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serpent coronat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vibra engenrat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el diable us apella</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com al sieu privat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Figueiras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Greu m' es a durar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar aug tal descrezensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dir ni semenar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no m platz ni m' agensa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om non deu amar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui fai desmantenensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A so don totz bes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ven e nais et es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salvamens e fes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu farai parvensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En semblan que m pes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us meravilhes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negus, si eu muov guerra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab fals mal apres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a son poder soterra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz bos faitz cortes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls encauss' e 'ls enserra:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trop se fenh arditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de Roma ditz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal, qu' es caps e guitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De totz selhs qu' en terra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An bos esperitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Roma es complitz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz bes, e qui 'ls li pana</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos sens l' es falhitz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar si meteys enguana, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' elh n' er sebellitz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don perdra sa ufana: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus auia mos precx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que selhs qu' an mals becx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves e senecx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra la ley romana,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caion dels bavecx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, selhs per pecx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenc totz e per gent grossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per orbs e per secx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur carns e lur ossa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cargon d' avols decx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don caion en la fossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lur es sermatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pudens focx malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don mais desliatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No seran del trasdossa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' an de lurs peccatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ges no m platz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' avols hom vos combata;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels bos avetz patz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' usquecx ab vos s' aflata: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fols lurs foldatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fes perdre Damiata;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas li vostre sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan sels ses conten</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caytiu e dolen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que contra vos deslata,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni regna greumen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, veramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai e cre ses duptansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a ver salvamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aduretz tota Fransa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oc, e l' autra gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que us vol far ajudansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas so que Merlis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prophetizan dis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del bon rey Loys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que morira en pansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara s' esclarzis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piegz de Sarrazis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de pus fals coratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Heretiers mesquis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son qui vol lur estatge;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins el foc d' abis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vay en loc de salvatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En dampnatio, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar selhs d' Avinho </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baysses, don m' es bo, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, lo mal pezatge, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don grans merces fo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, per razo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avetz manta destorta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dressad' a bando;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et uberta la porta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De salvatio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don era la claus torta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ab bon govern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bayssatz folh esquern;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui sec vostr' estern,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' angel Michel lo 'n porta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l garda d' ifern.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' estiu e l' yvern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu hom ses contradire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, lo cazern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Legir, si que no s vire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan ve l' esquern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum Iehus pres martire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albir se lo cas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 's bos crestias;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' adoncx non a cossire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz es fols e vas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, los trefas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa leys sospechoza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als fols gigz vilas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que fos de Tolosa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On d' enjans certas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non es doncx vergonhoza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ans de dos ans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si 'l coms prezans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cove qu' els engans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lays e la fe duptoza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E restaur' els dans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, lo reys grans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es senhers de dreytura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als falses Tolzans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don gran mal' aventura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot a sos mans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan tan gran desmezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' usquecx lo rescon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E torbon est mon:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'lh comte Raymon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ab elhs plus s' asegura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l tenray per bon.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be s cofon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E val li pauc sa forsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui contra vos gron,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni bast castelh ni forsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar en tan aut mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s met ni no s' amorsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus non recort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son erguelh e 'l tort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don pert tota s' escorsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pren dobla mort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be m conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el coms ni l' emperaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys que son destort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos, no valon gayre;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar lur folh deport</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lur malvat veiaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los fatz totz cazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A vostre plazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us no s pot tener;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot s' es guerreiayre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non li val poder.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ieu esper </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vostra senhoria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Fransa, per ver, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuy no platz mala via, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fassa dechazer </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' erguelh e l' eretgia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals heretges quetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non temon vetz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cre als secretz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan son ples de feunia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de mals pessetz!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be sabetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fort greu lur escapa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui au lor decretz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi tendon lur trapa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab falces trudetz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que quascus s' arrapa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz son sortz e mutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el lur tolh salutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don quecx es perdutz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh n' an capel o capa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E remanon nutz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clauzis e sauputz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naysson, senes falhida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Crematz o perdutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur malvada vida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc negus vertutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fe, ni ges auzida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non avem sivals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si fos leyals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur vida mortals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus crey l' agra eyssauzida;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas non es cabals.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui vol esser sals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades deu la crotz penre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per heretiers fals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dechazer e mespenre;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el celestials</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hi venc son bras estendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot per sos amicx;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus tals destricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pres, ben es enicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que no 'l vol entendre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni creyr' als chasticx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, si pus gicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Renhar selhs que us fan anta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al Sant Esperitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant hom lor o aconta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan son fols mendicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us ab ver no s' afronta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y auras honor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, li trachor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son tan ples d' error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' on plus pot quascus monta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quecx jorn sa follor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, folh labor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fa qui ab vos tensona;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De l' emperador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dic, s' ab vos no s' adona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en gran deshonor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne venra sa corona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sera razos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pero ab vos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leu troba perdos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui gen sos tortz razona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni n' es angoissos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, 'l glorios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que a la Magdalena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdonet, don nos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esperan bona estrena;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo fols rabios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tans ditz fals semena,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fassa d' aital for</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elh e son thezor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son malvat cor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum heretiers mor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germonde, dame de Montpellier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu ai ja vista manhta rey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don anc no fis semblan que vis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ab tal joguat e ris</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don anc guaire no m' azautey;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai servit a manht hom pro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don anc no cobrey guazardo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a manh nesci, ab fol parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai ja vist trop ben son pro far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ja vist per avol drut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A domna 'l marit dezamar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a manh nesci acaptar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus qu' a un franc aperceubut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per domnas ai ja vist ieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A manht hom despendre lo sieu;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ne vist amat ses dar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mal volgut ab molt donar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu ai vist donas demandar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab plazers et ab honramens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys venia us desconoyssens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abrivatz de nesci parlar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en avia la mielher part.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esguardatz si son de mal art!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manthas n' i a qu' els plus savays</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acuelhon mielhs en totz lurs plays.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu ai vist en domnas ponhar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' ensenhatz e de ben apres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l nescis avinen nemes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el plus savis ab gen preyar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai vist nozer chauzimens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A trops valer ab trichamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que val mais, a mos entens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En luec foudatz que sobriers sens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A domn' ai vist hom encolpar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De so que no meria mal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que so laissavon de tal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On se pogron a dreg clamar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ja tal ren esguardat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On n' er en ren mon cor virat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m' an fait mos rics volers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manthas vetz dons e desplazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Adhémar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui se membra del segle qu' es passatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com hom lo vi de totz bos faitz plazen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni com hom ve malvais e recrezen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel d' aras, ni com er restauratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non er per cel qui venra plus malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz hom viura ab gran dolor membran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cals es ni fo ni er d' aissi enan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas non es dreitz c' om valens ni prezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se recreza per aital membramen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans taing s' esfortz tot jorn plus vivamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om sufra 'l fais de pretz qu' es mesprezatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car cel n' a mais que plus fort n' es cargatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E car es dreitz s' esforso ill prezan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De ben, on plus l' avol s' en van laisan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En plus greu point non pot nuillz esser natz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com cel que pert dieu e 'l segl' eissamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot aital son li trist malvatz manen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' an mes a mort domnei, joi e solatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan los destreing non fes e cobeitatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' onor e pretz en meton en soan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieu e 'l mon en geten a lor dan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai! com pot tan esser desvergoignatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nuls hom gentils que an' enbastarden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son lignatge per aur ni per argen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' avers vai leumens e la rictatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l vida es breus, e la mortz ven viatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per c' om degra leialmen viure aman,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu retener del mon grat gen regnan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels maiors mov tota la malvestatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pois apres de gra en gra deissen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro als menors, per que torn en nien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fins jois e pretz, e qui vol pretz ni 'l platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pot l' aver leu, car tan n' es granz mercatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per cinc solz n' a hom la peza e 'l pan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l tenon vil li ric malvatz truan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na Gradiva, qui que estei malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vos n' azir malvestat et enjan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et am valor e joi e pretz e chan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al rei tramet mon sirventes viatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel d' Aragon, qu' el fais lo plus pesan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sosten de pretz, per qu' el ten entre man.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sordel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo segle m' es camjatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan fort, don suy iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a penas sai que m dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu suelh esser uzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De chans e de solatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de cavalairia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mesclat ab cortezia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E so per qu' om valia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era ma voluntatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en ditz et en fatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en tot quan podia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E las domnas vezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selhas cuy valor tria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab lur plazens beutatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don era conortatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De gran joy qu' en avia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trac en garentia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amor que mi movia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tot m' era donatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A so que valor platz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l segles m' o sufria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras tem que blasmatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En fos e condampnatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu res d' aisso fazia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tot mi suy viratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz enicx e forsatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A so que no m plai mia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que me coven de platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pensar e d' avocatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per far libelhs tot dia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pueys esgart la via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si nulh corrieu veiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh venon daus totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Polsos et escuyssatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la cortz los m' envia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dizon folhia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Blasmar non l' auzaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys me dizon: Puiatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En cort e demandatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La pena s' escieuria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no us perdonaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l jorn en vos falia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veus a que suy tornatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senhors, ar esgardatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si sui be a la lhia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu am trop mais lo glatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fas las flors dels pratz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sai on me sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senhors, a dieu siatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom que viu iratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Val meyns que si moria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' al rey Castellan platz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es sobre totz honratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu tengua lai ma via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en elh m' er restauratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joys e chans e solatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' alhors no m revenria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand d' Alamanon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per lo mon fan l' us dels autres rancura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li clerc dels laicx, e 'l laic d' elhs eissamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li poble s planhon de desmezura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lors senhors, e 'l senhors d' elhs soen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi es ples lo mons de mal talen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas er venon sai deves Orien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li Tartari, si dieus non o defen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els faran totz estar d' una mensura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per manh forfag e per mantha laidura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' an fag e fan clerc e laic malamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra, si ven esta dezaventura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A crestias, s' a dieu merce non pren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fass' al papa metr' atempramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En so don an li clerc e 'l laic conten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar si 'lh los fai ben d' un acordamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non lor pot pueys nozer nulh' aventura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A! per que vol clercx belha vestidura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per que vol viure tan ricamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per que vol belha cavalgadura?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sap que dieus volc viure paubramen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per que vol tan l' autrui ni enten?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sap que tot quan met ni quan despen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Part son manjar e son vestir vilmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolh als paubres, si non men l' Escriptura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els grans senhors per que no y s prendon cura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no fasson tort, ni forson la gen?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu non tenc ges per menor forfaitura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om fors' els sieus cum quan l' autrui dreg pren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans es mager, quar falhis doblamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar so de se ni d' autrui non defen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A son poder los sieus, adrechamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falh en dreg lor tan qu' en pert sa drechura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas totz pobles a de bon sen frachura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a son senhor fassa en re falhimen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar totz hom deu amar d' amistat pura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son bon senhor e servir leyalmen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A senhor tanh qu' am los sieus bonamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lialtatz lor ne fai mandamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' us ame l' autre tan coralmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no s puesca entr' els metre falsura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reys Castellas, l' emperis vos aten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sai dizon, senher, qu' atendemen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai de Breto, per que s mov grans rancura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' aut rey tanh, quant un gran fag enpren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el tragu' a cap o 'n segua s' aventura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume de Montagnagout.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tot vey remaner valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no s n' entremet sai ni lay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni non penson de nulh ben say,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni an lur cor mas en l' aor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E meron mal clercx e prezicador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar devedon so qu' a els no s cove,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom per pretz non do ni fassa be;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et hom que pretz ni do met en soan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges de bon loc no 'l mov al mieu semblan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieus vol pretz e vol lauzor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus fo vers hom, qu' ieu o say;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et hom que vas dieu res desfay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus l' a fait aitan d' onor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' al sieu semblan l' a fait ric e maior,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pres de si mais de neguna re;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx ben es folhs totz homs que car no s te,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que fassa en aquest segle tan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sai e lai n' aya grat on que s n' an.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar se son faitz enqueredor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E jutjon aissi com lur play;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero l' enquerre no m desplay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans me plai que casson error,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' ab belhs digz plazentiers ses yror</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Torno 'ls erratz desviatz en la fe,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui s penet que truep bona merce;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi menon dreg lo gazan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tort ni dreg no y perdan so que y an.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enquers dizon mais de folhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aurfres a dompnas non s' eschay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero si dompna piegz no fay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'n leva erguelh ni ricor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per gen tener no pert dieu ni s' amor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ja nulhs homs, si 'lh estiers be s capte,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per gen tener ab dieu no s dezave;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne ylh per draps negres ni per floc blan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No conquerran ja dieu, s' al re no y fan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tug laisson per nostre senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nostre clercx, lo segle savay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no pessan mas quan de lay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi 'ls guart dieus de dezonor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum elhs non an ni erguelh ni ricor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cobeytatz no 'ls enguana ni 'ls te,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni volon re de so belh que hom ve;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Res no volon, pero ab tot s' en van;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys prezon pauc qui que s' i aia dan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes, vay al pros comte dese</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Toloza, membre 'l que fag li an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E guart se d' elhs d' esta hora enan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume de Montagnagout.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un sirventes fas en luec de jurar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E chantarai, per mal e per feunia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De malvestat que vey sobremontar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E decazer valor e cortezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vey als fals los fis amonestar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et als lairos los lials prezicar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls desviatz mostron als justz la via.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enguanatz es en son nesci cuiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folhs qui cuia que enjans e bauzia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fassa son don decazer e mermar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enans los sors e 'ls creys e 'ls multiplia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meravilh me cum totz no van raubar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus malvestat ama hom e ten car,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lialtat ten hom a fantaumia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Glotz emperier no vol vezer son par,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li clerc an aquelha glotonia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en tot lo mon no volrion trobar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Home mas els que tengues senhoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els feyron leys per terras guazanhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum poguesson creysser e non mermar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades fai pron un petit de baylia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab totas mas vey clergues assajar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que totz lo mons er lurs, cuy que mal sia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar els l' auran ab tolre o ab dar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O ab perdon, o ab ypocrizia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O ab asout, o ab beur', o ab manjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O ab prezicx, o ab peiras lansar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O els ab dieu, o els ab diablia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Gostia, diguatz m' a 'N Azemar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si defendre si vol de la clercia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miels qu' en lur fag si guart en lur parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O si que non en bada s' armaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els trazon so don hom no s pot guardar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quant autres fan enguanas farguar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elhs enguans per maior maystria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aus dire so que elhs auzon far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas anc rascas non amet penchenar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni elhs home qui lur dan lur castia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falsedatz e desmezura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An batalha empreza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab vertat et ab dreytura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vens la falseza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E deslialtatz si jura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra lialeza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et avaretatz s' atura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Encontra largueza:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Feunia vens amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malvestatz honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E peccatz cassa sanctor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E baratz simpleza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si es hom que dieu descreza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos afars enansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que non aia grineza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' emplir sa pansa:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cui platz dreitz e tortz peza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soven a grevansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui s' enten en sancteza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tray greu malanansa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an l' enguanador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lur afar honor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas li mal entendedor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jutjon per semblansa.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras es vengut de Fransa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom non somona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selhs que an aondansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vin e d' anona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' om non aia coindansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab paupra persona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aia mais de bobansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquelh que meyns dona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' om fassa maior</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un gran trafeguador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' om leve lo trachor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l just dezapona.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coms Raymon, ducx de Narbona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marques de Proensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostra valors es tan bona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot lo mon gensa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de la mar de Bayona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entro a Valensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agra gent falsa e fellona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai ab viltenensa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas vos tenetz vil lor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que Frances bevedor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus que perditz ad austor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vos fan temensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben volon obediensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selhs de la clercia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volon ben la crezensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol l' obra no y sia:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Greu lur veyretz far falhensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas la nueg e 'l dia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no porton malvolensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fan symonia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son larc donador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E just amassador;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas li autres n' an lauzor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ilh la folhia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No sai dire l' error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del segle fals traytor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fai de blasme lauzor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de sen folhia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu prec per sa doussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ns gar d' enfernal dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ilh verge Maria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom que greu ditz vertat e leu men,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu vol patz e leu mov ochaizo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dona greu e leu vol qu' om li do,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu fai be e leu destrui la gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu es pros e leu es mals als bos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu es francx e leu es orgulhos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu es larcx e leu tol e greu ren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu cazer leu d' aut luec en bas estatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tals en sai que pisson a prezen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al beure rescondo s dins maizo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al manjar no queron companho,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al talhar queron en mais de cen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a l' ostal son caitiu e renos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a tort far son ric e poderos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al donar son de caitiu prezen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al tolre fortz e de gran coratge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malditz es hom qui 'l ben laissa e 'l mal pren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls ricx an pres enguan e tracio,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an laissat condug e messio;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an pres dan e gran destruzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an laissat lays e vers e chansos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an pres plaitz, e novas e tensos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an laissat amor e pretz valen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an pres mal voler e far outratge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi cum son maior an meyns de sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de tort et ab meyns de razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de dan tener, ab meyns de pro,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais d' orguelh, ab meyns de cauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de tolre et ab meyns de bels dos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de mals, ab meyns de bels respos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais d' enueg, ab meyns d' ensenhamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais d' enguan, ab meyns de bon coratge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara diguatz, senhors, al vostre sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dos barons qual a maior razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan l' un dels dos pot dar e tolre no,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre pot tolr' e dar no pot nien:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar diran tug que dars val per un dos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E veyretz los tolre totas sazos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A que far doncx van emblan ni tolen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus lo donars a dos tans d' avantatge?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos chantars es enueg als enoios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et als plazens plazers; cui platz razos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tug li dig son enoios e plazen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So qu' als us platz als autres es salvatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li clerc si fan pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son aucizedor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E semblan de sanctor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan los vey revestir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pren m' a sovenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">d' En Alengri q' un dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volc ad un parc venir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas, pels cas que temia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pelh de moton vestic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que los escarnic;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys manjet e trahic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selhas que l' abellic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rey et emperador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Duc, comte e comtor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cavallier ab lor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solon lo mon regir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras vey possezir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A clercx la senhoria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab tolre et ab trazir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab ypocrizia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab forsa et ab prezic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tenon s' a fastic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui tot non lor o gic, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et er fag quan que tric.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi cum son maior,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son ab mens de valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mais de follor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mens de ver dir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mais de mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mens de clercia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mais de falhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mens de paria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fals clergues o dic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ancmais tant enemic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu a dieu non auzic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sai lo temps antic.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan son al refector,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m' o tenc ad honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a la taula aussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vey los cussos assir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E primiers s' eschausir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auiatz gran vilania,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hi auzon venir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et hom non los en tria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero anc non lai vic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paupre guarso mendic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sezer latz qui son ric;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aisso los vos esdic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non aion paor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alcays ni Almassor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que abbas ni prior</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los anon assalhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni lurs terras sazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que afans lur seria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sai son en cossir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon quossi lur sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cum En Frederic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gitesson de l' abric;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero tal l' aramic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc fort no s' en jauzic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clergues, qui vos chauzic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses fellon cor enic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En son comde falhic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc peior gent no vic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per folhs tenc Polles e Lombartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Longobartz et Alamans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si volon Frances ni Picartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A senhors ni a drogomans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar murtriers a tort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenon a deport;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu non laus rey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non guarde ley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aura 'l ops bos estandartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que fieira mielhs que Rotlans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que sapcha mais que Raynartz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aia mais que Corbarans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tema meyns mort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el coms de Monfort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui vol qu' a barrey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons li sopley. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sabetz quals sera sa partz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las guerras e dels mazans?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los critz, las paors e 'ls reguartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que aura fagz, e 'l dol e 'l dans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran sieu per sort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aitan lo conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab aital charrey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra del torney.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben petit val tos giens ni t' artz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si pertz l' arma per tos efans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per l' autruy carbonada t' artz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autruy repaus t' es afans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys vas a tal port</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On cre que quecx port</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' enguan e 'l trafey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls tortz faitz que fey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Carles Martel ni Girartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni Marsilis ni Aigolans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l rey Gormons ni Yzombartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aucizeron homes tans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que n' aion estort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo valen d' un ort;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni non lur envey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Thezaur ni arney.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non cug qu' a la mort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negus plus enport</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aver ni arney,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas los faitz que fey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XL.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tos temps azir falsetat et enjan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab vertat et ab dreg mi capdelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si per so vauc atras o avan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m' en rancur, ans m' es tot bon e belh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els uns dechai lialtatz mantas vetz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls autres sors enjans e mala fes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si tant es qu' om per falsetat mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aquel montar dissen pueys en preon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li ric home an pietat tan gran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De paubra gen, com ac Caym d' Abelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mais volon tolre que lop no fan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mais mentir que tozas de bordelh:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'ls crebavatz en dos locx o en tres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us cugessetz que vertatz n' issis ges</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas messongas, don an al cor tal fon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sobrevertz cum aigua de toron.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mans baros vey, en mans luecx, que y estan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus falsamen que veyres en anelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui per fis los ten falh atrestan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum si un lop vendia per anhel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar els no son ni de ley ni de pes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans foron fag a ley de fals poges, PUGESA</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On par la cros e la flors en redon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y trob om argent quan lo refon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Daus Orient entro 'l solelh colguan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fas a la gent un covinent novelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al lial hom donarai un bezan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l deslials mi dona un clavelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et un marc d' aur donarai al cortes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l deschauzitz mi dona un tornes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al vertadier darai d' aur un gran mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m don' un huou quecx messongier que y son.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tota la ley qu' el pus de las gens an</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escriuri' eu en un petit de pelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En la meitat del polguar de mon guan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls pros homes paysseria d' un tortelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ja pels pros no fora cars conres; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si fos hom que los malvatz pagues, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cridar pogra, e non gardessetz on: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venetz manjar li pro home del mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel que no val ni ten pro per semblan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pros ni valen non tanh que hom l' apel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vertadier, quan met dreg en soan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan dreitura ni vertat non l' es bel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car qui fai mal ni tort, razos non es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en cueilla grat ni lauzor ni pretz ges;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E se ditz ben un reprochier pel mon:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel q' una ves escorja autra non ton.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A totas gens dic e mon sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si vertatz e dreitura e merces</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non governon home en aquest mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni sai ni lai no cre valors l' aon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faidit, vai t' en chantar lo sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drech al Tornel a 'N Guigo, qui que pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car de valor non a par en est mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas mon senher En Ebles de Clarmon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals cuia be</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aver filh de s' espoza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no y a re</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus que selh de Toloza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar s' esdeve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la molher coitoza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acuelh ab se</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alcun baratador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don ilh rete,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus vilh d' un' autra toza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un filh de que</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai heres al senhor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so ai fe</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que malvestatz si noza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En tal qu' ieu cre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fon filhs de prior.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es viratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons en desmezura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que falsetatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es en luec de drechura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cobeitatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creys ades e melhura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malvestatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es en luec de valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pietatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A d' hoste sofrachura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E caritatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai del segle clamor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es lauzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui de dieu non a cura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pauc prezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui vol aver s' amor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui des en sai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entro en la Turquia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E daus en lai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro que part Normandia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad un savai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baron tot o daria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non cug ni sai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que visques ses rancor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que greu si fai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fort gran manentia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son don apai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De conquerre maior;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal li eschai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan grans baronia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus non l' estrai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del nom de raubador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais val assatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un ribaut ab pauprieyra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que viu en patz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sofre sa nescieyra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us coms malvatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot jorn fai sobrieira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' avols peccatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non tem dezonor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' al ribaut platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La via dreitureira,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l coms es las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu e de sanctor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar lo bas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom a valor entiera</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l coms non pas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pretz ieu mais lo melhor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que faran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li baron de mal aire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot jorn fan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mal e 'l be non guaire?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quossi poiran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los tortz qu' an faitz desfaire?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur enfan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran plus tolledor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non daran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En l' arma de lor paire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pretz d' un guan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni negus en la lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li enguan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' auran fag l' enguanaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Retornaran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sobre l' enguanador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ai talan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aver aital repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' eras en chan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E totz temps mais en plor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus ma boca parla sens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mos chantars es faitis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vuelh ab belhs motz ben assis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dressar los entendemens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels malvais mal entendens, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cuion que valha mais </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom messongiers que verais; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l sen tenon a folhia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l dreit tornon en biais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ves yfern fay son eslais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l govern ten ves abis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que vertatz aborris</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ab dreitura s' irais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tals bast murs e palais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del dreit de las autras gens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el segles deconoyssens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ditz que mot fa bona via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar es savis e creyssens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot atressi com l' argens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El foc arden torna fis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' afina e s' adoussis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo bons paupres paciens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En las trebalhas cozens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l malvatz manens savais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On plus gent si viest e s pais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conquier de sa manentia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dolor e pena e pantais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' aisso no 'l pren esglais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar gallinas e perdis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo conorton e 'l bos vis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ben qu' en la terra nais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dont el es jauzens e gais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys ditz a dieu en ligens:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu suy paupres e dolens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dieus li respondia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poiria 'l dire: Tu mens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semblans es als aguilens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Croys hom que gent si guarnis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que defora resplandis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dins val meyns que niens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es mager fenhemens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si us escaravais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si fenhia papaguais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan se fenh que pros hom sia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us malvatz manens savais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals si fenh pros e valens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar sol gent si viest e s pais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que es malvatz e savais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si los autres payssia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per aquo valria mais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ve gran maleza faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mal dir no se deu traire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu vuelh dir e retraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ricx hom dezeretaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es piegers que autre laire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai diablia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peior que negun raubaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tart se castia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom, quan va per carreira,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El mena per companheira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malvestat, que vai primeira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mejana e derreira;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gran cobeitat enteira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li fai companhia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tort porta la senheira,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et erguelh la guia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom mals quan vay en plassa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cuiatz vos que lai fassa?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant autr' om ri e solassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' un mov plag, l' autre cassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' un maldi, l' autre menassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autre afolhia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y fai joy ni abrassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com far deuria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom, quan fai sas calendas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sas cortz e sas bevendas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De toutas e de rezendas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai sos dos e sas esmendas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos lums e sas oferendas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de raubaria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en guerras met sas rendas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en plaideria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom mals, quan vol far festa, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auiatz quossi fai sa questa:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant bat la gent et entesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro que denier non lur resta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no y qual venir tempesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fam ni moria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys fai cara mout honesta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui no 'l conoyssia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un pauc ai dig de la gesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dire volia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan gran massa n' y resta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fort pauc embria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tartarassa ni voutor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No sent plus leu carn puden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com clerc e prezicador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senton ont es lo manen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mantenen son siei privat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan malautia 'l bat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan li far donatio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal que 'l paren no y an pro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Frances e clerc an lauzor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mal, quar ben lur en pren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E renovier e trachor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An tot lo segl' eyssamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab mentir et ab barat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An si tot lo mon torbat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no y a religio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sapcha sa lesso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saps qu' esdeven la ricor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De selhs que l' an malamen?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra un fort raubador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non lur laissara ren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So es la mortz, qu' els abat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab quatr' aunas de filat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los tramet en tal maizo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ont atrobon de mal pro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom, per que fas tal follor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que passes lo mandamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu, que es ton senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E t' a format de nien?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La trueia ten el mercat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que ab dieu se combat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el n' aura tal guizardo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com ac Judas lo fello.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus verais, plens de doussor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senher, sias nos guiren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guardatz d' enfernal dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peccadors e de turmen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E solvetz los del peccat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En que son pres e liat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E faitz lur verai perdo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab vera confessio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot atressi com fortuna de ven</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que torba 'l mar e fa 'ls peyssos gandir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es torbada en est segle la gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per un fort ven que dels cors fan salhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals messongiers, deslial e trahire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que s cuion eyssaussar e formir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi fan veritat delir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n pert son dreg hom bos qui 'l ver vol dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A! greu sera est segl' en l' estamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que a estat, segon que auzem dir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom era crezutz ses sagramen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab sol la fe, si la volgues plevir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E veritatz era sens escondire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es tornatz lo segl' en tal azir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quecx pessa de son par a trazir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu apelh aquest segle trazire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui auzes dir quals son li falhimen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fan en cort selhs qui degron regir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an jurat de tenir lialmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreg a quascun? primiers los vey fallir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan semblan aqui mezeis de rire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls clamatiers, quan ven al departir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab penhoras, ab dar et ab servir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdon lo sen, quant auzo 'l jutge dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entr' els clergues non truep departimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tut son d' un sen, d' un cor e d' un albire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E siervon dieu aitan honestamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nulh' autra ren non lur pot abellir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni es nulhs hom que mal en puesca dire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selh que y es, si doncx no vol mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el cavalguar e 'l manjar e 'l dormir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l juec d' amor tenon a gran martire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y truep cosselh mas qu' estem lialmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que pensem e Ihesum Crist servir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar el nasquet pel nostre salvamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volc en crotz per nos la mort sofrir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aital senhor, qui 'n poiri' autr' eslire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el fes de se nau per nos reculhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als grans perils don no podem gandir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses cofessar, e so qu' aurem fag dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan son valen nostre vezi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tan cortes e tan huma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si las peiras eran pa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que las aiguas fosson vi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li pueg bacon e pouzi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No serion larc, tals n' i a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals n' i a, mas non dirai qui,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que foron porc en Guavauda,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en Vianes foron ca,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en Velaic foron masti,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seguon l' afaitamen cani;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas, quar non an coa, rema.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En jurar de femna no m fi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni son sagramen no vuelh ja;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar si 'l metiatz en la ma</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per ver dir un marabeti,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per mentir un barbari,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo barbari guazanhara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals a lo semblant effanti</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sens es de Trebellia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l lengua de logicia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l voluntatz d' En Alengri:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals a belh cors e saura cri</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dins a felh cor e vila.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dig vuelh aver de Sarrazi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fe e ley de crestia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E subtileza de paia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ardimen de Tartari;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui es guarnitz en aissi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Val be messongier Castella.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar fai tort e messongas di</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atressi com de tals n' i a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Razos es qu' ieu m' esbaudey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sia jauzens e guays</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El temps que fuelha e flor nays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et un sirventes despley,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar lialtatz a vencut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falsedat; e non a guaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ieu ai auzit retraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' uns fortz trachers a perdut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son poder e sa vertut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus fai e fara e fey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com es dous e verays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreitz als pros et als savays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E merce segon lur ley:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar a la pagua van tut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' enguanat e l' enguanaire, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com Abels e son fraire; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'l traytor seran destrut </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li trahit ben vengut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu prec que trachors barrey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E los degol e 'ls abays</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi com fos los Alguays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar son de peior trafey:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas aisso es ben sauput,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pieger es tracher que laire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atressi com hom pot faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De covers morgue tondut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai hom de trachor pendut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lops e de fedas vey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de las fedas son mays;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per un austor que nays </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son mil perditz, fe que us dey: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad aquo es conogut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom murtrier ni raubaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No platz tant a dieu lo paire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tan non ama son frut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com fai del pobol menut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Assatz pot aver arney</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cavals ferrans e bays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tors e murs e palays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom, sol que dieu reney:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx ben a lo sen perdut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz hom a cuy es veiaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que, tollen l' autrui repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuge venir a salut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l don dieus quar a tolgut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieus ten son arc tendut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trai aqui on vol traire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai lo colp que deu faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A quec, si com a mergut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segon vizi e vertut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un sirventes novel vuelh comensar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que retrairai al jorn del jutjamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A selh que m fetz e m formet de nien;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l me cuia de ren ochaizonar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si 'l me vol metre en la diablia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu li dirai: Senher, merce no sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mal segle trebaliey totz mos ans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E guardatz me, si us plai, dels turmentans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tota sa cortz farai meravilhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant auziran lo mieu plaideyamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu dic qu' el fai ves los sieus fallimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l los cuia delir ni enfernar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui pert so que guazanhar poiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per bon dreg a de viutat carestia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el deu esser dous e multiplicans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De retener sas armas trespassans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja sa porta non si degra vedar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sans Peires pren hi gran aunimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar n' es portiers, mas que y intres rizen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascun' arma que lai volgues intrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar nulha cortz non er ja ben complia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' uns en plor e que l' autres en ria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sitot s' es sobeirans reys poyssans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no ns obre, sera li 'n faitz demans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los diables degra dezeretar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et agra en mais d' armas pus soven,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l dezeret plagra a tota gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et el mezeis pogra s' o perdonar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot per mon grat; totz los destruiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus tug sabem qu' absolver s' en poiria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bel senher dieus, siatz desheretans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels enemicx enoios e pezans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu no mi vuelh de vos dezesperar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans ai en vos mon bon esperamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que devetz m' arma e mon cors salvar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que m valhatz a mon trespassamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E far vos ai una bella partia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m tornetz lai don muec lo premier dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O que m siatz de mos tortz perdonans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no 'ls feira, si no fos natz enans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu ai sai mal, et en yfern ardia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segon ma fe, tortz e peccatz seria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vos puesc be esser recastinans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per un ben ai de mal mil aitans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per merce us prec, dona sancta Maria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab vostre filh nos siatz bona guia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si que prendatz los paires e 'ls enfans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls metatz lay on esta sanhs Joans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una cieutat fo, no sai quals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On cazet una plueia tals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tug l' ome de la cieutat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que toquet foron dessenat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tug dessenero, mas sol us;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel escapet e non plus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que era dins una maizo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On dormia, quant aco fo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel levet, quant ac dormit</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fon se de ploure gequit,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E venc foras entre las gens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On tug feiron dessenamens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us fo vestis, e l' autre nus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autr' escupi vas lo cel sus;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns trais peira, l' autre astelas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre esquisset sas gonelas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns feri e l' autre enpeis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autre cuget esser reis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tenc se ricamens pels flancx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autre sautet per los bancx;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us menasset, l' autre maldis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre ploret e l' autre ris,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre parlet e no sap que,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre fes metoas de se.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aquel qu' avia son sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meravilhet se molt fortmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vi ben que dessenat son;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gard' aval e gard' amon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si negun savi n' i veira; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E negun savi non i a:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grans meravelhas ac de lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas molt l' an els de luy maior,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el vezon estar saviamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuion qu' aia perdut lo sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car so que ill fan no ill vezon faire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A quascun de lor es veiaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ill son savi e ben senat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas lui tenon per dessenat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui 'l fer en gauta, qui en col;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El no pot mudar no s degol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns l' enpenh, l' autre lo bota,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El cuia eissir de la rota;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns l' esquinta, l' autre l' atrai,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El pren colps e leva e chai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cazen, levan, a grans ganbautz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' en fug a sa maizo de sautz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fangos e batut e mieg mortz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ac gaug quan lor fon estortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquesta faula es al mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semblan et a tug silh que i son;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquest segles es la cieutatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que es totz ples de dessenatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el maior sen c' om pot aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si es amar dieu e temer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gardar sos comandamens:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ar es perdutz aquel sens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La plueia sai es cazeguda;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una cobeitatz es venguda,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uns orgoills et una maleza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tota la gen a perpreza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dieu n' a alcun onrat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autr' el tenon per dessenat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E menon lo de tom en vil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car non es del sen que son il,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sen de dieu lor par folia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' amicx de dieu, on que sia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conois que dessenat son tut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car lo sen de dieu an perdut;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'lh tenon lui per dessenat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car lo sen del mon a laissat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus Peyre d' Alvernhe a chantat </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels trobadors qu' en son passat, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantarai a mon escien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aquels que pueissas an trobat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no m' aion ges cor irat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu lor malvatz fatz lur repren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo premiers es de Sanh Desdier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillems que chanta voluntier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a chantat mot avinen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas, quar son desirier non quier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non pot aver nulh bon mestier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es d' avol aculhimen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo segons de Sanh Antoni</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vescoms qu' anc d' amor non jauzi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni no fes bon comensamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la primeyra 'l a tray;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anc pueis re non li queri,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siei huelh nueg e jorn ploran s' en.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lo ters es de Carcasses</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miravals que fai motz cortes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dona son castel soven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y estai l' an ges un mes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ancmais kalendas no y pres;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que no i ha dan qu' il se pren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo quartz Peirols, us alvernhatz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a trent' ans us vestirs portatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es pus secs de lenh' arden,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es sos chantars peiuratz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc, pus si fon enbaguassatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Clarmon, no fes chan valen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l cinques es Gaucelms Fayditz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que es de drut tornatz maritz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lieys que sol anar seguen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non auzim pueis voutas ni critz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni anc sos chans no fon auzitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' Uzercha entro qu' Agen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l seizes Guilems Azemars,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' anc no fo pus malvatz joglars;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a pres manh vielh vestimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai de tal loc sos chantars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don non es a sos trenta pars;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey l' ades paubr' e sufren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab Arnaut Daniel son set,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a sa vida ben non cantet</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas uns fols motz qu' om non enten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus la lebre ab lo buou casset,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E contra suberna nadet,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No valc sos chans un aguillen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Tremoleta 'l catalas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui fai sos sos leuetz e plas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sos cantars es de nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E peinh sos peills cum s' er' auras;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben a trent' ans que for' albas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no fos lo negrezimen. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l noves N Arnautz de Maruelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ades lo vey d' avol escuelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dons non a chauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fay o mal, quar no l' acuelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ades claman merce siei huelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On plus canta l' aigua 'n dissen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salh de Scola es lo dezes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de joglar s' es faitz borges</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Brajairac o compr' e ven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant a vendut son arnes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El s' en va pueis en Narbones</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab un fals cantars per prezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' onzes es Guiraudetz lo Ros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sol vieure d' autrui chansos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es enoios a tota gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas quar cuiava esser pros, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si se partic dels filhs N Anfos </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' avian fag de nien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lo dotzes es en Folquetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Marcelha, us mercadairetz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a fag un fol sagramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan juret que chanso no fetz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perjur nos an say dig pro vetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s perjuret son essien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lo trezes es mos vezis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillems lo marques mos cozis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non vuelh dire mon talen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car ab los seus chantars frairis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' es totz peiuratz lo mesquis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es viells ab barba et ab gren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peire Vidals es dels derriers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non a sos membres entiers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et agra l' obs lenga d' argen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al vilan qu' er uns pelliciers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que anc, pus si fetz cavaliers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ac pueys membransa ni sen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guilhems de Ribas lo quinzes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es de totz fatz menutz apres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E canta voluntiers non jen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E percassa s fort, s' il valgues,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car nulh tems no 'l vim bel arnes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans vieu ses grat e paubramen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab lo sezesme n' i aura pro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo fals Monge de Montaudo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab totz tensona e conten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a laissat dieu per baco,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar anc fetz vers ni canso, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Degra l' om tost levar al ven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo vers fe 'l monges, e dis lo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Caussada primeiramen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trames lo part Lobeo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A 'N Bernat son cors per prezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Moine de Montaudon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre jorn m' en pugiey al cel,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aniey parlar ab sanh Miquel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don fui mandatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et auzi un clam que m fon bel:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eras l' auiatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanh Jolias venc denan dieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dis: Dieus, a vos mi clam ieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com hom forsatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dezeretatz de tot son fieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malmenatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui ben voli' alberguar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mati m solia preguar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu 'l fos privatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eras no y puesc cosselh donar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab los malvatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aissi m' an tolt tot mon poder, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no m pregua mati ni ser; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neys los colgatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laissan mati dejus mover;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben suy antatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Tolza ni de Carcasses</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m plang ta fort ni d' Albiges,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com d' autres fatz:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Cataluenh' ai totz mos ces,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E y suy amatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Peiragorc e 'n Lemozi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas lo coms e 'l reys los auci,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sui ben amatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a 'n de tals en Caerci</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don sui paguatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lai Roergu', en Gavauda,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m clam ni m lau qu' aissi s' esta;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero assatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y a d' aquelhs q' usquecx mi fa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas voluntatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Alvernhe ses aculhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Podetz alberguar e venir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Descovidatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il non o sabon fort gent dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ben lur platz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Proensa et els baros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai ben enquera mas razos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non sui clamatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels Proensals ni dels Guascos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni trop lauzatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Moine de Montaudon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sirventes aurai gran ren perdutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E perdrai en enquera un o dos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els rics malvatz on pretz es remasutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a lor non platz donars ni messios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni lor platz res que taingna a cortezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas be lor platz quant ajoston l' argen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so n' a mais cel que lo met plus gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' onors val mais que avols manentia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non serai desmentitz ni vencutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc hom escars non fo aventuros;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si n' i a un qu' en sia cregutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs n' a el faig alcun fag vergoignos:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' avers non vol solatz ni leugaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vol trobar home larc ni meten,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans lo vol tal qu' estia aunidamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tal qu' endur so que manjar deuria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que val tesaurs qu' ades es rescondutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cal pro tenc a nuill home qu' anc fos?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan n' ai eu, sol non sia mogutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com an aquil que lo tenon rescos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' a mi non costa un denier si s perdia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ill an tot l' esmai e 'l pessamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan perdon l' aver perdon lo sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a mi an pro donat de que ria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per valens faitz es hom miells mantengutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et acuillitz et honratz per los bos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E n' es hom miells desiratz e volgutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n pot menar plus honratz compaignos:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que malvestatz ab pretz no s' aparia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni s' acordon per lo mieu escien;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pretz vol dar e metre largamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malvestatz estreing e serra e lia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai a 'N Guillem Augier, on pretz s' es clutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tramet mon chant, car el es cabalos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls enemics ten sobratz e vencutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et als amics es francs et amoros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larcs et adregs e senes vilania;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tot quant a dona e met e despen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non o fai ges ab semblan dolen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' en val mais, ja tan pauc non metria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand du Pujet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab gran dreg son maint gran seignor del mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sempre de bos servidors sofraichos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab gran dreg prendon maintas sazos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Danz e destrics, quan se pogran gandir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab gran dreg faillon a conquerer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Terras e gent, quan n' an cor e voler,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car an mes tot so per qu' om vai pueian</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En honrament et en pretz, en soan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E car il tan senz tota valor son</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non dur' ab els servire fiz ni bos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car s' esdeve, sia tortz o razos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cascuns vol l' us aprendr' e seguir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De son seignor per miels ab lui caber:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs si fezesson aissi lur dever</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li croi seignor com il s' en van loingnan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grieu aurion servidor mal obran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sol per so si dechai e s cofon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo segl' e s pert, car il son nuaillos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nonchalen de totz faitz cabalos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m meravil com pot esdevenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il no voillan proeza mantener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car s' ab proeza pueion en poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en ricor, don tan gran talent an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' eu m' en vau trop fort meraveillan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car totz seingner, on mais a cor volon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aver mais e d' esser mais poderos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De valer deu esser mais voluntos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de tot so que fassa 'ls pros grazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E maiorment de dar, car fai tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per pro maint hom a pauc d' autre saber,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de tot' autra valor sol que n' an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el don si gart qu' o met en luec prezan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' om prezatz, que don pren, no i respon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gent, quant obs es l' onors e 'l pretz e 'l pros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en ven, celui per cui faig es lo dos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Restaura tot; car chascus que l' au dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si s preza ren ni sab en re valer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tan bon cor vas lui com degr' aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel que n' a pres lo don, per qu' a afan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s deu nuls hom tener dar si onran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als seingnors cug aver faig gran plazer </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aquest chant, al pros per mantener </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur bel capteing, et als autres montran, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' il volon far lur pron, so qu' a far an.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boniface Calvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tot so c' om sol valer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et esser lauzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deval et es encolpatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car es proeza folia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E leialtatz non sabers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gaieza leujaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aissi es camjatz valers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En avoles' e il en lui, qu' om te</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo croi per pro, e qu' el pros non val re.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sitot * eu saber</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De far malvestatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per q' eu seria prezatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en poder puiaria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conoissenza e devers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi capdellon tota via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De guiza, que mos volers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m sofre ges que m plaia fais, per que</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi prezon cil qu' el mal tenon per be.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anz voill ab aital voler</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meinz poder assatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dels crois mal enseingnatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ples de tota vilania</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi plai en re lurs plazers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni lur mendiga paria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car mi par lur chapteners</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant laitz e tant aunitz, que per ma fe, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qan sovinenza n' ai, m' enueg de me.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai qu' eu faria parer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mos ditz serratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m lau com outracuidatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non a totz, que s' o fazia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De messoini' auri' el vers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semblanz', e tant se valria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sitot no m faill lezers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges de chantar no m membra ni m sove,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sol per cels qu' entendemenz soste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Domna, tan mi fai plazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bels faitz e honratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo senz e la granz beutatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La valors e 'l cortezia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos que res fors poders</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m sofraing a far que sia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdutz l' auzirs e 'l vezers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l senz dels avols, per cui s' esdeve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om lau celui c' avinen no s capte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boniface Calvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ha talen de donar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal don que sia lauzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entr' els savis, deu pensar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tres chauzas, ben o sapchatz:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cals es el eis taing que s pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cals cel qu' el don deu penre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cals los dos; qu' estiers res</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l pot de blasme defendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om don tan gran non deu dar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en sia trop fort grevatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tant pauc qu' a soanar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo taingna cellui qui er datz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni dons avinens non es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om lo 'n poiria rependre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O chauzir qu' el non saubes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So que s taing a far entendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant hom per si honrar </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Da 'l sieu e n' es desonratz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s pot maiorment desfar; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' avers e l' honors prezatz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Val mais que nuls autre bes; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs qui 'ls pert non pot contendre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' autra guiza pogues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan bassa valor descendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que requer' e pregar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo rei castellan mi platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el deia mos chanz membrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non crei' uns sieus privatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car il an tal us apres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tal art, so il vol aprendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quecs, per pauc qu' el n' agues,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son pretz volri' escoiscendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan mi fai ma dompn' amar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amors, qu' en sui fol jugatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que can deuria poingnar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El rei de servir, li fatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plazers; e no m' en tueil ges,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car sai qu' il m' en degra rendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bon guierdon, s' il plagues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adreg sa merce despendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boniface Calvo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sirventes tramet al cominal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tota gen, e si 'l volon auzir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni l' entendo ni 'l sabo devezir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascus hi pot triar lo ben del mal;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cobeytatz a tant sazit en brieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mon que no y cort dreg ni tem hom dieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni no y trob om merce ni chauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vergonha ab lo pus de la gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clergue volon trastot l' an per engual</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab cobeitat gent caussar e vestir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ric prelat volo s tant enantir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ses razo alargan lor deptal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si tenetz de lor un honrat fieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volran l' aver; e no 'l cobraretz lieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no lor datz una summa d' argen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no lor faitz plus estreg covinen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rey e comte, baylo e senescal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volo 'ls castels e las terras sazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A lur gran tort las paubras gens delir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li baro son tornat atretal;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ditz quascus: Ieu penrai d' aquo mieu; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab tot son plus paubres que romieu; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no tenon vertat ni sagramen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nos autres em tug d' aquelh eys sen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si monge nier vol dieus que sian sal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per pro manjar ni per femnas tenir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni monge blanc per boulas a mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per erguelh Temple ni Espital,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni canonge per prestar a renieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben tenc per folh sanh Peir' e sanh Andrieu </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sofriro per dieu aital turmen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' aquest s' en van aissi a salvamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si capelan per pro beure a Noal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni legistas per tort a mantenir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ostalier per son oste trahir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E loguadier per falsar lor jornal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E raubador e metje e corrieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rauban la gen, se salvo, non cre ieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que menudet no vivon folhamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selhs qu' estan cofes e peneden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Revendedor, obrier e menestral</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iran a dieu, si lor o vol sofrir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab car vendre et ab pliven mentir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E camjador et home de portal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E renovier yssamen com Juzieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E noyriguier panan so qu' om lor plieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E laurador terras sensals tenen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Festas obran e mezinas crezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' autra gen darai cosselh leyal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot no 'l say a mos ops retenir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quecx pesses de be far e de dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non aurem negus plus de cabal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'n portarem escrit el nostre brieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad aysselh jorn que rendrem comt' a dieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al derrier jorn' que tenra parlamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ayselh senhor que ns formet de nien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De totz los reys ten hom per pus cabal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo rey 'N Anfos, tan fay bos faitz grazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels comtes selh de Rodes chauzir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai sa valor e son pretz natural,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels prelatz selh de Memde, qu' el trieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sec drechamen e despen gent lo sieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels baros son fraire, tan valen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son tug siey fag e siey captenemen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui mon chantar me repren no m' es grieu, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si maynt fan be sitot pauc m' en fatz ieu; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que las gens renheson leyalmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys poirion dir: De folh apren hom sen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Raimond de Castelnau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cristias vey perilhar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per colpa dels regidors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar entr' elhs no cap amors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni patz ni dreitz, qu' ab tortz far</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son d' autruy dreg enveyos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E creys lurs iniquitatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creyssen lurs possessios.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aisso truep voluntos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pus de las poestatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non dirai dels prelatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh devon governar nos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mostran via per salvar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si s fan don lur tanh lauzors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus fassa 'ls drech guidar!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sas obras deu mostrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que repren las follors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si que 'l n' eschaya honors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ayssi deu hom essenhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar non es maiestres bos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sol dictar apelatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'ls faitz no fay cabalos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aisso lais, qu' autra razos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M' o tolh don suy apessatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els reys truep desacordatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' un voler non sai dos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant vol quascus contrastar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab l' autre, don es paors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus tot o desampar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un temps vol dieus yssausar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Crestias, e 'l fon sabors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar el pus era valors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pessavan d' elh honrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra Sarrazis fellos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et avian entr' elhs patz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et amor totas sazos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas er es contrarios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us a l' autre, que duptatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y es enjans ni baratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cuberta tracios;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us cuia l' autr' enjanar:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pus greu m' es dels maiors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mals pot a mais montar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan l' us ve l' autre baissar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se deurian far socors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui val a valedors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas estiers los vey obrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que del creysser son gilos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del mermar fan solatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om val als pus poderos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bos reys castellas, N Anfos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab dreg faits tot quant fassatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et auretz pro companhos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El devers sia gardatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostres, e 'l pretz per vos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui m disses, non a dos ans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el laus me fos desgrazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del rey 'N Anfos, de pretz guitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mot me fora greus afans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' er es tant vil tengut sai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E blasmatz, que sol parlar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aus de luy ad honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don ai al cor tal dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab pauc chant no 'n desampar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A moutz homes l' aug blasmar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que li foran valedor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si guerra l' agues sabor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant com a cor de donar:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu las! suy en esmai,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com me sol lauzar mos chans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per elh que m' er abelhitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant qu' ieu serai sebelhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans que dreg alhors los lans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mala veyra sos efans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l pus de la gent ver ditz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vius n' er despostaditz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus don me mort enans, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ja gran joy non aurai </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro per ver auia comtar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'l sieu enemic maior</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aian ab luy tal amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' elhs no 'l calha gardar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab dreg a volgut renhar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab pretz et ab valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creyssen de terr' ab lauzor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo reys N Anfos que dieus gar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aras deu mielhs e mai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voler dreg e patz dos tans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que non si' escarnitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que de dieu si' aizitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sos pretz no s desenans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos ditz sera pro bastans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que per luy si' auzitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu parti totz esferzitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si m' enten, non l' er dans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero aitan li dirai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que reys deu amicx amar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas de l' als dir ai temor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'lh chauzisca son melhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per son dreg dever a far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jamais no m' esforsarai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' el rey castellan lauzar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni d' autre, si en error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ven son pretz, qu' a deshonor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me pogues ab dan tornar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No suy astrucx de senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m vuelha de cor amar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fortz guerra fai tot lo mon guerreiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E destruir, per que tot er destrutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab totz esfortz vey las gens esforsar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dechazer us austres dechazutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De drechura, q' us non es drechuriers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans es ab tort qui pot pus torturiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant que temors de dieu no y fai temensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui conoys mescre sa conoyssensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el mons es estranhatz de mondar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom no cre autre ni es crezutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni es amatz per ren ni pot amar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ben voler, ans es totz ben volgutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om dona dreg, dat per dieu, per deniers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per aver avera 'ls messongiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que dieus fa ses pro far penedensa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als crestias crestatz de paciensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us ab son par no s pot apariar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses decebre, don quecx es deceubutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gualiatz, tan vol quecx gualiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creyssen lo sieu, don mals es tant cregutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no vol far ben, e fa voluntiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal, per que patz nos fug, qu' el vers paziers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par que nos falh per la nostra falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no nos val quar nos no 'l faym valensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas qui fes totz los bes que pogra far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que s tengues dels mals on es tengutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et oblides so que deu oblidar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E decores de cor so qu' es salutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volgues dreg quar dreitz es dreitz semdiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aissi viven viu hom e non estiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et obezis so qu' es d' obediensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De belh saber agra belha sabensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers paires dieus, don no ns podem pairar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vera via, vertatz e vera lutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers salvamens per que ns devem salvar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vera bontatz don totz bes es vengutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amaires vers als amadors entiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Defendemens defendens d' aversiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz nos obrar tals obras ab crezensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' entr' els gueritz trobem ab vos guirensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amples <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-traduit-per-ramon-guimera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">camis</a> ab trops de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-traduit-per-ramon-guimera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">caminiers</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leus per saber e per tener leugiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es selh de mort, e mortals ab temensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh de vida, per qu' a paucx vius agensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si be m falhic no crey que y fes falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos Belhs Deportz, deport truep e guirensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vertatz es atras tirada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E messonja enantida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lialtatz encaussada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E falsetatz aculhida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om ten per dreg son voler </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et obra de son poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don tortz es tan poderos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dreitz es a non chaler</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vengutz, que no y val sermos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancta fes es sermonada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mot, e pauc l' obra seguida;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es plazens e privada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selha de mondana vida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om, per complir son plazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desconoys dreg e dever,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E d' aver es tant curos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom, e pro non pot aver,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sap que s' es razos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E crey qu' a dieu non agrada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar amors non es aizida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni merces non es trobada;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que patz nos es falhida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om non la vol enquerer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don deu lo mons dechazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieus totz savis, totz bos, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vol en loc remaner</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On baratz renh e tensos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si patz fos essercada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant com es guerr' afortida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erguelhs non agra cassada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce qu' al mon fort oblida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' amors no y pot caber</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni sens no y pot res valer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' erguelhs e baratz ginhos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolhon auzir e vezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad home totas sazos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ihesus Cristz nos a mostrada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Via qu' es del ver gaug guida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tant es pauc ademprada,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que petit es polida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar mot es greus per tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om manjar be ni jazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y pot, ans viu sofrachos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon que deu fort temer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot l' es contrarios.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons no dona lezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De be, e fai mal plazer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui pus l' es amoros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mens a de ben far poder,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es lo mals saboros!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanctz paires dieus glorios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senher, datz nos tal saber</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mon azirem per vos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-67222569448961432382023-10-18T12:31:00.005-07:002023-10-18T12:31:53.382-07:00Sirventes historiques.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Sirventes historiques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aquest guai sonet leugier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me vuelh en cantan esbaudir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom que no s dona alegrier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No sai que puesc esdevenir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu me vuelh ab joy tenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los pros de Proensa</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui renhan ab conoissensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab belha captenensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si qu' om no 'ls en pot escarnir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De conquerre fin pretz entier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agra ieu talen e dezir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no m' en falhisson denier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E rendas, don pogues complir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los fagz qu' ieu volgra mantenir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pus a dieu non agensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu puesca far gran valensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gardar me dei de falhensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al meins, e d' aiso qu' ai servir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar pretz no demanda ni quier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab sels qui volen obezir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tant quant al poder s' afier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que hom se guart de falhir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' aisel que trop vol tenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A molt petit de sciensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar l' avers non a valensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas quar hom en trai guirensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar hom s' en pot far grazir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' emperador dreiturier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/federico-ii-hohenstaufen-emperador-que-desafio-papa_15842" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frederic</a> vuelh mandar e dir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que, si mielhs no mante l' <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=imperi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">empier</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Milan lo cuida conquerir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab grans faitz, e fai s' en auzir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don vos jur per ma crezensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pauc pretz sa conoissensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son sen e sa sabensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' en breu no l' en sap far pentir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dona sai ab cors plazentier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don negus hom no pot mal dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no tem gap de lauzengier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sap los melhors retenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab honrar et ab aculhir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan gen fenis e comensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So solatz e sa parvensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en re non hi fai falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a car nom per encarzir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na Johana d' Est agensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A totz los pros, ses falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ie m vuelh ab los pros tenir.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Ventadour" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bernard de Ventadour</a>.<br /><br />//<br /><br />Index:<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-un-sirventes-on-motz-non-falh.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, Un sirventes on motz non falh</a></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-ges-de-far-sirventes-no-m-tartz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, Ges de far sirventes no m tartz,</a></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-pus-ventedorn-e-comborn-e-segur.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Pus Ventedorn e Comborn e Segur</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-un-sirventes-fatz-dels-malvatz-barons.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Un sirventes fatz dels malvatz barons,</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sirventes-no-qual-far-longor-ganda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VI, D' un sirventes no m qual far longor ganda,</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-coms-mandat-mogut-per-en-ramon-uc-esparro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Lo coms m' a mandat e mogut,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-rassa-mes-se-son-primier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Rassa, mes se son primier</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ix-ges-no-mi-desconort-s-ieu-ai-perdut.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX, Ges no mi desconort S' ieu ai perdut,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ieu-chan-reys-preguat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X, Ieu chan, qu' el Reys m' en a preguat</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-gent-fai-nostre-reis-liouranda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI, Gent fai nostre reis liouranda,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-pus-lo-gens-terminis-floritz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII, Pus lo gens terminis floritz</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-greu-m-es-deisendre-carcol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIII, Greu m' es deisendre carcol,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-quan-vey-pels-vergiers-desplegar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIV, Quan vey pels vergiers desplegar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-pus-li-baron-son-irat-e-lor-peza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XV, Pus li baron son irat e lor peza</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-al-dous-nou-termini-blanc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVI, Al dous nou termini blanc</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-s-ieu-fos-aissi-senhers-e-poderos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVII, S' ieu fos aissi senhers e poderos</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/miez-sirventes-vueilh-far-dels-reis-amdos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVIII, Miez sirventes vueilh far dels reis amdos,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-non-estarai-mon-chantar-non-esparja.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIX, Non estarai mon chantar non esparja,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-quan-la-novella-flors-par-el-verjan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XX, Quan la novella flors par el verjan</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-un-sirventes-farai-novelh-plazen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXI, Un sirventes farai novelh, plazen</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxii-ja-nuls-hom-pres-non-dira-sa-razon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXII, Ja nuls hom pres non dira sa razon</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiii-del-rei-d-arragon-consir.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII, Del rei d' Arragon consir,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/quor-qu-om-trobes-florentis-orgulhos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIV, Quor qu' om trobes Florentis orgulhos,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxv-sendatz-vermelhs-endis-e-ros.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV, Sendatz vermelhs, endis e ros,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxvi-bel-m-es-cant-aug-lo-resso.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVI, Bel m' es cant aug lo resso</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ab-greu-cossire-fau-sirventes-cozen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVII, Ab greu cossire Fau sirventes cozen; Bernard Sicart de Marjevols.</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/foilla-ni-flors-ni-chautz-temps-ni-freidura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVIII, Foilla ni flors ni chautz temps ni freidura</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/en-aquell-temps-reys-mori-anfos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIX, En aquell temps qu' el reys mori 'N Anfos</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/un-sirventes-faire-es-mos-pessamenz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXX, D' un sirventes faire Es mos pessamenz (Pierre de la Caravane)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxi-quant-vei-lo-temps-renovellar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXI, Quant vei lo temps renovellar, (Bertrand de Born, le fils)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxii-ja-de-far-un-nou-sirventes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXII, Ja de far un nou sirventes</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxiii-ja-no-vuelh-do-ni-esmenda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIII, Ja no vuelh do ni esmenda (Bernard de Rovenac)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sirventes-grans-volontatz-preza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIV, D' un sirventes m' es grans volontatz preza, (Bernard de Rovenac)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxv-doas-coblas-farai-en-aqest-son.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXV, Doas coblas farai en aqest son</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxvi-seigneiras-e-cavals-armatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVI, Seigneiras e cavals armatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ja-non-creirai-en-gui-de-cavaillon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVII, Ja non creirai d' En Gui de Cavaillon</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/blog-post_18.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVIII, Estiers mon grat mi fan dir villanatge</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxix-belh-m-es-quan-d-armas-aug-refrim.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIX, Belh m' es quan d' armas aug refrim (Guillaume de Montagnagout)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xl-guerra-e-trebalhs-e-brega-m-platz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XL, Guerra e trebalhs e brega m platz, (Boniface de Castellane)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xli-gerra-mi-play-quan-la-vey-comensar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLI, Gerra mi play quan la vey comensar,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlii-peire-salvagg-en-greu-pessar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLII, Peire salvagg', en greu pessar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xliii-de-l-arcivesque-mi-sap-bon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIII, De l' arcivesque mi sap bon</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ja-de-chantar-nulh-temps-no-serai-mutz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIV Ja de chantar nulh temps no serai mutz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlv-un-sirventes-farai-ses-alegratge.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLV, Un sirventes farai ses alegratge,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlvi-en-luec-de-verjanz-floritz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVI, En luec de verjanz floritz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ges-no-m-es-greu-s-eu-non-sui-ren-prezatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVII, Ges no m' es greu s' eu non sui ren prezatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlviii-mout-que-sovinenza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVIII, Mout a que sovinenza</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlix-entre-dos-reis-vei-mogut-et-enpres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIX, Entre dos reis vei mogut et enpres</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/l-mout-fort-me-sui-d-un-chan-meravillatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L, Mout fort me sui d' un chan meravillatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/li-on-hom-plus-aut-es-pueiatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LI, On hom plus aut es pueiatz,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lii-comte-karle-ie-us-vuelh-far-entenden.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LII, Comte Karle, ie us vuelh far entenden</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/liii-al-bon-rey-qu-es-reys-de-pretz-car.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIII, Al bon rey qu' es reys de pretz car,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/liv-nostre-reys-qu-es-d-onor-ses-par.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIV, Nostre reys qu' es d' onor ses par (Bernard d' Auriac)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/francx-reys-frances-per-cuy-son-angevi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LV, Francx reys frances, per cuy son Angevi,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lvi-ancmais-per-aital-razo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVI, Ancmais per aital razo</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tant-onratz-verays-ressos-plazens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVII, Tant m' es l' onratz, verays ressos plazens,</span></a></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-47757684738806093602023-10-17T11:20:00.005-07:002023-10-17T11:20:57.668-07:00Pièces sur les croisades.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Pièces sur les croisades.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus de chantar m' es pres talens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Farai un vers don sui dolens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non serai mais obediens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peytau</a> ni de Lemozi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/abc-espana-aragon-chapurriau-lengua-mana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ieu m' en anarai en eyssilh</a>;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laissarai en guerra mon filh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En gran <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/02/puje-lo-dorondon-puje-la-broma-puje-la.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">paor</a> et en perilh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E faran li mal siey vezi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus lo partirs m' es aitan grieus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del seignoratge de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peytieus</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En garda de Falco d' Angieus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lais ma terra e son cozi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si Falco d' <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-27-pretensions-seconde-famille-anjou-royaume-naples-ruineux-voyages.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Angieus</a> no 'lh secor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l reys de cui ieu tenc m' onor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal li faran tug li pluzor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el veyran <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jovenet meschi</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si molt non es <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Saputo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">savis e pros</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant ieu serai partit de vos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tost l' auran abayssat en jos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fello Guasco et <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-27-pretensions-seconde-famille-anjou-royaume-naples-ruineux-voyages.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Angevi</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De proeza e de valor fui,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais ara <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nos partem abdui</a>;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu vauc m' en lay a selui</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On merce clamon <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/04/carlos-fontanet-pelegri-le-hace-otro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pelegri</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi lais tot quant amar suelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavalairia et orguelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vauc m' en lay, ses tot destuelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On li peccador penran fi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce quier a mon companho,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' and li fi tort, que lo m perdo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu prec ne Jeshu del tro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/choix-poesies-originales-troubadours-introduction.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">romans</a></b> et en <u>lati</u>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout ai estat cuendes e gais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas nostre seingner no 'l vol mais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar non posc plus soffrir lo fais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant soi apropchatz de la fi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz mos amicx prec a la mort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il vengan tuit al meu conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ancse amey joi e <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=deport" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">deport</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luenh de me et en mon aizi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi guerpisc joy et deport</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E var e gris e sembeli.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Comte de Poitiers</a>.<br /><br />//<br /><br />Index.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-senhors-per-los-nostres-peccatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, senhors per los nostres peccatz</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-en-honor-del-paire-en-cui-es.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, En honor del Paire en cui es</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-er-nos-sia-capdelhs-e-guerentia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Er nos sia capdelhs e guerentia</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-so-qu-hom-plus-vol-e-don-es-plus-cochos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V, So qu' hom plus vol e don es plus cochos,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ara-sai-eu-pretz-quals-plus-gran.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI. Ara sai eu de pretz quals l' a plus gran</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/era-nos-sia-guitz-lo-vers-dieus-iheus-critz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Era nos sia guitz Lo vers dieus Iheus Critz,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-nostre-senher-somonis-el-mezeis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Nostre senher somonis el mezeis</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pus-flum-jordan-ai-vist-monimen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX, Pus flum Jordan ai vist e 'l monimen,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/x-ara-parra-qual-seran-enveios.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X, Ara parra qual seran enveios</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-per-pauc-de-chantar-no-me-lays.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI, Per pauc de chantar no me lays,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-si-m-laissava-de-chantar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII, Si m laissava de chantar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-hueimais-no-y-conosc-razo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIII, Hueimais no y conosc razo</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-aras-pot-hom-conoisser-e-proar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIV, Aras pot hom conoisser e proar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-lo-senher-que-formet-lo-tro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XV, Lo senher que formet lo tro</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-baros-ihesus-qu-en-crotz-fon-mes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVI, Baros Ihesus qu' en crotz fon mes</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-bel-m-es-quan-la-roza-floris.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVII, Bel m' es, quan la roza floris</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/quan-lo-dous-temps-ven-e-vay-la-freydors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVIII, Quan lo dous temps ven, e vay la freydors,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-totz-hom-qui-ben-comensa-e-ben-fenis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIX, Totz hom qui ben comensa e ben fenis</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-tornatz-es-en-pauc-de-valor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX, Tornatz es en pauc de valor</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-emperaire-per-mi-mezeis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXI, Emperaire, per mi mezeis,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ira-dolor-dins-mon-cor-asseza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXII, Ira e dolor s' es dins mon cor asseza,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/el-temps-quan-vey-cazer-fuelhas-flors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII, El temps quan vey cazer fuelhas e flors,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiv-qui-vol-aver-complida-amistansa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIV, Qui vol aver complida amistansa</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ab-grans-trebalhs-marrimens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV, Ab grans trebalhs et ab grans marrimens</span></a></p><p><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-66120977653479114262023-10-12T09:45:00.005-07:002023-10-12T09:45:32.356-07:00Lo burro mort.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Lo</span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"> </span><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/19-de-mayo-pena-de-mort-bendejats.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">burro mort</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheMOWq4n-uC1cXw_PlS-PM-NNAd34wF23sEOcQaAlxPy0I6nEEw-2ouoK4E48V408kue3Y3u5ISqZQagRxjf7ja_VWs9_8LyvQFrZjRKuhHDQHTU-JsoKbwlIrozwy_MIDIgtNZpLJBhCfpLmjTEgVaG-1m6edezNsIH-RI1ArxPvALZmrfPE7cr2azCA/s781/lo-burro-mort.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Una sagala que vivíe a un poble del Matarraña, Pepa," border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="781" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheMOWq4n-uC1cXw_PlS-PM-NNAd34wF23sEOcQaAlxPy0I6nEEw-2ouoK4E48V408kue3Y3u5ISqZQagRxjf7ja_VWs9_8LyvQFrZjRKuhHDQHTU-JsoKbwlIrozwy_MIDIgtNZpLJBhCfpLmjTEgVaG-1m6edezNsIH-RI1ArxPvALZmrfPE7cr2azCA/w640-h374/lo-burro-mort.png" title="Una sagala que vivíe a un poble del Matarraña, Pepa," width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/dicsionari-chapurriau-castella-s.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sagala</a> que vivíe a <a href="http://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">un poble del Matarraña</a>, <a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/author/pnogues/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pepa</a>, va aná a comprali un <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/03/francisco-celma-tafalla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">burret</a> a un <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2020/12/requiem-per-un-llaurado-espanol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">llauradó</a> <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/05/sembra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">agüelo</a> de un poble de la vora. Este li va demaná 15.000 <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/09/prinsipis-5.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pessetes</a> de antes. Lo agüelet, que se díe <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arturo</a>, va acordá en ella entregali <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo animal</a> en son demá. Pero al día siguién, lo llauradó li va di:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- U <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/07/nague-pau-3.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sentixco</a>, <a href="https://www.diariodeteruel.es/bajoaragon/pepa-nogues-antropologa-y-etnologa-todo-lo-que-ayudo-a-mantener-la-lengua-durante-800-anos-ahora-ha-cambiado" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pepeta</a>, pero tinc males <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/sense-notissies-de-gurb-traducsio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">notissies</a>: <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo burro se va morí</a> ahí només anaten. -</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Bueno, - va di <a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/author/pnogues/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la Josefina</a>, - entonses tórnom los meus <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2021/03/les-sabates.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dinés</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2018/12/intentan-imita-juan-valera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">venedó</a> va replicá:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- No puc. Me los vach <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2018/11/los-quintos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gastá</a> enseguida en una <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/desmemoriada-mula-vella-desideri-lombarte-ferre-ferra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">desmemoriada mula vella</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/author/pnogues/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">La Josefa</a> li va di:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Vale, es igual, dónom <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo burro mort</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- ¿Y pera qué? - va preguntá l' agüelo, - ¿Qué farás en ell? Ya lo están <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Desideri" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ataullán</a> los <a href="https://www.masdebunyol.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">buitres del Mas de Buñol</a> pera fótressel. -</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Lo <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2018/11/los-quintos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rifaré</a> – va replicá la Pepa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- ¿Estás <a href="https://www.lacomarca.net/pepa-nogues-esta-perdiendo-uso-lengua-matarrana-no-somos-conscientes/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">allunada</a> o qué? cóm has de rifá un burro mort? -</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Pos fénu; no li diré a dingú que está mort, per supost. -</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un mes después de esta <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/10/una-historia-posible-2-la-aldea-del-chapurriau.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">conversa</a>, lo llauradó se va topetá en <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pepa.nogues/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la Pepa</a> a <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/valderrobres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fira de Valderrobres</a> y li va preguntá:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- ¿Qué va passá en <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-disenado-coches.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo ruquet</a>?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pepa li va contestá:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Lo vach rifá, vach vendre singsens números a sincuanta pessetes cada un y me vach emburchacá 25.000 <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/09/prinsipis-5.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">peles</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- ¿Y dingú se va queixá? - va preguntá l' agüelo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sol lo guañadó, <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/la-portellada.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cacholet</a>, – va di la Pepa -, pero an aquell <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/la-portellada.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">estrangé</a> li vach torná les 50 pessetes, li vach doná un beset y va callá.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Pepa va creixe y se va ficá a la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manipulacion-direccion-politica-linguistica-aragon-INE.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">política</a>, hasta arribá a <a href="https://www.dpteruel.es/DPTweb/la-diputada-susana-traver-ponente-en-una-clase-de-liderazgo-municipal-de-la-universidad-autonoma-de-barcelona/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">diputada</a> de les <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/coleccion-corona-aragon-tomo-iv-introduccion.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Corts de Aragó</a>. Después va sé <a href="https://www.senado.es/web/composicionorganizacion/senadores/composicionsenado/consultaprocedenciageografica/detallecomunidad/index.html?id1=10" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">senadora</a>, que bona sopadora ya u ere, y hasta <a href="https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/ministerio/el-ministro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ministra</a> y tot, y va torná al escañ del <a href="https://www.senado.es/web/composicionorganizacion/senadores/composicionsenado/consultaprocedenciageografica/detallecomunidad/index.html?id1=10" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Senado</a>, y aixina va aná movén les perres de tots y emburchacanse una bona part, apart del seu jornal. </span><span>Hasta va agarrá una exedensia de la seua plassa de <a href="https://iesvalderrobres.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">professora</a> al </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/ignacio-belanche-instituto-valderrobres-catalan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">institut de Valderrobres</a><span> pera aná <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=bamb%C3%A1n" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bambán</a>, com fa </span><a href="https://aragonpsoe.es/javier-lamban/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lambán</a><span>, perque va trobá mols "burros <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/19-de-mayo-pena-de-mort-bendejats.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">morts</a>" al seu <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=lo+cam%C3%AD" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">camí</a>, y los va aná rifán a mols </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/10/tersera-jornada-novela-primera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">saboquets</a><span>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero lo milló de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">esta historia</a> es que ademés pot seguí trobán mols mes <a href="https://www.diariodemallorca.es/part-forana/2018/04/23/nino-payes-arrasa-youtube-conquista-3224271.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ases</a> morts pel antic <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/23-de-junio-capitulos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Prinsipat</a> de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cataluña</a>, y antics reinos de <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2020/11/voreta-albufera-mariano-serrano-choguet-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Valensia</a> y <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/04/crida-real-sobre-les-noves-ordinacions.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mallorca</a> (y alguna <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/rondaya-de-rondayas-en-mallorqui.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">somera</a>) pera emburchacás mes perres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tú no hauríes de dixá que te venguen o rifon <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/19-de-mayo-pena-de-mort-bendejats.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">burros morts</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estate alerta, obri los <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=huelhs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ulls</a>, milló encara la men, lo criteri y lo sentit comú, que es lo menos comú dels sentits. Pensa en los teus fills y filles, en la teua <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/cxlvii-13.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">familia</a> que puje.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tú pots ajudá a que paron de <a href="https://www.lenguasdearagon.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">véndremos burros morts</a> compartín esta charrada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Orwell" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">George Orwell</a> (Eric <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arthur</a> Blair) va escriure unes paraules que <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/sense-notissies-de-gurb-traducsio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">traduíxco</a>:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un poble que tríe <a href="https://casos-aislados.com/Caso-por-partido.php?Partido=PP" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">corruptes</a>, <a href="https://www.elimparcial.es/noticia/247173/nacional/sanchez:-antes-me-llamaban-felon-y-traidor-y-hoy-me-llaman-dictador-y-golpista.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">inutils</a>, <a href="https://academiaaragonesadelalengua.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sinics</a> y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/09/pedro-conestable-portugal-rey-aragon-conde-barcelona-catalanes-traidores.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">traidós</a>, no es cap <a href="https://www.eldebate.com/espana/cataluna/20230609/el-98-violencia-politica-cataluna-ejercen-personas-grupos-independentistas_120475.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">víctima</a>, es un <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2020/12/jornada-octava-novela-octava.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">compinchat</a> o <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/05/jornada-cuarta-novela-sexta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cómplice</a>.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.geo.de/wissen/als-george-orwell-noch-eric-arthur-blair-war-30955824.html" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Als George Orwell noch Eric Arthur Blair war" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1440" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BzgCzjnNt78u6p-SizC3Na0RC4UBLotNnt1TOYxijL0RWSmxcca67yTYh1BJcDk3FQ720KYYJxgiiVGkQmG3YxjuXXnNh6EdX9mIUZ0sSD93Jt1wgb497Iu2hyphenhypheniYcFxe596jJGQwAWlXY7_bJJLfnt3NDTaukBRknMCqPme9rxW8FR70PYKj1RVSwFo/w640-h426/george-orwell.jpg" title="Als George Orwell noch Eric Arthur Blair war" width="640" /></span></a></div>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.com44589 La Portellada, Teruel, España40.8822681 0.056577612.572034263821152 -35.0996724 69.192501936178843 35.2128276tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-13967103551142127382023-09-22T12:58:00.004-07:002023-10-08T07:13:29.225-07:00Éléments de la grammaire de la langue romane avant l' an 1000.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Recherches</a> sur l' origine et la formation de la</span><span> </span><b>langue romane</b><span>.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Éléments de la grammaire de cette langue, avant l' an 1000.<br /><br />Dès que les Romains se crurent appelés à la conquête du monde, ils sentirent l' avantage et la nécessité d' attacher à la métropole les nations soumises ou vaincues: parmi les moyens que la sagesse du sénat eut l' art d' employer, l' un des plus prompts et des plus efficaces fut d' établir, avec ces différentes nations, les rapports sociaux, les liens politiques d' une communauté de langage; et toutes les fois que la victoire permettait au peuple-roi d' imposer le joug de sa domination (1), il imposait aussi celui de son idiôme.<br />(1) At enim opera data est ut imperiosa civitas non solùm jugum, verùm etiam linguam suam domitis gentibus, per pacem societatis, imponeret. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_ciudad_de_Dios" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">S. August. de Civit. Dei</a>, lib. 19, cap. 7.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les magistrats romains affectèrent de n' admettre que cet idiôme dans leurs communications avec les cités de la Grèce et de l' Asie; plus ils faisaient vanité de connaître et d' estimer les chefs-d'œuvre de la littérature grecque, plus ils exigeaient impérieusement que le descendant de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltiade_le_Jeune" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Miltiade</a> ou d' <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aristide</a>, empruntant la voix d' un interprète, rendît hommage à la langue des maîtres du monde (1: Magistratus verò prisci quantoperè suam populique romani majestatem retinentes se gesserint, hinc cognosci potest, quòd, inter cætera obtinendæ gravitatis indicia, illud quoque magnâ cum perseverantiâ custodiebant, ne Græcis unquam nisi latinè responsa darent. Quin etiam ipsâ linguæ volubilitate, quâ plurimum valet, excussâ, per interpretem loqui cogebant; non in urbe tantùm nostrâ, sed etiam in <a href="https://brauliofoz.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Græciâ</a> et Asiâ; quò scilicet latinæ vocis honos per omnes gentes venerabilior diffunderetur. Val. Max. lib. 2, cap. 2.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une loi expresse enjoignait aux Préteurs de ne promulguer qu' en latin leurs décrets et leurs édits (2: Decreta a prætoribus latinè interponi debent. L. Decreta D. lib. 42, tit. I De re judicata.).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lit dans Strabon (3: Edit. Oxon., liv. 3, p. 202) que, sous la domination romaine, les Espagnols de la Bétique s' assujettirent tellement aux mœurs étrangères, qu' ils oublièrent l' idiôme natal.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le même auteur (4) nous apprend que, dès le siècle d' Auguste, une grande partie des Gaulois avait adopté la langue et les usages des Romains.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Ib. lib. 4, p. 258."Les <b><a href="https://www.cosmovisions.com/ChronoVolces.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Volcae</a></b>, dit-il, s' étendent jusqu' aux bords du <a href="https://www.france.fr/de/provence/artikel/die-rhone" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rhône</a>: les <b><a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1910_num_12_3_1636" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Salyes</a></b> et les <b><a href="https://boowiki.info/art/ligure-3/cavari.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cavari</a></b> occupent la rive opposée. Mais le nom de ces derniers a tellement prévalu sur les noms des autres peuples, qu'on nomme Cavari tous les barbares leurs voisins, qui ont même cessé d' être barbares: car ils ont adopté pour la plupart la langue et la façon de vivre des Romains."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette remarque de Strabon suffirait pour prouver que les autres Gaulois, qu' il ne regarde pas comme barbares, usaient de la langue latine. C'est principalement la différence d' idiome qui faisait donner aux peuples étrangers la dénomination de barbares.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Telle était la force de l' opinion publique, qu' un empereur, hazardant devant le sénat le <a href="https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/monopole/52393" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mot de Monopole</a>, emprunté du grec (1), crut nécessaire de s' excuser. Et cet empereur, c'était Tibère.<br />(1: <a href="https://brauliofoz.blogspot.com/2021/04/cronologia-necesaria-para-la-perfecta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sermone græco</a>, quamquam aliàs promptus et facilis, non tamen usquequaque usus est: abstinuitque maximè in senatu; adeò quidem ut Monopolium nominaturus, priùs veniam postularit quod sibi verbo peregrino utendum esset: atque etiam in quodam decreto patrum, cum *gr una recitaretur, commutandam censuit vocem, et pro <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=peregrina" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">peregrinâ</a> nostratem requirendam, si non reperiretur, vel pluribus et per ambitum verborum rem enuntiandam. Sueton. in Tib. Cap. 71.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans une autre circonstance, il fit effacer d' un décret du sénat le mot d' Embleme, et il prescrivit d' employer une périphrase, plutôt que d' admettre cette expression étrangère.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par l' ordre de l' <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(empereur_romain)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">empereur Claude</a>, un gouverneur de la province de Grèce, personnage très distingué, fut privé de son emploi, et même du droit de citoyen. Quel était son tort? il ignorait la langue latine.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyciens" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lyciens</a>, coupables de rébellion, avaient député à Rome un de leurs compatriotes, honoré du titre de citoyen romain. Ce même prince, interrogeant l' envoyé, et reconnaissant qu' il n' entendait pas le latin, le dépouilla du droit de cité, alléguant que, pour être digne de participer aux priviléges des Romains, il était indispensable de comprendre et de parler leur langue (1: (1) Dio Cass. lib. 60, edit. Reimar. p. 955).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' époque où <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarque" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Plutarque</a> composait ses ouvrages, il regardait cette langue comme universelle (2: Plat. Moral. quest. X, edit. <a href="https://ia800708.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/22/items/crossref-pre-1909-scholarly-works/10.1515%252Fagph.1900.13.1.119.zip&file=10.1515%252Fagph.1903.16.2.189.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Wyttembach</a>, t. V, p. 112.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adoptée par la province d' Afrique, elle avait entièrement prévalu sur l' <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_p%C3%BAnico" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idiôme carthaginois</a></b>, autrefois seul idiôme des pays où l' illustre <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Hipona" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">évêque d' Hippone</a> exerçait son pieux ministère (3: Verba latina didici sine ullo metu atque cruciatu, inter etiam blandimenta nutricum et joca arridentium et lætitias alludentium. Confess. lib. I, cap. 14. Quæ linguæ... quarum nostra latina est. De Trinit. lib. 15, c. 10.)<br />Aussi, dans l' un de ses sermons, il s' explique en ces termes:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"On connaît le proverbe <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_p%C3%BAnico" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>punique</b> </a>que je rapporterai en latin, parce que chacun de vous n' entend pas le punique. Ce vieux proverbe dit:<br />Si la peste demande un denier, donne-lui en deux, et qu' elle s' éloigne (4: Proverbium notum est <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_p%C3%BAnico" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">punicum</a></b>, quod quidem latinè vobis dicam, quia <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_p%C3%BAnico" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">punicè</a></b> non omnes nostis; punicum enim proverbium est antiquum: <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=catalanistes" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nummum quærit pestilentia, duos illi da</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=cascala" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">et ducat se</a>.” Sermo 168 de Verb. Apostol.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' usage de n' admettre que la langue latine comme idiôme national était tellement établi et observé, que, même après la translation du siége de l' empire, Arcadius et Honorius furent obligés de rendre une loi expresse, pour permettre aux magistrats de rédiger leurs jugements en grec ou en latin (5: L. Judices c. de sentent. et interloc.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les peuples subordonnés à l' autorité de Rome n' avaient parlé d' abord la langue latine que par nécessité; ils l' étudièrent bientôt par intérêt et par ambition.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se soumettre à l' idiôme, aux usages, à la discipline civile et militaire des vainqueurs, c'était pour les cités, pour les contrées entières, un moyen de mériter l' émancipation politique, ou d' obtenir d' utiles distinctions et des avantages honorables.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' action de ce systême conquérant, qui associait des nations vaincues et opprimées au langage, aux mœurs, et quelquefois aux priviléges des enfants de la métropole, devenait un véritable bienfait.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avouons, à la gloire de Rome, que la civilisation de quelques-uns des peuples qui avaient été contraints de fléchir sous le joug de la victoire, fut le noble dédommagement de leur humiliation; et c'est peut-être la seule fois que de longues et grandes conquêtes ont offert une compensation des injustices et des malheurs qui les produisent.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En prescrivant à ces peuples l' usage d' une langue qu' illustraient des ouvrages où le bon goût et la saine philosophie se trouvent réunis au mérite d' un beau style, Rome ne leur communiquait pas seulement l' art d' écrire; elle leur communiquait une faveur plus précieuse: l' art de penser. Oui, la science qui instruisit le vaincu à parler la langue des Romains, lui apprit aussi à sentir, à juger, à penser comme eux.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C'est sur-tout à la langue latine que l' on peut appliquer la belle pensée du poëte Rutilius Numatianus, qui disait en célébrant Rome:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam (1)...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itiner. lib. I.<br />(1: Pline le naturaliste avait exprimé la même pensée:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sparsa congregaret imperia, ritusque molliret, et tot populorum discordes ferasque linguas, sermonis commercio contraheret ad colloquia, et humanitatem homini daret, breviterque una cunctarum gentium, in toto orbe, patria fieret. Lib. 3, cap. 5.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La carrière du barreau et celle des lettres étaient ouvertes à tous ceux qui savaient le latin; l' une et l' autre carrière conduisait aux premiers emplois et aux plus grands honneurs.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bientôt l' Espagne, la Gaule transalpine et la Gaule cisalpine, fournirent au sénat, au gouvernement, aux armées, à la littérature, des personnages illustres, dont les talents contribuèrent à soutenir la gloire et la renommée de la patrie adoptive.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malgré les ravages des hommes et du temps, nous possédons les ouvrages précieux d' un grand nombre d' écrivains nés dans ces contrées qui, avant d' être soumises aux Romains, n' avaient que des idiômes dont il ne nous est parvenu aucun monument; c'est à la langue des vainqueurs que ces écrivains furent redevables de leurs succès, et peut-être même de leurs talents.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parmi les auteurs qui, depuis les conquêtes de Rome, occupèrent un rang distingué dans la littérature latine, l' Espagne s' honore d' avoir produit les deux Sénèque, Lucain, Pomponius Mela, Columelle, Martial, Silius Italicus, Hygin, etc. Et nous-mêmes avons quelque plaisir à nous rappeler que Cornelius Gallus, Trogue-Pompée, Pétrone, Lactance, Ausone, etc., naquirent dans les Gaules.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cependant la plupart des institutions qui avaient préparé et favorisé l' envahissement du monde par les Romains, n' existaient plus. Celles qui existaient encore avaient perdu leur active influence. Faut-il s' en étonner? Elles n' étaient plus en rapport avec le gouvernement et avec les mœurs.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette sagesse profonde et circonspecte, qui jadis était à-la-fois le secret et la force de l' État, cette constance habile, cette politique invariable, qui, pendant plusieurs siècles, dirigèrent un sénat dont les membres se renouvelaient, et dont l' esprit restait toujours le même, pouvaient-elles se retrouver dans des princes chargés, à eux seuls, d' une grande puissance, et incapables d' en supporter le fardeau? Princes souvent malheureux, et quelquefois méprisables, ils étaient réduits à se choisir des associés, et même à les accepter. Ces monarques précaires affaiblissaient l' autorité en la partageant; et, presque toujours, ce partage ne faisait que mêler les calamités de la guerre civile aux malheurs de la guerre étrangère.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' ailleurs, le génie qui élève les empires par les hardiesses de l' ambition et par les infortunes de ses victimes, est si différent de celui qui maintient les états par la sagesse du gouvernement, et par la prospérité des citoyens!</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cet empire romain, constamment agrandi en attaquant les peuples et en les rejetant au loin, était enfin réduit à se défendre contre le reflux de ces mêmes peuples, qui de toutes parts envahissaient et franchissaient impunément ses frontières trop vastes, trop éloignées, trop dégarnies.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La translation du siége de l' empire dans une ville de Thrace ne livra-t-elle pas l' Occident aux invasions des hordes conquérantes, lorsqu' elle dépeupla Rome de nombreux citoyens qui, par leurs talents, leur rang, et leur ambition, eussent conservé plus entier le sentiment ou du moins le noble souvenir de la grandeur romaine?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les habitants qui furent laissés dans les murs de l' antique cité, déshéritée alors de ses titres de capitale du monde et de ville éternelle, ne conservèrent pas longtemps cet esprit public, cet orgueil national, qui par fois tiennent lieu de vertu politique dans les pays où cette vertu n' est pas inspirée par de sages et heureuses institutions.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les nombreux débordements des nations, qui, tour-à-tour et de différents côtés, inondèrent, ravagèrent plusieurs contrées de l' Europe, menaçaient la langue latine d' être ensevelie sous les débris de l' empire romain.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais, depuis moins d' un siècle, une révolution extraordinaire qui eut bientôt la plus grande influence sur les destinées des peuples et des rois, une révolution qui donna une direction nouvelle aux lettres, aux sciences et aux arts, préparait à la langue latine les moyens de maintenir sa durée et d' accroître son autorité.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le même empereur qui conçut avec tant d' audace, et exécuta avec tant de promptitude le projet de changer le siége de l' empire, Constantin, arborant la croix, l' avait élevée avec lui sur le trône du monde.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peu-à-peu le christianisme s' affermit; enfin il domina: et Rome, qui avait perdu l' avantage d' être la métropole de l' empire, parvint, par l' accroissement de sa puissance spirituelle, à l' avantage non moins précieux de rester la métropole de la religion.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tandis que la langue grecque se dégradait à la cour des empereurs d' Orient, la langue latine, idiôme de la cour des papes, s' associant aux illustres succès de l' église catholique, devint l' interprète des décrets du ciel, et une seconde fois elle eut le droit de s' appeler universelle.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ici se présente un phénomène historique, qui peut-être pas été assez remarqué.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cette époque où la civilisation de tant de pays divers était sans cesse attaquée et presque détruite par les invasions des nations étrangères, la providence vint au secours des vaincus et sur-tout des vainqueurs; un nouveau genre de sociabilité remplaça le bienfait de la politique romaine: la religion chrétienne maintint ou rétablit la civilisation sur des principes invariables, sacrés, et indépendants de la politique de l' homme.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce mouvement général des esprits, qui, à diverses époques, forme et entretient entre les peuples une communication irrésistible de pensées et de sentiments, cette impulsion morale, qui, au XIIe siècle, produisit les croisades; au XIIIe, favorisa dans une grande partie de l' Europe</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">l' établissement du droit municipal; au XVIe, propagea les sectes religieuses; et qui, au siècle dernier (N. E. XVIII), a suscité et répandu l' esprit philosophique; ce desir d' améliorations, cet enthousiasme d' opinions et d' espérances, favorisaient, depuis quelque temps, les progrès de la religion chrétienne.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quel bonheur pour les peuples, lorsque des conquérants effrénés s' humilièrent devant les pontifes d' une religion qui leur révélait un maître, à eux qui semblaient nés pour n' en connaître aucun, et un maître d' autant plus craint et vénéré, qu' il était toujours présent et toujours invisible!</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puissants médiateurs entre les peuples et les rois, souvent les évêques méritèrent le droit d' exercer leur auguste et honorable mission, et de dire impunément aux vainqueurs des nations, comme saint Remi à Clovis: Abaisse, fier Sicambre, abaisse ton col docile sous le joug religieux (1: Mitis depone colla, Sicamber; adora quod incendisti, incende quod adorasti. Greg. Tur. lib. II (où 11), c. 31).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les maximes d' indulgence, de générosité, de bienveillance, que proclame et qu' exige l' évangile, inspirèrent quelquefois aux dominateurs des peuples, aux puissants, aux riches du siècle, une juste modération, et même des égards pour des hommes qui, dans l' ordre de la religion, redevenaient leurs égaux.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Les lois du christianisme protégeaient hautement la liberté civile; souvent les seigneurs laïques et les simples </span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">citoyens affranchirent leurs esclaves, dans le seul dessein de satisfaire aux devoirs de la charité chrétienne.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les formules Angevines contiennent le modèle de l' acte de liberté, qui commence par ces mots:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Par respect pour la divinité, et afin d' obtenir le salut éternel de mon ame, je te déclare libre.” (1: Noveris te pro divinitatis intuitu et animæ meæ remedium vel æterna retributione ad jucum servitudinis tibi absolvemus.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans toutes les autres formules qui nous restent, ce sont encore des sentiments religieux qui motivent ces actes de libéralité.<br />(2: Recogitans pro Dei intuitu et pro animæ meæ redemptione. Formul. Bignon. I.<br />Præmium in futuro dominum sibi tribuere confidet. Formul. Lindenbrog. 91, 92, 94, 96.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pro remissione peccatorum meorum. Ib. 93.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ut aliquantulum de peccatis nostris minuere mereamur. Ib. 95. )</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un titre ancien offre ces expressions remarquables:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Puisque le fils de Dieu est venu nous affranchir de l' esclavage du péché, nous devons nous-mêmes affranchir les hommes de la servitude. Il nous a dit: délivrez, et vous serez délivrés; et à ses apôtres: vous êtes tous frères. Or, si nous le sommes, devons-nous retenir nos frères sous le joug de la servitude (3).”</span></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3: In nomine Dei patris omnipotentis ejusque filii unigeniti qui ad hoc incarnari voluit, ut eos qui sub peccati jugo detinebantur, in libertatem filiorum adoptaret. Quatenus et ipse nobis nostra peccata relaxare dignetur, sub nostræ jugo servitutis homines depressos relaxare decernimus. Ipse etenim dixit: dimittite et dimittetur vobis; et apostolis: omnes enim fratres estis. Ergo si fratres sumus, nullum ex fratribus, quasi ex debito., ad servitium cogere debemus, et iterum ipsa veritas testatur: Ne vocemini magistri... unde... hos servos et ancillas... ab omni jugo servitutis... absolvimus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Archives de Conques. Mém. pour servir à l' hist. du Rouergue, par Bosc, t. 3, p. 183.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' Occident avait été envahi par différentes nations (1); mais, à travers le choc des opinions, des mœurs, des intérêts, et des vœux opposés, l' autorité de la religion assujettissait les chefs et les citoyens à l' usage de la langue latine.<br />(1: Vers 412, les Visigoths, partis des environs de Ravenne, traversant et occupant l' Italie et le midi des Gaules, parviennent et s' établissent jusque dans le nord de l' Espagne.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avant 420, les Bourguignons, entrés par l' est dans les Gaules, s' emparent du pays auquel leur nom est resté, et s' étendent jusques à Lyon et à Vienne; et dix ans après, les Francs arrivent au nord des Gaules, sous la conduite de Clodion.)<br />Heureux lien de communication entre les nouveaux et les anciens habitants rapprochés par la civilisation religieuse, cette langue devint celle des gouvernements, parce qu' elle était l' idiôme de la cour papale, de la théologie, du culte, et des cloîtres.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais, dans ces circonstances difficiles, qui établissaient entre les vainqueurs et les vaincus des relations indispensables, les uns et les autres avaient-ils le moyen de connaître et d' observer les règles compliquées du langage qui leur devenait commun? Non, sans doute.<br />Il n' était plus ce temps où des écoles publiques, ouvertes et entretenues à grands frais dans les principales villes de l' Occident, transmettant le goût et la pureté des langues et des littératures grecques et latines, répandaient l' instruction et l' émulation dans toutes les classes de la société.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le mélange de ces peuples qui renonçaient à leur idiôme grossier, et adoptaient l' idiôme des vaincus, par la nécessité d' entretenir les rapports religieux, civils et domestiques, ne pouvait qu' être funeste à la langue latine. La décadence fut rapide.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du moins si les personnages puissants, qui exerçaient la suprématie spirituelle et temporelle, avaient consacré leurs moyens de persuasion et d' autorité à maintenir la pureté sévère du langage! Mais souvent ces personnages même donnèrent les exemples de la négligence et de la violation des règles.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' en pourrais rapporter des preuves nombreuses; je me borne à l' époque du pontificat d' un pape justement célèbre, que l' église a mis au rang des saints, et à qui l' histoire <a href="https://www.meisterdrucke.de/kunstdrucke/Italian-School/958549/Portr%C3%A4t-des-Papstes-Gregoire-Ier-le-Grand-%28Gregor-der-Gro%C3%9Fe-oder-Gregorio-Magno-oder-Gregorius-Magnus%29-%28590-604%29.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">a conservé le nom de Grand</a>.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Ier" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Grégoire I<sup>er</sup></a> occupait la chaire de saint Pierre à la fin du VIe siècle; ce pontife affectait un suprême mépris pour la grammaire latine; voici comment il s' en explique dans une de ses lettres (1):</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Epistolæ tenor enunciat: non metacismi collisionem fugio, non barbarismi confusionem devito; hiatus motusque etiam et præpositionum casus servare contemno, quia indignum vehementer existimo ut verba cœlestis oraculi restringam sub regulis Donati; neque enim hæc ab ullis interpretibus in scripturæ sanctæ auctoritate servata sunt. S. Gregorii papæ vita, auctore Johanne Diacono, lib. 4, præf. ad lib. moral. deut. 16.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.meisterdrucke.de/kunstdrucke/Italian-School/958549/Portr%C3%A4t-des-Papstes-Gregoire-Ier-le-Grand-%28Gregor-der-Gro%C3%9Fe-oder-Gregorio-Magno-oder-Gregorius-Magnus%29-%28590-604%29.html" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Grégoire Ier occupait la chaire de saint Pierre à la fin du VIe siècle" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="826" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJesOyYaOuFHBvN-QWZl57WFKrsfgoeEda2ahJ1lf81OcJkAmKoDWrkZ4DY5z-TfGYqyKhkS92P5OFH3_eqONB22AxN0mDtbDXT8PTqCB9FcOYOH91OdpG2Hi0uKipRuFSliWFQyBBS_um-yplrhDb9gYJZ4JZtkhOuy-nIPdS1QzC21U03bwiS0pPlVgO/w516-h640/Gregoire_Ier_le_Grand.jpg" title="Grégoire Ier occupait la chaire de saint Pierre à la fin du VIe siècle" width="516" /></a></span></div><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je n' évite point les barbarismes; je dédaigne d' observer le régime des prépositions, etc., parce que je regarde comme une chose indigne, de soumettre les paroles de l' oracle céleste aux règles de Donat (1); et jamais aucun interprète de l' écriture sainte ne les a respectées."<br />(1: A la mort du pape Clément IX, on désignait le cardinal Bona pour son successeur; ce qui donna lieu de dire, papa bona sarebbe solecismo.<br />Le père Daugières, jésuite, réfuta cette plaisanterie par les vers suivants:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grammaticæ leges plerumque ecclesia spernit;</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fortè erit ut liceat dicere papa Bona;</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vana solœcismi ne te conturbet imago:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Esset papa bonus, si Bona papa foret.)</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cet illustre pontife apprenant que <a href="http://cdn2_3.reseaudescommunes.fr/cities/1763/documents/hrddlmoeiy8mhem.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Didier, évêque de Vienne</a>, donnait des leçons de l' art connu alors sous le nom de grammaire, lui en fit de vifs reproches: (2: Hoc pervenit ad nos, quod sine verecundiâ memorare non possumus, fraternitatem tuam grammaticam quibusdam exponere. Quam rem ita molestè suscepimus, ac sumus vehementius aspernati, ut ea quæ prius dicta fuerant in gemitum et tristitiam verteremus. Quia in uno se ore cum Jovis laudibus Christi laudes non capiunt; et quam grave nefandumque sit canere quod nec laïco religioso conveniat... Quanto execrabile est hoc de sacerdote ipse considera... Nec vos nugis et sæcularibus enarrari... Litteris studere constiterit...<br />Ep. 54, lib. 11 S. Gregorii registri epistolarum.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Nous ne pouvons, écrivait-il, rappeler sans honte que votre fraternité explique la grammaire à quelques personnes; c'est ce que nous avons appris avec chagrin, et fortement blâme... Nous en avons gémi. Non, la même bouche ne peut exprimer les louanges de Jupiter et celles du Christ. Considérez combien, pour un prêtre, il est horrible et criminel d' expliquer en public des livres dont un laïque pieux ne devrait pas se permettre la lecture. Ne vous appliquez donc plus aux passe-temps et aux lettres du siècle.”</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le dédain pour la littérature latine, qu' exaltait encore la haine pour le paganisme, porta Grégoire-le-Grand à faire brûler tous les exemplaires de Tite-Live qu' il put découvrir. Saint Antonin raconte cette action comme honorable à la mémoire du pontife romain (1: De Gregorio magno dicit prædictus dominus Johannes dominus cardinalis quod omnes libros quos potuit habere Titi Livii comburi fecit, quare ibi multa narrantur de superstitionibus idolorum.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S. Antonin. Summ. p. 4, tit. 2, cap. 4, §. 3.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce zèle, trop ardent sans doute, l' entraîna dans une erreur que j' appellerai celle de son siècle; mais quel nom donner au vœu du professeur de Louvain, Jean Hessels, qui s' écrie à ce sujet: "Heureux, si Dieu envoyait beaucoup de Grégoires!" (2: O utinam multos Gregorios mitteret Dominus! Verè etenim magnus Gregorius omnes libros quos potuit habere Titi Livii comburi jussit, quia plurima in eis continentur de superstitionibus idolorum. Antiqua quoque gentilium ædificia, quæcunque potuit, subvertit, ne essent reliquiæ et memoria idolorum, sicut etiam dominus Israelitis sæpiùs mandavit.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan. Hessels. Brevis et catholica decal. exposit., p. 68.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dirai-je que sous le pontificat de Zacharie, il se trouva tel prêtre qui ne savait pas assez de latin pour exprimer convenablement la formule essentielle au sacrement du baptême? Ce pape eut à prononcer sur la validité de ce sacrement conféré en ces termes:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_conditione" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ego te <u>baptiso</u></a> in nomine <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/09/curioso-incidente-iglesia-san-bartolome.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><u>patria</u> et <u>filia</u></a> et spiritûs sancti."</span></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saint Boniface, évêque de Mayence, avait ordonné de baptiser de nouveau; le pape décida que le baptême était valable, si les paroles sacramentelles avaient été mal prononcées (1), par ignorance de la langue, et non par esprit d' <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/05/x-10-cartas-marques-mondejar-serafin-tomas-miguel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hérésie</a>.<br />(1: Retulerunt quippe quod fuerit in eâdem provinciâ sacerdos qui linguam latinam penitus ignorabat, et dum baptisaret, nesciens latini eloquii, infringens linguam, diceret: Baptiso te in nomine <u>patria</u> et <u>filia</u> et spiritus sancti; ac per hoc tua reverenda fraternitas consideravit rebaptisare.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Epist. 134 Zachar. rever. et sanct. frat. Bonifacio coepisc.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toutefois la décadence de l' idiôme latin eût été moins prompte et moins générale, si, dans les divers pays de la chrétienté, les princes, les grands, et les officiers civils avaient imité et répandu le style de la cour de Rome et de la plupart des chefs ecclésiastiques.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pendant ces siècles d' ignorance et de barbarie, les décrets des conciles, les bulles et les lettres des papes, les écrits de quelques évêques, sont remarquables, si non par l' élégance, du moins par la correction. Mais quelle différence dans les chartes ou diplômes des rois, des comtes, des seigneurs, et dans les actes des magistrats laïques, etc. etc.!</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dès le sixième siècle, la langue latine était tombée dans un état de corruption peut-être irréparable. On en jugera par les détails suivants:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Indépendamment de la difficulté que présentent des mots barbares qu'on avait été obligé de latiniser, il s' était établi une transmutation des voyelles, presque toujours employées, les unes à la place des autres (1).<br />E au lieu d' I.<br />I au lieu d' E.<br />O au lieu d' U.<br />U au lieu d' O.<br /><br />(1:<br />E pour I. I pour E. O pour U. U pour O.<br />Basileca Plinius Volomus Negutiante<br />Pagenam Ricto tramite Locrari Nuscetur<br />Facultatebus Possedire Aliquantolum Auturetate<br />Civetatis Quatinus Pecoliari Respunsis<br />Magnetudo Rigni nostri Noncopante Nus<br />Domebus Debirint Postolator Victuriae<br />Nomene Vinüs Miracola Spunsarum<br />Marteris Climenciae Volontatem Tempure<br />Oppedum Mercide Jobemus Denuscetur.<br />Charte de Clotaire II.<br />Charte de <a href="https://www.welt.de/geschichte/kopf-des-tages/article236325001/Frankenkoenig-Dagobert-I-Er-kannte-nicht-alle-Namen-seiner-Konkubinen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dagobert I</a>, de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlothar_II" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Clotaire II</a>.<br />Charte de Dagobert I, de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_II" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Clovis II</a>.<br />Charte de Clovis II, de Clotaire II.<br />De pareilles fautes se rencontrent dans le petit nombre de monuments privés que l' Italie possède de ces temps anciens. Je me borne aux preuves que fournissent l' ouvrage de <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Maffei" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maffei</a>, intitulé: <a href="https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX1011850.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">historia diplomatica</a>, et celui de Marini, intitulé: papiri diplomatici.<br />Intrensicus Vindite Inordinatom Territuriis<br />Habeta Habis Eront Fedejussure<br />Vindetores Valinte Nomeratos Cumparatore<br />Possedetur Mercidis Jogale Neguciature</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les pièces d' où ces exemples ont été tirés portent la date du VIe siècle.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si l' Espagne avait aussi conservé des monuments particuliers de cette époque, (N. E. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/02/francisco-perez-bayer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">algún papelico quemaron los franceses en las guerras</a>) nous y trouverions de semblables transmutations de voyelles.<br />J' en citerai pour preuve le style d' <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvare_de_Cordoue_(mozarabe)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alvar, évêque de Cordoue</a>, qui écrivait vers 850.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_sagrada" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Flórez, España Sagrada</a>, t. 11 (où 2), p. 56, relève dans cet auteur:<br />Intellege. Respondis Infola Rustra.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Baselica. Fulgit Fateator</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En ouvrant au hasard les recueils qui contiennent les diplômes, chartes, et écrits de cette époque, nous sommes étonnés de ces changements continuels, qui altéraient et corrompaient la langue latine d' autant plus rapidement, qu' ils n' étaient soumis à aucune règle d' analogie, ni même à aucun principe de convention.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce qui augmentait encore la difficulté de comprendre et de parler cette langue, c'était la violation presque continuelle des différentes règles de la grammaire.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les prépositions étaient employées très souvent avec un régime arbitraire. (1: J' ai choisi dans le premier volume du recueil diplomata chart. ad res francicas spectantia, contenant les pièces de l' époque de la première race de nos rois, les exemples qui n' ont point d' indication.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ceux qui sont marqués Ital. ont été pris dans l' Istor. Dipl. et dans les Papiri Dipl. précédemment cités.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ceux qui sont marqués Esp. ont été pris dans l' España Sagrada et dans les Memorias de la real academia de la historia.<br />A me... autores et pro autores. Ital.<br />A titulum dotalem et tutellariom alienas. Ital.<br />A vos. Esp.<br /><br />Ab hodiernum die.<br />Ab aerem alienum alienas esse. Ital.<br />Ab originem... ab eumdem emptorem. Ital.<br />Ab eumdem Salomonem. Esp.<br /><br />Absque praejudicium.<br />Absque repetitionem.<br />Absque ullo dolo aut vim, circumventionem.<br /><br />Ad legetema aetati pervenire.<br />Ad die presente.<br />Ad fisco <span>nostro.</span><br /><br />Ad nos faciendi tutorem. Ital.<br />Ad instauratione. Ital.<br />Ad ipso rio. Esp.<br />Ad sancta Maria. Esp.<br />Ad isto presente igne. Esp.<br /><br />Adversus inlustris Deo sacrata<br />Agantrude filia.<br />apostolico viro.<br />Adversus sancta praedicta ecclesia.<br /><br />Ante bonis hominibus.<br />Ante venerabile vir.<br />Ante balneo et orto. Ital.<br />Ante sancto Stephano. Esp.<br /><br />Apud ipso Chrotchario.<br /><br />Circa animus meus.<br />Circa ipsa basilica... vel nostro palatio.<br />Contra parentis meus.<br />Contra hoc voluntate meam.<br />Contra cujuslibet hominum.<br />Contra justicia. Ital.<br />Contra tribus. Esp.<br />Contra Hoste barbaro. Esp.<br />Contra ipso Pseudo-propheta. Esp.<br /><br />Cum omnes res ad se pertinentes.<br />Cum sequentes tantus.<br />Cum easdem. Ital.<br />Cum censum. Ital.<br />Cum pectus inscium. Esp.<br />Cum judices suos. Esp.<br /><br />De ipsos teloneos vel navigeos portaticos.<br />De quam praefatam portionem.<br />De quas … dictas sex uncias. Ital.<br />De quod... Esp.<br />De ipsam. Esp.<br />De humiles vestros. Esp.<br /><br />Erga nostris partibus.<br /><br />Ex omnia medietatem.<br />Ex fundi. Ital.<br />Ex successionem. Ital.<br />Ex ipsam. Esp.<br />Ex fidelium nostrorum. Esp.<br /><br />Inter varacione et alio rio.<br />Inter ipso Friulso suisque heredebus.<br /><br />In turmentas fui.<br />In dei nomen.<br />In duorum fundorum. Ital.<br />In urbem Toletanam facta constitutio. Esp.<br /><br />Infra istis terminis.<br />Infra pago parisiaco.<br />Infra Confinio. Esp.<br />Infra valle. Esp.<br /><br />Intra comitatu nostro. Esp.<br /><br />Juxta villa <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/fornoles.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fornolus</a>.<br /><br />Per locis descriptis et designatis.<br />Per mandato suo.<br />Per quolibet contractu. Ital.<br />Per toto orbe. Esp.<br />Per arte. Esp.<br /><br />Post temporibus.<br />Post roboratione testium. Ital.<br />Pro panem.<br />Pro omnis causationis suas.<br />Pro supradictas sex uncias. Ital.<br />Pro solemnem traditionem. Ital.<br />Pro mercedem animae meae. Esp.<br />Pro unionem. Esp.<br />Pro vos sacrificium Deo offerant. Esp.<br /><br />Propter amorem Dei et vita aeterna.<br /><br />Secundum legum ordine. Ital.<br /><br />Sine praemium.<br />Sine ullius inquietudinis.<br />Sine cujuslibet judicis auctoritatem. Ital.<br />Sine rixas Esp. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ord. D' Alboacem</a>.<br /><br />Sub duplariae rei. Ital.<br /><br />Usque rio.<br />Usque memorato loco.<br /><br />Versus villa <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/fornoles.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fornulus</a>.<br />Versus palude.<br /><br />On violait grossièrement la règle qui soumet l' adjectif à prendre le nombre, le genre, et le cas du substantif auquel il se rapporte (1).<br />Quelquefois le sujet n' était pas mis au nominatif (2).<br />(1: Je fais la même observation qu' à la note précédente:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum domibus et vineis ad se pertinentes.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seu reliqua facultatem vel villas illas quod nuscuntur pervenisse.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vinea quem colit.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Villas illas quod.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per alio latus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum omni integritate vel soliditate sua in se aspicientem et pertinentem.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pro benevolentiâ qui erga vos habeo.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pretium... adnumeratus et traditus vidi. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Casa qui appellatur. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De res quod. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">In omnes mansionarios essentibus et introeuntibus. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De alios testes cujus signacula. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu vero exempla illud dirige. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si potuisset habere talem testimonia qui. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad ipso heresiarcham Albini magistro. Esp.<br />Ipsas monachas vel earum abbate debeant possidere.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dum illas ibidem... regulariter vivere videntur.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quod si suprascriptas quatuor uncias inquietati fuerint vel evictæ. Ital. Quas vero sex uncias distractas sunt. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Les exemples suivants sont encore puisés dans les mêmes ouvrages:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si aliquas causas adversus istud monasterium ortas fuerint.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per illos mansos unde operas carrarias exeunt.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On n' observait pas plus exactement les régimes des verbes et des noms (1).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il en était de même de la règle qui exige l' ablatif, soit comme absolu, soit comme désignant le temps et le lieu (2).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Les mêmes ouvrages fournissent encore ces exemples.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dono tibi canna argentea valente plus minus solidos XXV.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dono tibi caneo argenteo.<br />Dedit... porcione sua de villa... et alio locello.<br />Acceperunt tertia tabula quod est.<br />Liceat ipso abbate Daumero et successores ejus atque congregatione eorum.<br />Ubi nepte mea instituemus abbatissam.<br />Licentiam nostram habeant faciendum.<br />Signaculo manus nostris noscimur adfirmase.<br />Pro redemptione animas nostras.<br />Signum Bartelmo viro... testis.<br />Rigni domno Clodoveo.<br />Ut praeceptio glorissimo domno Dagoberto... edocet.<br />Valente solido uno. Ital.<br />Me tamen cognoscite ingressus fuisse. Esp.<br />Hanc carta elemosinaria mandavi scribere. Esp.<br />Ego eam teneo ipsa villa. Esp.<br />Viderunt Aylone amita Witiscli ipsa villa settereto tenente et dominante. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Habeat potestatem hoc peragendum. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/donatio-decimarum-willelmum-comitem-ecclesia-bisuldunensi-adalaisam-mxxvii-1207.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eleemosina</a> domini nostri <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/fredelai-fredoli-fredelaus-comitis-urgellensis-ceritanensis-donatio-ad-domum-saturnini-anno-dcccxv-815.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ludovici</a> et proles ejus. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bona intentione monstrant mihi e faciunt <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/09/raynouard-choix-poesies-originales-troubadours-introduction.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Saracenis</a> bona <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/09/raynouard-choix-poesies-originales-troubadours-introduction.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">acolhenza</a>.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esp. Ord. d' <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem</a>.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Même observation que les précédentes.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Consignamus tibi... omnes res nostras... illas exceptas quas ecclesiæ legavimus et illas quas...</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unde et ipsas confirmationes relectas et percursas, inventum est...<br />Datum mensis aprilis dies octo, annum secundum regni nostri.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Datum Morlacas, mensis martius dies decem.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me præsentem subscribsit. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Spontanea voluntates nullus penitus quogentem aut suadentem... donamus. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Excepto manicipiis. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Teste Domnus. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Regnante... in <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/07/constitutiones-pacis-treguae-ecclesia-ausonensi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">episcopatu</a> domnus <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/notitia-golderici-episcopi-urgellensis-goldencho.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ferriolus</a>. Esp.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais qu' est-il nécessaire d' accumuler les preuves de la dégradation du style alors employé par la plupart des personnes qui écrivaient en latin? Les auteurs contemporains l' ont généralement attestée; les auteurs postérieurs l' ont unanimement reconnue.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grégoire de tours, dans la préface de son ouvrage De la gloire des confesseurs, craint qu'on ne reproche à sa diction ces sortes de fautes, et qu'on ne lui dise: “Trop souvent vous mettez le féminin à la place du masculin, le neutre à la place du féminin, et le masculin à celle du neutre. Intervertissant le régime des prépositions, vous faites gouverner l' accusatif à celles qui gouvernent l' ablatif, ou vous substituez l' ablatif à l' accusatif.” (1: Sæpius pro masculinis foeminea, pro fœminis neutra, et pro neutris masculina commutas; ipsasque præpositiones loco debito plerumque non locas, nam pro ablativis accusativa et rursum pro accusativis ablativa ponis.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avons-nous à prononcer sur la falsification des titres de cette époque reculée! La transmutation des voyelles, la rudesse des locutions, la violation des règles grammaticales, la rouille du style, deviennent autant de présomptions et d' arguments en faveur de la sincérité des actes<br />(1: Diplomatum barbaries eorumdem sinceritatem prodit. Fontanini; Vindic. antiq. diplomat. lib. I, cap. 10.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le célèbre Jérôme Bignon, publiant la première édition des formules de Marculfe, avait, par d' indiscrètes corrections, altéré la barbarie du manuscrit: on a su gré au docte Baluze d' avoir rétabli les fautes du texte original.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un savant espagnol, s' expliquant sur les écrits d' <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lipand" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Élipand, archevêque de Tolède</a>, qui vivait dans le VIII° siècle, reconnaît que, depuis long-temps, on faisait un emploi tout-à-fait arbitraire des diverses désinences qu' imposent à chaque cas les règles des déclinaisons latines (2: Optimè scis Elipandi tempore <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/oesen-curiosidad-papa-latin-idESMAE8AB04K20121112" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">latinam linguam</a> in <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>vernaculam</b> quâ nunc <b>Hispani</b></a> utimur, in magnâ sui parte, degenerasse; nomina latina casus habentia eos amittebant. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/02/gregorio-mayans-siscar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Greg. Majansius</a> (N. E. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/02/gregorio-mayans-siscar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gregorio Mayans y Siscar</a>) ad D. Frobenium.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans une telle dégradation du langage, comment pouvait-on désigner et reconnaître les rapports grammaticaux que les noms doivent nécessairement avoir entre eux? Comment distinguer les sujets des régimes, et les régimes directs des régimes indirects?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cet instinct habile et persévérant qui, lors de la formation des langues, conduisit à tant d' heureux résultats, employa encore son étonnante industrie.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour exprimer les rapports des noms, on eut d' abord recours à l' emploi des prépositions De et ad.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au lieu du génitif, qu'on ne savait plus indiquer par la désinence du cas latin, on employait la préposition DE; au lieu du datif, la préposition AD; et, à la faveur de ces signes, on donnait le plus souvent des désinences arbitraires aux noms qu' ils précédaient.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelles que fussent ces désinences, la préposition DE faisait reconnaître un rapport, une fonction de génitif (1).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et la préposition AD faisait reconnaître un rapport, une fonction de datif (2).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Exemples de l' emploi de la préposition DE.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Partem meam DE prato... Medietas DE terra... In concambio DE <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/gilaberto-centelles-pedro-iv-aragon-jaime-iii-mallorca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">homene</a>. Episcopos DE <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/03/codicillum-secundum-johannis-aragonia-patriarchae-alexandrini-jacobi-ii-aragon-regis-filii-1333.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">regna nostra</a>, tam DE Niuster quam DE <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/chapitre-ix-du-progrez-des-bourguignons.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burgundia</a>... Mercatum DE omnes negociantes... Pagenses DE alias civitates... Cum pagena DE silva DE foreste nostra... Jugera De terra aratoria... Terminus ergo DE nostra donatione... Aliquid de res proprius juris nostri... Quarrada DE melle... Alecus DE suis propinquis. Diplom. etc. <a href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/QPUJPDVMORREYRVVARE2TFW545L2GTNG" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ad res francicas spectantia</a>.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Donationis DE omnia immobilia prædia... De quam portionem reteneo mihi usufructu... Breve DE diversis species... Notitia DE res... De quas sex uncias principales vendetor usufructum retenuit... De donatione memoriam reducere curavi... Tertiam portionem DE successione... Voluntatem DE faciendo Flaviano speciali tutorem... Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Decimas DE omnes adjacentias et territorio suo et fines... Spelunca De ipsa valle... Per beneficio DE seniore meo... Congregatio DE ipso monasterio. Esp.<br /><br />(2) Exemples de l' emploi de la préposition AD:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AD clero vel pauperes incommoda generetur... Valentem AD æstimationem solidos C... Præceptio AD viro illustri data... AD parte conjuge suæ... Quidquid AD ipso monasteriolo, tam AD ipso abbate... Quam et AD Deo, fuit aut fuerit additum... Diplom., etc. ad res francicas spectantia.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ei AD quem ea res erit... Præceptorum AD me datorum... AD omnia consensi... qui tenet stationem AD domo... AD libertos meos quam ad alios vel AD pauperes dandum deliberavi. Ital.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AD domum <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/quaedam-monasteria-diruta-adiucdicantur-monasterio-sancti-saturnini-prope-urgellum-civitatem-814-dcccxiv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">S. Saturnini cænobii</a> dono... Dedit AD ipso nepote... Dedit eam AD beneficio AD <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/10/tomo-xii-12-apendice-de-documentos-i.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Isarno</a>... facere donationem AD fratres et servos Dei. Esp.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' emploi auxiliaire des prépositions DE et AD est très fréquent dans les chartes, diplômes, et autres actes des VIe, VIIe, VIIIe, IXe, et Xe siècles. Il ajoute un nouveau caractère de dégradation à la langue latine, déja méconnaissable par la violation de la plupart des règles grammaticales.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les rédacteurs de ces écrits s' étaient nécessairement préparés à l' exercice de leurs fonctions par une étude plus ou moins approfondie de ces règles; et tel est leur style! Quelle idée nous ferons-nous du langage des personnes illettrées? Ai-je besoin de prouver que ce langage ne pouvait être qu' un jargon barbare et inintelligible? Doutera-t-on que sa barbarie même n' ait forcé ceux qui le parlaient à chercher des moyens moins compliqués, plus faciles, plus clairs, pour exprimer leurs sentiments, et communiquer leurs pensées?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' évidence morale supplée ici à l' absence des preuves matérielles.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lorsque, par l' effet de toutes ces innovations qui avaient détruit les anciennes règles, la désinence des différents cas fut devenue presque arbitraire, et que le sens attaché aux noms ne dépendit plus de la différence du signe qui les terminait, il n' y eut qu' un pas à faire pour donner à cette licence grammaticale une sorte de régularité.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ces diverses terminaisons n' étant plus indispensables pour l' intelligence du sens, il n' y avait qu' à les supprimer, et c'est ce qui fut exécuté adroitement. On retrancha des substantifs latins toutes leurs désinences caractéristiques, et il ne fut plus nécessaire de connaître, ni d' observer les règles des déclinaisons.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette opération qui rendait le substantif et l' adjectif indéclinables pour les cas, s' établit et se maintint sur les principes d' une analogie constante et invariable.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Formation des substantifs.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je place au premier rang des substantifs de la nouvelle langue, ceux qui furent formés de l' accusatif latin, en supprimant sa désinence caractéristique.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/restauratio-dotatio-canonicae-s-vincentii-cardonensis-mxix-1019.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Abbat</a> em <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/05/tomo-2-apendice-de-documentos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Generositat</a> em Obscuritat em<br /><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/del-vicecanceller.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Accident</a> em <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2018/12/bon-dia-saragossa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gent</a> em <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/carta-liv-monserrate-birolay-madona-sancta-maria.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Occident</a> em<br />Art em Gland em Parent em<br />Benignitat em Habilitat em Pietat em<br />Bov em Habitant em Part em<br />Caritat em Immensitat em Pont em<br />Carn em <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/codices-manuscritos-biblioteca-sacristia-santo-domingo-barcelona.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Infant</a> em Qualitat em<br />Cohort em Instant em Rapiditat em<br />Deitat em Lact em Salut em<br />Dot em Libertat em Sanctitat em<br />Duc em <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/28-de-enero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Majestat</a> em <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=serp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Serpent</a> em<br />Elephant em Mont em Sort em<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2020/02/amor-poesia-juan-carlos-abella.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aeternitat</a> em Mort em <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/07/documentos-templarios-corona-aragon-bula-inedita-extincion-orden.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Trinitat</a> em<br />Facultat em <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/07/tomo-5-apendice-cronicon-dertusense-lemosino.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nativitat</a> em <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/roger.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Torrent</a> em<br />Flor em Nepot em Utilitat em<br />Font em Niv em Veritat em<br />Fraud em Noct em Virtut em<br />(1: Je crois utile d' ajouter à ce tableau les substantifs suivants, formés également d' un cas latin, autre que le nominatif qui est en AS, ENS, ONS: Activitat, Ambiguitat, Assiduitat, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/cxvii-reg-987-fol-152-3-septiembre-1380.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Captivitat</a>, Adolescent, Amenitat, Austeritat, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/06/tomo-4-apendice-3-bonifacii-ferrer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Castitat</a>, Adversitat, Antiquitat, Aviditat, Celebritat, Affinitat, Ariditat, Brutalitat, Celeritat, Comandita, Humidifica, Necessitat, Singularitat, Conformitat, Immobilitat, Nuditat, Sobrietat, Continent, Immortalitat, Nullitat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Societat</a>, Credulitat, Impartialitat, Orient, Solemnitat, Curiositat, Importunitat, Opportunitat, Soliditat, Dent, Impossibilitat, Paternitat, Stabilitat, Dexteritat, Impunitat, Perpetuitat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sterilitat</a>, Difficultat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/javier-giralt-latorre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Incapacitat</a>, Perversitat, Stupiditat, Difformitat, Incivilitat, Pluralitat, Suavitat, Dignitat, Incommoditat, Ponent, Subtilitat, Diversitat, Incredibilitat, Popularitat, Surditat, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/fragmentum-disputationis-hieronimi-sancta-fide-cum-judaeis-praesente-petro-de-luna-benedicto-xiii-papa-luna.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Divinitat</a>, Indignitat, Possibilitat, Temeritat, Docilitat, Indocilitat, Posteritat, Timiditat, Enormitat, Infinitat, Prioritat, Tranquillitat, Aequitat, Infirmitat, Probitat, Trident, Extremitat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/lo-reguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ingenuitat</a>, Prodigalitat, Unanimitat, Facilitat, Inhumanitat, Proprietat, Unitat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Falsitat</a>, Iniquitat, Proximitat, Universalitat, Familiaritat, Integritat, Pubertat, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/statutum-villae-cervariae-super-miraculo-frustro-ligni-domini-mdxl.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Universitat</a>, Fecunditat, Inutilitat, Publicitat, Urbanitat, Felicitat, Invisibilitat, Pudicitat, Validitat, Ferocitat, Irregularitat, Quantitat, Vanitat, Fertilitat, Latinitat, Quotitat, Velocitat, Fidelitat, Legalitat, Regularitat, Venalitat, Fragilitat, Liberalitat, Rigiditat, Veracitat, Fraternitat, Loquacitat, Rusticitat, Viduitat, Frugalitat, Majoritat, Sagacitat, Vivacitat, Front, Malignitat, Salubritat, Voluntat, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/13-de-enero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Generalitat</a>, Maternitat, Sanctitat, Voluptat, Hereditat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maturitat</a>, Securitat, Voracitat, Hilaritat, Mediocritat, Serenitat, Hospitalitat, Minoritat, Severitat, Hostilitat, Moralitat, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Simplicitat</a>, Humanitat, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mortalitat</a>, Sinceritat, etc. etc.)</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec les substantifs empruntés à la langue latine par la suppression de la désinence des accusatifs, il faut comprendre aussi ceux que la nouvelle langue dériva des noms latins terminés en IO (1), dont l' accusatif ION EM, quittant la finale EM, a fourni tant de noms en ION.<br />(1: Et même quelques-uns en O, tels que aquilon em, capon em, centon em, triton em, baron em, carbon em, salmon em, etc. etc.<br />Je ne rapporterai point les substantifs ainsi formés.<br />Depuis Abdication em jusqu' à Vocation em tous ont été soumis à la même règle d' analogie.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Après cette première classe de substantifs, je placerai ceux qui ont été vraisemblablement formés en retranchant la désinence de l' accusatif ou du nominatif, l' une et l' autre suppression offrant le même résultat.<br />Aur um, instrument um, riv us, ban nus, joc us, sac cus, chor us, lup us, tect um, dol us, mur us, us us, exil ium, nas us, vers us, fraen um, odorat us, Zephyr us, gaud ium, paradis us, hom o, quart um, etc. etc. (2: Le tableau suivant pourrait contenir beaucoup plus d' exemples:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Abus us, an us, brach ium, cerv us, ablativ us, appetit us, camp us, clav is, accent us, apparat us, canal is, col lum, acces sus, april is, can is, coel um, accusativ us, aquaeduct us, candidat us, consulat us, advocat us, arc us, cant us, corn u, adversari us, argent um, capellan us, crin is, agnel lus, argument um, captiv us, damn um, aliment um, asyl um, castel lum, dativ us, amic us, basilic us, cas us, deces sus, annel lus, benefici um, cens us, decret um, delict um, inventari um, pan is, sanctuari um, detriment um, jug um, parricidi um, sang uis, don um, lac us, part us, sarment um, edict um, laq ueus, pas sus, satan us, aedifici um, lard um, patron us, secret um, effect us, legatari us, pel lis, senat us , element um, librari us, pin us, sens us, emissari us, lapidari us, planct us, serv us, emolument um, loc us, plumb um, silenti um, exces sus, lum en, pol us, sol um, fac ies, luminar e, pontificat us, son us, fact um, mal um, porc us, sortilegi um, fam is, malefici um, port us, statut um, ferment um, magistrat us, prat um, styl us, fer rum, mandatari us, praefect us, succes sus, fil um, man us, praejudici um, suc cus, fin is, mantel lum, praesagi um, suffragi um, flum en, mar e, praetext us, supplici um, foc us, marit us, precari um, territori um, franc us, mercenari us, pretori um, testament um, fragment um, metal lum, privilegi um, tom us, fruct us, mod us, proces sus, ton us, frument um, monasteri um, progres sus, tribut um, fum us, monument um, psalm us, triumph us, fund us, mund us, pugilat us, trunc us, fust is, mysteri um, punct um, tumult us, gran um, nard us, quint us, tyran nus, glori a, nav is, quintal e, univers us, gel u, negoti um, ram us, urs us, genitiv us, nerv us, rapt us, val lis, gurg es, nod us, refectori um, vas um, gust us, nom en, refugi um, vent us, habit us, notari us, repertori um, victori a, histori a, object us, ris us, vin um, hospici um, offici um, rudiment um, vis us, indici um, oratori um, sabbat um, viti um, interdict um, ornament um, sacrament um, zel us, intestin um, pact um, salt us.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Quand la suppression de la désinence laissait à la fin du mot deux ou plusieurs consonnes, dont la prononciation ne rendait plus le son plein qu' exige l' euphonie, une voyelle finale fut ajoutée à ces consonnes:<br />Ainsi, arbitrum produisit arbitre, (arbitr – um – arbitr – e - arbitre)<br />(1: De même:<br />Candelabre – candelabrum – um + e, lucre, ministre, simulacre, exemple, lustre, quadruple, spectre, libre, monstre, sepulchre, temple.<br />J' aurai occasion de faire remarquer, dans le cours de cet ouvrage, qu' il existe encore aujourd'hui des patois qui n' ajoutent pas cette voyelle finale.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelquefois des noms furent formés par la seule soustraction des voyelles intérieures,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Corpus, tempus, corps, temps.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' autres changèrent en Y le G final, qui, après la suppression de la désinence, les eût terminés trop durement.<br />Legem, regem, (leg em : y, reg em : y) ley, rey.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfin, par une soustraction intérieure combinée avec la suppression de la désinence et son remplacement par la voyelle finale, furent formés les noms tels que Articulus, (-us, articul) article, Oraculum (-um, oracul), oracle, Arborem (-em, arbr + e) arbre, etc. etc.<br />(2: De là:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Miracul um, obstacul um, receptacul um, saecul um, spectacul um, tabernacul um, avuncul us.<br />Et les féminins en A, tels que<br />Fabula, regula, tabula, ungula, etc. etc.)</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' euphonie fit aussi supprimer les consonnes intérieures qui auraient rendu trop rude la prononciation des noms tels que<br />Fratre m, Matre m, Patre m, (N. E. Frater, Mater, Pater)<br />qui furent remplacés par<br />Frare, Mare, Pare.<br /><br />Une autre classe de substantifs se compose de ceux qui par leur identité avec le <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9clinaisons_en_latin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nominatif latin</a>, paraissent avoir été fournis par ce nominatif même.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Presque tous les substantifs en A: rosa, porta, terra.<br />Quelques-uns en AL animal, sal.<br />En AR: Caesar, nectar.<br />En EL: Fel, mel... En OL: sol.<br />Ceux en OR: Amor, furor, vapor.<br />En UL et en UR: Consul, murmur.<br />En US: Jus, hiatus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cependant la plupart de ces substantifs furent peut-être dérivés de l' accusatif latin, lorsqu' il était le même ou qu' il devenait le même par la suppression de la désinence. Ainsi le singulier Rosa serait venu de l' <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9clinaisons_en_latin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">accusatif Rosam</a>. Ce qui permettrait de le penser, c'est que le <u><a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/11/xxvi-diversa-kalendaria-de-gestis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pluriel Rosas</a></u> n' a pu être emprunté que de l' accusatif Rosas.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette observation s' applique à tous les noms féminins en A.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Formation des adjectifs.<br />Les mêmes règles dirigèrent leur formation:<br />Assidu us, baptismal is, clar us, delicat us, evident em, fort is, glorios us, human us, infect us, just us, long us, mut us, nud us, obscur us, prompt us, qual is, rustic us, sanct us, tumultuari us, un us, vil is.<br />(2. N. E. No hay nota al pie)<br /><br />(1) En voici un tableau qui pourrait être plus considérable:<br />Abject us, absent em, agil is, amar us, annal is, ardent em, ardu us, arrogant em, bel lus, excellent em, lent us, plen us, bon us, exigu us, liberal is, poenal is, boreal is, extravagant em, litteral is, present em, brev is, facil is, local is, prudent em, caduc us, fals us, long us, pudibund us, capital is, fat uus, lontan us, pur us, captiv us, fecund us, lustral is, quant us, cardinal is, feminin us, major, quotidian us, central is, fertil is, maculin us, rauc us, clement em, fidel is, martial is, recent em, circumspect us, frequent em, minor, ridicul us, civil is, furios us, moral is, rud is, commun is, futur us, municipal is, san us, conjugal is, generos us, mut us, secret us, content us, grand is, mystic us, servil is, contigu us, gratios us, natal is, sinistr um, contrit us, gratuit us, nativ us, suav is, constant em, grav is, negativ us, subit us, correct us, habil is, nov us, subtil is, decent em, heroic us, novel lus, succulent us, desert us, honest us, nubil is, suspect us, dextr um, humil is, nul lus, surd us, diligent em, indulgent em, nuptial is, tal is, direct us, ingrat us, odorant em, tot us, discret us, innocent em, officios us, tranquil lus, disert us, inquiet us, opportun us, triumphal is, distant em, intelligent em, opulent em, util is, divers us, intemperant em, oratori us, urgent em, divin us, inusitat us, ordinari us, van us, docil is, inutil is, oriental is, venal is, doctoral is, judiciari us, par, violent us, dotal is, juridic us, pastoral is, viril is, dur us, lasciv us, pervers us, viv us, eloquent em, latin us, pestilent em, vulgar is, elegant em, larg us, petulant em, eminent em, legal is, plan us.</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parmi les adjectifs de la nouvelle langue, il faut compter, sans aucune exception, tous les adjectifs verbaux formés des participes présents et passés.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amant em, Amat um, etc. etc.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il y eut aussi, dans la formation de quelques adjectifs, des soustractions d' une voyelle intérieure, comme dans les noms terminés en Ibilis.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Divisibil is, Eligibil is, Flexibil is, Terribil is, Horribil is, Visibil is, etc.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Telle fut en général l' origine et la formation des noms substantifs et adjectifs de la langue romane.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' en ai exposé la théorie; il me reste à la confirmer par des exemples.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je les choisis dans les divers monuments de cette langue, depuis le <b>commencement du VIIe siècle</b> jusqu' à l' an 1000.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exemples de l' emploi des substantifs romans.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne m' arrêterai point sur les différents substantifs romans qui se trouvent dans le serment de 842, tels que Amur, Deo, Deus, Fradre, Om, Plaid, Sagrament, Salvament, etc.; je citerai des exemples qui n' aient pas encore été remarqués.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rio venant de Rivus, ruisseau, se trouve employé en France dès 631 (1), en Italie dès 776 (2), et en Espagne, aux années 781 (3), 888 (4), et 922 (5).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gurg, de gurges, gouffre, est employé dans un titre de l' église d' Urgel /(6), en 832.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Feu, de feudum, fief, se trouve dans un acte de 935 (7).<br />Mas, de mansus, certaine contenance de terre, se rencontre plusieurs fois dans un titre de 935 (8).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Castel</a>, de castellum, château,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dam, de damnum, dommage,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreit, de directum, droit,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce, de merces, salaire,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Postad, de potestatem, pouvoir, sont dans les titres de l' an 960 (9).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jornal, de diurnale, mot de la basse latinité (10), signifiant quelquefois journée de travail, se remarque trois fois dans un monument de 964 (11).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Per ipso fluvio usque RIO quæ est... Per memorato RIO... Et alio RIO. Diplom. ad res francicas spect. t. I, chart. 73.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) A levante RIO qui currit... A tramuntante RIO russo usque silva majore... In loco ubi nuncupatur Rio Porto. Muratori Dissert. 21 et 32. (3) Voyez page 48, note 2.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) In valle quæ nuncupant Rio Pullo. In Rio Mexanos; Marc. Hispan.<br />(N. E. Ripoll, )<br />(5) In caput de Rio. España Sagrada, t. 18.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) Vadit in Gurg Cabellar. Marca Hispanica.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) Usque in finem Tarni ad alode et a feu. Memoires pour l' hist. du Rouergue, par Bosc.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) Testament d' Amblard, seigneur du Rouergue. Hist. des évêques de Rodez, Ms. par Bonald.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(9) Ms. de <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/blog/29082019/colbert-et-la-bibliotheque" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Colbert</a>.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(10) On le trouve dans les Capitulaires.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(11) Exeminam unam de <a href="https://masdetorubio.blogspot.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vino</a> et <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/11/dicsionari-chapurriau-castella-j.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jornals</a> novem ad ipsas vineas et Jornals duos ad <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/08/la-trilla-4-los-noms.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">messes</a> colligendas. Et Jornals duos ad ipsa era. Marc. Hispan.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cart, de quartum, quart,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabriga, de fabrica, fabrique,</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zw729Wi5VVM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pont</a>, de <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/09/vita-sancti-ermengaudi-episcopi-urgellensis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pontem</a>, pont, se lisent dans un titre de 987, hist. du Languedoc pr. t. 2. Ce même titre offre Alo, Aripin, <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/08/la-trilla-4-los-noms.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Blat</a>, substantifs de la langue romane, que la basse latinité exprimait par les mots d' alodem, aleu, d' agripenus, arpent, et de bladum, bled.<br />Val, de vallis, vallée, vallon (1), se trouve dans un titre de 988.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le poëme sur Boece, il n' est presque aucun nom qui ne soit exactement formé selon l' analogie reconnue; je citerai entre autres:<br />Aur, enfant, perjuri, cap, essemple, rei, caritat, <a href="https://revistajovent.cat/es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jovent</a>, sang, clau, largetat, valor, decepcio, libre, vertut, domna, mort, vis (2).<br />(1) In ipsa Serra de <a href="http://ctlf.ens-lyon.fr/textes/5202_fra_Raynouard_01_1816_T01.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Val de Bactors</a>. Marc. Hispan.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>(2: Amor, emperador, mort, salvament, auma (o anma), emperi, musa, sapientia, cant, fam, nom, Satan, causa, fog, ome, scala, cel, lei, paluz, sermo, claritat, licentia, part, significatio, cor, luna, passio, terra, creator, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/06/tomo-4-apendice-3-bonifacii-ferrer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">luxuria</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/05/de-exequiis-sepultura-et-infirmitate.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">peccador</a>, torment, Deu, Majestat, pel, veritat, diable, mandament, redemcio, vertut, doctor, mar, sacrament, vita.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exemples de l' emploi des adjectifs romans.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lit dans le serment de 842:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Christian, commun, Cadhun, nul.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les titres de 960 et 987, déja cités, offrent:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot, nul, quant, meg.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Et le <a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10091591" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poëme de Boece</a>:<br />Bel, ferm, menut, clar, gran, par, corporal, grav, sord, dextre, jove, temporal, dreit, long, semestre, fals, mal aptes (1: <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/7-14-vers-latins-retournez-reciprocos-recurrentes-retrogrades-capicua.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Malade</a>, de male aptus.), viv (: <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/03/apendice-2-biblias-lemosinas-siglos-xiv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">viu</a>).</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette opération grammaticale fut si exactement et si généralement soumise aux règles de l' analogie, que, par la seule théorie, on devinerait la forme des noms romans, toutes les fois qu' ils ont été dérivés de noms latins.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les mêmes principes furent appliqués aux substantifs et aux adjectifs, lorsque le nouvel idiôme prit seulement leur racine dans le latin, et à ceux même qu' il emprunta des langues étrangères: les formes et les terminaisons de ces noms n' ont aucun caractère qui les distingue essentiellement du reste des noms romans.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Séduits par la conformité que les désinences en O et en E de l' <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9clinaisons_en_latin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ablatif</a> latin offrent avec les désinences de la plupart des noms italiens et espagnols, quelques philologues ont prétendu que l' ablatif latin avait fourni directement les substantifs et les adjectifs de la langue italienne et de la langue espagnole.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais comment les <a href="https://www.superprof.fr/ressources/latin/latin-tous-niveaux/conjugaison-grammaire-college-declinaison-voix.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ablatifs Cantu</a>, Fructu, Virtute, Veritate, Febri, Navi, Tempore, Frigore, Viridi, Forti, Celebri, Salubri, etc. auraient-ils produit les noms italiens et espagnols Canto, Fruto et Frutto, Virtu et Virtud, Verita et Verdad, Febbre et Fiebre, Nave et Navío, Tempo et Tiempo, Freddo et Frío, Verde, Forte et Fuerte, Celebre, Salubre, et tant d' autres semblables?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ces philologues n' avaient considéré que les rapports de l' idiôme de leur pays avec la langue latine. Ignorant que la langue romane intermédiaire avait dit: Cant, Fruct, Virtut, Veritat, Febre, Nav (: nau), Temps, Freg,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Verd, Fort, Celebre, Salubre, comment auraient-ils reconnu que chacun des idiômes qui continuèrent la langue romane avait ajouté au mot roman la modification et la désinence le plus convenables aux peuples qui devaient le prononcer, et que si les Espagnols ont conservé le mot roman Pan de Panem, les Italiens y ont ajouté la désinence E, qui a produit Pane, tandis que les Français, modifiant avec l' I la prononciation de l' A qui précède la consonne finale, ont fait Pain; et les Portugais, selon leur usage, changeant l' N en M, ont dit Pam, ou terminant le mot en O, et supprimant l' M devenu intérieur, ont dit Pa<span face="Verdana, sans-serif">õ</span> (1)?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Je pourrais rapporter ici beaucoup d' exemples semblables, mais je n' anticiperai point sur les rapprochements et les comparaisons que j' aurai occasion de faire des différents idiômes qui ont continué la langue romane primitive.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une observation me semble décisive pour nous convaincre que les noms romans ont été formés du nominatif, et principalement de l' accusatif des Latins. Par ce systême, toutes les difficultés s' expliquent, tandis que les autres cas, tels que le génitif et l' ablatif, n' offrent pas le même avantage.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En effet, d' où seraient venus les relatifs QUE M et QUI, les substantifs REM et RES, DEU M et DEUS, etc.?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au reste, la solution de cette question particulière ne change rien au fait certain et démontré, que la suppression des désinences des cas, ou l' emprunt entier des mots latins, a produit presque tous les substantifs et adjectifs de la langue romane primitive.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais, lorsque les substantifs et les adjectifs eurent été affranchis des terminaisons qui caractérisaient les cas latins, le seul emploi des prépositions DE et AD pouvait-il suppléer à l' absence des signes qui spécifiaient ces cas?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non, sans doute; cet emploi n' était pas assez fréquent; aussi, quand il n' avait pas lieu, les substantifs ne pouvaient être que difficilement reconnus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La nécessité suggéra une nouvelle ressource. Des documents nombreux attestent, d' une manière incontestable, que les pronoms ILLE et IPSE étaient employés auxiliairement dans la langue latine corrompue, et désignaient, comme substantifs, les mots au-devant desquels ils étaient placés; en voici des exemples:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIe siècle: "Calices argenteos IV... ILLE medianus valet solidos XXX...<br />Et ILLE quartus valet solidos XIII.”<br />An 552. Test. Aredii Diplom. chart. t. I.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Super fluvium Bria, in quo cadit quidam rivulus qui IPSAS determinat terras, et pergit IPSUS finis... Per IPSAM vallem et rivolum vadit."</span></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 528. Dipl. CHILDEBERTI I. Diplom. chart. t. I.<br />(N. E. Ses illes; ipsas terras : sas terras : ses terres)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIIe siècle (1): "ILLI Saxones... Persolvant de ILLOS navigios... Ut ILLI negociatores de Longobardia sive Hispania et de Provincia et de alias regiones."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 629. Dipl. Dagoberti I, Dipl. chart. t. I.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>IPSUM monasterium... Vastatum est, et omnes res quas IPSI monachi habebant cum IPSIS chartis deportata." An 663. Dipl. chart. t. I.</span></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIIIe siècle (2): "Dono... præter ILLAS vineas, quomodo ILLE rivulus currit... Totum ILLUM clausum.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 721. Diplom. chart. t. I.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Les exemples de ce siècle me paraissent les plus décisifs, soit à cause du nombre, soit à cause de l' époque:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ILLE judex metuendus... Cum eo ponat judicium per ILLUM judicii tremendum diem... Unde ILLE rex celestis pro nobis retributor existat. An 615. Test. Bertrandi. Dipl. chart. t. I.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si autem dux exercitum ordinaverit et in ILLO fisco aliquid furaverit... ILLE minimus digitus ita solvetur ut pollex... ILLI autem alii articuli si abscissi fuerint... Si quis alteri oculum ruperit et ILLE pupillus intus restitit... Si occisus fuerit episcopus, sicut et ILLUM ducem ita eum solvat... Fugit ille qui occidit et ILLI pares sequuntur... ILLA pecunia post mortem mulieris retro nunquam revertatur, sed ILLE sequens maritus aut filii ejus in sempiternum possideant... Si ille talem equum involaverit quam Alamani Marach dicunt, sic eum solvat sicut et ILLUM æmissarium... Si enim in troppo de jumentis ILLAM ductricem aliquis involaverit. An 630. Capitul. lex Alamanorum.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Judicatum ut ILLA medietate de ipsa porcione... Tam ILLA alia medietate quam et ILLA fidefacta. An 716. Dipl. Chilperici III. Dipl. chart. Placuit nobis ut ILLOS liberos homines comites nostri ad eorum opus servile non opprimant.<br />An 793. Capit. Karol. Mag.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Dicebant ut ILLE teloneus de ILLO mercado ad ILLOS necuciantes..."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 753. Dipl. et chart. t. I.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Quiliano ab integre; Lapedeto IPSA quarta parte; Colonicas Mercuriano IPSA quarta parte."</span></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 782. Hist. du Languedoc, preuves, t. I.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IXe siècle: "Dicunt etiam quod ILLOS pauperiores constringant et in hostem ire faciunt."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 811. Capit. Karoli Magni.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>In aliquis locis IPSI vicinantes multa mala patiuntur.”<br />An 806. Capit. <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/9-4-opinion-erronee.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Karoli Magni</a>.</span></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Xe siècle. A cette époque, et sur-tout dans les pays méridionaux, l' usage de cette locution devint si fréquent et si général, que la langue latine, déja corrompue par tant d' autres causes, n' offrit plus qu' un jargon grossier et entièrement défiguré (1: Qu'on parcoure les titres et les écrits du temps, et notamment les preuves de l' <a href="https://academiedulanguedoc.fr/historique/histoire-du-languedoc/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hist. du Languedoc</a>, t. I et II, les appendices de l' <a href="http://www.google.cat/books?id=495ELHuIclEC&pg=RA1-PA2&focus=viewport&vq=jure&dq=editions:ISBN377525305X&lr=&hl=es&output=html_text" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Historia Tullensis</a>, et du Marca Hispanica, les pièces justificatives dans le <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_christiana" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gallia Christiana</a>.)</span></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand nous trouvons, dans les titres et les documents de ces diverses époques, l' emploi auxiliaire des pronoms démonstratifs, pour désigner les substantifs qu' ils précèdent, douterions-nous que l' usage, ainsi établi dans la langue latine écrite, ne fût encore plus commun dans la langue latine parlée?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et n' est-il pas évident que les nombreuses altérations et modifications du pronom ILLE et de ses divers cas, produisirent les articles de la langue romane?</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des savants français et étrangers ont souvent observé que l' article des langues modernes du midi de l' Europe, dériva du pronom ILLE et de ses cas; mais ces philologues, ne remontant pas plus loin que la langue à laquelle ils appliquaient leurs recherches, n' avaient pas reconnu l' existence d' une langue intermédiaire; ils indiquèrent des rapports et des ressemblances, sans attacher leurs observations et leurs conjectures au systême général de l' origine et de la formation de la romane primitive.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ils avaient négligé de fonder la théorie de leur systême sur la preuve irrécusable de l' introduction des pronoms ILLE et IPSE dans la langue latine corrompue, pour indiquer spécialement, comme substantifs, les mots qu' ils précédaient; circonstance qui explique comment, dans le nouvel idiôme, l' instinct grammatical, par les nombreuses modifications du pronom ILLE et de ses cas, aura produit ces signes divers qui constituent les articles.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il n' est pas hors de vraisemblance que du pronom IPSE, IPSO, employé aussi fréquemment que le pronom ILLE au-devant des substantifs, la nouvelle langue rejetant la première moitié, dont la prononciation était dure et difficile, adopta la dernière, et produisit le pronom démonstratif SO.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il y a plus; l' <b>idiôme vulgaire <a href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/italico/romance/sardo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sarde</a></b>, qui a conservé les autres caractères constitutifs de la langue romane, offre la circonstance remarquable que son article est SO, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Bibiloni" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SA</a>, venant sans doute d' IPSE.<br />(N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Bibiloni" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ses illes</a>, Mallorca, <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ipsa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ipsa </a>: SA, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm3LTxQLUr56HEiYXTVQIXQ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sa casa</a>, <a href="https://www.mallorca-experte.net/sa-calobra/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sa Calobra</a>, <a href="http://www.casapadrina.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sa padrina</a>, &c.<br />Ipse – SE – ES.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La nouvelle langue parvint de cette manière à créer et à employer ces articles, qui, en nous indiquant et le genre et le nombre, suppléent à l' absence des cas; nouveauté aussi hardie qu' heureuse, puisque, jusqu' alors, les langues qui usaient d' articles, n' en avaient pas moins été soumises aux règles des déclinaisons.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Articles de la Langue Romane.<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masculin. Féminin.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. el, lo la<br />Plur. Els, li, los, il las</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">combinés avec les prépositions DE et AD,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. del, de la</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plur. dels, des, de las</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. al, el, a la<br />Plur. als, a las</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je crois avoir prouvé comment les altérations et modifications du pronom ILLE, et de ses cas masculins et féminins du singulier et du pluriel, ont produit ces différents articles.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ferai seulement deux observations sur l' article EL: La première, que les Latins, dans le langage familier, se servaient d' EL LUM pour ECCE ILLUM (1: En voici des exemples:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nescio qui senex modò venit: ELLUM, confidens, catus.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Terent. Andr. act. V, sc. 2.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">… <span>Parasitum tuum<br />Video occurrentem, ELLUM usque in platea. Plauto, Curc. Act. II, sc. 2.<br />… Aeschinus ubi est? - ELLUM, te expectat domi. Terent. Adelph. Act. II. sc. 3.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La seconde, que le changement de l' I intérieur en E fut fréquemment appliqué par la nouvelle langue aux mots qu' elle empruntait de la langue latine (1: Ainsi IPSE fut modifié en EPS; IN produisit EN, etc.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des monuments des VIIIe, IXe, et Xe siècles attestent l' existence et l' emploi de ces articles.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 793. "In loco LA Ferraria." Muratori, dissert. 32.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 810. "Ego Hugo DELLA Roca... Lo mas de Castan... EL desme de Mauron. Arch. de Conq. Mém. pour l' Hist. du Rouergue, par Bosc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">880. "Inde A LA croe... duos rivulos d' Asperiole... Ad LA Rochere... Infra rivulum DEL Brol et rivum DES Espesses de Murt.”</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hist. de Lorraine, par Calmet, Pr. t. II, col. 143.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">884. "Fossatum DE LA vite." Muratori, dissert. 32.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">894. "Villam nostram quæ vocatur AL LA Corbaria." Balus. append. Hist. Tullensis.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 924. "In loco qui dicitur AL can." Balus. append. Hist. Tullensis.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">927. "Dimitto Sexterias villa... et AL LA Cassania." Baluze, Pr. de l' Hist. de la maison d' Auvergne.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">930. "Sancti Beniti DEL Verni... Sancta Maria DE LA Garda.”<br />Baluze, append. Hist. Tullensis.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An. 960. “DEL castel... DEL comoniment." Tit. des comtes de Foix, de Bearn, etc. t. I, Ms. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">987. "Sunt illas terras A LAS fabrigas... de meg aripin de vinea Lo cart."</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hist. du Languedoc, preuves, t. II, col. 141.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>994. "<a href="http://ctlf.ens-lyon.fr/textes/5202_fra_Raynouard_01_1816_T01.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sancta Maria da LI Pluppi</a>." Muratori, Dissert. 32.<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi furent formés et introduits dans la langue romane ces articles qui caractérisent les langues de l' Europe latine, c'est-à-dire la langue française, l' espagnole, la portugaise, et l' italienne; articles, dont l' emploi facile, mais uniforme, a délivré ces idiômes modernes de la servitude des déclinaisons latines, sans nuire à la clarté du discours.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le systême des articles fut-il indiqué par l' exemple qu' offrait la langue grecque, ou par les exemples plus récents et plus présents sans doute que fournissaient la langue gothique et la langue francique, et les autres idiômes du nord, qui ont employé les articles à une époque très ancienne?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On peut dire de la langue grecque, que l' idiôme roman a si peu de ressemblance avec elle, de ressemblance avec elle, soit pour les articles et les cas, soit pour les autres formes grammaticales, qu' il est très vraisemblable que, dans son origine, il n' emprunta rien de cette langue.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la vérité, nous rencontrons des hellénismes dans la langue des troubadours; ils y furent introduits sans doute par les habitants du midi de la France, dont la plupart étaient originaires de la Grèce: ces hellénismes enrichirent sans doute l' idiôme nouveau, mais n' influèrent pas sur sa formation.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant à la langue gothique et à la langue francique, il est vrai que la traduction de l' évangile, faite en <b>langue gothique</b> par <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulfilas" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ulphilas</a></b>, dans le IVe siècle, et que des monuments de la <b>langue francique</b>, qui remontent aux VIIe et VIIIe siècles, offrent l' emploi des articles.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais les articles de la langue romane sont absolument différents; et une dissemblance encore plus décisive, et qui exclut toute idée d' emprunt d' un idiôme à l' autre, c'est que les articles employés par les Grecs, les Goths et les Francs, ne les exemptaient pas de la nécessité de décliner les noms, soit substantifs, soit adjectifs, tandis que l' affranchissement des cas est l' un des caractères spéciaux de la langue romane.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est donc permis de croire que l' existence des articles employés par les autres idiômes, n' a eu aucune influence directe et immédiate sur la formation des articles romans.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toutefois il est très vraisemblable que la langue gothique et la francique ont contribué indirectement et médiatement à la formation des articles romans, parce qu' elles ont été cause de l' introduction des pronoms ILLE et IPSE dans la langue latine corrompue, à l' effet de désigner les substantifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les Goths et les Francs avaient dans leur langue l' usage des articles.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand ils furent mêlés avec les anciens habitants des pays qu' ils avaient conquis, et où ils s' étaient établis, la nécessité d' exprimer en latin les idées que leur esprit concevait d' abord sous les formes de leur langue natale, les força de chercher un signe latin pour reproduire le signe de l' article, qui, dans cette langue, annonçait et désignait le substantif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Et comme les articles et les pronoms démonstratifs gothiques, franciques, sont les mêmes, ou presque les mêmes (1) ces peuples eurent recours aux pronoms démonstratifs de la langue latine ILLE et IPSE, pour rendre dans cette langue le signe qui, dans leurs idiômes, caractérisait le substantif en le précédant.<br />(1: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulfilas" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gothique d' Ulfilas</a>. Francique.<br />Article. Pron. dém. Article. Pron. dém.<br />Nominatif. sa sa der dher<br />Génitif. this this dhesses dhesses<br />Datif et Ablatif. thamma thamma dhemo desemo<br />Accusatif. thana thana then thesen</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>On remarque un emploi très fréquent de l' ILLE, faisant les fonctions de l' article dans la loi <a href="https://www.geschichtsquellen.de/werk/3309" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">publiée par Dagobert</a>, sous le titre de <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Alamannorum" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lex Alamanorum</a>, qui paraît n' être que la traduction d' une loi originairement écrite en langue francique, traduction faite sans doute pour les peuplades qui avaient traversé le Rhin. Au contraire la loi qui fut aussi publiée par Dagobert, sous le titre de <a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10490345" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lex Ripuariorum</a>, c'est-à-dire des habitants du pays situé entre le Bas Rhin et la Basse Meuse, la plupart anciens Romains, n' offre plus le même emploi de l' ILLE devant les substantifs (2: Dans le gothique et le francique, tous les substantifs ne reçoivent pas constamment l' article; ce qui explique pourquoi, dans la langue latine dégénérée, l' ILLE et l' IPSE ne sont pas toujours placés devant les mots, qui, ensuite employés par la langue romane et par les langues qui en furent la continuation, ont presque toujours été précédés de l' article.</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' opinion que je propose me paraît acquérir une sorte d' évidence par la circonstance remarquable que la langue romane, alors qu' elle a été vulgaire, a produit un semblable effet sur la langue latine, employée encore dans les actes publics. Les rédacteurs substituaient à l' article roman de leur idiôme vulgaire parlé ces pronoms ILLE et IPSE de l' idiôme latin écrit, ainsi que l' avaient fait autrefois les Goths et les Francs; et cela devait arriver, quand ces rédacteurs pensaient en langue romane, et écrivaient en langue latine (1:<br />J' ai antérieurement indiqué les collections où l' on trouve de semblables emplois de l' ILLE et de l' IPSE par l' effet de la réaction de la langue romane.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"IPSUM alodem de sanctas puellas cum <a href="https://www.tripadvisor.es/Attraction_Review-g187463-d15098609-Reviews-Esglesia_de_Sant_Felip_Neri-Palma_de_Mallorca_Majorca_Balearic_Islands.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IPSA ecclesia</a> dono sancto Stephano... IPSE alodes de Canuas... Ipsa Roca cum IPSA ecclesia... IPSE alodes de Manulfellio monte cum IPSAS vineas remaneat auriolo (Auriolo, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/tomo-13-apendice-de-documentos-21-30.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oriol</a>) Sancio. IPSE <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/09/iudicialis-publicatio-testamenti-sancti-ermengaudi-episcopo-urgellensis-mxxxv-1035.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">alodes</a> de IPSO Solario... Et ILLA Boscaria remaneat Armardo, etc." An 960, Testament d' Hugues, évêque de Toulouse.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Dono ad ILLO <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/donatio-monasterii-genesii-bellera-bellaria-facta-monasterio-gerrensi-anno-792-o-796.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cœnobio</a> de Conquas ILLA <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/notitia-abbatiae-s-michaelis-monmagastre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">medietate</a> de ILLO <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/xv-donatio-turris-quam-gerundellam.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">alode</a> de Auriniaco et de ILLAS <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ecclesias</a>... ILLO alode de Canavolas et ILLO alode de Crucio et ILLO alode de Pociolos et ILLO alode de Garriguas et ILLO alode de Vidnago et ILLO alode de Longalassa et ILLOS mansos de Bonaldo, Poncioni abbati remaneat.” Au 961. TESTAMENT de Raimond Ier, comte de Rouergue.)</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' emploi auxiliaire de l' ILLE et de l' IPSE devant les substantifs se trouve aussi dans les titres et chartes de l' Italie (2) et de l' Espagne (1-a); mais ces pièces ne sont pas d' une date aussi reculée que les diplômes de la France dans lesquels j' ai recueilli les exemples que j' ai cités.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) En Italie:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 713: "Prope IPSA ecclesia presbiteri... Ad IPSA Sancta Vertute." Muratori, dissert. 5.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 736: "IPSA supra dicta scolastica.” Muratori, dissert. 14.<br />An 752: "Donamus in IPSA sancta ecclesia... IPSE prænominatus sanctus</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">locus." Muratori, dissert. 21.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 810: "Una ex ipse regitur per Emmulo et ILLA alia per Altipertulo...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IPSA prænominata Dei <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/01/ordinationes-synodo-dominicum-episcopum-ilerdensem-1428.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ecclesia</a>.” <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Antonio_Muratori" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Muratori</a>, dissert. 12.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 906: On lit dans les Annotazioni sopra i papiri de Marini, page 262,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">un testament où l' article IPSE est très fréquemment employé:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Habeat et IPSUM cellarium de IPSA cerbinara; habeat et IPSA domum de IPSUM geneccum et IPSUM centimullum cum IPSA <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/repartimiento-de-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">coquina</a>, etc."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1-a) En Espagne:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 775 (*: A l' occasion de ce titre de 775, l' auteur observe que c'est le plus ancien titre qu' il ait connu parmi les manuscrits de l' Espagne: "Scripturarum omnium quæ ad nostram pervenere notitiam hæc vetustior."):<br />“Per ILLUM pelagrum nigrum... Per ILLAS casas alvas...<br />Per ILLA lacuna." España Sagrada, t. XVIII.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 781: "Per ILLO rio qui vadit inter <a href="https://www.bancsabadell.com/bsnacional/es/particulares/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sabbadel</a> et villa Luz et inde ad ILLAM Molon, de ILLA strada de Patrunel et inde per ILLA via quæ vadit</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ad ILLO castro de Poco et per ILLA via quæ vadit ad petra Terta...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et inde per ILLA strata de Guardia et inde per ILLA arclia de Branias et per ILLO rivulo de inter Brana, Trabera et Branas de Oldial et per ILLAS Mestas... et inde ad ILLO rio de Rillola... ad ILLO Poco de Trabe... et per ILLO Molon de inter ambos rivos ad ILLO rio unde prius diximus." Chart. Sylonis regis. Historias de Idacio, p. 130.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 844: "De ILLA Cartagera usque ad ILLAM villam, et deinde ad ILLO plano... Et de ILLAS custodias, etc." España Sagrada, t. XXVI.<br /><br />Enfin on trouverait un nouveau motif de conviction dans une autre circonstance également décisive, que je crois ne devoir point omettre.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans quelques pays du nord, où les articles employés par l' idiôme vulgaire sont les mêmes ou à-peu-près les mêmes que les pronoms démonstratifs, la langue latine usitée pour les actes publics a quelquefois subi, comme dans les pays de l' Europe latine, l' introduction du pronom ILLE, en remplacement de l' article de l' idiôme vulgaire; la même cause produisant ainsi le même effet, en différents temps et en différents lieux (1: Les citations suivantes suffiront:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“<span>Laureshamense cœnobium extructum hoc anno 770. Insigne dotatum </span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">est a <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=Mi1mAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA849&lpg=PA849&dq=%22Cancore+comite%22&source=bl&ots=yRssj9Q17t&sig=ACfU3U0fLdRoMj1HFRXBaB-ifPIrR1u70Q&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAha_M6L6BAxWQq6QKHbAGAFMQ6AF6BAgLEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cancore comite</a> et Anguila conjuge ejus.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Terram et silvam quæ est in ILLA marcha de Birstat... Et de IPSO rubero ad partem aquilonis sicut IPSA <u>incisio arborum</u> in IPSA die facta fuit: et sic ad ILLAM <u>ligneam crucem</u> quæ est posita juxta ILLAM viam quæ venit de Birstat... usque ad ILLUM monticulum." Eckart, Franc. Orient. t. 1, p. 610.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard_de_Wurtzbourg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burchard, évêque de Wirstbourg</a> en Franconie, dans une homélie contre les superstitions populaires, traduisant les expressions du vulgaire, s' exprime ainsi:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Sed dicunt sibi: ILLUM ariolum vel divinum, ILLUM sortilogum, ILLAM erbariam consulamus." Eckart, Franc. Orient. t. I, p. 844.).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le fait est donc évident: c'est à l' introduction du pronom ILLE dans la langue latine corrompue, et aux diverses altérations et modifications des cas de ce pronom, que la nouvelle langue fut redevable et des articles et de la sorte d' articles qui la caractérisent.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' usage des cas procure aux idiômes deux avantages précieux.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le premier, c'est une clarté inaltérable, puisque les désinences permettent de discerner sur le champ les sujets des régimes, et ces régimes les uns des autres.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le second, c'est la grâce et le mérite des inversions: quand l' ordre direct n' est pas nécessaire, le déplacement des divers mots de la phrase, loin de nuire à la clarté, ajoute quelquefois à la clarté même, en permettant de les disposer de manière qu' ils présentent une gradation de nuances; alors leur place, habilement assignée, concourt à la perfection et à l' effet de l' image.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour obtenir ces deux avantages, la nouvelle langue créa une méthode aussi simple qu' ingénieuse, qui produisit le même effet que les déclinaisons latines.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au singulier, l' S ajouté ou conservé à la fin de la plus part des substantifs, sur-tout des masculins, désigna le sujet; et l' absence de l' S désigna le régime, soit direct, soit indirect.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au pluriel, l' absence de l' S indiqua le sujet, et sa présence les régimes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' où vint l' idée d' une telle méthode? De la langue latine même. La seconde déclinaison en US suggéra ce moyen.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le nominatif en US a l' S au singulier, tandis que les autres cas consacrés à marquer les régimes, sont terminés ou par des voyelles ou par d' autres consonnes; et le nominatif en I au pluriel ne conserve pas l' S, tandis que cette consonne termine la plupart des autres cas affectés aux régimes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peut-on assez admirer cette industrie grammaticale, qui n' a existé dans aucune autre langue, industrie qui ensuite permit et facilita aux troubadours la grâce et la multitude des inversions à-la-fois les plus hardies et les plus claires?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les anciens monuments de la langue romane offrent l' heureux emploi de ce signe caractéristique.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le serment de 842, on lit:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SI Lodhwigs, quand ce nom propre est sujet; et en ensuite Contra <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/07/tomo-vi-viaje-la-iglesia-de-vique.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lodhuwig</a>, quand il est régime;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/07/carta-xxxvi-36-estado-iglesia-tortosa-despues-restauracion.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Carlus</a>, sujet; et deux fois Carlo, et une fois <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/search?q=Charlemagne" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Karle</a>, régimes;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec Carlus, sujet, meos sendra; et avec Karlo, régime, meon, son.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NE JO NE NEULS, comme sujet; NUL PLAID, comme régime.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DEUS, sujet; et pro DEO AMUR, régime.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' auteur du poëme sur Boece a observé exactement cette règle, soit pour le singulier, soit pour le pluriel:<br />Sing. Tot aquel LIBRES era de fog ardent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa ma dextra la domna u LIBRE te (1).</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIBRES est sujet, et LIBRE est régime.<br />Plur. Molt lo laudaven e AMIC e PARENT... (2).<br />Molt fort blasmava Boecis <a href="https://amicsdelchapurriau.blogspot.com/2020/09/y-es-que-tan-se-val.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SOS AMIGS</a>.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AMIG est sujet, et AMIGS régime.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pronoms Personnels.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fidèle à son systême d' imitation, l' idiôme roman s' appropria les pronoms personnels de la langue latine: il employa les uns sans y faire le moindre changement, et les autres en les soumettant à des modifications ou contractions toujours dirigées par l' analogie:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">JO, JEU, EO, EU, d' EGO, MI de mihi, ME de ME, NOS de NOS.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Si Jo returnar no l' int pois... Ne Jo ne neuls... Si salvarai EO (1)."<br />(1) "Si JE detourner ne l' en puis... Ni MOI ni nul... Oui, sauverai-JE..."</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Morz fo Mallios Torquator dunt EU dig (2).<br />(2) Mort fut Mallius Torquator dont JE parle." Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Deus savir et podir ME dunat... Il MI altresi fazet (3)."<br />(3) "Dieu savoir et pouvoir me donne... Il ME ainsi faira." Serment de 842.<br />"Ora pro NOS (4). Nos en comonirez (5)”.<br />(4) "Priez pour NOUS. Litan. Carol. vers 780.<br />(5: “Nous en avertirez.” Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />TU de TU, TE de TE, TI de tibi, vos de vos.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Tu m' en comonras... Tu m' en absolveras... No T' en tolrai...<br />Ni 'l TE vederai... Ab TI et senes TI... No 'l vos tolrei... Vos en devederei (6: "Tu m' en avertiras... Tu m' en dispenseras... Ne t' en ôterai... Ni le TE défendrai... Avec TOI et sans TOI... Ne le vous ôterai... Vous en empêcherai." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IL d' ILLE, EL d' ELLUM, LI, LUI d' ILLI, Lo d' ILLO, IL d' ILLI.<br />(N. E. ille – il; ellum – lum; illi – il; illo – il)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"IL mi altresi fazet...” (7: “IL me pareillement faira.” Serment de 842.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EL era 'l meler de tota la honor (8: “IL était le meilleur de toute la seigneurie." Poëme sur Boece.)...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Contra Lodhuwig nun LI iver (9: “Contre Louis ne LUI irai”... Serment de 842.)...<br />Qui la LI tolra, la LI devedara (1: Qui la LUI ôtera, la LUI prohibera..." Actes de 969, MS. de Colbert.)...<br />Ab ipso memorato principe LUI concessa (2: Formul. Marculf. vers 650.)..."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per LUI aurien trastut redemcio (3: “Par LUI auraient tous redemption...” Poëme Sur Boece.)...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu lo juva (4: "Que tu l' aides”... Litan. Carol. Vers 780.<br />- N. E. adjuvare : juva : cas. ayudar -)... Returnar L' int pois...”<br />(5: "Ramener l' y puis." Serment de 842.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fez LO lo reis en sa <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/dels-homens-del-offici-del-algotzir.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">charcer</a> gitar... (6 : “Fit LE le roi en sa prison jeter.”)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>IL sun tan bel e ta blanc e ta quandi (7: ILS sont si beaux, et si blancs, et si brillants.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ELLA d' illa, LEI, ELLAS d' illas, LOR d' illorum.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum ELLA s' auca, cel a del cap polsat...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui amor ab LEI pren...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entr' ELLAS doas (8)...<br />(8: Comme ELLE se hausse, le ciel elle a de la tête frappé...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui amour avec ELLE prend... Entre ELLES deux.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme Sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"LOR en seran...” (9: “LEUR en seront..." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De part Boeci LOR manda tal raczo (10: “De par Boece LEUR mande telle raison." Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SE de SE, SI de sibi.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sujet: En epsa l' ora SE son d' altra color...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Régime: C' ab damri Deu SE tenia forment...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascus bos om SI fai lo so degra (11: En même heure ILS sont d' autre couleur...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' avec le Seigneur Dieu se tenait fortement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chaque bon homme se fait le sien degré.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme Sur Boece.).</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pronoms Possessifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les pronoms possessifs romans furent pareillement dérivés de la langue latine.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les masculins soumis au signe de l' S final qui caractérisait les sujets du singulier, et les régimes du pluriel, aidèrent encore à la facilité des inversions et à la clarté du discours.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On a remarqué, dans les citations du serment de 842, MEOS sujet, et MEON régime au singulier.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le poëme sur Boece présente:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SOS, sujet, et SON, régime, au singulier;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SI et SOI, sujets, et SOS, régime, au pluriel;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NOSTRE et LOR, au pluriel.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et evers Deu era tot SOS afix...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas non es bes que s fi' en SON aver...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bel sun SI drap, no sai nomnar los fils...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai fo Boecis e foron i SOI par...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molt fort blasmava Boecis <a href="https://amicsdelchapurriau.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sos amigs</a>...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No credet Deu lo NOSTRE creator...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las mias musas qui an perdut LOR cant (1:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et envers Dieu était tout SON attachement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il n' est pas bien qu' il se fie en SON avoir...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beaux sont ses vêtements, je ne sais compter les fils...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Là fut Boece et furent y SES pairs...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Très fort blâmait Boece SES amis...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il ne crut pas Dieu le NOTRE créateur...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les miennes muses qui ont perdu LEUR chant.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Poëme Sur Boece.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les pronoms féminins terminés en A au singulier et en AS au pluriel, restèrent soumis aux règles générales qui gouvernaient les substantifs féminins en A.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans la grammaire détaillée de la langue romane, les pronoms possessifs offriront des variétés nombreuses, et cependant toujours conformes à l' analogie et aux caractères qui distinguent les sujets et les régimes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pronoms Démonstratifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' article, dans toutes les langues qui l' emploient, est une sorte de pronom démonstratif général.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elles ont aussi des pronoms démonstratifs particuliers, qui désignent spécialement le nom auquel ils sont attachés. La langue romane, qui avait dérivé de la langue latine son article, en dériva aussi ses pronoms démonstratifs.<br />D' ISTE vint IST, ISTA, changé ensuite en EST, ESTA. Dans le Serment de 842, on trouve d' IST di.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la combinaison d' ILLE et d' ISTE avec HIC ou ECCE (1), furent formés les démonstratifs romans</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">cil, cist, icil, cel, celui, cest, etc.<br />aquil, icist, aquel, icest, etc.<br />(1) Dans le langage familier, les Latins contractaient quelquefois l' ECCE avec les pronoms ILLE et ISTE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Habeo ECCILLAM meam clientem.” Plauto. Mil act. 3, sc. I.<br />“Tegillum ECCILLUD mihi unum arescit." Plauto. Rud. act. 2, sc. 7.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Certè ECCISTAM video." Plauto Curcul. act. 5, sc. 2.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Salvarai eo CIST meon fradre Carlo”.<br />(2: “Sauverai moi CE mien frère Charles." Serment de 842.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CEL non es bos que a frebla scala s te...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CEL no quatra ja per negu torment...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CELLUI vai be qui tra mal e jovent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CIL li faliren qu' el solient ajudar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas CIL qui poden montar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AQUEL qui la non estai fermament...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot AQUEL libres era de fog ardent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab AQUEL fog s' en pren so <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/venganza-judio-noble-ibieca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vengament</a> (1:<br />CELUI-LA n' est bon qui à fragile échelle se tient...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CELUI-LA ne tombera jamais par aucun tourment...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CELUI-LA va bien qui supporte le mal en jeunesse...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CEUX-LA lui faillirent qui le avaient coutume d' aider...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais CEUX qui peuvent monter...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CELUI qui là ne se tient fermement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tout CE livre était de feu ardent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec CE feu elle en prend sa vengeance.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme Sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Le pronom IPSE fournit d' abord à la langue romane EPS, EPSA, qui ensuite furent modifiés:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EPS li Satan son en so mandament...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En EPSA l' ora se sun d' altra color (2:<br />MÊMES les démons sont en son commandement...<br />En la MÊME heure ils sont d' autre couleur.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Poëme Sur Boece.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SEMETIPSE fut également imité:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/vita-christi-isabel-villena-ysabel-billena-monestir-trinitat-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ella SMETESSMA ten las claus de paradis</a>... (Italiano <a href="https://www.mre.gov.py/embapar-italia/index.php/secciones-de-la-embajada/servicios-consulares/certificados/certificato-di-medessima-persona" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">medessima</a>)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ella <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/05/capitol-xxii-22-embaxador-recita-senyora-signulars-goigs-alegries.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">MEDESMA</a> telset so vestiment (3:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/05/capitol-xxii-22-embaxador-recita-senyora-signulars-goigs-alegries.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Elle MÊME tient les clefs du paradis</a>...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elle MÊME tissut son vêtement. Poëme sur Boece.)<br /><br />Une autre espèce de pronoms démonstratifs employés dans un sens imité du neutre fut dérivée d' hoc, d' ipso.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O d' hoc conserva dans la langue romane son acception latine, qui était appliquée au sens neutre, et que la langue française a exprimée par CELA:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>In O quid il mi altresi fazet.” (1: “En CELA que il me pareillement faira.” Serment de 842.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AQUO, formé de la racine d' aqu<b>ell</b> et de cet O roman, signifia CE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Fors d' AQUO de que absolvera.” (2: “Hors de CE de quoi il dispensera." An 989, Hist. de Languedoc, Pr. t. 2.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pronoms Relatifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec la même simplicité de moyens, et avec le même succès, la nouvelle langue remplaça les nombreuses variétés qu' offraient les cas latins du QUI relatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUI roman, pris du nominatif latin, servit à exprimer le QUI sujet, quel que fût le genre ou le nombre du nom auquel il se rapportait.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUE dérivé de QUEM, accusatif régime direct, désigna ordinairement ce régime, quel que fût le genre et le nombre du nom auquel il se rapportait.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand les prépositions s' attachèrent à QUE, il indiqua les régimes indirects; et d' ailleurs, pour ces régimes, la langue romane employa encore CUI, soit en conservant le datif, soit en supprimant la désinence du génitif Cui<u>us</u>.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du pronom qualificatif QUALIS, elle forma QUAL; et, par l' adjonction de l' article, il devint un pronom relatif auxiliaire.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUE fut parfois employé comme sujet, mais qui ne fut jamais employé comme régime direct; quand on le soumit à l' action des prépositions, il indiqua des régimes indirects.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici des exemples des différents emplois de ce pronom relatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sujet: "Nul plaid nunquam prindrai QUI, etc."<br />Régime: "Si Lodhwigs sagrament QUE son fradre Karlo jurat...”<br />(1: "Nul accord ne prendrai QUI...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>"Si Louis le serment QUE à son frère Charles il jure..." Serment de 842.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sujet: “QUI las li tolra... QUI las vos tolra.” (2: "QUI les lui ôtera... QUI les vous ôtera." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)<br /><br />Régime: "Fors d' aquo de QUE absolvera.” (3: “Hors de ce DONT il dispensera.” An 989, Hist. du Languedoc, pr. t. I.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sujet: Anc non vist u QUI tant en retegues...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las mias musas QUI an perdut lor cant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Régime: En CUI merce tuit peccador estant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molt val lo bes QUE l' om fai e jovent (4: Oncques ne vit un QUI tant en retint...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les miennes muses QUI ont perdu leur chant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En DE QUI la miséricorde tous les pécheurs sont...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beaucoup sert le bien QUE l' homme fait en sa jeunesse.)<br /><br />Sujet: Cel non es bos QUE a frebla scala s te (5: Celui-là n' est bon QUI à fragile échelle se tient.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme Sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' adverbe latin UNDE fournit à la langue romane un nouveau moyen d' exprimer le sens indiqué par les génitifs et les ablatifs latins du QUI relatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De UNDE (1), par le retranchement de l' E final, produisit DUNT:<br />(1) On trouve, dans la basse latinité, l' emploi d' UNDE dans le sens de CUJUS, A QUO, EX QUO.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Arca illa ubi solarius edificatus est cum orto UNDE agebatur." An 840. Muratori, Dissert. 10.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Morz fo Mallios Torquator DUNT eu dig. (2: Mort fut Mallius Torquator DONT je parle.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entre autres acceptions, le QUE roman fut aussi employé à exprimer le QUAM, l' UT, et l' EO QUOD des Latins:<br />Qui tant i pessa QUE al no faria ja...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui nos pais QUE no murem de fam. (3: Qui tant y pense QUE autre chose ne fairait jamais...<br />Et qui nous paît AFIN QUE nous ne mourions de faim. Poëme Sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUI et QUAL furent aussi employés comme pronoms interrogatifs:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. Sujet: E QUALS es l' om qui a ferma scala s te?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. Régime: CAL an li auzil significatio?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plur. Sujet: CAL sun li auzil qui sun al T montat? (4:<br />E QUEL est l' homme qui à ferme échelle se tient?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUELLE ont les oiseaux signification?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUELS sont les oiseaux qui sont au T montés?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Poëme Sur Boece.)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Appliquant aux êtres animés les différentes modifications ou contractions de ses cas, ILLE avait formé la troisième classe des pronoms personnels.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs des modifications de ces cas, appliquées autrement qu' aux êtres animés, formèrent une autre espèce de pronoms relatifs, toutes les fois qu' elles ne précédaient pas un nom.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EL, ELS, LO, LOS, LA, LAS, LOR.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ni EL te vederei... Lo tornarei... No 'LS vos tolrai... NO LA L devedera... NO LAS li devedera (1: “Ni LE te défendrai... LE rendrai... Ne LES vous ôterai... Ne LA lui empêchera... Ne LES lui empêchera.” Actes de 960. MS. de Colbert.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De même les autres pronoms démonstratifs IST, EST, CIST, CEST, ICEL, AQUEL, etc. firent fonction de pronoms relatifs, lorsqu' ils n' étaient pas attachés directement à un nom; parce que, employés de la sorte, ils ne servent plus à démontrer immédiatement l' objet, mais seulement à indiquer la relation qui existe avec cet objet précédemment indiqué.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O, SO, CO, ZO, AIZO, AQUO.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les pronoms démonstratifs O d' hoc, SO, CO, ZO, d' ipso, dérivés du neutre latin, et employés par la langue romane dans le même sens, devinrent aussi pronoms relatifs, lorsqu' ils furent employés séparément, pour exprimer une relation, un rapport à une idée ou à un nom, auquel ils n' étaient pas immédiatement attachés.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"No o farai... Vos o tendrai..." (2: “Ne LE fairai... A vous LE tiendrai." Actes de 960. Ms. de Colbert.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos e molz libres o <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2022/11/sententia-contra-na-blanquina-muller-de.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">trobam</a> legen... (3: Nous en plusieurs livres CELA trouvons en lisant...)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zo signifiga de cel la dreita lei...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per zo no 'l vol Boecis a senor...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zo sun tuit omne qui de joven sun bo. (1:<br />CELA signifie du ciel la droite loi...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour CELA ne le voulut Boece à seigneur...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce sont tous hommes qui dès jeunesse sont bons...)<br /><br />AIZO et AQUO, signifiant CECI, CELA, CE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per AIZO m fas e chaitiveza star. (2: Pour CECI tu me fais en captivité être. Poëme Sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Fors d' AQUO de que absolvera." (3: “Hors de ce dont il dispensera.” An 989. Hist. du Languedoc, pr. t. 2.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' adverbe INDE avait, dans la langue latine, et sur-tout à l' époque de sa décadence, quelquefois remplacé ou suppléé le pronom relatif ILLE.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au lieu d' ILLIUS, d' ILLORUM, EX ILLO, AB ILLO, EX ILLIS, AB ILLIS, on disait INDE, EX INDE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Stant calices; minor INDE fabas, olus alter habebat. Ovidio, Fast. 5.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cadus erat vini; INDE implevi Cirneam.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plauto Amphitr. act. I, sc. I.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4: Dans la basse latinité, cet emploi de l' INDE fut très fréquent:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Ut mater nostra ecclesia Viennensis INDE nostra hæres fiat." An 543. Diplom. Chart. t. 1.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Cepit de ipsis spolia; aliquid EX INDE dilecto filio nostro obtulit."<br />An 795. Hist. du Languedoc, Pr. t. 1.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Ut quidquid EX INDE facere volueris." An 888. Marc. Hisp. append.<br />Ce qui ne doit laisser aucun doute sur l' acception du mot EN provenant d' INDE, c'est que, dans un titre où le roman est mêlé au latin, on lit à-la-fois:</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Adjutor INDE ero ad supradictum... Adjutor EN sere." An 1064. Marc. Hisp. append.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">INDE produisit d' abord INT, ensuite ENT, de même que la préposition<br />IN produisit EN:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Retornar l' INT pois" (1: "Détourner le EN puis." Serment de 842.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ella 's ta bella, reluz' ENT lo palaz. (2: "Elle est si belle, reluit EN le palais." Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Per quantas vez m' EN commonras... Postad t' EN darai... Fors quant tu m' EN absolveras. (3: "Par quantes fois tu m' EN avertiras... Pouvoir je t' en donnerai... Hors quand tu m' EN dispenseras." Actes de 960. Ms. de Colbert.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant EN retenc que de tot no fo blos;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan bo essemple EN laiset entre nos. (4: Tant EN retint que de tout il ne fut dépouillé. Tant bon exemple il EN laissa parmi nous.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tibi et sibi avaient fourni à la langue romane TI et SI. De même IBI (5) produisit I, Y, espèce de pronom qui servit à exprimer les rapports du datif, comme EN exprimait ceux du génitif ou de l' ablatif.<br />(5) Dans la basse latinité, IBI signifiait quelquefois ILLI, ILLIS.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Ipsum monasterium expoliatum, et omnes cartæ, quas de supra dicto loco IBI delegaverunt, ablatæ." An 664. Dipl. Clotaire III.<br />“Trado IBI casale... Tradimus IBI terram... Dono IBI decimas.” An 888. España Sagrada, t. 28.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Non y donara." (6: “N' y donnera." Actes de 985. Hist. du Languedoc, Pr. t. I.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai fo Boecis e foren I soi par...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui tant I pessa que al no fara ja. (7: La fut Boece, et furent Y ses pairs...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui tant Y pense que autre chose ne faira jamais.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)<br />(N. E. Este I es HI, y se encuentra también en el castellano antiguo como hy.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pronoms Indéfinis.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les anciens monuments de la langue romane offrent plusieurs des pronoms indéfinis, c'est-à-dire des pronoms qui, se rapportant à des substantifs non exprimés dans le discours, en remplissent eux-mêmes les fonctions.<br />OM d' homo.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Sicum OM, per dreit, son fradra salvar dist.” (1: Comme on, par droit, son frère sauver doit." Serment de 842.)<br />Il se trouve quelquefois précédé de l' article:<br />L' OM no 'l laiset a salvament anar. (2: L' on ne le laissa à sauvement aller...)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">UN d' unus, AL, ALTRE d' alter, NUL de nullus, TOT de totus, RES, etc. etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum l' US lo pert, a l' ALTRE ve tener. (3: Comme l' UN le perd, à l' AUTRE il voit tenir...)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui tant i pessa que AL no fara ja. (4: Qui tant y pense que AUTRE CHOSE ne faira jamais. Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ne io ne NEULS." (5: Ni moi ni NUL.” Serment de 842.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Teirix col TOT e mal sa razo...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne potden tan e lor cors cobeetar,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ella de TOT no vea lor pessar... (6: Et Théodoric accueille TOUT en mal sa raison... Ils ne peuvent tant en leurs cœurs convoiter, qu' elle de TOUT ne voie leur penser... Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand se regarda pero RES no L rema...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ai que <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/xcv-reg-1898-fol-124-25-oct-1390.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">prenga</a> ne no posg RE donar. (1: Quant il se regarde, pourtant RIEN ne lui reste... Je n' ai que je prenne ni ne puis RIEN donner. Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les pronoms démonstratifs devinrent de simples adjectifs, quand ils furent joints à un nom.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Outre les pronoms déja cités, qualiscumque produisit QUASCUN, quantus QUANT, nec unus NEGUN, usque ad unum CADUN, multus MOLT, talis TAL, etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici des exemples de ces différents pronoms employés comme adjectifs:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Davan so vis NULZ om no s pot celar. (2: "Devant son regard NUL homme ne se peut celer." Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ab Ludher NUL plaid nunquam prindrai... In NULLA ajudha. (3: Avec Lothaire NUL traité jamais je prendrai... En NULLE aide." Serment de 842.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' UNA donzela fo lains visitaz...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que NEGUS om no pot deffar neient...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel no quatra ja per NEGU torment. (4: D' UNE demoiselle il fut là visité...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que AUCUN homme ne peut defaire néant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Celui là ne tombera jamais par AUCUN tourment. Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Et in CADHUNA cosa.” (5: "Et en CHACUNE chose." Serment de 842.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUASCUS bos om si fai lo so degra...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De part Boeci lor manda TAL raczo... (6: CHACUN bon homme se fait le sien degré... De la part de Boece il leur mande TELLE raison.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos e MOLZ libres o trobam legen...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai o solien las ALTRAS leis jutjar. (1: Nous en PLUSIEURS livres cela nous trouvons en lisant...<br />Là où ils avaient coutume les AUTRES causes juger. Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Per QUANTAS vez..." (2: “Par TOUTES les fois." Actes de 960, Ms. de Colbert.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane imprima à quelques-uns de ses pronoms des signes particuliers qui distinguent leur emploi comme sujets ou comme régimes au pluriel. (3: La grammaire présentera à ce sujet les exemples détaillés pour chaque pronom auquel cette règle fut appliquée.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi TOT fit au pluriel masculin TUIT, quand il était sujet, et TOTS, quand il était régime.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sujet Plur. Zo sunt TUIT omne qui de joven sun bo...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Régime Plur. E te m soli' eu a TOZ (: tots) diaz fiar. (4: Ce sont TOUS hommes qui dès jeunesse sont bons.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En toi me avais coutume je à TOUS jours fier. Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Formation des Verbes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour la formation des infinitifs, la nouvelle langue appliqua encore le systême de suppression des désinences. Les verbes latins actifs terminent presque tous leurs infinitifs en RE.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' E final fut rejeté, et l' R devint la terminaison presque générale des infinitifs de la langue romane, qui furent en AR, ER, et IR.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LAT. Amare, Tenere, Sentire.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ROM. Amar, Tener, Sentir.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Assez souvent la nouvelle langue changea en RE l' ER dérivé des verbes latins en ERE, quand cet ER se trouvait après certaines consonnes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi, au lieu de Toler, Deceber, Escriver, et autres semblables, elle dit: Tolre, Decebre, Escrivre.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On a vu précédemment que les participes présents et passés devenaient des adjectifs verbaux; et qu' il avait été produit,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AMANT de amant em, AMAT de amat um.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La suppression de la terminaison DO, qui caractérisait l' un des gérondifs latins, produisit d' amando AMAN, qui conserva le sens originaire.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici des exemples des divers infinitifs:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AR: “Son fradra salvar dist... returnar int pois. (1: Son frère SAUVER doit... DÉTOURNER en puis." Serment de 842.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ER, RE: Ni gens de lui non volg TENER s' onor. (2: “Ni point de lui ne voulut TENIR sa dignité." Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Tolre volgesses... N' auses combatre." (3: "OTER tu voulusses... N' osasses combattre." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)<br />IR: Morir volria e es e gran masant. (4: MOURIR voudrait et il est en grand trouble...)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Participes présents et passés, et gérondifs:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANT: La pelz li rua; hec lo cap te tremblant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AT: Cum ella s' auca, cel a del cap polsat...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AN: Cum el es velz, vai s' onor descaptan... (5: La peau lui ride, voici que le chef il tient tremblant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comme elle se hausse, le ciel elle a du chef frappé.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comme il est vieux, va sa dignité en diminuant.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Indicatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Présent. Pour désigner la première personne du présent de l' indicatif actif, la langue latine changeait en O la terminaison de ses infinitifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane rejeta l' O, et cette première personne fut ordinairement formée par la simple suppression de la terminaison AR, ER ou RE, et IR, qui caractérisait le présent de ses infinitifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi de plorar - pleurer, de fazer - faire, vinrent plor et faz.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plor tota dia, faz cosduma d' efant. (1: Je PLEURE tout le jour, je FAIS coutume d' enfant." Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La seconde personne fut conservée du latin: à l' exemple de la langue latine, toutes les secondes personnes des divers temps et des divers modes furent caractérisées par l' S final. Il n' y eut d' autres exceptions que le singulier du prétérit simple de l' indicatif, et le singulier du présent de l' impératif, et ces exceptions existent aussi dans la langue latine.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour la troisième personne, le T final des verbes latins fut toujours supprimé, et on put employer aussi la forme caractéristique de la première. (2: Quelquefois, à la première ainsi qu' à la troisième personne, l' euphonie permit d' ajouter l' I final, même en supprimant la consonne qui terminait ce temps du verbe.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainsi l' on dit:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De part Boeci lor MANDA tal raczo... (3: De la part de Boece leur MANDE telle raison...)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ella smetessma TEN las claus de paradis. (1: Elle-même TIENT les clefs du paradis.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La première personne du pluriel fut formée en supprimant la finale US:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amamus AMAM, Tenemus TENEM, Habemus HAVEM:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos e molz libres O TROBAM legen...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos de molz omnes nos o AVEM veut. (2: Nous en plusieurs livres cela TROUVONS en lisant...<br />Nous de plusieurs hommes nous cela AVONS VU.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La seconde le fut par la soustraction de l' I intérieur de la terminaison latine TIS: Amatis, AMATS. Toutes les secondes personnes du pluriel des divers modes et des divers temps subirent cette soustraction.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et la troisième par la suppression du T des Latins, comme d' Amant, Aman, de Tenent, Tenen.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AN des verbes en AR fut quelquefois modifié en EN ou ON, et EN des verbes en ER le fut aussi quelquefois en ON, selon la prononciation des différents pays.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que zo ESPEREN que faza a lor talen... (3: Qui cela ESPÈRENT que je fasse à leur volonté... Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Imparfait. Les verbes dérivés des verbes latins en ARE formèrent leur imparfait par la suppression des désinences, excepté dans les secondes personnes du singulier et du pluriel, l' une n' éprouva aucun changement, et l' autre subit le retranchement de l' I intérieur.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lat. Amabam, amabas, amabat, amabamus, amabatis, amabant.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par le changement très ordinaire du B en V,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom. - amava, amavas, amava, amavam, amavats, amavan, amaven, amavon.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici des exemples de cet imparfait:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molt fort Blasmava Boecis sos amigs...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sapiencia l' Apellaven doctor. (1: Très fort BLAMAIT Boece ses amis...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sagesse l' APELLAIENT docteur.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les verbes en ER, RE, et IR, dérivés des latins en ERE ou IRE, adoptèrent la désinence en IA.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est vraisemblable que la quatrième conjugaison latine fournit cette désinence; la suppression ordinaire de la fin, et de EB intérieur produisit ce temps de la langue romane.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lat. audiebam, audiebas, audiebat.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par le changement fréquent du D en Z, (Z : ts, tz)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom. Auzia, auzias, auzia.<br />Lat. Audiebamus, audiebatis, audiebant.<br />Rom. Auziam, auziats, auzian, auzen ou auzon.<br /><br />C' ab damri deu se Tenia forment...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tot l' emperi 'l Tenien per senor. (2: Qu' avec le seigneur Dieu il se TENAIT fortement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tout l' empire le TENAIENT pour seigneur.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prétérit Simple. Ce temps éprouva plus ou moins de modifications selon les différentes conjugaisons des verbes latins, mais ces modifications furent toujours soumises aux règles de l' analogie.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les verbes romans dérivés des verbes latins en ARE, firent ce prétérit en</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EI, EIS, ET, EM, ETS, ERON ou EREN.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cui tant <b>amet</b> Torquator Mallios...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NO <b>credet</b> deu lo nostre creator. (1: Que tant AIMA Torquator Mallius... Il ne CRUT Dieu le nôtre créateur.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs verbes romans dérivés des verbes latins de la seconde et troisième conjugaison en ERE, et sur-tout des verbes de la quatrième conjugaison en IRE, firent leur prétérit simple en</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I, IST I, IM, ITS, IREN ou IRON.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No t <b>servi</b> be, no la m <b>volguist</b> laisar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cil li <b>faliren</b> qu' el solient ajudar. (2: Je ne te SERVIS bien, tu ne la me VOULUS laisser...<br />Ceux-là lui FAILLIRENT qui avaient coutume de l' aider.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prétérit Composé. Il fut formé par le présent du verbe AVER, mis au-devant du participe passé.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant be se dreca, lo cel A PERTUSAT...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zo sun bon omne qui AN REDEMS lor peccat. (3: Quand bien se dresse, le ciel elle A PERCÉ...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce sont bons hommes qui ONT RACHETÉ leurs péchés.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus-que-Parfait. D' après l' analogie, on employa l' imparfait du verbe AVER devant le même participe.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Futur simple. A la fin du présent de l' infinitif roman fut placé le présent du verbe AVOIR, ou en entier ou par aphérèse,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AMAR AI (1), AS, A, AVEM, AVETS, AN.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sing. 1.re p.: Si salvarai eo... prindrai... (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vedarai... aucirai... darai... tolrai... farai... (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2.e Daras (4)... faras... comonras... absolveras... (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3. e Decebra... devedara... tolra... asalira... recreira... (6)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plural. 1.re Darem... tolrem... enquerrem... vedarem... serem... (7)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2.e Commonirez... (8)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.e Decebran, seran, torneran, tolran, absolveran. (9:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Futur Composé. Il fut formé en plaçant le futur simple du verbe AVER devant le participe passé des verbes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Ainsi sauverai-je... Je prendrai..." Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) “Empêcherai... Occirai... Donnerai... Oterai... Fairai." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.<br />(4) “Tu donneras.” (*: Augustus efficitur Justinianus; qui, nihil moratus, collecto exercitu contra barbaros est profectus, et commissâ pugnâ, fugatisque hostibus, regem se eorum cepisse gavisus est. Quem in solio regni juxtà se sedere fecit, et ut provincias quas Romanis eripuerat, sibi restitueret imperavit. Cui ille, non inquit, dabo. Ad hæc Justinianus respondit DARAS. Pro cujus novitate sermonis civitas eo loci constructa est cui DARAS nomen est. Aimoin, lib. 2, c. 5.)<br />(5) “Tu fairas, tu avertiras, tu dispenseras...”</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) "Il trompera, prohibera, ôtera, assaillira, lassera..."</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) "Nous donnerons, ôterons, enquerrons, prohiberons, serons...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) "Vous avertirez."</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(9) “Ils tromperont, seront, retourneront, ôteront, dispenseront.”<br />Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conditionnel.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Présent. La désinence de l' imparfait du verbe AVER fut ajoutée au présent de l' infinitif des verbes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AMAR IA, IAS, IA, IAM, IATS, IAN, ou ION, IEN.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NO COMPRARI' Om ab mil livras d' argent. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>TOLRIAN ni t' en TOLRIAN." (2)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Per lui AURIEN trastus redemcio. (3)<br />(1) “N' ACHETERAIT on pas avec mille livres d' argent." Poëme de Boece.<br />(2) "OTERAIENT ni t' en ÔTERAIENT." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.<br />(3) "Par lui AURAIENT trèstous redemption.” Poëme sur Boece.</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La langue romane forma aussi son conditionnel avec le plus-que-parfait latin, et d' amaveram, amaveras, amaverat, etc. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">vinrent amera, ameras, amera, etc.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Futur. Le conditionnel présent du verbe AVER, placé devant le participe passé des autres verbes, forma le futur de leur conditionnel.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Impératif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soit que la seconde personne de l' impératif des Latins eût été formée en retranchant la terminaison RE du présent de l' infinitif, soit que ce présent eût été formé lui-même par l' adjonction de RE à cette seconde personne, la langue romane, imitant toujours la langue latine, employa assez généralement, pour cette personne de l' impératif, la suppression de l' R final de son infinitif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelquefois elle retrancha l' S final de la seconde personne du présent de l' indicatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les Latins avaient de plus la terminaison ATO, ETO, ITO, pour désigner la seconde personne de l' impératif, et ils n' employaient que cette désinence pour la troisième personne.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cet exemple dirigea probablement la nouvelle langue, quand elle attribua à cette troisième personne la terminaison de la seconde.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les trois personnes du pluriel subirent les modifications intérieures ou finales qu' exigeait l' analogie.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Subjonctif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' après les mêmes règles, le subjonctif des verbes en AR offrit AM E, ES, E, EM, ETS, EN ou ON, venant d' amem, ames, amet, amemus, ametis, ament.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.e Pers. du Pl. De part Boeci, lor manda tal raczo<br />Que PASSEN mar garnit de contenco.<br />(1: De la part de Boece, il leur mande telle raison<br />Qu' ils PASSENT la mer munis de guerre.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Celui des verbes en ER ou en IR fut de même formé en A et IA, etc. venant d' A m, IA m, etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1.ere Pers. Que zo esperen que FAZA a lor talen...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ai que PRENGA ne no posg re donar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.e Pers. No potden tan e lor cor cobeetar<br />(2: Que cela ils espèrent que je FASSE à leur volonté...<br />Je n' ai rien que je PRENNE ni ne puis rien donner...<br />Ils ne peuvent tant en leurs cœurs convoiter...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ella de tot no VEA lor pessar. (1: Qu' elle de tout ne VOIE leurs pensers." Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La formation de l' imparfait du subjonctif offre une circonstance qui mérite d' être remarquée.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' emploi auxiliaire de l' imparfait de l' indicatif du verbe AVER, placé devant le participe passé, composait le plus-que-parfait de l' indicatif roman.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le plus-que-parfait latin, modifié à la manière accoutumée, avait servi au conditionnel; d' amaveram était venu AMERA, AMERIA, etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De semblables moyens furent mis en usage pour le subjonctif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le parfait et le plus-que-parfait ayant été formés par l' emploi auxiliaire du présent et de l' imparfait du subjonctif du verbe AVER, placé devant le participe passé, la nouvelle langue fit son imparfait en modifiant le plus-que-parfait latin dont elle ne se servait pas.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' - AVI du prétérit simple latin avait produit EI; cet EI fut changé en E quand il ne fut plus la finale caractéristique du prétérit simple; cette modification autorisée par la prononciation, avait déja été pratiquée dans les autres personnes du prétérit de l' indicatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' imparfait roman fut ainsi modifié du plus-que-parfait latin.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Lat. Amavissem, amavisses, amavisset<br />Rom. Ames, amesses, ames<br />Lat. Amavissemus, amavissetis, amavissent<br />Rom. Amessem, amessets, amessen ou amesson.</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les verbes en AR et en ER ou RE firent à l' imparfait du subjonctif ES, ESSES, etc., et les verbes en IR firent is, ISSES, etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2.e Pers. “Tolre volguesses.” (1: "Oter tu VOULUSSES." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert. - N. E. Oter = oster)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.e Pers. Hanc no fo om ta grant vertut agues<br />Que sapiencia compenre pogues...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.e Pers. Pl. Creessen Deu qui sostenc passio.<br />(2: Oncques ne fut homme, tant grande vertu il EUT<br />Qui la sagesse comprendre PUT...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ils CRUSSENT Dieu qui soutint passion.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.e Pers. Hanc no vist omne, ta gran onor AGUES...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos corps ni s' amna miga per ren GUARIS.<br />(3: Oncques ne vites homme, tant grande dignité il EUT...<br />Que son corps ni son âme mie pour rien GUÉRIT.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Modes et temps du passif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour former les passifs, la langue romane combina les divers temps et les divers modes des verbes ESSER et ESTAR avec le participe passé de l' autre verbe.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce participe, employé comme adjectif verbal, resta soumis aux règles imposées aux autres adjectifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qual sun li auzil qui SUN al T MONTAT?...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' una donzella FO lainz VISITAZ. (4: Quels sont les oiseaux qui SONT jusqu'au T MONTÉS?...<br />D' une demoiselle il FUT là dedans VISITÉ. Poëme sur Boece.)<br />(N. E. <a href="https://www.jesuslainz.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lainz</a> : chap. allá dins)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On aura remarqué avec un juste étonnnement que les diverses modifications imposées aux temps et aux modes des verbes latins, furent déterminées par des principes non moins réguliers, non moins constants, quoique plus compliqués en apparence, que les modifications caractéristiques des noms substantifs et adjectifs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais peut-on ne pas admirer cette ressource aussi simple qu' ingénieuse, que la langue romane a trouvée et perfectionnée tout-à-coup, cet emploi habile et heureux des deux verbes auxiliaires AVOIR et ÊTRE?</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec le premier, elle conjugua la plupart des temps de l' actif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec le second, elle conjugua tous ceux du passif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Verbes auxiliaires AVER, et ESSER ou ESTAR.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AVER, du latin habere.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce verbe AVER offre dans la langue romane quelques modifications inusitées.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je crois nécessaire d' expliquer les plus remarquables. Tandis qu' habemus, habetis ont produit Avem, Avets, on peut s' étonner que habeo, habes, habet, aient été remplacés par AI, AS, A, et habui par AIG, etc., et que la consonne G ait dominé dans plusieurs temps, et notamment dans le participe passé AGUT.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pour expliquer ces anomalies, j' observerai que les Goths avaient deux manières d' exprimer AVOIR; c' étaient les verbes HABAN et AIGAN. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. En alemán actual, haben: ich habe, du hast, hat, haben, habt, haben; sein: ich bin, bist, ist, sind, seid, sind.)<br />(1) Dans la langue gothique, le substantif Aigins signifie l' Avoir, la propriété:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saei ni afquithith allamma Aigina seinamma.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui non renunciat omni PROPRIO SUO</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ulfilas. Luc, cap. 14, v. 33.<br />Le verbe AIGAN faisait au participe présent AIGANDS.<br />(2: Thanuh naunthanuh ainana sunu Aigands liubana sis.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tunc adhuc unum filium Habens carum sibi.)<br />Ulfilas. Marc. cap. 12, v. 6.<br />La première personne du présent de l' indicatif était au singulier AIH<br />(3: Jah anthara lamba AIH. Et alias oves Habeo. Ulfilas. Joh. Cap. 10, v. 16.), et au pluriel AIGUM (4: Attan Aigum Abraham. Patrem Habemus Abraham. Ulfilas. Luc, cap. 3, v. 8.). (N. E. Attan se parece mucho al vasco aita, y a abun, aikano – padrenuestro en arameo - abbas, etc.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est vraisemblable que ces formes du verbe gothique AIGAN ont introduit dans la langue romane, et le présent de l' indicatif AI, AS, A, et les autres temps où le G domine, tels que le parfait de l' indicatif AIG, etc., l' imparfait du subjonctif AGUES, etc., et le participe passé AGUT.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exemples de l' emploi ancien du verbe AVER, soit comme verbe actif, soit comme auxiliaire.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Infinitif. Del fiel Deu no volg AVER amig. (5: “Du vrai Dieu il ne voulut AVOIR l' ami." Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le participe AVENT d' habentem se trouve dans un passage latin d' un titre de 816: “AVENT in longo pertigas quatordice." Muratori, Dissert. 32.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Indicatif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non AI que prenga ne no posg re donar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab la donzella pois AN molt gran amor...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant e la carcer AVIA 'l cor dolent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tota Roma l' emperi AIG a mandar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coms fo de Roma e AC ta gran valor...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O es eferms o A afan AGUT. (1:<br />Je n' AI que je prenne ni ne puis rien donner...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avec la demoiselle puis ONT très grande amour...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant en la prison il AVAIT le cœur triste...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De toute Rome l' empire j' EUS à commander...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comte fut de Rome, et il EUT tant grande valeur...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Ou il est infirme, ou il a chagrin EU. Poëme sur Boece.)</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Non AUREI (2)... Non AURA (3)... Non AURAN (4).</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2: "Je n' AURAI." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)<br />(3: "Il n' AURA." An 985. Hist. de Languedoc, preuves, t. 2.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4: “Ils n' AURONT." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.)<br /><br />Conditionnel.<br />Per lui AVRIEN trastut redemcio...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Subjonctif. Hanc no fo om ta gran vertut Agues.<br />(5: Par lui ils AURAIENT trèstous redemption.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oncques ne fut homme tant grande vertu il EUT.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ESSER ou ESTAR, d' ESSE et de STARE.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce verbe ÊTRE si utile, qui, dans toutes les langues, sert de lien pour attacher aux noms leurs qualités ou leurs modifications, qui, lors même qu' il n' est pas exprimé, n' en est pas moins sous-entendu entre tout substantif et tout adjectif qui se rapportent l' un à l' autre; enfin, ce verbe qui a été nommé le verbe SUBSTANTIF, le verbe PAR EXCELLENCE, parce qu' il pourrait suppléer à l' absence de tous les autres, est lui-même très irrégulier, ou, pour mieux dire, il n' existe que dans certains temps.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sans chercher des exemples dans les langues antérieures à la langue latine, et notamment dans la langue grecque, où le verbe *gr est irrégulier, examinons la langue latine.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' abord, il est remarquable que ESSE n' ait point de participe passé.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si l' on peut regarder SUM, première personne, et ES, seconde personne, comme appartenant originairement au même verbe, et ayant produit ERAM, imparfait, et ERO, futur, il est incontestable que FUI et tous les temps qui se composent de l' adjonction d' ERAM et d' ERO, ont FU pour racine, et qu' ils appartiennent à un verbe de toute autre origine, au verbe latin FUO, emprunté du grec *gr, et servant à désigner l' existence, la naissance, la croissance.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand la langue romane a conservé de la latine l' auxiliaire ESSE, elle y a ajouté l' R qui marque le présent de tous les infinitifs romans soit comme final, soit comme pénultième; caractère qui existait dans les verbes de la langue latine, hors le verbe ESSE et ses composés, et un petit nombre d' autres verbes irréguliers, et qui est général et invariable dans la langue romane, et dans celles qui en ont été la continuation.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le verbe latin ESSE ne fournissant point de participe passé à la langue romane, celle-ci eut recours à un autre verbe.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De STARE, infinitif latin, elle forma ESTAR, d' où elle tira le participe passé ESTAT.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane employa concurremment les deux verbes auxiliaires ESSER et ESTAR.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les divers modes et les divers temps d' ESTAR furent réguliers.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ceux d' ESSER furent pareillement formés d' après l' analogie, à quelques exceptions près. La plus remarquable fut qu' en formant le futur par l' adjonction du présent de l' indicatif au présent de l' infinitif, ce présent ESSER perdit les initiales ES, ce qui produisit SER AI, SER AS, SER A.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exemples du VERBE ESSER ou ESTAR.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Infinitif. Tu m fezist e gran riqueza STAR...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Indicatif. O ES eferms o a afan agut...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cum ES velz, donc ESTAI bonament...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos jove omne quandius que nos ESTAM...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eps li Satan SON en so mandament...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eps li omne qui SUN ultra la mar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En cui merce tuit peccador ESTANT...<br />(1: Tu me fis en grande puissance ÊTRE...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ou il EST infirme ou il a chagrin eu...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et comme il EST vieux, alors il EST bonnement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nous jeunes hommes si long-temps que nous SOMMES...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mêmes les Satans SONT en son commandement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mêmes les hommes qui SONT outre la mer...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En de qui merci tous pécheurs SONT... Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Indicatif.<br />El ERA 'l meler de tota la onor...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sapiencia no FO trop nuallos...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfans, en dies FOREN ome fello...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai FO Boecis e FOREN i soi par. (1:<br />Il ÉTAIT le meilleur de toute la dignité...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sagesse ne FUT trop négligent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfans, en temps FURENT hommes fellons...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Là FUT Boece, et FURENT y ses pairs. Poëme sur Boece.)</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Vos en SEREI... Recredent non SERA... Vos en SEREM... Lor en SERAN." (2: "Je vous en SERAI... Abandonnant ne SERA... Vous en SERONS... Leur en SERONT..." An 960. Ms. de Colbert.)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Subjonctif.<br />"En SIA, en SIAN...” (3: "En SOIT, en SOIENT..." An 985. Hist. du Languedoc, Pr. t. 2.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja no es obs fox i SSIA alumnaz...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que el zo pensa vel SIEN amosit. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que en FOSSEZ." (5)<br />(4) Jamais n' est besoin que le feu y SOIT alumé...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que il cela pense que les voiles SOIENT peints.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.<br />(5) "Que vous en FUSSIEZ." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' emploi continu et obligé de ces deux verbes auxiliaires rendit très faciles les conjugaisons de la langue romane. Ils suffisaient à la formation de presque tous les temps; et, dans ceux mêmes qui semblent conjugués sans leur secours, on peut aisément les discerner encore.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' ai précédemment observé que le futur de l' indicatif et le présent du conditionnel avaient été formés par l' adjonction du présent de l' indicatif du verbe AVER, ou de la finale de son imparfait, au présent de l' infinitif des verbes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette manière très remarquable de composer ces temps offre une circonstance qui l' est également, et qui constate toujours plus évidemment l' identité de la langue romane et des autres langues de l' Europe latine.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans toutes ces langues, le futur de l' indicatif est formé comme dans la langue romane, ainsi que le démontre le tableau suivant:<br />(N. E. pongo tildes en el castellano o español)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Français Espagnol Portugais Italien<br />Aimerai amaré amarei amero (1)<br />(1: L' ancien italien disait amaro et sero.)<br />Aimeras amarás amaras amarai<br />Amara amará amara amara<br />Avons hemos havemos habbiemo<br />Avez habéis haveis havete<br />Ont han ano anno</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>En appliquant le même procédé au verbe ESSER, dont la langue romane et les autres n' ont pris que SER, elles offrent pareillement:<br />Romane Français Espagnol Portugais Italien<br />Serai serai seré serei saro<br />Seras seras serás seras serai<br />Sera sera será sera sera<br />Serem serons seremos seremos seremo<br />Serets serez seréis sereis serete<br />Seran seront serán serano seranno</span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfin le verbe HAVER lui-même, dans les cinq langues, compose son futur par ce rapprochement de son infinitif avec le présent de son indicatif:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Romane. Aurai, auras, aura, aurem, aurets, auran.<br />Français. Aurai, auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront.<br />Espagnol. Habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán.<br />Portugais. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr7p6bdop1c" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Haverei</a>, haveras, havera, haveremos, havereis, haverano.<br />Italien. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Avro</a>, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avrai</a>, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avra</a>, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avremo</a>, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avrete</a>, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/04/la-crusca-provenzale-di-antonio-bastero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avranno</a>.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On demandera peut-être si l' exemple de quelque langue plus ancienne ne fournit pas à la langue romane le moyen facile d' abréger et de simplifier les règles des conjugaisons, par cet emploi des verbes auxiliaires ÊTRE et AVOIR.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je répondrai que les langues du nord de l' Europe, dont il nous est parvenu des monuments plus anciens que ceux que nous possédons de l' idiôme roman, faisaient usage d' auxiliaires, soit pour l' actif, soit pour le passif de leurs verbes ordinaires.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais plusieurs considérations permettent de douter que l' exemple de ces langues ait influé directement sur l' emploi des auxiliaires AVER et ESSER dans l' idiôme roman.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1.° ÊTRE et AVOIR n' étaient pas les seuls auxiliaires dont ces langues se servissent; elles avaient aussi Devenir, Pouvoir, Vouloir, Devoir, etc., et quelquefois elles combinaient ensemble deux et même trois de ces auxiliaires; complication de moyens très éloignée de la simplicité de ceux qu' employa la nouvelle langue.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2.° La manière ingénieuse dont elle combina l' emploi de son verbe AVER, pour agir sur les autres verbes et sur lui-même, offre, dans cet auxiliaire, un caractère particulier, qui distingue essentiellement l' usage qu' elle en fit, de l' usage qu' en faisaient les anciennes langues du nord.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3.° Enfin nous savons que la langue latine indiquait à la nouvelle langue l' emploi du verbe HABERE comme auxiliaire.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est vraisemblable que les exemples de la langue latine suffirent à la nouvelle langue:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exemples du verbe Habere, employé comme auxiliaire dans la langue latine.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Domitas habere libidines." Cic. de Orat. I, cap. 43.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Cum destinatum haberet mutare testamentum."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L. tres tutores. D. de Adm. et per. tut.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>De Cæsare satis hoc tempore dictum habebo." Cic. 5 Philip. 28.<br />“Si habes jam statutum quid tibi agendum putes.” Cic. Fam. 4, ep. 2.<br />Quo pacto me habueris praepositum amori tuo. Ter. Hec. Act. 4, sc. 2, v. 7.<br />“Aut nondum eum satis habes cognitum.” Cic. Fam 13, ep. 17.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">...Quæ nos nostramque adolescentiam habent despicatam.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ter. Eun. act. 2, sc. 3, v. 91.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Nimium sæpe expertum habemus." Planc. ad Cic. fam. 10, ep. 24.<br />Etc. etc.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' époque de la basse latinité fournit aussi des exemples. (1: Peut-être la plupart de ces locutions étaient-elles en usage, dans la langue latine corrompue, par l' effet de la réaction de la langue romane vulgaire sur la langue latine elle-même.<br />"Te per voluntate parentum tuorum habui desponsatam... Si te desponsatam habuissem." Formul. Marculf. lib. 2, n.° 16.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Omnes res quas ipsi monachi habebant cum ipsis chartis deportatas." Dipl. Clotaire III.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Multi se complangunt legem non habere conservatam." An 793. Capit. Pipini.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ipso theloneo... Et quomodo suprà memorati reges et imperatores in luminaribus ecclesiæ sancti Victoris vel ei servientibus collatum habebant.” Gallia Christiana, Eccl. Massil. t. IV, p. 107.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant à l' auxiliaire ESSER, il est évident que la nouvelle langue fut redevable de cette forme grammaticale à la langue latine, qui l' employait dans plusieurs des temps de son passif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si les anciennes langues du nord ont aussi fait usage du verbe ÊTRE pour conjuguer leur passif, je remarque qu' elles ont eu une autre manière d' indiquer des modes et des temps de ce passif, sans le secours d' aucun auxiliaire.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tout permet donc de croire qu' en adoptant les deux verbes AVER et ESSER, pour les employer, comme auxiliaires, à simplifier ses conjugaisons, l' idiôme roman ne fit que s' approprier et rendre plus générales deux formes particulières de la langue latine, qui lui en avait déja fourni tant d' autres.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du verbe Anar employé auxiliairement.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane fit usage de ce verbe comme auxiliaire, et elle plaça ou devant le participe indécliné en AN ou en EN, formé par la suppression de la terminaison DO caractéristique de l' un des gérondifs latins, ou devant l' infinitif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum el es velz, vai s' onors Descaptan...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trastota dia vai la mort Reclaman...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui tota ora sempre vai Chaden...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La mi' amor tta mal van Deperden. (1:<br />Comme il est vieux, va son honneur EN DIMINUANT...<br />Trèstout le jour il va la mort EN RÉCLAMANT...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui toute heure toujours va EN TOMBANT...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La mienne amour si mal ils vont EN PERDANT.<br />Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du QUE entre les verbes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue grecque, par son *gr, avait donné l' exemple d' employer un relatif indéclinable, pour transporter l' action d' un verbe à un autre verbe.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue latine employa quelquefois, de la même manière, ses QUOD et QUIA.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les Goths avaient Thatei (2), et les Francs Dhazs et That (3).</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Quethun Thatei sa ist bi sunjai praufetus.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dixerunt Quod hic est in veritate propheta.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ulfilas Joh. cap. 6, v. 14.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Dhanne ist nu chichundit Dhazs fona dhemu almahtigin fater dhurah</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tunc est nunc probatum Quod ab illo omnipotente patre<br />ab inam ist al uuordan.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">illo est omne factum.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Frag. de trad. en francique d' Isidore de Séville. Litt. des Francs, p. 109.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Than uuitum liudio harn THAT than is san aftar thiu sumer.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tunc sciunt hominum filii Quod tunc est statim post illa æstas.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paraph. Franciq. des Évangil. c. 41. Litt. des Francs, p. 181.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Le QUE indéclinable de la langue romane servit au même usage:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No cuid QU' e Roma om de so saber fos...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que zo esperen QUE faza a lor talen. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elle le plaçait après les adjectifs employés neutralement avec le verbe ESSER:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drez es e bes QUE l' om e Deu s' esper,<br />Mas non es bes QUE s fi' e son aver. (2)<br />Quelquefois même ce QUE fut sous-entendu:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No cuid... aprob altre dols li demor. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et même avec les noms joints au verbe ESSER:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Ja no es obs... fox i ssia alumnaz. (4)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Je ne pense QUE en Rome homme de son savoir fut...<br />Qui cela espèrent QUE je fasse à leur volonté.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Droit est et bien que l' homme en Dieu se espère,<br />Mais n' est bien QUE il se fie en son avoir.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Je ne pense qu' auprès autre douleur lui demeure.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Jamais n' est besoin que feu y soit alumé.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prépositions, Adverbes, Conjonctions.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane leur appliqua des modifications semblables à celles qui avaient été appliquées aux autres parties du discours.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elle plaça quelquefois AD, A, DE, au-devant des prépositions et des adverbes qu' elle empruntait de la langue latine.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le même mot devint tour-à-tour préposition, adverbe, ou conjonction, selon qu' il était employé avec un régime, ou d' une manière absolue, ou qu' il était suivi d' un QUE.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prépositions trouvées dans les fragments antérieurs a l' an 1000.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A venant d' AD, et ayant la même signification:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>T' o atendrai tot A te... Que A dreit aure ov A merce." (1)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AB signifiant AVEC:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"AB Ludher nul plaid nunquam prindrai." (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"AB ti et senes ti." (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ella AB Boeci parlet ta dolzament. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prope produisit PROB, près, APROB, APRÈS:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">APROB Mallio lo rei emperador. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Sed ponent illum APRES de Alcaide.” An 734. Ord. d' Alboacem.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DE signifiant DE, DÈS:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"D' ist di in avant... DE suo part." (6)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Adjutor t' en sere e DE l' adjutor no t' engenare." (7)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zo sun tuit omne qui DE joven sun bo. (8)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) "Je te le maintiendrai tout à toi... Que à droit j' aurai ou a merci." Actes de 960, Ms. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) "AVEC Lothaire aucun traité ne oncques prendrai." Serment de 842. (3) "AVEC toi et sans toi." Actes de 960, Ms. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Elle AVEC Boece parla tant doucement.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) AUPRÈS de Mallius le roi empereur. Poëme sur Boece.<br />(6) “DE ce jour en avant... DE sa part.” Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) “Aide je t' en serai et DE l' aide je ne te tromperai." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) Ce sont tous hommes qui Dès jeunesse sont bons.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DAVAN, DEVANT vinrent de DE AB ANTE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DAVAN SO vis nulz om no s pot celar...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s pot rascundre nuls om DEVANT SO vis. (1)<br /><br />IN fournit d' abord sans changement IN, et ensuite EN, et, par la suppression de l' n final, E:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Et IN adjudha et IN cadhuna cosa." (2)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ki l mort et vius tot a IN jutjament...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fe vos Boeci cadegut EN afan...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E te m soli' eu a toz dias fiar. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ENTRE dérivé d' INTER:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ta bo essemple en laiset ENTRE nos. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PER signifia PAR et POUR:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PAR: PER lui aurien trastut redemcio...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anz PER eveia lo mesdren e preiso.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">POUR: PER zo no 'l volg Boecis a senor. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sines, senes, Sens, Ses, vinrent de SINE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Ab ti et SENES ti... E vos atendrei tot SENES engan." (6)<br />SES Deu licencia ja no faran torment. (7)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) DEVANT son regard nul homme ne se peut celer...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne se peut cacher nul homme DEVANT son regard.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Et EN aide et EN chacune chose." Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Qui les morts et les vivants tout a EN jugement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici Boece tombé EN chagrin...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EN toi me avais-je coutume à tous jours fier.<br />(4) Tant bon exemple en laissa Entre nous.<br />(5) PAR lui auraient trèstous redemption...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais PAR envie le mirent en prison...<br />Pour cela ne le voulut Boece à seigneur.<br />Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) "Avec toi et SANS toi... Et vous maintiendrai tout SANS fraude."<br />Actes de 960, Ms. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) "SANS de Dieu la licence jamais ne fairont tourment." Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SOBRE de SUPER:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SOBRE la schapla escrit avia un tei grezesc. (1)<br />ULTRA conserva sa latinité sans modification:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne eps li omne qui sun ULTRA la mar...<br />Qu' el trametia los breus ULTRA la mar. (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Versus, Vers, en VERS, VAS:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pur l' una fremna qui VERT la terra pent...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et EVERS Deu era tot sos afix...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et EVERS Deu no torna so talant. (3)<br />Dans un titre de 960, on lit:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>DE VAS meridie, DE VAS oriente”. (4)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adverbes.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les adverbes furent soumis à deux formes principales: Par la première, on supprimait les finales des adverbes latins, et quelquefois des lettres et sur-tout des voyelles intérieures:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">APROB de PROPE, en y joignant la préposition a:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No cuid APROB altre dols li demor. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ALTRESI d' ALTER et de SIC, autre même, pareillement:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>In o quid il mi ALTRESI fazet.” (6)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Sur le manteau écrit avait un T grec.<br />(2) Ni même les hommes qui sont OUTRE la mer...<br />Qu' il transmettait les lettres OUTRE de la mer.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Pourtant une frange qui VERS la terre pend...<br />Et ENVERS Dieu était tout son attachement...<br />Et ENVERS Dieu ne tourne sa volonté.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) "DEVERS midi, DEVERS orient." Gall. Christ. t. I.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) "Je ne pense qu' AUPRÈS une autre douleur lui demeure." Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) "En cela que il me PAREILLEMENT faira." Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AVAL, de Vallis (VALlis), vallée, bas:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alquant s' en tornen AVAL arrenso. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AVANT d' AB ANTE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>D' ist di en AVANT." (2)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une charte de 632 porte:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Quidquid ibidem ABANTEA possidemus.” Dipl. Chart. t. I, p. 141.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />BEN de BENE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui e la scala ta BEN an lor degras. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DEREER (: derrer) vint de RETRO en ajoutant la préposition DE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui lui laudaven dereer euz dias antix. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DUNC, DONC, de TUNC, par le changement du T en D:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E DUNC apel la mort ta dolzament...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cum es velz, DONC estai bonament. (5)<br />FORS de Foris:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Fors quant tu m' en absolveras.” (6)<br />FORT de Fortè:<br />Molt FORT blasmava Boecis sos amigs. (7)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I d' IBI fut adverbe de lieu, et devint adverbe pronominal, en y joignant LA et SA d' illa ibi, d' ipsa ibi:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>LAI fo Boecis e foren I soi par. (8) (I : hi : hy)<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Quelques-uns s' en retournent A BAS en arrière. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “De ce jour en AVANT." Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Qui en l' échelle tant BIEN ont leurs degrés.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Qui lui louaient DERRIÈRE aux jours antiques.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Et ALORS il appelle la mort si doucement...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et lorsqu' il est vieux, ALORS est bonnement.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) “HORS quant tu m' en dispenseras.” Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>(7) Beaucoup Fortement blâmait Boece ses amis.<br />(8) La fut Boece et furent Y ses pairs. Poëme sur Boece.<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LAI O solien las altras leis jutjar,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LAI veng lo reis sa felnia menar. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelquefois il perdit l' I final:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel qui LA non estai fermament. (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le pronom démonstratif AQUO, changeant son O en I, devint aussi adverbe pronominal, et signifia Ici, Là:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per AQUI monten cent miri auzello. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">INZ d' INTUS, LA INZ d' illa intus:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mas o intra INZ es gran claritat...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' una donzella fo LA INZ visitaz. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">JA de Jam (: iam), avec la négation, signifia non bientôt, jamais:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel no quatra JA per negun torment. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MAL de MALE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La mi' amor tta MAL van deperden. (6)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MENZ de MINUS:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant MENZ s' en guarda, no sap mot quant lo sprent. (7)<br />MOLT de Multùm:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MOLT val lo bes que l' om fai e jovent. (8)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Là où ils avaient coutume les autres causes juger.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Là vint le roi sa félonie mener.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Celui qui là n' est fermement.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Par ici montent cent mille oisillons.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) La demeure où elle entre, AU DEDANS est grande clarté...<br />D' une demoiselle il fut LA DEDANS visité.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Celui-là ne tombera BIENTÔT par aucun tourment.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) La mienne amour tant MAL vont en perdant.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) Quand MOINS s' en garde, il ne sait mot quand il le surprend.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) Beaucoup vaut le bien que l' homme fait en jeunesse.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ORA, à l' heure, à présent:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal ome foren, A ORA sunt pejor. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PLUS de PLUS:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ella se fez, anz avia PLUS de mil. (2)<br />POS, POIS, de POST signifia PUIS, APRÈS:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab la donzella POIS an molt gran amor. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SATZ de SATIS, et, avec la préposition A, ASATZ:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qual ora s vol, petita s fai ASAT. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/16-de-septiembre-fin-del-tomo-17.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SEMPRE</a>, par la transposition d' une lettre, vint de <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/xxxii-ordinationes-pro-choro-ecclesiae.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SEMPER</a>:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tota ora SEMPRE vai chaden. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SI de SIC, Ainsi, devint un adverbe d' affirmation, et signifia Assurément, Certainement:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>SI o tenra... SI o tenrai e o atendrai." (6)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fez sos mes segre, SI 'ls fez metre en preso. (7)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IL signifia aussi pareillement, de même:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si cum la nibles cobre 'l jorn lo be ma,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si cobre avers lo cor al <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/search?q=Christi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">xristia</a>. (8)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Mauvais hommes furent, A présent ils sont pires.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Elle se fit, mais avait PLUS de mille.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Avec la demoiselle PUIS ils ont très grande amour.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) A quelle heure elle veut, petite se fait assez.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Qui à toute heure Toujours va en tombant. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) "Assurément cela il tiendra... Oui, cela je tiendrai, et cela j' exécuterai." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) Il fit ses messagers suivre, Assurément il les fit mettre en prison.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) Ainsi comme le brouillard couvre le jour au bon matin,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DE MÊME couvre richesse le cœur au <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/search?q=Christi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chrétien</a>. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' adjonction de la préposition A produisit ASI, AISI,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AESI:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s' es AESI cum anaven dicent. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SOZ, DESOZ, vinrent de subtus:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DESOZ avia escript un pei grezesc. (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TAN, TANT de tantùm, signifia Tant, Si, Tellement:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TA bo essemple en laiset entre nos...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eu lo chastia TA be ab so sermo. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il prend quelquefois le QUE après lui:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TANT en retenc QUE de tot no fo blos. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NE TAN NE QUAM, locution adverbiale, Nullement, Rien:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant se reguarda, non a NE TAN NE QUANT. (5)<br />TROP, dérivé peut-être de troppus, mot de la basse latinité, signifiant troupeau, grande quantité, troupe:<br />De sapiencia no fo TROP nuallos. (6)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">U, o, d' ubi, adverbe de lieu, OU:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai o solien las altras leis jutjar. (7)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unqua, Nunqua, Anc, furent dérivés de Unquam, Nunquam:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dis que la bresa, mica NONQUA la te... (8)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) Non il est AINSI Comme ils allaient disant.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) DESSOUS avait écrit un P grec.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) TANT bon exemple il en laissa entre nous...<br />Il l' enseigne TANT bien avec son discours.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) TANT il en retint que de tout il ne fut dépouillé.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Quand il se regarde, il n' a RIEN.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) De sagesse il ne fut pas BEAUCOUP négligent.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) Là ou ils avaient coutume les autres causes juger.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) Il dit qu' il la prise, mie JAMAIS la tient. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero Boeci ANC no venc e pesat...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">HANC no fo om, ta gran vertut agues.<br />(1: Pourtant à Boece ONC ne vint en pensée...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ONC ne fut homme, tant grande vertu il eût. Poëme sur Boece.)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La seconde manière de former les adverbes fut très ingénieuse.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les Latins employaient, en locution adverbiale, l' ablatif absolu MENTE, qu' ils joignaient à l' adjectif.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette locution se trouve dans la plupart des bons auteurs.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Bona mente factum, ideoque palam: Mala, ideoque ex insidiis."</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quintilianus, Inst. orat. lib. V, cap. 10.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">...Ut longi tœdia belli</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mente ferant placida.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ovidio Met. 13, v. 214.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tum vero moestam tota miletida mente<br />Defecisse ferunt. Ovidio Met. 9, v. 634.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quale id sit, quod amas, celeri circumspice mente.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ovidio, Remed. amor. 89.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ultro quin etiam devota mente tuentur.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Claud. de Laud. Stil. lib. I, v. 232.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Etc. etc.<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette forme grammaticale s' était conservée dans la basse latinité.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Monasterium puellarum devota mente decrevi fundare... Carmina devota mente canuntur." An 670. Dipl. Chart. Etc. t. I.<br />“Concupiscit iniqua mente.” Greg. Tur. De Mir. S. Jul. c. 20.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane adoptant cette locution adverbiale, forma la plupart de ses adverbes, en ajoutant à l' adjectif la finale MENT.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Exemples des adverbes romans en MENT.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ne lo l' en decebra ne MALAMENT." (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le poëme sur Boece offre les adverbes suivants:<br />Bonament, dolzament, epsament, fermament, forment (: fortment), malament, perfeitament (: perfectament).</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C'est un phénomène grammatical très remarquable que la manière dont la langue romane opéra, lorsqu' elle eut plusieurs adverbes en MENT à la suite les uns des autres.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette finale MENT, au lieu de s' attacher à chaque adjectif, pour lui imprimer le caractère adverbial, ne se place qu' après le dernier, et quelquefois même qu' après le premier.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et cette forme originale existe non-seulement dans la langue romane, mais encore dans toutes celles qui en ont été la continuation; il est même remarquable que, dans une charte de l' an 651, on trouve:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Viva mente et sana et corpore et voluntate liberâ donamus domino."<br />Dipl. Chart. n.° 127, t. I.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Langue Romane.<br />“Parlem abdui planamen e suav (: suau)." (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud de Vaqueiras. Non puesc saber.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"E dix li que, de so que elh disia, mentia aulhment e falsa e delialh per la gola." (3)<br /><br />(1) "Ne le lui en trompera ni méchamment." Acte de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Parlons tous deux franchement et douce...”</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) "Et lui dit que, de ce qu' il disait, il mentait vilement et fausse... et déloyale... Par la gorge." Philomena, p. 118.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Aymo fe o largаment et allegra (1)... Pregar humilment e devota (2)..."<br />(1) "Aymon fit cela généreusement et joyeuse..." Philomena, p. 66.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>(2) "Prier humblement et dévote..." Philomena, p. 132.<br /><br />Langue Française.<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cil chantent hautement e cler.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabliau de la Court de Paradis.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garins apelle lou paien en plorant;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il li ait dit souef e bellement.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roman de Guillaume au court nez.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vos faciez cest jugement</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bien et adroit et leaument.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fabliau du Bouchier d' Abeville.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><br />Langue Espagnole.<br /></span><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al rumor que sonava<br />Del agua que passava,<br />Se quexava tan dulce y blandamente.<br />Garcilaso de la Vega, égloga 1.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Dorotea que vio quan corta y sutilmente estava vestido.”</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D. Quixot. p. I, lib. 4, ch. 35.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Langue Portugaise.<br /><br />Alma gentil, que a firme eternidade</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Subiste clara e valerosаmente.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Camoens, Rhythmas, part. I, 229.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Pelejarão tão valente e denodadamente.”</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Souza. Vida de D. Fr. B. dos Martyres, liv. 2, ch. 11 (ou 2).</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Langue Italienne.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une lettre de l' académie de La Crusca, adressée à Gilles Ménage, atteste et cette forme grammaticale, et son application à la langue italienne:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Lo cavaliere fece la demanda sua ad Alessandro umile e dolcemente."</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Novelle Antiche, n° 3.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette forme est remarquable lorsque des traducteurs s' en servent pour rendre plusieurs adjectifs de la langue originale. Ainsi La Casa, dans sa traduction des Offices de Cicéron, rend ce passage:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Placidè tranquillèque fruerentur” Cic. De Off. Lib. 3.<br />par ces mots:<br />“Tranquilla e pacifica mente godere.”<br /><br />Conjonctions et négations.<br /><br />D' ET latin vinrent ET, E romans.</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette suppression du T se trouve dans des monuments très anciens.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alboacem, fils de Mahomet Alhamar, fils de Tarif, régnait à Coimbre en l' an 734: il publia en latin une ordonnance dans laquelle se trouvent plusieurs indices de la langue romane, et, entre autres, l' E pour l' ET.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>Quoniam nos constituit Allah Illalah super gentem Nazarat E fecit me dominatorem Colimb... Monasterium de Montanis qui dicitur Laurbano non PECHE nullo pesante, quoniam bona intentione monstrant mihi loca de suis venatis, E faciunt Sarracenis bona acolhenza."</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Historias de Idacio, p. 88 et 89.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Vos o tendrei E vos o atendrei tot senes engan... Tu m' en comonras E del comoniment no m' en vedarei... E si o tendrai E si o atendrai a ti." (1: "Vous le tiendrai ET vous le maintiendrai tout sans tromperie...<br />Tu m' en avertiras ET de l' avertissement je ne me défendrai... ET assurément je le tiendrai, ET assurément je le maintiendrai à toi." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cum sun vell, esdevenen fello</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan perjuris E grans traicios. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Aut latin, par la suppression du T final, vint AU, que la nouvelle langue écrivit O, OU:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui la l tolra o la l devedara, li tolran o la l devedaran... Qui las te tod ou las te tola." (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' om ve u ome quaitiu e dolent;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O es malaptes o altre pres lo ten,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O es eferms o a afan agut. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non, Nec, fournirent NON, NUN, NO, NE, NI:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Si jo returnar NON l' int pois, NE jo NE neuls cui eo returnar int pois, in nulla ajudha contra Lodhuwig Nun li iver. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"No' l vos tolrem NI vos en tolrem... No l' en tolra NE NO las li devedara, NE NO l' en decebra... Non aure NE NON tenre.” (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />(1) ET lorsqu' ils sont vieux, ils deviennent fellons</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ET font parjures ET grandes trahisons.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) “Qui la lui ôtera ou la lui défendra; lui ôteront ou la lui défendront... Qui te les ôte ou te les veuille ôter." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) L' on voit un homme chétif et dolent;</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ou il est malade ou autre chose pris le tient,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ou il est infirme ou il a chagrin eu. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) “Si je détourner NE l' en puis, NI moi NI aucun que je détourner en puisse, en nulle aide contre Louis NON lui irai." Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) "Non le vous ôterons NI vous en ôterons... Non l' en ôtera NI NE les lui prohibera, NI NE l' en trompera... NON aurai NI NE tiendrai." Actes de 960, MS. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tant i pessa qu' el al No fara ja...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NON a aver NI amic NI parent. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aux négations ordinaires, la langue romane joignit des négations explétives. Voici celles qui se trouvent dans les pièces de l' époque qui fournit mes exemples.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mica, Miga, Mia, du latin Mica, en français Mie:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' om l' a al ma, MIGA NO l' a al ser...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant o fait, MICA NO s' en repent. (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gens, Ges du latin Gens, dans le sens de Personne, de Quelqu'un.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">NI GENS de lui NO volg tenir s' onor...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aur NO sun GES, mas nuallor no sun. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Res, Ren, du latin Res, Rem, signifiant Quelque Chose:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan se reguarda, pero RES NO l rema. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On verra, dans la suite de cet ouvrage, les autres négations explétives dont la langue romane fit usage.<br />Mais, Mas, Mes, vinrent de Magis latin, en ôtant le G et l' I, ou seulement le G.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dres es e bes que l' om e deu s' esper,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MAS no es bes que s fi' e son aver... (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><br />(1) Que tant y pense que lui autre chose NE faira jamais...<br />NON a avoir NI ami NI parent.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) L' on l' a au matin, MIE NE l' a au soir...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand cela il fait, MIE NE s' en repent.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) NI NULLEMENT de lui ne voulut tenir sa dignité...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' or NE sont NULLEMENT, mais moins valants ne sont.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Quant il se regarde pourtant RIEN NE lui reste.<br />(5) Droit est et bien que l' homme en Dieu espère,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MAIS non est bien qu' il se fie en son avoir. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MAS quan es joves et a onor molt grant...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MAS d' una causa u nom avia gensor. (1)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANZ, que le français rendit par AINZ, dans le sens de MAIS, vint d' ANTE, signifiant AU CONTRAIRE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANZ per eveia lo mesdren e preiso. (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUANT, QUAN furent dérivés de QUANDO:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>E t' o atendrei tot, fors QUANT tu m' en absolveras." (3)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUANT be se dreca, lo cel a pertusat...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUAN Ve a l' ora qu' el corps li vai franen. (4)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De CUM latin, CUM, COM fut employé quelquefois sans changement dans le sens de LORSQUE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molt val lo bes que l' om fai e jovent,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">COM el es vels, qui pois lo soste...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E CUM es velz, donc estai bonament. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CUM, dans la langue romane, eut aussi l' acception de COMME, et il fut vraisemblablement dérivé de QUOMODO.<br />La inz contava del temporal CUM es,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sol e luna, cel e terra, mar, CUM es...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s' es aesi CUM anaven dicent. (6)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) MAIS quand il est jeune et a honneur très grand...<br />MAIS, par une raison, un nom il avait plus agréable.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) AINZ par envie le mirent en prison. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) "Et je te le acquitterai tout, hors QUAND tu m' en dispenseras."<br />Actes de 960, Ms. de Colbert.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) QUAND elle bien se dresse, le ciel elle a percé.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">QUAND il vient à l' heure que le corps lui va en se brisant.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Beaucoup vaut le bien que l' homme fait en jeunesse,<br />(QUAND il est vieux) qui puis le soutient.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et QUAND il est vieux, alors il est bonnement.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) Là dedans il contait du temporel comme il est,</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du soleil et de la lune, du ciel et de la terre, mer, COMME est...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non il est ainsi COMME ils allaient disant. Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />De SIC QUOMODO ou de SICUT vint SICUM, pour DE MÊME QUE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>SICUM om per dreit son fradre salvar dist.” (1)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SICUM la nibles cobr' el jorn lo be ma. (2)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TANQUAN de TANTUM QUANTUM, ou de TANQUAM, signifia TANT QUE, etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui nos soste TANQUAN per terra annam. (3)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SI, SE de SI latin:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span>SI jo returnar no l' int pois." (4)</span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que us non o preza SI s trada son parent. (5)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PERO signifia POUR CELA, POURTANT:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PERO Boecis trastuz los en desment. (6)</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PUR TAN QUE fut aussi employé dans le sens de POURVU QUE:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per cui salves m' esper, PUR TAN qu' ell clamam. (7)<br />(1) "AINSI QUE on, par droit, son frère sauver doit." Serment de 842. (2) DE MÊME QUE le brouillard couvre le jour le bon matin...</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Qui nous soutient TANT QUE par terre nous allons.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) "Si je détourner ne l' en puis." Serment de 842.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Que l' un ne cela prise S' il livre son parent.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) POURTANT Boece trèstous les en dément.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) Par qui sauvé m' espère POURVU que lui nous appelons.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poëme sur Boece.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Quand je rassemble les principales formes qui déja constituaient la langue romane à l' époque reculée dont j' emprunte mes exemples, je ne dois pas omettre l' usage des élisions écrites; c'est l' un des caractères de la langue romane que de marquer, comme les Grecs, par la suppression des voyelles, les élisions qu' elles subissaient les unes avec les autres.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand l' élision porte sur la voyelle qui termine le mot, elle s' appelle Apocope.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand elle porte sur la voyelle qui le commence, elle s' appelle Aphérese.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On trouve l' apocope dans le serment de 842:<br />D' ist di est employé pour DE ist di<br />Retornar L' int est employé pour LO int.<br />Dans les actes de 960:<br />M' en commonras, ME en.<br />T' en sere... ni t' en tolrei, TI en … TE en.<br />Dans le poeme sur Boece:<br />D' aur non sun, DE aur.<br />Vai s' onors, SA onors.<br />Etc. Etc.<br /><br />L' aphérèse se trouve dans les titres de 960:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'L vos tolrem, no 'L te vedarei, pour no EL VOS, no EL te.<br />No' LS tolran, no ELS tolran.<br />Dans le poeme sur Boece:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' om no 'l laiset, no EL.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bella 's la domna; bella ES.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quelquefois la voyelle finale disparaît, sans qu' il y ait élision, le mot suivant commençant par une consonne:<br />Actes de 960. Qui la L devedara, pour LI.<br />Poeme sur Boece Tu M fezist, pour ME<br />Que s fi' e son aver, pour SE, etc, etc.<br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfin, par syncope, la langue romane supprima souvent des consonnes finales ou intérieures, sur-tout les N.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le poème sur Boece en offre beaucoup d' exemples:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E la carcer, pour EN.<br />Anc no vist u, pour UN.<br />Per NEGU torment pour NEGUN.<br />Ta mala fe, pour TAN.<br />EVERS Deu, EFERMS, pour ENVERS, ENFERMS.<br /><br />Je pourrais rassembler encore quelques formes, quelques locutions de la langue romane, éparses dans les monuments qui ont fourni mes observations et les exemples cités. (1) Mais je renvoie ces détails à la grammaire même de la langue.<br />(1) Telles que les signes de comparaison, les verbes employés d' une manière impersonnelle, les doubles négations, etc.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' ai indiqué ses principaux caractères, ses formes essentielles. Je suis loin de croire que le nouvel idiôme ait été produit, dégrossi, et régularisé tout-à-coup. En présentant cet ensemble grammatical, j' ai rapproché et réuni, sous un seul point de vue, les résultats progressifs du long usage des peuples.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' ose dire que l' esprit philosophique, consulté sur le choix des moyens qui devaient épargner à l' ignorance beaucoup d' études pénibles et fastidieuses, n' eût pas été aussi heureux que l' ignorance elle-même; il est vrai qu' elle avait deux grands maîtres: la Nécessité et le Temps.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La langue romane est peut-être la seule à la formation de laquelle il soit permis de remonter ainsi, pour découvrir et expliquer le secret de son industrieux mécanisme: J' ai mis à cette recherche autant de patience que de franchise; et, dans le cours de mes investigations grammaticales, j' ai eu souvent occasion de reconnaître la vérité de l' axiôme: Non, quia difficilia sunt, non audemus; sed, quia non audemus, difficilia sunt.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En considérant à quelle époque d' ignorance et de barbarie s' est formé et perfectionné ce nouvel idiôme, d' après des principes indiqués seulement par l' analogie et l' euphonie, on se dira peut-être, comme je me le suis dit: l' homme porte en soi-même les principes d' une logique naturelle, d' un instinct régulateur, que nous admirons quelquefois dans les enfants. Oui, la providence nous a dotés de la faculté indestructible et des moyens ingénieux d' exprimer, de communiquer, d' éterniser par la parole, et par les signes permanents où elle se reproduit, cette pensée qui est l' un de nos plus beaux attributs, et qui nous distingue si éminemment et si avantageusement dans l' ordre de la création.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fin des recherches sur l' origine et la formation de la langue romane.</span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/recherches-origine-formation-langue-romane-grammaire-avant-an-1000.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Recherches</a></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/grammaire-langue-romane-chapitre-1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 1</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-2-substantifs-grammaire-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 2 - Substantifs</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/adjectifs-chapitre-3-grammaire-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 3 - Adjectifs</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-iv-pronoms.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 4 - Pronoms</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-v-noms-de-nombres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 5 - noms de nombres</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-vi-verbes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 6 - Verbes</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-vii-adverbes-prepositions.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 7 - Adverbes, Prépositions, Conjonctions</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-8-locutions-particulieres-idiotismes-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 8 - Idiotismes</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/appendice-manuscrits.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>Appendice - manuscrits</span></a><br /><br />Tome 2:<br /><br /><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/tome-2-dissertations-troubadours-cours-amour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dissertations troubadours</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/tome-2-des-cours-d-amour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Des cours d</a><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">'</span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/tome-2-des-cours-d-amour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> amour</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monuments de la langue romane</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-langue-romane-depuis-842-jusqu.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monuments langue romane depuis 842</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/actes-titres-960-environ-comtes-carcassonne-vicomtes-beziers-foix-castelbon-bearn-bigorre-marsan-gavardan-rodez-armagnac-albret-rois-navarre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Actes titres 960</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/la-nobla-leyczon-poesies-des-vaudois.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La nobla leyczon - Poésies des Vaudois</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/la-barca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">La Barca</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-novel-sermon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lo novel Sermon</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-novel-confort.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo novel Confort</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-payre-eternal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo payre eternal</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-despreczi-del-mont.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo despreczi del mont</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/avangeli-evangeli-quatre-semen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avangeli quatre semencz</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/manuscrit-abbaye-saint-martial-limoges-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diverses fragments manuscrit Abbaye Saint-Martial Limoges</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/genres-poesies-troubadours.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Genres poésies</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tome 3:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comte de Poitiers</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guiraud-le-roux.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guiraud le Roux</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-orange.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rambaud d' Orange</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/la-comtesse-de-die-dia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Comtesse de Die, Dia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-peire-rotgiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pierre Rogiers, Peire Rotgiers</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/bernatz-ventadorn-bernard-ventadour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bernatz de Ventadorn, Bernard de Ventadour</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufre-rudel-de-blaye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geoffroi Rudel, Jaufre Rudel de Blaye, Blaia</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/augier-guilhem-guillem-augier-novella.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Augier - Guilhem - Guillem - Novella - Ogier</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/cabestaing-cabestany-guillaume-guillem-guilhem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cabestaing, Cabestany, Guillaume, Guillem, Guilhem</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/alfonse-ii-roi-aragon-alfonso-2-rey-per-mantas-guizas-m-es-datz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alfonse II Roi Aragon - Alfonso II</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/peire-ramon-tolosa-toloza-pierre-raimond-toulouse.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peire Ramon Tolosa, Toloza, Pierre Raimond Toulouse</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guillaume-de-beziers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillaume de Beziers</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/bertrand-de-born.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bertrand de Born</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/folquet-de-marseille-fulco-foulques.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Folquet de Marseille, Fulco, Foulques</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/albert-marquis-de-malespine-albertet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Albert, marquis de Malespine, Albertet</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/gavaudan-le-vieux-gavaudas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gavaudan le vieux</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-de-capdueil-capduelh-capduoill.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pons de Capdueil, Capduelh, Capduoill</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaud de Marueil</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaut de Mareuil</a>. <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maruelh</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marolh</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marol</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maroill</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maruoill</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Meruoill</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pistoleta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pistoleta</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/berenguer-de-palasol-berenguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Berenguer de Palasol, Palazol, Palol, Palou, Palafolls</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-de-barjac-peire-de-barjac.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pierre de Barjac, Peire de Barjac</a></span></p><p><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/cadenet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cadenet</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sail-de-scola-salh-sail-saill-ecole.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sail, Salh, Saill, Scola, Escola, École, Bergerac</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-de-vaqueiras-raimbaut.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud, Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de Vacqueyras</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-ponc-garda-guardia-saguardia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pons, Ponç de la Garda</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-ponc-garda-guardia-saguardia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guardia</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-ponc-garda-guardia-saguardia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Saguardia</a><br /><br />Continuará...</span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-52353616346740420002023-09-20T16:13:00.012-07:002023-11-04T09:03:17.395-07:00Choix des poésies originales des troubadours. Introduction. (+ Index tomes 1-6)<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">François-Juste-Marie Raynouard</span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Choix des poésies originales des <b>troubadours</b>.<br /><br />Par M. Raynouard,<br />membre de l' Institut Royal de France (Acad. Française, et Acad. des inscriptions et belles-lettres), officier de la légion d' honneur.</span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contenant<br />Les Preuves historiques de l' ancienneté de la <b>Langue romane</b>; - Des Recherches sur l' origine et la formation de cette langue; les Éléments de sa grammaire, avant l' an 1000; - La Grammaire de la langue des <b>Troubadours</b>.<br /><br />A Paris,<br />De l' imprimerie de <a href="https://www.unostiposduros.com/grandes-maestros-de-la-tipografia-firmin-didot/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Firmin Didot</a>,<br />imprimeur du Roi, et de l' Institut, Rue Jacob, N° 24.<br />1816.<br /><br />Introduction contenant les <b>preuves historiques</b> de l' ancienneté de la <b>langue romane</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les <b>poésies originales des Troubadours</b>, écrites en <b>langue romane</b>, seraient publiées presque sans utilité, si une grammaire détaillée n' expliquait en même temps les principes et le mécanisme de cet <b>idiôme</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rassembler les traditions historiques et les preuves matérielles qui attestent l' existence de la langue romane à des époques très reculées, remonter à son origine et à sa formation, offrir les éléments de sa</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">grammaire avant l' an 1000, et donner enfin les règles complettes de cette langue perfectionnée et fixée dans les ouvrages des Troubadours, tels sont les travaux préliminaires qui rempliront ce premier volume de la collection intitulée: Choix des poésies originales des Troubadours.<br />Sans doute ce titre ne paraîtra point déplacé à la tête même du premier volume, puisque les différents passages cités dans les exemples de la grammaire offriront déja <b>plus de deux mille vers</b> de ces anciens poëtes.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' existence de la <b>langue romane</b> paraît dater du commencement de la monarchie française (1).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dès ce temps reculé, les auteurs distinguent la <b>langue romane</b>, et la <b>langue francique</b> ou <b><a href="https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">théotisque</a></b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jacques Meyer, dans ses annales de Flandres, parle en ces termes du choix qu'on fit de saint Mommolin pour évêque de Tournay.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"L' an 665, mourut saint Éloi, évêque de Tournai…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mommolin fut choisi pour lui succéder, parce que c' était un homme d' une très sainte vie, qui savait la <b>langue romane</b> aussi-bien que la <b>théotisque</b><span>.”</span> (2)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les monuments qui appartiennent à l' histoire de France, nous montrent à l' époque du règne de Charlemagne quelques vestiges de l' <b>idiôme roman</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1) On a souvent répété la citation suivante, faite par <b><a href="http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ducange</a></b> dans la préface de son <b><a href="http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Glossaire</a></b>, n° XIII.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Romani etiam qui in Galliis habitabant, ita ut nec reliquiæ ibi inveniuntur, exterminati sunt. Videtur mihi indè <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/7-3-anciennete-progrez-nostre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Francos</a>, qui in Galliis morantur, a <b>Romanis linguam</b> eorum, quâ <b>usque hodie utuntur</b>, accommodasse. Nam alii, qui circà <u><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rhenum</a></u> ac in <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Germaniâ</a> remanserunt, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEXYJJAxIvU" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>Teutonicâ</b> <b>linguâ</b></a> utuntur.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quæ autem lingua eis antè naturalis fuerit ignoratur."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Luitprand</b>. lib. 4. cap. 21.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais ce passage <b>ne se trouve point</b> dans les <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1948_num_107_1_460316_t1_0108_0000_000" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">œuvres de Luitprand</a>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2)."665. <a href="http://ctlf.ens-lyon.fr/volumes/5202_fra_Raynouard_01_1816.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Obiit D. <u>Eligius</u></a> Tornacensis episcopus… Suffectus est episcopus</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">in locum ejus <u>Momolenus</u>, propterea quod vir esset sanctissimæ vitæ, qui <b>romanam</b> non minus quam <b>Teutonicam</b> calleret <b>linguam</b>."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Commentarii_sive_Annales_rerum_Flandrica.html?id=WklFRAAACAAJ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Meyer. Annal. Flandr.</a> p. 6.<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En deux endroits des litanies Carolines, qu'on chantait alors dans les églises, le répons du peuple était en cet <b>idiôme</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand le clergé chantait: Sancta Maria, etc.,</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">le peuple répondait à chaque fois: Ora pro <b>nos</b>. (lat. <a href="https://elfarodeceuta.es/ora-pro-nobis-germinal-castillo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ora pro nobis</a>)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quand le clergé priait pour le pape, pour Charlemagne, ou pour quelque prince de sa famille, etc., le peuple répondait à chaque fois: <b>Tu lo juva</b> (1:<br />Sancta Maria, ora pro nos.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancte Cherubin, ora pro nos.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancte Seraphin, ora pro nos.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancte Petre, ora pro nos.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adriano summo pontifice, etc. vita:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Redemptor mundi, tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancte Petre, tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Karolo excellentissimo et a Deo coronato, etc. vita et victoria:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salvator mundi, tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancte Joannis, tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pipino et Karolo nobilissimis filiis ejus, vita, etc. tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pipino rege <span>Langobardorum</span>, vita, etc. tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chlodovio rege Aquitanorum, vita, etc. tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Omnibus judicibus et cuncto exercitui Francorum, vita et victoria:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancte Remegii, tu lo juva.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Marillon, Analecta vetera, p. 170.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De ces six mots, que présentent les deux répons, <b>LO</b> appartient incontestablement à la <b>langue romane</b>, comme troisième personne du pronom personnel masculin au singulier; et <b>NOS</b> comme première personne indéclinable du même pronom au pluriel.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les deux verbes <b>ora</b> et <b>juva</b>, ainsi que le pronom personnel <b>tu</b>, sont restés dans cette langue sans modification.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le mot <b>tu</b> est très remarquable: jamais la langue latine ne l' a employé dans des litanies; c' est donc une tournure particulière.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans le <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43626002" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">serment de 842</a>, cet ancien monument si souvent cité et réimprimé, on voit <b>pro</b> employé dans le même sens primitif de <b>pour</b>, comme une préposition alors en usage dans la <b>langue romane</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Même avant le siècle de Charlemagne, on rencontre, dans les historiens étrangers, quelques indices qui peuvent s' appliquer à cet idiôme.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers la fin du VIe siècle, Commentiolus, général de l' empereur Maurice, faisait la guerre contre Chagan, roi des Huns. L' armée de Commentiolus étant en marche pendant la nuit, tout-à-coup un mulet renversa sa charge. Le soldat à qui appartenait ce bagage était déja très éloigné; ses compagnons le rappellèrent à cris réitérés: <b>torna, torna, fratre, retorna</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entendant cet avis de retourner, les troupes de Commentiolus crurent être surprises par l' ennemi, et s' enfuirent en répétant tumultuairement les mêmes cris. Le bruit en parvint jusqu' à l' armée de Chagan, et elle en prit une telle épouvante, qu' aussitôt elle s' abandonna à la fuite la plus précipitée. Ainsi ces deux armées fuyaient en même temps, sans que l' une ni l' autre fut poursuivie. Les historiens qui ont transmis le souvenir de cet événement, et qui ont conservé en <b>lettres grecques</b> les paroles que prononçaient les soldats de Commentiolus, assurent que ces mots, <b>torna, torna, fratre, retorna</b>, étaient de la langue de leur pays (1: Τῇ πατρώᾳ φωνῇ· Τόρνα, τόρνα φράτρε.<br />Theophan. Chronographia, fol. 218.<br />Éπιχωρίῳ τε γλώττῃ… ἄλλος ἄλλῳ, ῥετόρνα.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Theophylact. Hist. lib. 2, c. 15. - Histor. miscel. lib. 17.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si ces légers vestiges de l' idiôme roman, trouvés dans des lieux et dans des temps si éloignés, nous offrent quelque intérêt, combien cet intérêt augmentera-t-il, quand nous pourrons croire que ces guerriers étaient <b>Francs</b>, ou <b>Goths</b> habitant les <u>provinces méridionales</u> de la France?<br />Je présenterai à ce sujet deux conjectures.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La première, c' est que Théophylacte, Hist. lib. 6, cap. 3, parle d' un traité conclu entre les Francs et l' empereur Maurice, pour faire la guerre contre Chagan: "Bessus et Bertus, dit-il, envoyés des <b>Celtibériens</b>, aujourd'hui appelés <b>Francs</b>, sont dans la ville. <b>Théodoric</b>, prince de cette nation, traitait avec l' empereur d' un tribut pour s' unir aux Romains, à l' effet de faire la guerre contre Chagan…” Quoique ce traité soit postérieur d' environ quinze ans, il est sans doute permis d' admettre qu' il existait, entre l' empereur et les Francs, des relations qui avaient précédemment amené des guerriers Francs dans l' armée de l' empereur d' Orient contre Chagan.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La seconde, c' est que ces guerriers pouvaient être des Goths, qui habitaient alors le nord de l' Espagne et le midi de la France.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le même général Commentiolus, qui commandait l' armée de Maurice contre Chagan, avait fait la guerre aux Goths d' Espagne; il avait repris sur eux Carthagène, et il y avait résidé quelque temps, ainsi que l' atteste l' inscription suivante trouvée à Carthagène, et rapportée dans l' España Sacra, t. V, p. 75.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quisquis ardua turrium miraris culmina</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vestibulumq. urbis duplici porta firmatum (vestibulumque)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dextra levaq. binos positos arcos (levaque)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quibus superum ponitur camera curba convexaq. (convexaque)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><u>Comitiolus</u> sic hæc fieri jussit <u>patricius</u></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Missus a <u>Mauricio</u> aug. contra hoste barbaro</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Magnus virtute magister mil. <b>Spaniæ</b></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sic semper <b>Spania</b> tali rectore lætetur</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dum poli rotantur dumq. sol circuit orbem. (dumque)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ann. VIII, aug. ind. VIII. (Anno VIII aug., indictione VIII.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est donc très vraisemblable que des Goths, vers cette époque, aient servi dans les armées commandées par Commentiolus, lorsqu' il</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>faisait la guerre à Chagan.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les mots de ces fragments sont conformes aux règles de la syntaxe romane, et ils s' accordent avec le style du serment de 842, où l' on trouve <b>fradre</b> employé comme <b>fratre</b> dans Théophane, et <b>returnar</b> à l' infinitif, comme <b>retorna</b> à l' impératif dans Théophylacte, quoique <u>ce verbe n' existât point dans la langue latine</u>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Notre historien Aimoin rapporte (1) un fait bien plus difficile à expliquer.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>"Justinien, dit-il, devient empereur. Aussitôt il rassemble une armée contre les barbares; il part, leur livre bataille, les met en fuite, et il a le plaisir de faire leur roi prisonnier; l' ayant fait asseoir à côté de lui sur un trône, il lui commande de restituer les provinces enlevées à l' empire; le </span></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">roi répond: Je ne les donnerai point: NON, </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">INQUIT</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">, DABO; à quoi Justinien réplique: <a href="https://context.reverso.net/traduccion/frances-espanol/donneras" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tu les donneras</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/10/glosario-ramon-lull-r.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">DARAS</a>.”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(1: Ce mot <b>daras</b> est entièrement <b>roman</b>. Voy. page 71.).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je n' attache point à ces diverses circonstances, ni aux conjectures qu'on peut en tirer, plus d' importance qu' elles n' en méritent, mais peut-être n' ai-je pas dû les omettre.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un monument qui appartient plus directement à l' histoire de la langue romane, c' est l' ordonnance qu' <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem, fils de Mahomet Alhamar, fils de Tarif</a>, publia en <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">734</a>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce prince régnait à <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Coimbre</a>; son ordonnance permit aux chrétiens l' exercice de leur culte, à certaines conditions, et fut sur-tout favorable aux moines Bénédictins de <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lorban</a>; elle fut rédigée en <b>latin</b>, mais il s' y trouve quelques mots qui prouvent l' existence actuelle de la <b>langue romane</b> (2 – N. E. Voire le final de la introduction), tels que <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">E</a></b>, et, conjonction; <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">esparte</a></b>, répand; <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pecten</a></b>, <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">peiten</a></b>, payent; <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">peche</a></b>, paye; <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cent</a></b>, cent; <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">apres</a></b>, auprès; <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">acolhenza</a></b>, accueil.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On ne sera donc pas surpris de ce qu' un auteur, qui écrivait vers 950, <b>Luitprand</b>, racontant des faits historiques relatifs à l' an 728, atteste qu' alors la <b>langue romane</b> existait dans une partie de l' <span><b>Espagne</b></span>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses expressions sont très remarquables:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>DCCXXVIII. En ce temps furent en Espagne dix langues, comme sous Auguste et sous Tibère.<br />1° L' <b>ancienne langue Espagnole</b>; 2° la <b><a href="https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/320?lang=es" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue Cantabre</a></b>; 3° la <b>langue Grecque</b>; 4° la <b>langue Latine</b>; 5° la <b>langue Arabe</b>; 6° la <b>langue Chaldaïque</b>; 7° la <b>langue Hébraïque</b>; 8° la <b>langue Celtibérienne</b>; 9° la <b><a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue Valencienne</a></b>; 10° la <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue Catalane</a></b><span>”.</span><br />(1: "DCCXXVIII. Eo tempore fuerunt in <b>Hispaniâ</b> decem linguæ, ut sub </span></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Augusto</a> et <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberio" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tiberio</a>. I </span><b>Vêtus Hispana</b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; II </span><b><a href="https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/espagne-cantabrie.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cantabrica</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; III </span><b><a href="https://brauliofoz.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Græca</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; IV </span><b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/capitulo-xxi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Latina</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; V </span><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_%C3%A1rabe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arabica</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; VI </span><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_arameas" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kaldæa</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; VII </span><b><a href="http://gizra.github.io/CDL-ES/pages/016140EA-7FBC-4959-0C2E-4C0F883530AD/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hebrea</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; VIII </span><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_celt%C3%ADbero" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Celtiberica</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; IX </span><b><a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Valentina</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; X </span><b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cathalaunica</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">; de quibus in <a href="https://tiresiotermestino.blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/geografia-de-estrabon-libro-iii.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III lib. </a></span><b><a href="https://tiresiotermestino.blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/geografia-de-estrabon-libro-iii.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Strabo</a></b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">, ubi docet plures fuisse litterarum formas et </span><b>linguas in Hispanis</b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Luitprandi</b> Ticin. Episc. Chronicon, p. 372, éd. de 1640, fol.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><u>Ces deux dernières étaient la langue romane même</u>; on aura, dans le cours de cet ouvrage, l' occasion de s' en convaincre<br />(2: Voici à ce sujet quelques autorités:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans son histoire de Valence, <a href="https://bivaldi.gva.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=9357" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gaspard Escolano</a> s' exprime ainsi:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"La tercera… Lengua maestra de las de España, es la <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2019/12/ecrire-occitan-essai-presentation-synthese.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lemosina</a>, y mas general que todas… Por ser la que se hablava en <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/coronacion-pedro-ii-roma-papa-inocencio-iii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Proenza</a>, y toda la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyena" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guiayna</a>, y la Francia Gotica, y la que agora se habla en el <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/23-de-junio-capitulos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">principado de Cataluna</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/antonio-ubieto-arteta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Reyno de Valencia</a>, islas de <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mallorca</a>, <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/search?q=Menorca" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Minorca</a>, etc."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gasp. Escolano. Hist. de Valencia, part. I, lib. I, cap. 14, num. 1.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nicolas Antonio dit de même:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ut enim veteres <b>Provincialis linguæ seu Valentinæ</b> poetas."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nic. Antonio. Bibl. Hisp. vet. præf. t. I, num. 26.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Elucubravit ipse <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jacobus I, Aragoniæ rex</a>, <b>vernacula</b> gentis, hoc est</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>provinciali</b> ut vocant <b>linguâ</b>, quæ tam in <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cataloniæ</a></b>, quam in <b><a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Valentiæ</a></b>, nec non in <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/jaime-i-concebido-gracias-treta-estratagema.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Montis-Pesulani</a></b>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/jaime-i-concebido-gracias-treta-estratagema.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">unde <u>Maria fuit regis mater</u></a>, ditionibus in usu fuit, rerum tempore suo gestarum historiam."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><a href="http://www.uco.es/servicios/ucopress/silem/buscador/visualizar-titulo.php?filtro=CAN3001.REP0578.1769.DIEZE" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nic. Antonio. Bibl. Hisp. vet.</a> t. II, fol. 49, num. 144.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dans quelques titres qui concernent l' histoire d' Italie, on trouve pareillement, aux VIIIe et IXe siècles, des mots qui indiquent l' existence de la langue romane, tels que:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>corre</b>, il court (1); <b>avent</b>, ayant (2); <b>ora</b>, à-présent (3), etc.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ces preuves matérielles, qui ne laissent aucun doute sur l' existence de la <b>langue romane en Italie</b> pendant les VIIIe et IXe siècles, je joindrai un témoignage bien précis, celui de Gonzon, savant Italien, qui écrivait, vers l' an 960: "C' est à tort que le moine de Saint-Gal a cru que j' ignorais la science de la grammaire, quoique je sois quelquefois arrêté par l' usage de notre <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/lxxxii-reg-1890-fol-131-20-mar-1387.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue vulgaire</a></b>, qui <b>approche</b> du latin (4)."<br />(1) An 730. Murat. diss. 33.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) An 816. Murat. diss. 33.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) An 730. Cod. diplom. toscano, t. I, p. 366.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) "Falso putavit S. Galli monachus me remotum a scientiâ grammaticæ artis, licet aliquando retarder usu <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/dels-panicers-majors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nostræ</a> <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/lxxxii-reg-1890-fol-131-20-mar-1387.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vulgaris linguæ</a></b> quæ <b>latinitati</b> vicina est." Martène, Vet. Script. ampl. Collect. t. I, col. 298.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' usage de cette langue vulgaire ne pouvait être un obstacle, qu' autant qu' elle était parlée journellement.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' épitaphe du pape Grégoire V, décédé à la fin du même siècle, atteste qu' il parlait bien la <b>langue vulgaire</b>:<br />"Bruno, de la race royale des Francs, usant de l' <b>idiôme francique</b>, de l' <b>idiôme vulgaire</b>, et de l' <b>idiôme latin</b>, enseigna les peuples en ces trois langages.” (1:<br />Ante tamen Bruno, Francorum regia proles...<br />Usus <u>francisca</u>, <b>vulgari</b>, et voce latina,</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Instituit populos eloquio triplici.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fontanini, della Eloquenza italiana, p. 15.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Francisca</b> signifie <b>francique, théotisque</b>.)<br /><br />Quant à la France, des preuves positives attestent l' usage général de la langue romane au VIIIe siècle.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il existe deux vies de saint Adhalard, abbé de Corbie, né vers l' an 750.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' une et l' autre font mention de cet idiôme.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un disciple d' Adhalard, Paschase Ratbert, qui a écrit la première vie, a dit: "Parlait-il la <b>langue vulgaire</b>? ses paroles coulaient avec douceur; parlait-il la <u>langue barbare</u>, appelée <u>théotisque</u>? il brillait par l' éloquence de la charité”. (2: "Quem si <b>vulgò</b> audisses, dulcifluus emanabat; si vero idem <u>barbarâ</u>, quam <b>teutiscam</b> dicunt, <b>linguâ</b> loqueretur, præeminebat caritatis eloquio." Bolland. Acta Sanct. Januar. t. I, p. 109.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gérard de Corbie, qui a écrit la seconde vie, raconte les mêmes circonstances en termes plus exprès:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"S' il parlait en <b>langue vulgaire</b>, c' est-à-dire, <b>romane</b>, on eût dit qu' il ne savait que celle-là; s' il parlait en <u>langue theutonique</u>, il brillait encore</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>plus”. (3: "Qui si <b>vulgari</b>, id est, <b>romanâ linguâ</b>, loqueretur, omnium aliarum putaretur inscius; nec mirum, erat denique in omnibus liberaliter educatus; si verò <b>theutonicâ</b>, enitebat perfectius." Bolland. Acta Sanct. Januar. t. I, p. 116.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En 714, un jeune sourd-muet de naissance avait été guéri miraculeusement au tombeau de saint Germain de Paris. D' après l' historien contemporain, ce jeune garçon répéta facilement les mots qu' il entendit prononcer; et non-seulement il apprit en peu de temps à parler parfaitement la langue <b>rustique</b>, mais il fut bientôt en état d' étudier les lettres (1: "Unde factum est ut, tam auditu quam locutione, in brevi non solum ipsam <b>rusticam linguam</b> perfectè loqueretur, sed etiam litteras, in ipsâ ecclesiâ clericus effectus, discere cœpit."<br />Ducange Gloss. præf. n. XIII.).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ici se place un fait très important, qui sert à prouver que la <b>langue romane</b> était la <b>langue vulgaire</b> de tous les peuples qui obéissaient à Charlemagne dans le midi de l' Europe; et l' on sait que sa domination s' étendait sur tout le midi de la France, sur une partie de l' Espagne, et sur l' Italie presque entière.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sous son règne, un espagnol malade, pour s' être imprudemment baigné dans l' Ebre, visitait les églises de France, d' Italie, et d' Allemagne, implorant sa guérison. Il arriva jusqu' à Fulde dans la Hesse (N. E. Fulda, Hessen), au tombeau de sainte Liobe.<br />(2: "Alter erat de Hispaniâ qui, peccatis exigentibus, pœnæ tali addictus est, ut horribiliter quateretur tremore omnium membrorum. Cujus passionis incommodum, sicut ipse retulit, in <u>Ibero flumine</u> contraxit; in quâ deformitate oculos civium suorum non sustinens, ubicumque ei ire visum est, per diversa sancta locorum vagabatur. Peragrata itaque omni Gallia atque Italia, Germaniam ingressus est… Fuldam venit… Cryptam occidentalem, super quam corpus S. Bonifacii martyris quiescit, ingressus est, ac prostratus in oratione…. Quod cernens vir venerandus Firmadus presbyter et monachus… Interea subito surrexit homo et non tremebat, quia sanatus erat. Interrogatus ergo a presbytero (quoniam linguæ ejus, eo quòd esset italus, notitiam habebat), retulit se per excessum mentis, etc."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vita S. Liobae. - Mabillon, act. SS. Bened. secul. III, pars II, p. 258.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mabillon observe que cette vie a été écrite par Rodulfe avant que les reliques de sainte Liobe eussent été transportées par Raban Maur au mont Saint-Pierre.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rodulfe, prêtre et moine du couvent de Fulde, très savant dans toutes les sciences, historien et poëte, mourut le VIII des ides de mars 865, selon l' histoire de Pierre le bibliothécaire, ou 866, selon Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Script.).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le malade obtint sa guérison; un prêtre l' interrogea, et l' Espagnol lui répondit.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comment purent-ils s' entendre?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' est, dit l' historien contemporain, que le prêtre, à cause qu' il était italien, connaissait la langue de l' Espagnol: "Quoniam linguae ejus, eo quod esset italus, notitiam habebat."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' histoire nous fournit plusieurs faits qui permettent d' assurer que, sous le règne de Charlemagne, l' <b>idiôme roman</b> avait prévalu comme <b>idiôme vulgaire</b> sur la <u>langue latine</u>, et même que cette langue n' était plus comprise par le plus grand nombre des Français.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En 787, ce prince fut dans la nécessité d' appeler de Rome quelques grammairiens, pour rétablir en France l' enseignement de la langue latine (1: "Carolus iterum a Roma artis grammaticæ et computatoriæ magistros secum adduxit in Franciam, et ubique <u>studium litterarum</u> expandere jussit. Ante ipsum enim domnum regem Carolum, in Galliâ <u>nullum studium</u> fuerat liberalium artium." Vit. Karol. Magn. Per Monach. Egolism.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un fait bien décisif, c' est qu' Eginhard, historien de Charlemagne, s' excuse, en quelque sorte, d' écrire sa vie en latin:<br />(2: "En tibi librum præclarissimi et maximi viri memoriam continentem, in quo præter illius facta, non est quod admireris, nisi forte quod homo <u>barbarus</u>, et <u>romana locutione</u> perparum exercitatus, aliquid me decenter aut commodè <u>latinè</u> scribere posse putaverim." Eginh. Vit. Carol.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Voici, dit-il, l' ouvrage que je consacre à la mémoire de ce très grand et très illustre prince; vous serez surpris que moi, homme <u>barbare</u>, et peu</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">exercé dans la <b>langue romaine</b>, j' aie espéré écrire en <b>latin</b> avec quelque politesse et quelque facilité."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si Eginhard, secrétaire et chancelier de Charlemagne, manifeste des craintes sur son style latin, s' il se nomme barbare, c' est que <b>la langue latine n' étant point parlée vulgairement</b> à la <b>cour</b>, il n' avait pas la</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">certitude que son style fut exempt de fautes; en effet, l' <b>idiôme francique</b> était la <b>langue vulgaire</b> à Aix-la-Chapelle (N. E. Aachen, Aquisgrán), et dans le nord de l' empire, tandis qu' à Paris, et dans le midi de l' empire, la <b>langue vulgaire</b> c' était l' <b>idiôme roman</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enfin, si la langue latine, qui restait toujours celle de la religion et du gouvernement, n' avait cessé d' être la <b>langue du peuple</b>, l' historien de Louis-le-Débonnaire aurait-il cru faire de ce prince un véritable éloge, en disant qu' il parlait la langue latine, aussi bien que sa <b>langue naturelle</b><span>?</span><b> </b><span>(1: "</span><span><span>Latinam</span></span><span> vero sicut naturalem æqualiter loqui poterat."</span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Theganus, de Gestis Ludov. pii.)</span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au commencement du IXe siècle, divers conciles furent assemblés en différents lieux de l' empire de Charlemagne, pour rétablir la discipline ecclésiastique; ceux de Tours et de Rheims, tenus en 813, décidèrent que l' instruction religieuse devait être mise à la portée du peuple.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quoiqu'on ait cité souvent l' article XVII des actes du concile de Tours, je crois indispensable de le traduire ici en entier:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Il a paru à notre Unité que chaque évêque devait avoir des homélies contenant les admonitions nécessaires à l' instruction des fidèles, c' est-à-dire, sur la foi catholique, selon qu' ils en pourront comprendre, sur l' éternelle récompense des bons, et l' éternelle damnation des méchants, sur la résurrection future, et le jugement dernier, enfin sur la nature des œuvres par lesquelles on peut mériter la vie éternelle ou en être exclu. Que chaque évêque <b>traduise</b> publiquement ces <b>homélies</b> en <b>langue rustique romane</b> ou <b>théotisque</b>, de manière que tous puissent comprendre ces prédications."<br />(1: "Visum est unitati nostræ ut quisque episcopus habeat <b>homilias</b> continentes necessarias admonitiones quibus subjecti erudiantur; id est de fide catholicâ, pro ut capere possint, de perpetuâ retributione bonorum, et æternâ damnatione malorum, de resurrectione quoque futurâ, et ultimo judicio, et quibus operibus possit promereri vita beata quibusve excludi; et ut easdem homilias quisque apertè <b>transferre</b> studeat in <b>rusticam romanam linguam aut theotiscam</b>, quo faciliùs cuncti possint intelligere quæ dicuntur." Labbe. Concil. t. VII, col. 1263.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>D' après Borel et Pasquier, on a souvent répété que les actes du concile d' Arles de 751 contiennent un passage semblable; mais c' est une erreur.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' article XV des actes du concile de Rheims porte:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Les évêques doivent prêcher les sermons et les homélies, selon la langue propre aux auditeurs, afin que tous puissent les comprendre<br />(2: "Ut episcopi sermones et homilias sanctorum patrum, prout omnes</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">intelligere possint, <b>secundum proprietatem linguæ</b>, prædicare studeant." Labbe Concil. t. VII, col. 1256.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Charlemagne publia, la même année 813, un capitulaire dont l' article XV prononce:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Les prêtres doivent prêcher de manière que le <u>simple peuple</u>, <b>vulgaris</b> <b>populus</b>, puisse comprendre, intelligere possit.” (3: De officio prædicatorum: "Ut juxta, quod bene vulgaris populus intelligere possit, assiduè fiat." Capit. Reg. Franc. An 813.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selon les conciles et les capitulaires, l' instruction religieuse se faisant en <b>langue vulgaire</b>, le peuple devint bientôt entièrement étranger à la <u>langue latine</u>; aussi lui en défendit-on l' usage dans les actes religieux</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">qui exigent une profession de foi. L' art. LV des capitulaires recueillis par Hérard, archevêque de Tours, et publiés dans un synode tenu en 858, porte:."Que nulles personnes ne seront admises à tenir un enfant sur les fonts baptismaux, si elles ne savent et ne comprennent, dans <b>leur langue</b>, l' oraison dominicale et le symbole. Il faut, dit cet article, connaître l' obligation qu'on aura contractée envers Dieu.”<br />(1: "Ut nemo a sacro fonte aliquem suscipiat, nisi orationem dominicam et symbolum juxta linguam suam et intellectum teneat; et omnes intelligant pactum quod cum deo fecerunt." Capitul. t. I, col. 1289.).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il est hors de doute que, pour toute la partie méridionale de l' empire de Charlemagne, cette langue dans laquelle le peuple devait recevoir l' instruction religieuse, n' était autre que l' <b>idiôme roman</b>, dont <b>Nithard</b> nous a conservé un fragment précieux, en transcrivant les <b>serments</b> prononcés à Strasbourg l' an 842, par Louis-le-Germanique, et par les Français soumis à Charles-le-Chauve.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nithard nous a transmis en latin le discours que les deux princes prononcèrent, l' un en <b>langue romane</b>, l' autre en <b>langue théotisque</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le concile de Mayence, (Mainz, Maguntia) tenu en 847, porte à l' art. II</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">les dispositions semblables à l' art. XVII du concile de Tours de 813, et se sert des mêmes expressions (2: Seulement un mot a été omis, sans doute par l' inadvertance du copiste. Labbe. Concil. t. VIII, col. 42.).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' <b>idiôme roman du serment de 842</b> paraît encore très grossier; il ne présente pas l' emploi de l' article.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais il est très vraisemblable que, dans le midi de la France, le langage était déja épuré. Le poëme d' Abbon sur le siège de Paris par les Normands, en 885 et 886, félicite l' Aquitaine, c' est-à-dire, les <b>pays</b> de l' <u>autre côté de la Loire</u>, sur la pureté et la finesse de <u>la langue qu'on y parle</u>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Calliditate venis acieque, Aquitania, linguæ.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abbo poem. lib. II, v. 471.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le traité de Coblentz (Koblenz, Coblenza), fait en 860 entre Louis-le-Germanique et Charles-le-Chauve, fut également publié en <b>langue théotisque ou francique</b>, et en <b>langue romane</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les Capitulaires en offrent la <u>traduction latine</u>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la fin du traité on lit:<br />(1: "Hæc eadem domnus Karolus <b>romana linguâ</b> adnunciavit et eâ maximâ parte <b>linguâ Theodiscâ</b> recapitulavit.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Post hæc, domnus (Hludouuicus) Hludouvicus ad domnum Karolum fratrem suum <b>linguâ romana</b> dixit:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“<span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Nunc si vobis placet, vestrum verbum habere volo de illis hominibus qui</span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ad meam fidem venerunt."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et domnus Karolus, excelsâ voce, <b>linguâ romana</b> dixit:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Illis hominibus qui, etc."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et domnus Hlotarius <b>linguâ theodiscâ</b> eis suprà adnunciatis capitulis se</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">convenire dixit, et se observaturum illa promisit.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et tunc domnus Karolus iterum <b>linguâ romana</b> de pace convenit, et ut cum dei gratiâ sani et salvi irent, et ut eos sanos reviderent oravit, et adnuntiationibus finem imposuit." Cap. Reg. Franc. t. II, col. 144.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Charles proclama ce traité en <b>langue romane</b>, et en récapitula la plus grande partie en <b>langue théotisque</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Après quoi Louis dit à son frère Charles en <b>langue romane</b>: Maintenant, si cela vous plaît, je voudrais avoir votre parole au sujet de ceux qui</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">avaient pris les armes pour moi.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et Charles, d' une voix beaucoup plus élevée, proclama en <b>langue romane</b> l' amnistie demandée.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et Lothaire donna en <b>langue théotisque</b> son adhésion au traité, et Charles proclama encore la paix en <b>langue romane</b>."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ces monuments du IXe siècle peuvent-ils permettre de former le moindre doute sur le fait incontestable que la <b>langue romane</b> était alors dans la France la <b>langue vulgaire</b> du peuple et de l' armée?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le texte même de Nithard le déclare expressément, lorsqu' il dit au sujet des serments de 842:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Or le serment que chaque peuple de l' un et l' autre roi jura en <b>sa propre langue</b>, est ainsi en <b>langue romane</b>.”<br />(1: "Sacramentum autem quod utrorumque populus quique <u><span>propriâ linguâ</span></u><b> </b>testatus est, <b>romana linguâ</b> sic se habet.")</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ces preuves historiques, qui ne laissent aucun doute sur l' <u>existence ancienne de la langue romane</u>, on peut ajouter des preuves matérielles:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soit en recherchant les traces les plus reculées de l' emploi de l' <b>article</b> qui a été l' un des caractères innovateurs de cet <b>idiôme</b>; et le tableau que je présenterai à ce sujet démontrera l' emploi de l' article aux dates de 793, 810, 880, 886, 894, 924, 927, 930, 960, 994 (1: Voyez ci-après ce tableau, p. 43 et 44.);</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soit en reconnaissant les noms propres qui, dans les ouvrages latins écrits à une époque ancienne, sont désignés par une dénomination purement <b>romane;</b> (2: Il est peu de nos chartes anciennes qui n' offrent quelques <b>noms de lieu</b> (N. E. toponimia) en <b>langue vulgaire</b>; une circonstance ajoute encore à la preuve qui résulte de l' évidence des noms appartenant à la <b>langue romane</b>, c' est que l' on trouve aussi un grand nombre de noms qui appartiennent à la <b>langue francique ou théotisque</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voici quelques exemples pour la <b>langue romane</b>:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Charte de 713. "Locum de <b>Osne</b>."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Titre de 790. "Raymundus <b>Raphinel</b>…. Locum qui apellatur <b>Lumbe</b>…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Super rivum <span><b>Save</b></span>…. Fiscum qui <b>Piscarias</b> dicitur…. Monasterio quod <b>Cesarion</b> dicitur." Gallia Christiana, Instr. Eccl. Lombariensis.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Titre de 806. "Villare quem dicunt <b>Stagnole</b>…. Villare quem vocant <b>Agre</b>…. In villa <b>Ulmes</b><span>.</span>" Hist. de Languedoc. Pr. t. I, col. 33.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Titre de 819. “Parrochiam de <b>Archavel</b>… <b>Orgollel</b>… <b>Encap</b>… <b>De</b> <b>Tost</b>…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Palerols</b>… <b>De</b> <b>Noves</b>… <b>Banieres</b>… <b>Arches</b>… <b>Cortalb</b>… <b>Meranges</b>… <b>Balcebre</b>… <b>Macianers</b>… <b>Figols</b>… <b>Merles</b>… <b>Baien</b>… <b>Asnet</b>. Etc. etc."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Append. March. Hisp.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soit enfin en cherchant dans les écrits de la <b>basse latinité</b>, les traces de la réaction de la langue vulgaire sur la langue latine.<br />(3: An 782. "A tunc nos missi…. A tunc ipsi missi et judices…" Hist. de Languedoc. Pr. t. I, col. 25.<br />An 852. "Ad tunc nos…. Ad tunc ipse Ramnus asserens dixit…. Unde</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramnus ad tunc hora præceptum imperiale et judicium ad relegendum ostendit… Ad tunc nos supradicti interrogavimus…. Ad tunc ipse Odilo se recognobit…."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hist. de Languedoc. Pr. t. I, col. 99.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An 833. "Ad contra responderunt." Muratori, diss. 70.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Je crois avoir prouvé d' une manière incontestable, et par les faits historiques et par les preuves matérielles, l' existence et l' ancienneté de la langue romane.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les monuments qu' offrent différents siècles et divers pays, démontrent avec la même évidence que l' <b>idiôme primitif</b> s' est <u>conservé et perfectionné</u> dans les écrits des <b>troubadours</b>, et dans le <b>langage des peuples</b> qui habitèrent le <b>midi de la France</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce fait très certain avait été reconnu et attesté par de nombreux écrivains:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fauchet, dans son Recueil de l' origine de la Langue et Poésie Françoise, Ryme et <b>Romans</b>, liv. I, ch. 4, s' exprime en ces termes:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Or ne peut-on dire que la <b>langue de ces serments</b>, laquelle Nithard appelle <b>romaine</b>, soit vraiment <u>romaine</u>, j' entends <u>latine</u>, mais plutost pareille à celle dont usent à-présent les <b>Provençaux</b>, <b>Cathalans</b>, ou ceux du <b>Languedoc</b>… Il faut donc nécessairement conclure que ceste <b>langue Romaine</b>, entendue par les soldats du roi Charles-le-Chauve, estoit ceste <b>rustique romaine</b>, en laquelle Charles-le-Grand vouloit que les <b>omélies</b> preschées aux églises, fussent translatées, afin d' estre entendues par les <u>simples gens</u>, comme leur <b>langue maternelle</b>, aux prosnes et sermons….".</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il reste à savoir pourquoi ceste <b>langue romaine rustique</b> a été <u>chassée outre Loire</u>…".</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cette dernière séparation de Hue Capet fut cause, et, à mon advis, apporta un plus grand changement; voire, si j' ose le dire, doubla la</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>langue romande</b>."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cazeneuve, dans un fragment qu' il a écrit sur cette matière, a dit:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Ces deux langues <b>teudisque</b> et <b>romaine</b> furent usitées dans les états de nos rois, jusqu' à ce que, par le partage fait entre les enfants de Louis-le-Débonnaire, le pays qui est maintenant sujet à la couronne de France échut à Charles-le-Chauve, et ce que nos rois avoient conquis en Allemagne échut à Louis son frère, avec le titre de roi de Germanie; car dès lors commença la division des deux langues, la <b>romaine</b> demeurant dans les <b>états de Charles-le-Chauve</b>, et la <b>teudisque</b> dans ceux de <b>Louis-le-Germanique</b>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cependant cette <b>langue romaine</b> souffrit en peu de temps un notable changement; car, comme les langues suivent d' ordinaire les fortunes des états, et perdent la pureté dans leur décadence, après que l' Allemagne fut éclipsée de la couronne de France, la <b>cour de nos rois</b>, qui se tenoit à Aix-la-Chapelle, se tint à Paris, et d' autant que cette ville se trouva assise près de l' extrémité du royaume qui tient à l' Allemagne, et par conséquent éloigné de la <b>Gaule Narbonoise</b>, où étoit l' usage de la <b>langue romaine</b>, il arriva qu' insensiblement, à la <u>cour de nos rois</u> et aux provinces qui en étoient voisines, il se forma une <u>troisième langue</u> qui retint bien le nom de <b>romaine</b>, mais qui se rendit avec le temps tout-à-fait différente de l' <u>ancienne langue romaine</u>, laquelle pourtant demeura en sa pureté dans les provinces qui sont en-deçà de la Loire; et d' autant que les peuples de delà la Loire disoient <b>oui</b>, (ancienne oïl) et ceux de deçà <b>oc</b>, la France fut divisée en <b>pays de langue d' oui</b> ou <b>Françoise</b>, et de <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/search?q=Hoc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue d' oc</a> ou provençale</b>, dont le nom est demeuré à la <b>province</b> auparavant appelée <b>Septimanie.</b></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Or que cette <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/search?q=Hoc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue d' oc ou provençale</a></b> soit <u>la même que l' ancienne langue romaine</u>, il se peut clairement justifier par les <b>serments</b> qui sont dans <b>Nitard</b>… Puis donc qu' il est hors de doute que notre <b>langue d' <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/14-de-junio-resposta-de-hoc-o-de-no.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">oc</a> ou provençale</b> est cette même <b>langue romaine</b>, que les anciens François parloient devant la troisième race de nos rois, c' est-à-dire, <u>auparavant le Xe siècle</u>, ne pouvons-nous pas aussi, sans faire les vains, et nous donner une gloire imaginaire, assurer que <u>c' est de notre langue qu' a pris son origine</u> celle que nous appelons maintenant <b>françoise</b>?… Ce lui est toujours de l' honneur d' estre comme <b>le cep d' où s' est provignée</b> cette belle <b>langue françoise</b>…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais quand j' aurai fait voir de plus que c' est d' elle que les langues Italienne et Espagnole ont pris leur naissance, j' ose bien assurer… qu'on n' en fera pas moins d' estime qu'on fait d' ordinaire des sources des grands fleuves, quelque petites qu' elles soient."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Huet, dans son ouvrage de l' Origine des Romans, a consacré la même opinion:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Le <b>langage romain</b> fut appelé la <b>langue provençale</b>, non-seulement parce qu' il reçut <u>moins d' altération</u> dans la <b>Provence</b> que dans les autres cantons de la France, mais encore parce que les <b>Provençaux</b> s' en servoient ordinairement dans leurs compositions, etc. Les <b>troubadours</b>, les <u>chanterres</u>, les <u>conteurs</u>, et les <u>jongleurs</u> de Provence, et enfin tous ceux qui exerçoient ce qu'on y appeloit la <b>science gaie</b>, (N. E. gay saber) commencèrent, dès le temps de <b>Hue Capet</b>, à <b>romaniser</b> tout de bon, débitant leurs <b>romans</b> et leurs <u>fabliaux</u> composés en <b>langage romain</b>: car alors les <b>Provençaux</b> avoient plus d' usage des lettres et de la poésie que tout le reste des <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/8-1-origine-vulgaire-francois-roman-orthographe-parler.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">François</a>…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Le <b>roman</b> estant donc plus universellement entendu, les <u>conteurs</u> de Provence s' en servirent pour écrire leurs <u>contes</u> qui de là furent appelés </span></span><b>romans</b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">." (chap. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">eres un romansé</a>)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne dois pas omettre le sentiment de l' abbé Lebœuf, qui était si versé dans cette matière; ses recherches sur les plus anciennes traductions en</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/8-1-origine-vulgaire-francois-roman-orthographe-parler.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">idiôme français</a></b> offrent le passage suivant:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Je me contente d' avancer, comme une chose très vraisemblable, que, dans la plupart des provinces des Gaules, on <u>parloit</u> <b><a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/de-vulgari-eloquentia-liber-secundus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vulgairement</a></b> une <b>langue</b> <u>peu différente</u> de celle des <b>Provençaux</b>, des <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/abalourdimen-abelimen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Périgourdins</a></b>, des <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/lou-tresor-dou-felibrige.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Limousins</a></b>. Je pense que cela dura jusqu' à ce que le commerce de ces provinces avec les peuples du nord et de l' Allemagne, et sur-tout celui des habitants de l' Armorique avec les Anglois, vers le XIe siècle, eussent apporté dans la <b>Romaine rustique</b>, une <u>dureté qui n' y étoit pas auparavant.”</u> (1: Mém. de l' Acad. des Inscr. Et Belles-Lettres, t. XVII, p. 718.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les savants auteurs de l' <b>histoire de Languedoc</b> ont plusieurs fois donné à ce sujet des explications aussi curieuses qu' incontestables.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"La <b>langue latine</b> commençoit cependant à <b>se corrompre</b>, et dégénéra enfin de manière qu' elle forma ce qu'on appella dans la suite la <b>langue</b></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>romaine</b>, qui est à-peu-près la même qu'on parle aujourd'hui dans les <b>provinces méridionales</b> du royaume, et qui, <b>dès le milieu du IXe siècle</b>, se trouvoit déja toute formée, ainsi que nous le verrons ailleurs... (2: Hist. générale du Languedoc, t. I p. 327.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du mélange de cette langue avec celle des barbares, et du commerce de ces derniers avec les Romains ou Gaulois d' origine, qui ne firent ensuite qu' un seul peuple, il se forma enfin une nouvelle langue qu'on appela <b>romaine</b>, et qui est à-peu-près la même qu'on parle encore aujourd'hui dans le pays.” (1: Hist. générale du Languedoc, t. I, p. 379.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au sujet du <b>serment de 842</b>, ils disent:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"On peut remarquer dans ces deux actes que la langue qu'on appelle <b>romaine</b> est presque la même que celle que parlent encore aujourd'hui les peuples de <b>Provence</b>, de <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/search?q=Hoc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Languedoc</a></b>, et de <b>Gascogne</b>, et qu' elle a beaucoup moins de rapport avec la <b>françoise</b>.” (2: Hist. générale du Languedoc, t. I, p. 532.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Les auteurs de l' Histoire Littéraire de la France s' expriment sur le même sujet en termes non moins affirmatifs:<br />(3: Hist. Lit. de la France, t. IX, p. 172.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>"Dans la suite on distingua de la <u><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/7-3-anciennete-progrez-nostre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poésie françoise</a></u>, proprement dite, la <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/abime-abouli.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poésie provençale</a></b>: celle-ci différoit de l' autre, en ce que le génie de la langue demeura presque <b>pur roman</b>, au lieu que la <u>françoise</u>, quoique <u>pur roman dans son origine</u>, comme l' autre, fut adoucie peu-à-peu, tant par de nouvelles inflexions et terminaisons qu' elle reçut, que par les autres endroits qui la rapprochèrent successivement du génie françois… C' étoit la langue qu' employoient ordinairement les poëtes d' <span>en-deçà la</span><b> Loire</b>; ceux d' au-delà versifioient au contraire en <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/a-abalourdi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue provençale</a></b>:” (1: "Quant au nom de <b>provençale</b>, qu'on donna à la langue dont on se servoit dans les <b>provinces méridionales</b> de la France, après que les peuples des <u>pays septentrionaux</u> eurent adopté un <u>idiôme différent</u>, il est certain qu' elle ne fut pas ainsi nommée, parce qu' elle fut d' abord particulière aux peuples de la Provence proprement dite, mais à cause qu' elle comprenoit alors, sous le nom de <b>Provençaux</b>, tous les peuples de la <u>partie méridionale</u> de la France. Les divers auteurs qui ont écrit, à la fin du XIe siècle, l' histoire de la première croisade, nous en fournissent les preuves: On nomme <b>provençaux</b>, dit un de ces historiens, les peuples de <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=Bourgogne" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bourgogne</a></b>, d' <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/a-abalourdi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Auvergne</a></b>, de <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/lo-canhas-deus-baskervilles-gascon-occitan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gascogne</a></b>, de <b>Gothie</b>, et de <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provence</a></b>. Les autres s' appeloient <b>François</b>, mais les ennemis donnoient le nom de <b><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/06/4-7-droits-juree-bourgeoisie-roy.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Francs</a></b> <u>aux uns et aux autres</u>. Les <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/cvi-reg-1351-fol-7-12-febrero-1372.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aquitains</a></b> étoient aussi compris sous le nom de <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provençaux</a></b>."<br /><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Languedoc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hist. gén. du Languedoc</a>, t. II, p. 246.)<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J' avais prouvé l' existence et l' ancienneté de la langue romane; je crois que les autorités que je rapporte pour démontrer son identité avec la langue des <b>troubadours ou poetes <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">provençaux</a></b>, ne laissent aucun doute sur ce point.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais quel était le mécanisme, quelles étaient les formes essentielles de cette langue?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' est ce que j' ai à examiner et à démontrer.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' abord j' exposerai les détails relatifs à son origine, et j' en expliquerai la formation; ce qui me permettra de présenter les éléments de sa grammaire avant l' an 1000.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span>Et ensuite je donnerai une grammaire détaillée de la même langue, devenue celle des troubadours; et j' autoriserai toutes les règles, soit générales, soit particulières, par les citations qui seront presque toujours prises dans les écrits de ces illustres poëtes.<br /><br />_______<br /></span></span><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Escritura del <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rey moro de Coimbra</a>, era 772. (an. 734).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"<a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>Alboacem</b> Iben Mahumet Alhamar, Iben Tarif</a>, bellator fortis, vincitor</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Hispaniarum</b>, dominator <b>Cantabriæ</b> Gothorum, et magnæ litis Roderici. Quoniam nos constituit Allah, <u>Illalah</u> super gentem Nazarat, <b>E</b> fecit me dominatorem <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ucoimbra/?hl=es" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Colimb</a>, et omni terræ inter Goadaluam, et Mondecum, et Goadatha per ubi <b>esparte</b> meum mandum. Ego ordinavi, quod Christiani de meas terras <b>pecten</b> dupliciter quam Mauri, et de ecclesiis per singulas XXV. pesantes de bono argento, et per <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/acta-electionis-consecrationis-suniarii-abbatis-amerensis-concilio-gerundae-mxvii-1017.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">monasteria</a> <b>peiten</b> L. pesantes et vispesantes <b>pecten cent</b> santes: et Christiani habeant in Colimb suum comitem, et in Goadatha <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/sacramentum-fidelitatem-ermengaudi-i-comitis-urgelli-ad-sallanum-episcopum-urgellensis-anno-m-1000-aut-circiter.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">alium comitem</a> de sua gente, qui manteneat eos in bono juzgo, secundum solent homines Christiani, et isti component rixas inter illos, et non matabunt hominem sine jussu de Alcaide; seu Aluacile Sarraceno. Sed ponent illum <b>apres</b> de Alcaide, et mostrabunt suos juzgos, et ille dicebit: bene est; et matabunt culpatum.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">In <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/search?q=Fuentespalda" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">populationibus parvis</a> ponent suos judices, qui regant eos benè, et sine rixas. Si autem contingat homo Christianus quod matet, vel injuriet hominem Maurum, Alvacir seu Alcaide faciat de illo secundum juzgo de Mauris; si Christianus esforciaverit Sarracenam virginem, sit Maurus et recipiat illam, sin matent eum; si fuerit de marito, matent eum; si Christianus fuerit ad Mesquidam vel dixerit male de Allah, vel Mahamet, fiant Maurus, sin matent eum. Bispi de Christianis non maledicant reges Maurorum, sin moriantur. Presbyteri non faciat suas missas, nisi portis cerratis, sin pieten (<b>peiten</b>) X pesantes argenti: monasteria quæ sunt in meo mando habeant sua bona in pace, et <b>pechen</b> prædictos L. <a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/search?q=bizancio" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pesantes</a>. Monasterium de Montanis, qui dicitur Laurbano, non <b>peche</b> nullo pesante, quoniam bona intentione monstrant mihi loca de suis <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">venatis</a>, <b>e</b> faciunt Sarracenis bona <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">acolhenza</a></b>, et nunquam invenit falsum, neque malum animum in illis, qui morant ibi, et totas suas hæreditates possideant cum pace, et bona quiete, sine rixa et sine vexatione, neque forcia de Mauris, et veniant, et vadant ad Colimbriam cum libertate per diem, et per noctem, quando meliùs velint aut nolint, emant et vendant sine <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pecho</a></b>, tali pacto quòd non vadant foras de nostras terras sine nostro <u>aparazmo</u>, et benè velle; et quia sic volumus, et ut omnes sciant, facio cartam salvo conducto, et do Christianis ut habeant illam pro suo juzgo, et <span>mostrent</span>, cum Mauri requisiverint ab illis. Et si quis de Sarracenis non sibi observaverit nostrum juzgo in quo fecerit damnum, componant pro suo avere, vel pro sua vita, et sit juzgo de illo, sicut de Christiano usque ad sanguinem et vitam. Fuit facta carta de juzgo, æra de Christianis <b><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">DCC, LXXII</a>,</b> secundum verò annos Arabum CXXXXVII. Luna XIII. Dulhija <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem</a>, iben Mahomet Alhamar, iben Tarif rogatu Christianorum firmavi pro more .O. et dederunt pro robore duos æquos optimos, et ego confirmavi totum."</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=18893" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Historias de Idacio</a>, etc. fol. 88 et 89.<br />(N. E. Apéndice de <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Carlos Romey</a>, Historia de España etc., traducida por <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A. Bergnes de las Casas</a>:<br /><br />Texto Original.<br /><br /><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem Iben Mahumet Alhamar Iben Tarif</a>, bellator fortis, vincitor Hispaniarum, dominator CABALLARIAE Gothorum, et magnæ litis Roderici. Quoniam nos constituit Alla-Illelah super gentem Nazarat, et fecit me dominatorem Colimb, et omni terræ inter Goadaluam, et Mondecum, et Goadatha, per ubi ESPARTE meum mandum. Ego ordinavi, quod christiani de meas terras PECTEN dupliciter quam Mauri, et de ecclesiis per singulas XXV pesantes de bono argento, et per monasteria PEITEN L pesantes et vispesantes PECTEN CENT santes: et christiani habeant in Colimb suum <u>comiten</u>, (<a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/sacramentum-fidelitatem-ermengaudi-i-comitis-urgelli-ad-sallanum-episcopum-urgellensis-anno-m-1000-aut-circiter.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">comitem</a>) et in Goadatha alium comitem de suâ (suam) gente, qui manteneat eos in bono <b>juzgo</b>, secundum solent homines christiani, et isti component <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/lxi-perg-224-30-noviembre-1149.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rixas</a></b> inter illos, et non <u>matabunt</u> hominem sine jussu de <u>alcaide</u>, seu <u>aluacile</u> <b>sarraceno.</b> Sed ponent illum APRES de alcaide, et mostrabunt suos <b>juzgos</b>, et ille dicebit: bene est, et matabunt culpatum. In populationibus parvis ponent suos judices, qui regant eos benè, et sine RIXAS. Si autem contingat homo christianus quod <b>matet</b>, vel injuriet hominem <b>Maurum</b>, <u>aluacir</u> seu alcaide faciat de illo secundum <b>juzgo</b> de <b>Mauris</b>; si christianus <u>esforciaverit</u> sarracenam virginem, sit <b>Maurus</b> et recepiat illam, sin <u>matent</u> eum; si fuerit de <u>marito</u> matent eum; si christianus fuerit ad <u><a href="https://www.mallorca-experte.net/cala-mesquida/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mesquidam</a></u> vel dixerit male de Allah, vel <u>Mahamet</u>, fiant Maurus, sin matent eum. <b>Bispi</b> (episcopo: bisbe: vespe: obispo) de christianis non maledicant <b>reges</b> <b>Maurorum</b>, sin moriantur. <u>Presbyteri</u> non faciat suas missas, nisi <u>portis</u> <u>cerratis</u>, sin PIETEN X pesantes argenti: monasteria quæ sunt in meo mando habeant sua bona in pace, et PECHEN prædictos L pesantes. Monasterium de Montanis, qui dicitur <u>Laurbano</u> non PECHE nullo pesante, quoniam bona intentione <u>mostrant</u> mihi loca de suis venatis, <b>E</b> faciunt Sarracenis bona ACOLHENZA, et nunquam invenit falsum, neque malum animum in illis, qui morant ibi, et totas suas hæreditates possideant cum pace, et bona quiete, sine rixe et sine vexatione, neque FORCIA de Mauris, et veniant et vadant ad <b><a href="https://www.uc.pt/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Colimbriam</a></b> cum libertate per diem, et per noctem, quando melius velint aut nolint, emant et vendant sine PECHO, tali pacto quod non vadant foras de nostras terras sine nostro <u>aparazmo</u>, et benè velle; et quia sic volumus, et ut omnes sciant, facio kartam salvo conducto, et do christianis ut habeant illam pro suo juzgo, et <span>mostrent</span> cum Mauri requisiverint ab illis. Et si quis de Sarracenis non sibi observaverit nostrum juzgo in quo fecerit damnum, componant pro suo avere, vel pro sua vita, et sit juzgo de illo sicut de christiano usque ad sanguinem et vitam. Fuit facta karta de juzgo æra de christianis DCCLXXII, secundum vero annos Arabum CXXXXVII, Luna XIII, Dulbija. Alboacem iben Mahomet Alhamar iben Tarif rogatu christianorum firmavi pro more .O. (puntos elevados) et dederunt pro robore duos equos optimos, et ego confirmavi totum.<br />Extracto de la Monarchia Lusitana de Brito, II part., fol., 288 et seq.<br /><br /><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fuero de Alboacem</a>.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />“Un autor arábigo, dice un autor moderno, conservó uno de aquellos convenios (entre vencedores y vencidos), y es el que un oficial árabe, llamado <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem Ibn Mohamed Alhamar</a>, hizo con la ciudad de Coimbra.”<br />Pero no lo hay semejante, ni en los historiadores nacionales de la conquista, ni en colección diplomática arábiga. Con efecto, no es autor arábigo el conservador del ordenamiento de Coimbra, pues estuvo antes archivado en la abadía de Lorbao, en Portugal, y se publicó al pronto en la Monarchia Lusitana, Lisboa 1609, en 4.°, part. II, p. 288- 289: después con erratas por Sandoval, Historia de los cinco obispos, Pamplona 1615, p. 88 y siguientes. En fin, Mr. Reynouard la sacó de nuevo a luz, por Sandoval, en sus Selectas de poesías originales de los Trobadores, París 1816, t. I, pág. 11. Es monumento de entidad filológica, aunque no histórica, y que bajo este título merece tener aquí su lugar, si bien todo está manifestando que no es con mucho tan antiguo como la fecha equivocada que trae lo dio a entender a Mr. Reynouard (véase cuanto se dijo sobre este punto).<br /><br /><a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Traducción del fuero de Alboacem</a>.<br /><br />"<a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alboacem Ibn Mohamet Alhamar Ibn Tarif</a>, guerrero poderoso, vencedor de las Españas, arrollador de la caballería goda y de la gran liga de Rodrigo. Habiéndome puesto al frente de la nación <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nazarat</a>, y habiéndome constituido gobernador de Colimb y de todo el territorio entre <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Goadalva</a>, <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mondeco</a> y <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Goadatha</a>, que abarca mi mando, he dispuesto lo siguiente:<br />pagarán los Cristianos de mis tierras tributo doble que los Moros. Pagarán las iglesias veinte y cinco piezas de plata fina por la que fuere más ordinaria, cincuenta por cada monasterio, y ciento por la catedral. Tendrán los Cristianos en Colimb un conde de su nación, y otro en Goadatha, quienes los gobernarán con arreglo a las leyes y costumbres cristianas, y sentenciarán las desavenencias que sobrevinieren entre ellos: mas a ninguno darán muerte sin disposición del alcaide o del alvacir sarraceno, ante el cual traerán al reo, manifestando sus leyes; dirá el alcaide me conformo, y matarán al culpado.<br />En las poblaciones cortas tendrán los Cristianos sus jueces que los gobiernen debidamente y sin contiendas. Si acaeciere que un Cristiano mate o insulte a un Moro, obrarán el alvacir o el alcaide según las leyes de los Moros. Si algún Cristiano atropellare a una doncella sarracena, tendrá que hacerse moro y desposarse con ella, y si no, se le matará; si es casada, se matará al reo.<br />Si un Cristiano entra en una mezquita, y si dice mal sea de Alá, o sea de Mahoma, tendrá que hacerse moro, ú debe morir. Los obispos de los Cristianos nunca han de zaherir a los reyes moros, y en tal caso, han de fenecer. Los clérigos no dirán misa sino a puertas cerradas, y de lo contrario, pagarán diez piezas de plata. Los monasterios comprendidos en mi jurisdicción disfrutarán en paz sus haciendas, pagando las cincuenta piezas sobredichas. El monasterio de la serranía, llamado Laurbao, nada pagará, por cuanto los monjes me suelen mostrar gustosos sus cazaderos, acogen a los Sarracenos, y nunca he cogido en fraude ni en maldad a los domiciliados en aquel convento; y así seguirán conservando sus fincas sin padecer tropelía ni violencia de parte de los Moros. Serán árbitros de ir y venir a Colimb de día y de noche según les plazca; y tendrán también el desahogo de vender y comprar sin pecha alguna, con tal que no salgan de nuestro territorio sin nuestra anuencia. Y por cuanto es esta nuestra voluntad, para que todos se enteren, otorgo el presente salvoconducto a los Cristianos para que lo tengan por una de sus leyes, y lo manifiesten cuantas veces lo requieran los Moros; y en caso de haber algún Sarraceno que se desentienda de cumplirlo, se le juzgará hasta costarle sangre y vida como a cualquier Cristiano. Este fuero de justicia se hizo en la era de los Cristianos, el año 772, y según los años de los Árabes, el 13 de la luna de djulhedja de 147. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2023/09/fuero-de-alboacem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Yo Alboacem iben Mahomet Alhamar iben Tarif</a>, a instancia de los Cristianos, firmo según costumbre (puntos elevados) .O. habiéndome dado en ratificación dos hermosos caballos, y lo confirmo todo.<br /><br />La diferencia principal entre Brito y Sandoval estriba en que el uno trae al principio dominator <u>caballariæ</u> Gothorum, y el otro dominator <b>Cantabriae</b> Gothorum; pero este último giro está positivamente equivocado, puesto que el mismo Sandoval dice al traducir (p. 89) domador de la caballería de los Godos.<br />Hemos rayado (mayúsculas), a ejemplo de Mr. Reynouard, las voces del texto original que corresponden directamente a la lengua <b>romana</b>, (romance) como e, y, conjunción; esparte, se extiende; pecten, peiten, paguen; peche, pague; cent, ciento; apres, junto, acolhenza, acogida, etc. Hemos añadido caballería, forcia, esforciaverit. - Se advertirá el modo con que el Wad de los Árabes se expresa en aquel latín bárbaro, modo idéntico con el prohijado por los Castellanos, que trasladan la waw arábiga, como ya se ha visto, con las letras gu, que vienen a sonar como la waw, la cual se suele pronunciar en arábigo como una w doble y gutural o aspirada. Así pues Goadalva es el Alva, Goadatha el Águeda, que desaguan, el primero en el Mondego, y el segundo en el Duero, al nordeste y al norte de Coimbra. En cuanto a la fecha del acta, advertiremos, lo que no parece se haya notado por otros, que el año 147 de la hégira medió entre el 9 de marzo de <b>764</b> y el 25 de febrero de <b>765</b>, y no cuadra por consiguiente, como lo expresa el diploma, con el año de <b>772</b>, ni de la era de Jesucristo ni de la de España, que corresponde al de Jesucristo de <b>734</b>. <u>Añádanse tres siglos a esta fecha</u>, y se tendrá <u>tal vez la verdadera</u> del acta, auténtica al parecer en parte, y adulterada y viciada indudablemente en parte; teniendo con efecto poco que extrañar el que un walí árabe haya otorgado en 447 de la hégira (1055) un fuero de resguardo a los moradores de la provincia de Coimbra, en recordando los vaivenes de aquel pueblo, tomado contra los Árabes por Alfonso el Católico, recobrado por Almanzor en 987, yermo luego por siete años, reedificado después por los Ismaelitas, quienes lo habitaron setenta años, hasta que Fernando I, hijo de Sancho el Grande, lo tomó el VIII de las calendas de agosto del año 1064.)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">INDEX.</span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Tome 1:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/recherches-origine-formation-langue-romane-grammaire-avant-an-1000.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Recherches</a></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/grammaire-langue-romane-chapitre-1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 1</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-2-substantifs-grammaire-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 2 - Substantifs</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/adjectifs-chapitre-3-grammaire-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 3 - Adjectifs</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-iv-pronoms.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 4 - Pronoms</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-v-noms-de-nombres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 5 - noms de nombres</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-vi-verbes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 6 - Verbes</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-vii-adverbes-prepositions.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 7 - Adverbes, Prépositions, Conjonctions</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/chapitre-8-locutions-particulieres-idiotismes-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chapitre 8 - Idiotismes</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/appendice-manuscrits.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>Appendice - manuscrits</span></a><br /><br />Tome 2:<br /><br /><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/09/tome-2-dissertations-troubadours-cours-amour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dissertations troubadours</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/tome-2-des-cours-d-amour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Des cours d</a><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">'</span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/tome-2-des-cours-d-amour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> amour</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-de-la-langue-romane.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monuments de la langue romane</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/monuments-langue-romane-depuis-842-jusqu.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monuments langue romane depuis 842</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/actes-titres-960-environ-comtes-carcassonne-vicomtes-beziers-foix-castelbon-bearn-bigorre-marsan-gavardan-rodez-armagnac-albret-rois-navarre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Actes titres 960</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/la-nobla-leyczon-poesies-des-vaudois.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La nobla leyczon - Poésies des Vaudois</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/la-barca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">La Barca</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-novel-sermon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lo novel Sermon</a></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-novel-confort.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo novel Confort</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-payre-eternal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo payre eternal</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-despreczi-del-mont.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo despreczi del mont</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/avangeli-evangeli-quatre-semen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avangeli quatre semencz</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/manuscrit-abbaye-saint-martial-limoges-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diverses fragments manuscrit Abbaye Saint-Martial Limoges</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/genres-poesies-troubadours.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Genres poésies</span></a></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tome 3:</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comte de Poitiers</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guiraud-le-roux.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guiraud le Roux</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-orange.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rambaud d' Orange</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/la-comtesse-de-die-dia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Comtesse de Die, Dia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-peire-rotgiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pierre Rogiers, Peire Rotgiers</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/bernatz-ventadorn-bernard-ventadour.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bernatz de Ventadorn, Bernard de Ventadour</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/geoffroi-rudel-jaufre-rudel-de-blaye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geoffroi Rudel, Jaufre Rudel de Blaye, Blaia</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/augier-guilhem-guillem-augier-novella.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Augier - Guilhem - Guillem - Novella - Ogier</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/cabestaing-cabestany-guillaume-guillem-guilhem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cabestaing, Cabestany, Guillaume, Guillem, Guilhem</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/alfonse-ii-roi-aragon-alfonso-2-rey-per-mantas-guizas-m-es-datz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alfonse II Roi Aragon - Alfonso II</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/peire-ramon-tolosa-toloza-pierre-raimond-toulouse.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peire Ramon Tolosa, Toloza, Pierre Raimond Toulouse</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guillaume-de-beziers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillaume de Beziers</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/bertrand-de-born.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bertrand de Born</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/folquet-de-marseille-fulco-foulques.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Folquet de Marseille, Fulco, Foulques</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/albert-marquis-de-malespine-albertet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Albert, marquis de Malespine, Albertet</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/gavaudan-le-vieux-gavaudas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gavaudan le vieux</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-de-capdueil-capduelh-capduoill.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pons de Capdueil, Capduelh, Capduoill</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaud de Marueil</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaut de Mareuil</a>. <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maruelh</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marolh</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marol</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maroill</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Maruoill</a>, <a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/arnaud-de-marueil-arnaut-de-mareuil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Meruoill</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pistoleta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pistoleta</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/berenguer-de-palasol-berenguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Berenguer de Palasol, Palazol, Palol, Palou, Palafolls</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-de-barjac-peire-de-barjac.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pierre de Barjac, Peire de Barjac</a></span></p><p><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/cadenet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cadenet</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sail-de-scola-salh-sail-saill-ecole.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sail, Salh, Saill, Scola, Escola, École, Bergerac</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-de-vaqueiras-raimbaut.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rambaud, Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de Vacqueyras</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-ponc-garda-guardia-saguardia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pons, Ponç de la Garda</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-ponc-garda-guardia-saguardia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guardia</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pons-ponc-garda-guardia-saguardia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Saguardia</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/peyrols-peirols-peirol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peyrols, Peirols, Peirol</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/gaucelm-faidit.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gaucelm Faidit</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guillaume-de-saint-didier-leidier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillaume de Saint-Didier, Guillem de Sant Leidier</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guiraud-giraud-guiraut-giraut-girautz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guiraud, Giraud, Guiraut, Giraut, Girautz de Borneil, Bornelh, Bornelh, Borneill, Bornell, Borneil, Borneyll</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/hugues-uc-nuc-brunet-brunec-brunenc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hugues, Uc, Nuc - Brunet, Brunec, Brunenc</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-vidal-peire-vidal-vidals.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peire Vidal, Pierre Vidal</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-peire-d-alvernha-alverne.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peire, Pierre; Alvernha, Alverne, Auvergne</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/uc-hugues-saint-cyr-circ-1213-1257.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Uc, Hugues, Saint Cyr, Circ</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/claire-clara-anduse-anduze-anduza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Clara, Claire; Anduse, Anduze, Anduza</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/blacas-blacatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Blacas, Blacatz</a><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/uc-bacalaria.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Uc de La Bacalaria</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/uc-bacalaria.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hugues de La Bachelerie, Bachellerie</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/perdigon-perdigo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Perdigon, Perdigo</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/elias-de-barjols.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Elias de Barjols</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/raimond-de-miravals-miraval-miravalh.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raimond de Miravals, Miraval, Miravalh</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/aubert-audebert-jausbert-josbert-gausbert-monge-puicibot-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lo monge de Puicibot, Puycibot</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/la-dame-casteloze-na-castelloza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Na Castelloza, La Dame Casteloze</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/marcabrus-marcabruns-marcabrun-marcabrunela.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marcabrus, Marcabruns, Marcabrun (fill de Marcabrunela)</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/gui-uisel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gui d' Uisel</a> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/aimeri-aimeric-de-sarlat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aimeric, Aimeri de Sarlat</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/giraud-guiraut-de-calanson-calanso.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Giraud, Guiraut de Calanson, Calanso</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/giraud-giraut-guiraut-salignac-salinhac.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Giraud, Giraut, Guiraut, Salignac, Salinhac</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/raimond-raymond-ramon-ramon-vidal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raimond, Raymond, Ramon, Ramon, Vidal.</a> de Besalú</span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/deudes-daude-prades-pradas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deudes, Daude, Prades, Pradas</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guillem-magret-guillaume-maigret.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guillem Magret, Guillaume Maigret</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/aimeri-aimeric-peguilain-peguilhan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aimeri, Aimeric, Peguilain, Peguilhan</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/elias-cairels-carirel-cayrel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Elias Cairels, Cairel, Cayrel</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-cardinal-peire-cardenal-cardinal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pierre Cardinal, Peire Cardenal, Cardinal</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sordel-sordello-goito-goit.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sordel, Sordello, Goito, Goit (italiá)</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/le-moine-de-montaudon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Le moine de Montaudon</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/richard-de-barbezieux.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Richard de Barbezieux</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/blacasset.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Blacasset</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/giraud-riquier-guirautz-riquiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Giraud Riquier, Guirautz Riquiers</a> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tome 4:<br /><br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="break-before: page; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Des Tensons, des Complaintes historiques, des pièces sur les Croisades, des Sirventes historiques, des Sirventes divers, et des pièces Morales et Religieuses.<br /><br /></span></span></p><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TENSONS.<br /><br />I.<br /><br />Senher <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-orange.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raymbautz</a>, per vezer<br />De vos lo conort e 'l solatz<br />Suy sai vengutz tost e viatz,<br />Mais qu' ieu no suy per vostr' aver;<br />E vuelh saber, quan m' en irai,<br />Cum es de vos ni cossi us vai,<br />Qu' enqueron m' en lai entre nos.<br /><br />Tant ai de sen e de saber,<br />E suy tan savis e membratz,<br />Quant aurai vostres faitz guardatz,<br />Qu' al partir en sabrai lo ver:<br />S' es tals lo guaps cum hom retrai,<br />O si n' es tant, o meinhs o mai,<br />Cum aug dir ni comtar de vos.<br /><br />Gardatz vos que us sapchatz tener<br />En aisso qu' eras comensatz;<br />Quar hom, on plus aut es puiatz,<br />Plus bas <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=caure" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chai</a>, si s laissa <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=caure" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chazer</a>:<br />Pueys dizon tug que mal l' estai,<br />Per que fes, pus era non fai,<br />Qu' eras non te condug ni dos.<br /><br />Qu' ab pro manjar et ab jazer<br />Pot hom estar suau malvatz;<br />Mas de grans afans es <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=carregat" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">carguatz</a><br />Selh que bon pretz vol mantener;<br />Cove que s percas sai e lai<br />E <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2023/09/actes-titres-960.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tolha</a> e do, si cum s' eschai,<br />Quan ve que es luecx ni sazos.<br /><br />D' aisso vuelh que digatz lo ver<br />S' auretz nom drutz o molheratz,<br />O per qual seretz apelatz,<br />O 'ls <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-ii-continuacion-i.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">volretz</a> amdos retener:<br />Veiaire m' es, al sen qu' ieu ai,<br />dic, quar ben o sai,<br />Per so us o dic, quar ben o sai,<br />Qu' a dreg los auretz ambedos.<br /><br />Si voletz el segle parer,<br />Siatz en luec folhs ab los fatz:<br />Et aqui meteys vos sapchatz<br />Ab los savis gen captener;<br />Qu' aissi s cove qu' om los assai,<br />Ab ira 'ls us, l' autres ab jai,<br />Ab mal los mals, ab ben los bos.<br /><br />No us fassatz de sen trop temer,<br />Per qu' om diga: trop es senatz;<br />Qu' en tal luec vos valra foldatz<br />On sens no us poiria valer.<br />Tan quant auretz pel saur ni bai,<br />E 'l cor aissi <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=coindeta" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">coindet</a> e <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=gay" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gai</a>,<br />Grans sens no us er honors ni pros.<br /><br />Senher Rambautz, ieu m' en irai,<br />Mas vostre respost auzirai,<br />Si us platz, ans que m parta de vos.<br /><br /><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-peire-rotgiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pierre Rogiers</a>.<br /></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="background-color: white; break-before: page; color: #222222; line-height: 19.8px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="google-auto-placed" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; height: auto; text-align: center; width: 570px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7445886997317547" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 10px auto;"><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_1_host" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 570px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><iframe allow="attribution-reporting" allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!2" data-google-query-id="CKae2Mn88IEDFXQYrQYd7IwCHw" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="0" hspace="0" id="aswift_1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_1" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?npa=1&client=ca-pub-7445886997317547&output=html&h=280&adk=3720548035&adf=2037058005&pi=t.aa~a.1760093260~rp.4&w=570&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1697129616&rafmt=1&to=qs&pwprc=6087569264&format=570x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fchapurriau.blogspot.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DPierre%2BRogiers&host=ca-host-pub-1556223355139109&fwr=0&pra=3&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=40&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiMTE3LjAuNTkzOC4xNTAiLFtdLDAsbnVsbCwiNjQiLFtbIkdvb2dsZSBDaHJvbWUiLCIxMTcuMC41OTM4LjE1MCJdLFsiTm90O0E9QnJhbmQiLCI4LjAuMC4wIl0sWyJDaHJvbWl1bSIsIjExNy4wLjU5MzguMTUwIl1dLDBd&dt=1697129636685&bpp=3&bdt=9023&idt=3&shv=r20231004&mjsv=m202310100101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=2&correlator=6041928402554&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=1413555511.1685778984&ga_sid=1697129636&ga_hid=854532467&ga_fc=1&u_tz=120&u_his=3&u_h=1050&u_w=1680&u_ah=1010&u_aw=1680&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=8&adx=392&ady=1341&biw=1663&bih=901&scr_x=0&scr_y=300&eid=44759875%2C44759926%2C31078599%2C44804783%2C44805099%2C31078772%2C44804940%2C31078663%2C31078665%2C31078668%2C31078670&oid=2&pvsid=1212737562122484&tmod=1364097136&uas=3&nvt=1&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1680%2C0%2C1680%2C1010%2C1680%2C901&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=128&bc=31&td=1&nt=1&ifi=2&uci=a!2&btvi=1&fsb=1&xpc=NjvMQikus8&p=https%3A//chapurriau.blogspot.com&dtd=304" style="border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 570px;" vspace="0" width="570"></iframe></span></div></ins></div><p align="LEFT" lang="es-ES" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">II.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pierre-rogiers-peire-rotgiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peire Rogiers</a>, a trassaillir<br />M' er per vos los ditz e 'ls covens<br />Qu' ieu ai a mi dons, totz dolens<br />De chantar, que m cugei sofrir;<br />E pus sai etz a mi vengutz,<br />Chantarai, si m n' ai estat mutz,<br />Que non vuelh remaner cofes.<br /><br />Mout vos dei lauzar e grazir,<br />Quar anc vos venc cor ni talens<br />De saber mos captenemens:<br />E vuelh que m sapchatz alques dir;<br />E ja l' avers no m sia escutz,<br />S' ieu suy avols ni recrezutz,<br />Que pel ver non passetz ades.<br /><br />Quar qui per aver vol mentir,<br />Aquelh lauzars es blasmamens,<br />E torn en mals ensenhamens,<br />E s fai als autres escarnir;<br />Qu' en digz non es bos pretz saubutz,<br />Mas als fagz es reconogutz,<br />E pels fagz ven lo dir apres.<br /><br />Per me voletz mon nom auzir,<br />Quals suy o drutz; er clau las dens,<br />Qu' ades pueia mos pessamens<br />On plus de prion m' o cossir.<br />E dic vos ben qu' ieu no sui drutz,<br />Tot per so quar no sui volgutz;<br />Mas ben am, sol mi dons m' ames!<br /><br />Peire Rogiers, cum puesc sufrir<br />Qu' ades am aissi solamens?<br />Meravil me si viu de vens;<br />Tort ai, si m fai mi dons murir,<br />S' ieu muer per lieys, farai vertutz;<br />Per qu' ieu cre que, si fos perdutz,<br />Dreg agra que plus m' azires.<br /><br />Ara 'l ven en cor que m' azir,<br />Mas ja fo, qu' er autres sos sens,<br />Qu' aitals es sos captenemens;<br />Per qu' ieu lo y dei tos temps grazir,<br />Sol pel ben que m n' es escazutz.<br />Ja, no m' en vengues mais salutz,<br />Li dei tos temps estar als pes.<br /><br />Si m volgues sol tan consentir<br />Qu' ieu tos temps fos sos entendens,<br />Ab bels digz n' estera jauzens,<br />E fera m senes fag jauzir;<br />E deuria n' esser cregutz,<br />Qu' ieu non quier tan que m fos crezutz<br />Mas d' un bon respieg don visques.<br /><br />Bon Respieg, d' aut bas son cazutz;<br />E si no m recep sa vertutz,<br />Per cosselh li do que m pendes.<br /><br /><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-orange.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rambaud d' Orange</a>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Index de Tensons:<br /><br /><a href="https://choixpoesies.blogspot.com/2023/10/amicx-bernartz-del-ventadorn.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, IV, Amicx Bernartz del Ventadorn</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-ara-m-digatz-rambautz-si-vos-agrada.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Ara m digatz Rambautz si vos agrada</a>,<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vi-gaucelm-faiditz-ieu-vos-deman.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VI, Gaucelm Faiditz ieu vos deman</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vii-perdigons-vostre-sen-digatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VII, Perdigons, vostre sen digatz</a>,<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-n-uc-de-la-bachallaria-cosselhatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VIII, N Uc de la Bachallaria</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ix-gausselm-no-m-puesc-estener.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IX, Gausselm no m puesc estener</a>,<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/x-n-elias-conseill-vos-deman.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">X, N Elias conseill vos deman</a>, <br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-peire-vidal-pois-far-m-aven-tenson.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XI, Peire Vidal, pois far m' aven tenson</a>,<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-en-raymbautz-ses-saben.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XII, XII, En Raymbautz, ses saben</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-senher-blacatz-de-domna-pro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIII, Senher Blacatz, de domna pro</a>,<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-gui-d-uiselh-be-m-peza-de-vos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIV, Gui Uiselh be m peza de vos</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-digatz-bertrans-de-san-felitz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XV, Digatz, Bertrans de San Felitz</a></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-us-amicx-et-un-amia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVI, Us amicx et un' amia,</a><br /><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-amicx-n-albertz-tensos-soven.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVII, Amicx N Albertz, tensos soven</a> <br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xviii-monges-digatz-segon-vostra-sciensa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVIII, Monges, digatz, segon vostra sciensa</a><br /><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-l-autr-ier-fuy-en-paradis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIX, L' autr' ier fuy en paradis,</a><br /><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-autra-vetz-fuy-parlamen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XX, Autra vetz fuy a parlamen</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Complaintes Historiques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascus plor e' <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=planh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">planh</a> son <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/gaucelm-faidit.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dampnatge</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sa <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/rambaud-de-vaqueiras-raimbaut.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">malanansa</a> e sa dolor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu las! n' ai en mon <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=coratge" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">coratge</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan gran ira e tan gran <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=tristor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tristor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja, mos jorns, planh ni <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=plorat" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plorat</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aurai lo valen <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=prezat" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">prezat</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pros Vescomte, que <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=mortz" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mortz</a> es,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/guillaume-de-beziers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bezers</a>, l' ardit e 'l <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=cortes" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cortes</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo gai e 'l mielh adreg e 'l <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=bon" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bon</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l melhor cavallier del <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=mon" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mon</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mort l' an, et anc tan gran otratge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vi hom, ni tan gran error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais far, ni tan gran estranhatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu et a nostre senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum an fag <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">li can renegat</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del fals <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/07/associacio-catalanista-matarranya-ascuma-calaceite-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">linhatge de Pilat</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' an mort; e pus dieus mort pres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per nos a salvar, semblans es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lui, qu' es passatz al sieu pon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per los sieus estorser laon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mil cavallier de gran linhatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mil dompnas de gran valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iran per la sua mort a ratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mil borzes e mil servidor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que totz foran gent heretat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'lh visques, e ric et honrat:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es mortz, ai dieus! quals dans es!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guardatz quals etz ni quo us es pres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni selhs qui l' an mort qui ni don,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' eras no ns acuelh ni ns respon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A senhor tan fort deu salvatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esser, al gran et al menor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan del sieu honrat senhoratge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nos membrara e de l' honor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ns fetz et de la fezautat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vas selhs qu' eron a mort jutjat:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es mortz, ai dieus! quals dans es!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=caitieu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Caitieu</a>, cum em tug a mal mes!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vas qual part tenrem, ni ves on</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Penrem port, tot lo cor m' en fon!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ric cavallier, ric de <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/06/capitol-xcviii-gloriosa-magdalena-lancant-arreus-plora-cor-peccats.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">linatge</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ric per erguelh, ric per valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ric per sen, ric per vassallatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ric per dar e bon servidor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ric d' erguelh, ric d' umilitat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ric de sen e ric de foldat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belhs e bos, complitz de totz bes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc no fo <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-disenado-coches.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nulhs hom</a> que us valgues;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdut avem en vos la fon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don tug veniam jauzion.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh dieu prec que fetz <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/09/cien-nombres-dios-cent-noms-deu-1-19.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">trinitat</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De se mezeis en deitat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el cel, on lo maior gaugz es,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meta l' arma, e non li pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a totz selhs qui pregatz son</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De son ben soccor' et aon.</span></p><p><span style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume, moine de Beziers.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccmed_0007-9731_1968_num_11_44_1461" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccmed_0007-9731_1968_num_11_44_1461</a><br /><br /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viscounts_of_B%C3%A9ziers" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viscounts_of_B%C3%A9ziers<br /></a><br /><br />Index:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/mon-chan-fenisc-dol-maltraire.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, mon chan fenisc ab dol et ab maltraire</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-si-cum-sel-qu-es-tan-grevatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, Si cum sel qu es tan grevatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-fortz-chauza-es-que-tot-lo-maior-dan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Fortz chauza es, que tot lo maior dan</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-cascus-hom-deu-conoisser-et-entendre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Cascus hom deu conoisser et entendre</a><br /></span><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vi-ailas-per-que-viu-lonjamen-ni-dura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI, Ailas! per que viu lonjamen ni dura</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vii-era-par-ben-que-valors-se-desfai.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Era par ben que valors se desfai,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-anc-non-cugey-que-m-pogues-oblidar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Anc non cugey que m pogues oblidar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/belh-senher-dieus-quo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX, Belh senher dieus, quo pot esser sufritz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/planher-vuelh-en-blacatz-en-aquest-leugier-so.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X, Planher vuelh En Blacatz en aquest leugier so,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/molt-mes-greu-d-en-sordel-quar-l-es-falhitz-sos-sens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI, Molt mes greu d' En Sordel, quar l' es falhitz sos sens,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pus-partit-an-lo-cort-en-sordel-bertrans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII, Pus partit an lo cor En Sordel e 'N Bertrans</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-ab-marrimen-et-ab-mala-sabensa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIII, Ab marrimen et ab mala sabensa</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-razos-non-es-que-hom-deya-chantar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIV, Razos non es que hom deya chantar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-ples-de-tristor-marritz-e-doloiros.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XV, Ples de tristor, marritz e doloiros</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-aissi-quo-l-malanans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVI, Aissi quo 'l malanans,</span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-planhen-ploran-ab-desplazer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVII, Planhen, ploran ab desplazer</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pièces sur les croisades.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus de chantar m' es pres talens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Farai un vers don sui dolens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non serai mais obediens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peytau</a> ni de Lemozi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/04/abc-espana-aragon-chapurriau-lengua-mana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ieu m' en anarai en eyssilh</a>;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laissarai en guerra mon filh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En gran <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/02/puje-lo-dorondon-puje-la-broma-puje-la.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">paor</a> et en perilh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E faran li mal siey vezi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus lo partirs m' es aitan grieus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del seignoratge de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peytieus</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En garda de Falco d' Angieus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lais ma terra e son cozi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si Falco d' <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-27-pretensions-seconde-famille-anjou-royaume-naples-ruineux-voyages.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Angieus</a> no 'lh secor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l reys de cui ieu tenc m' onor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal li faran tug li pluzor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el veyran <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jovenet meschi</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si molt non es <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Saputo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">savis e pros</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant ieu serai partit de vos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tost l' auran abayssat en jos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fello Guasco et <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-27-pretensions-seconde-famille-anjou-royaume-naples-ruineux-voyages.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Angevi</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De proeza e de valor fui,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais ara <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nos partem abdui</a>;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu vauc m' en lay a selui</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On merce clamon <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/04/carlos-fontanet-pelegri-le-hace-otro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pelegri</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi lais tot quant amar suelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavalairia et orguelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vauc m' en lay, ses tot destuelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On li peccador penran fi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce quier a mon companho,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' and li fi tort, que lo m perdo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu prec ne Jeshu del tro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/09/choix-poesies-originales-troubadours-introduction.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">romans</a></b> et en <u>lati</u>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout ai estat cuendes e gais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas nostre seingner no 'l vol mais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar non posc plus soffrir lo fais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant soi apropchatz de la fi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz mos amicx prec a la mort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il vengan tuit al meu conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ancse amey joi e <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=deport" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">deport</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luenh de me et en mon aizi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi guerpisc joy et deport</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E var e gris e sembeli.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-troisieme-pieces-amoureuses-comte-poitiers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Comte de Poitiers</a>.<br /><br />//<br /><br />Index.<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-senhors-per-los-nostres-peccatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, senhors per los nostres peccatz</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-en-honor-del-paire-en-cui-es.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, En honor del Paire en cui es</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-er-nos-sia-capdelhs-e-guerentia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Er nos sia capdelhs e guerentia</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-so-qu-hom-plus-vol-e-don-es-plus-cochos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V, So qu' hom plus vol e don es plus cochos,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ara-sai-eu-pretz-quals-plus-gran.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI. Ara sai eu de pretz quals l' a plus gran</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/era-nos-sia-guitz-lo-vers-dieus-iheus-critz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Era nos sia guitz Lo vers dieus Iheus Critz,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-nostre-senher-somonis-el-mezeis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Nostre senher somonis el mezeis</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/pus-flum-jordan-ai-vist-monimen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX, Pus flum Jordan ai vist e 'l monimen,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/x-ara-parra-qual-seran-enveios.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X, Ara parra qual seran enveios</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-per-pauc-de-chantar-no-me-lays.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI, Per pauc de chantar no me lays,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-si-m-laissava-de-chantar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII, Si m laissava de chantar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-hueimais-no-y-conosc-razo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIII, Hueimais no y conosc razo</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-aras-pot-hom-conoisser-e-proar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIV, Aras pot hom conoisser e proar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-lo-senher-que-formet-lo-tro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XV, Lo senher que formet lo tro</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-baros-ihesus-qu-en-crotz-fon-mes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVI, Baros Ihesus qu' en crotz fon mes</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-bel-m-es-quan-la-roza-floris.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVII, Bel m' es, quan la roza floris</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/quan-lo-dous-temps-ven-e-vay-la-freydors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVIII, Quan lo dous temps ven, e vay la freydors,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-totz-hom-qui-ben-comensa-e-ben-fenis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIX, Totz hom qui ben comensa e ben fenis</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-tornatz-es-en-pauc-de-valor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX, Tornatz es en pauc de valor</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-emperaire-per-mi-mezeis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXI, Emperaire, per mi mezeis,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ira-dolor-dins-mon-cor-asseza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXII, Ira e dolor s' es dins mon cor asseza,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/el-temps-quan-vey-cazer-fuelhas-flors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII, El temps quan vey cazer fuelhas e flors,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiv-qui-vol-aver-complida-amistansa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIV, Qui vol aver complida amistansa</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ab-grans-trebalhs-marrimens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV, Ab grans trebalhs et ab grans marrimens</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes historiques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aquest guai sonet leugier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me vuelh en cantan esbaudir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom que no s dona alegrier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No sai que puesc esdevenir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu me vuelh ab joy tenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">los pros de Proensa</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui renhan ab conoissensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab belha captenensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si qu' om no 'ls en pot escarnir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De conquerre fin pretz entier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agra ieu talen e dezir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no m' en falhisson denier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E rendas, don pogues complir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los fagz qu' ieu volgra mantenir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pus a dieu non agensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu puesca far gran valensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gardar me dei de falhensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al meins, e d' aiso qu' ai servir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar pretz no demanda ni quier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab sels qui volen obezir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tant quant al poder s' afier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que hom se guart de falhir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' aisel que trop vol tenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A molt petit de sciensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar l' avers non a valensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas quar hom en trai guirensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar hom s' en pot far grazir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' emperador dreiturier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/federico-ii-hohenstaufen-emperador-que-desafio-papa_15842" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frederic</a> vuelh mandar e dir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que, si mielhs no mante l' <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=imperi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">empier</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Milan lo cuida conquerir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab grans faitz, e fai s' en auzir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don vos jur per ma crezensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pauc pretz sa conoissensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son sen e sa sabensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' en breu no l' en sap far pentir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dona sai ab cors plazentier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don negus hom no pot mal dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no tem gap de lauzengier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sap los melhors retenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab honrar et ab aculhir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan gen fenis e comensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So solatz e sa parvensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en re non hi fai falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a car nom per encarzir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na Johana d' Est agensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A totz los pros, ses falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ie m vuelh ab los pros tenir.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=Ventadour" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bernard de Ventadour</a>.<br /><br />//<br /><br />Index:<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-un-sirventes-on-motz-non-falh.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, Un sirventes on motz non falh</a></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-ges-de-far-sirventes-no-m-tartz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, Ges de far sirventes no m tartz,</a></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-pus-ventedorn-e-comborn-e-segur.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Pus Ventedorn e Comborn e Segur</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-un-sirventes-fatz-dels-malvatz-barons.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Un sirventes fatz dels malvatz barons,</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sirventes-no-qual-far-longor-ganda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VI, D' un sirventes no m qual far longor ganda,</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-coms-mandat-mogut-per-en-ramon-uc-esparro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Lo coms m' a mandat e mogut,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-rassa-mes-se-son-primier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Rassa, mes se son primier</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ix-ges-no-mi-desconort-s-ieu-ai-perdut.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX, Ges no mi desconort S' ieu ai perdut,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ieu-chan-reys-preguat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X, Ieu chan, qu' el Reys m' en a preguat</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-gent-fai-nostre-reis-liouranda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI, Gent fai nostre reis liouranda,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-pus-lo-gens-terminis-floritz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII, Pus lo gens terminis floritz</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-greu-m-es-deisendre-carcol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIII, Greu m' es deisendre carcol,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-quan-vey-pels-vergiers-desplegar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIV, Quan vey pels vergiers desplegar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-pus-li-baron-son-irat-e-lor-peza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XV, Pus li baron son irat e lor peza</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-al-dous-nou-termini-blanc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVI, Al dous nou termini blanc</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-s-ieu-fos-aissi-senhers-e-poderos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVII, S' ieu fos aissi senhers e poderos</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/miez-sirventes-vueilh-far-dels-reis-amdos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVIII, Miez sirventes vueilh far dels reis amdos,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-non-estarai-mon-chantar-non-esparja.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIX, Non estarai mon chantar non esparja,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-quan-la-novella-flors-par-el-verjan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XX, Quan la novella flors par el verjan</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-un-sirventes-farai-novelh-plazen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXI, Un sirventes farai novelh, plazen</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxii-ja-nuls-hom-pres-non-dira-sa-razon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXII, Ja nuls hom pres non dira sa razon</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiii-del-rei-d-arragon-consir.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII, Del rei d' Arragon consir,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/quor-qu-om-trobes-florentis-orgulhos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIV, Quor qu' om trobes Florentis orgulhos,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxv-sendatz-vermelhs-endis-e-ros.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV, Sendatz vermelhs, endis e ros,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxvi-bel-m-es-cant-aug-lo-resso.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVI, Bel m' es cant aug lo resso</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ab-greu-cossire-fau-sirventes-cozen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVII, Ab greu cossire Fau sirventes cozen; Bernard Sicart de Marjevols.</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/foilla-ni-flors-ni-chautz-temps-ni-freidura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVIII, Foilla ni flors ni chautz temps ni freidura</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/en-aquell-temps-reys-mori-anfos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIX, En aquell temps qu' el reys mori 'N Anfos</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/un-sirventes-faire-es-mos-pessamenz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXX, D' un sirventes faire Es mos pessamenz (Pierre de la Caravane)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxi-quant-vei-lo-temps-renovellar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXI, Quant vei lo temps renovellar, (Bertrand de Born, le fils)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxii-ja-de-far-un-nou-sirventes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXII, Ja de far un nou sirventes</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxiii-ja-no-vuelh-do-ni-esmenda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIII, Ja no vuelh do ni esmenda (Bernard de Rovenac)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/sirventes-grans-volontatz-preza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIV, D' un sirventes m' es grans volontatz preza, (Bernard de Rovenac)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxv-doas-coblas-farai-en-aqest-son.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXV, Doas coblas farai en aqest son</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxvi-seigneiras-e-cavals-armatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVI, Seigneiras e cavals armatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ja-non-creirai-en-gui-de-cavaillon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVII, Ja non creirai d' En Gui de Cavaillon</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/blog-post_18.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVIII, Estiers mon grat mi fan dir villanatge</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxix-belh-m-es-quan-d-armas-aug-refrim.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIX, Belh m' es quan d' armas aug refrim (Guillaume de Montagnagout)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xl-guerra-e-trebalhs-e-brega-m-platz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XL, Guerra e trebalhs e brega m platz, (Boniface de Castellane)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xli-gerra-mi-play-quan-la-vey-comensar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLI, Gerra mi play quan la vey comensar,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlii-peire-salvagg-en-greu-pessar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLII, Peire salvagg', en greu pessar</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xliii-de-l-arcivesque-mi-sap-bon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIII, De l' arcivesque mi sap bon</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ja-de-chantar-nulh-temps-no-serai-mutz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIV Ja de chantar nulh temps no serai mutz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlv-un-sirventes-farai-ses-alegratge.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLV, Un sirventes farai ses alegratge,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlvi-en-luec-de-verjanz-floritz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVI, En luec de verjanz floritz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ges-no-m-es-greu-s-eu-non-sui-ren-prezatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVII, Ges no m' es greu s' eu non sui ren prezatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlviii-mout-que-sovinenza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVIII, Mout a que sovinenza</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlix-entre-dos-reis-vei-mogut-et-enpres.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIX, Entre dos reis vei mogut et enpres</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/l-mout-fort-me-sui-d-un-chan-meravillatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L, Mout fort me sui d' un chan meravillatz</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/li-on-hom-plus-aut-es-pueiatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LI, On hom plus aut es pueiatz,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lii-comte-karle-ie-us-vuelh-far-entenden.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LII, Comte Karle, ie us vuelh far entenden</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/liii-al-bon-rey-qu-es-reys-de-pretz-car.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIII, Al bon rey qu' es reys de pretz car,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/liv-nostre-reys-qu-es-d-onor-ses-par.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIV, Nostre reys qu' es d' onor ses par (Bernard d' Auriac)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/francx-reys-frances-per-cuy-son-angevi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LV, Francx reys frances, per cuy son Angevi,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lvi-ancmais-per-aital-razo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVI, Ancmais per aital razo</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tant-onratz-verays-ressos-plazens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVII, Tant m' es l' onratz, verays ressos plazens,</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes divers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Index:<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/cominal-vielh-flac-playdes-garin-apchier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">I, cominal, vielh, flac, playdes</a><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-mos-cominals-fai-ben-parer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">II, mos Cominals fai ben parer</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-comtor-d-apchier-rebuzat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, Comtor d' Apchier rebuzat,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-ancmais-tan-gen-no-vi-venir-pascor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Ancmais tan gen no vi venir pascor,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-reis-pus-vos-de-mi-chantatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Reis, pus vos de mi chantatz,</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vergoigna-aura-breument-nostre-evesque-cantaire.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI, Vergoigna aura breument nostre evesque cantaire,</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vii-mout-mi-plai-quan-vey-dolenta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII, Mout mi plai quan vey dolenta</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/belh-m-es-quan-vey-camjar-lo-senhoratge.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII, Belh m' es quan vey camjar lo senhoratge,</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ix-guerra-e-trebalh-vei-et-afan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IX, Guerra e trebalh vei et afan</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/x-quan-lo-dous-temps-d-abril.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">X, Quan lo dous temps d' abril</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-sirventes-e-chansos-lais.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XI, Sirventes e chansos lais</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-ar-faray-sitot-no-m-platz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XII, Ar faray, sitot no m platz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-ara-farai-no-m-puesc-tener.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIII, Ara farai, no m puesc tener,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-no-m-agrad-iverns-ni-pascors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIV, no m agrad iverns ni pascors</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-d-un-sirventes-far-ai-gran-talen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XV, D' un sirventes a far ai gran talen,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/de-nuilla-ren-non-es-tan-grans-cardatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVI, De nuilla ren non es tan grans cardatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-tans-ricx-clergues-vey-trasgitar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVII, Tans ricx clergues vey trasgitar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/per-espassar-ira-dolor-ay-dins-mon-cor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVIII, Per espassar l' ira e la dolor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-joan-fabre-yeu-ai-fach-un-deman.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIX, Joan Fabre, yeu ai fach un deman</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-messonget-un-sirventes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XX, Messonget, un sirventes</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-pus-chai-la-fuelha-del-garric.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXI, Pus chai la fuelha del garric</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxii-belha-m-es-la-flors-d-aguilen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXII, Belha m' es la flors d' aguilen,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiii-chantarai-d-aquetz-trobadors.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIII, Chantarai d' aquetz trobadors</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiv-pus-mos-coratge-s-esclarzis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIV, Pus mos coratge s' esclarzis</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxv-auiatz-de-chan-com-enans-se-meillura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXV, Auiatz de chan com enans se meillura,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/belh-m-es-quan-vey-pels-vergiers-e-pels-pratz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXVI, Belh m' es quan vey pels vergiers e pels pratz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxvii-no-m-laissarai-per-paor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXVII, No m laissarai per paor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxviii-sirventes-vuelh-far.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXVIII, Sirventes vuelh far</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxix-greu-m-es-durar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIX, Greu m' es a durar,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxx-ieu-ai-ja-vista-manhta-rey.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXX, Ieu ai ja vista manhta rey</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/qui-se-membra-del-segle-passatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXI, Qui se membra del segle qu' es passatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxii-lo-segle-m-es-camjatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXII, Lo segle m' es camjatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/per-lo-mon-fan-los-uns-dels-autres-rancura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXIII, Per lo mon fan l' us dels autres rancura</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxiv-del-tot-vey-remaner-valor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXIV, Del tot vey remaner valor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxv-un-sirventes-fas-en-luec-de-jurar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXV, Un sirventes fas en luec de jurar,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxvi-falsedatz-e-desmezura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXVI, Falsedatz e desmezura</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ticx-hom-que-greu-ditz-vertat-e-leu-men.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXVII, Ricx hom que greu ditz vertat e leu men,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxviii-li-clerc-si-fan-pastor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXVIII, Li clerc si fan pastor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxxix-per-folhs-tenc-polles-e-lombartz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXXIX, Per folhs tenc Polles e Lombartz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xltos-temps-azir-falsetat-et-enjan.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XL. Tos temps azir falsetat et enjan,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xli-tals-cuia-be-aver-filh-de-s-espoza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLI, Tals cuia be Aver filh de s' espoza,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlii-pus-ma-boca-parla-sens.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLII, Pus ma boca parla sens</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xliii-qui-ve-gran-maleza-faire.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLIII, Qui ve gran maleza faire</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xliv-tartarassa-ni-voutor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLIV, Tartarassa ni voutor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlv-tot-atressi-com-fortuna-de-ven.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLV, Tot atressi com fortuna de ven</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlvi-tan-son-valen-nostre-vezi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLVI, Tan son valen nostre vezi,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlvii-razos-es-qu-ieu-m-esbaudey.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLVII, Razos es qu' ieu m' esbaudey,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlviii-un-sirventes-novel-vuelh-comensar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLVIII, Un sirventes novel vuelh comensar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xlix-una-cieutat-fo-no-sai-quals.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XLIX, Una cieutat fo, no sai quals,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/l-pus-peyre-d-alvernhe-chantat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">L. Pus Peyre d' Alvernhe a chantat</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/li-l-autre-jorn-m-en-pugiey-al-cel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LI, L' autre jorn m' en pugiey al cel,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lii-de-sirventes-aurai-gran-ren-perdutz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LII, De sirventes aurai gran ren perdutz,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ab-gran-dreg-son-maint-gran-seignor-del-mon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIII, Ab gran dreg son maint gran seignor del mon</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/liv-per-tot-so-c-om-sol-valer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIV, Per tot so c' om sol valer</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lv-qui-ha-talen-de-donar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LV, Qui ha talen de donar</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lvi-mon-sirventes-tramet-al-cominal.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LVI, Mon sirventes tramet al cominal</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/blog-post_20.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LVII, Cristias vey perilhar Per colpa dels regidors,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lviii-qui-m-disses-non-dos-ans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LVIII, Qui m disses, non a dos ans,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/fortz-guerra-fai-tot-lo-mon-guerreiar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIX, Fortz guerra fai tot lo mon guerreiar</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lxvertatz-es-atras-tirada.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LX, Vertatz es atras tirada</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cominal, <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vielh</a>, flac, playdes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paubre d' aver</a> et escas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant faitz malvatz sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que del respondre sui las;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l vostra cavalaria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra tota ad un dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant er so denan detras,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' avol bo e 'l bo malvas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc un bon mot non fezes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non i agues dos malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ie us tolrai vostre ses,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon chan ab que us fermiatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar chantatz ab vilania;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l comtessa m' en chastia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ten Beders e Burlas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ditz que vos rebuzas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc sagramen non tengues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tornel, quant l' avias;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni nul temps ver non disses,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si mentir non cuidavas;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anas queren tot dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om se fi, e qui se fia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenetz lo taulier e 'ls datz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del joc sabetz assatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ie us tolia Vivares,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' Argentiera e 'l Solas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lor comtes mans orbes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mezures vos hom lo vas;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quant Ponstorstz vos payssia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Sanh Laurens vos vestia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siatz totz paubres e ras,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sieus es enquer, si us plas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et avetz tan de mal pres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras e d' aissi entras,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non sai cum vos tolgues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l pe no us toli o 'l nas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O 'ls huelhs, o no us aussizia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no fos la confrairia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Chassier e de Carlas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab los pecols anaras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ii-mos-cominals-fai-ben-parer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Garin d' Apchier</a>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">II.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos Cominals fai ben parer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si 'l saubes dire ni far</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So qu' a mi degues enuiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el en faria son poder;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas jovens e poders li falh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paubreira e veillors l' assalh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' al guerrier non fai paor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non a amic ni senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no 'l tenha per enueyos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan quant ditz nostras tensos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' ieu lo vuelh ben dechazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el vuelha tolre mon chantar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non er qu' ilh don' a manjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l vuelha albergar un ser;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas metray lo chan din serralh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el soven trembl' e badalh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la verchieira de sa sor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vendet de son gay maint pastor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car lai vivia ab sos lairos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emblan las fedas e 'ls moutos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc ab armas non sap valer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom meinz, tant s' en volgues lauzar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni als guerriers, mas ab parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No saup hom meinz de dan tener;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas soven mov guerra et assalh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sels que an croz e sonalh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don mil monge dins refeitor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pregan, ploran, nostre senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en Ponstortz e 'n Sanz Laurens fos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si cum es vielhs e sofraitos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leialtat sol molt mantener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E falsetat totz temps blasmar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas al tornei la i vim laissar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del tot metr' en non chaler;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que ditz lo par de Neralh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que home que nafre e talh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E prenda son lige senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni qu' el toilla castel ni tor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l deu mantener nulhs homs pros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el no 'l mante ni 'n randos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja nulh marit non cal temer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lui, ni sa molher gardar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans lo pot laissar domneiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et estar ab leys a lezer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quals qu' el de bois vil entalh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deboissar lo pot d' aital talh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses pel, ses carn e ses color</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ses joven e ses vigor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E d' ome qu' es d' aital faysos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non deu esser maritz gelos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Garin d' Apchier.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">III.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comtor d' Apchier rebuzat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pos de chan vos es laissat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Recrezut vos lays e mat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luenh de tota benanansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vencut, de guerra sobrat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comtor, mal encompanhat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab pauc de vi e de blat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plen d' enuey e de carn ransa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aisi prenc de vos comjatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois may de mi no chantatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del vostre vielh barat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de vostra vielha pansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del nas tort, mal talhat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del veser biaisat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tal vos a dieus tornat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' anas co escut e lansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be us a breujat lo corril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monlaur que tenias per vil, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de may tro qu' en abril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos fay estar en balansa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non aves senhoril,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant aut son dur cor apil!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja us trobon en plan mil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m pren de vos pezansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Can vos clavon lo cortil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sil que us son deus lo capil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tornat de brau humil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tout chant et alegransa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' anc raubes loc mongil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara us faitz dire a mil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus e l' orde clergil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos a tout pretz et onransa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pos de chantar em al som</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aiss' ie us desampar lo nom;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot vostr' argen torn en plom,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vostr' afar desenansa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilhet pus blanc d' un colom,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be us menon de tom en tom,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no sabetz qui ni com;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tart seres mais reis de Fransa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cominal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ancmais tan gen no vi venir pascor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el ve guarnitz de solatz e de chan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz de guerra e de mazan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz d' esmay e de paor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz de gran cavalairia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ve guarnitz d' una gran manentia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tals sol pro cosselhar e dormir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ara vay gent bras levat aculhir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh m' es quan vey que boyer e pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Van si marrit q' us no sap vas o s' an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E belh quan vey que 'l ric baro metran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So don eron avar e guillador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ara dara tals que cor non avia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E montara 'l pages qu' aunir solia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que grans guerra, quant hom no i pot gandir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai mal senhor vas los sieus afranquir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab nulha gent no trob om tan d' amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tan de fe, segon lo mieu semblan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com ab los sieus, que ja no falhiran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En nulha re, sol qu' om no falha lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas a senhor qu' els sieus forsa e gualia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non pot hom fe portar ni senhoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ab los sieus qui los sap gen baillir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pot hom lo sieu gardar e conquerir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El mon non a thesaurs ni gran ricor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si' aunitz, sapchatz qu' ieu prez un guan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aitan tost mor, mas non o sabon tan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avols cum bos; e vida ses valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pretz meyns que mort, e pretz mais tota via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Honor e pretz qu' aunida manentia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar selh es folhs que se fai escarnir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selh savis que se fai gen grazir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al pro comte de Tolza mon senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prec que 'l membre qu' il valc ni qu' il tenc dan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que valha a cels que valgut l' an, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sian ric per lui bon servidor; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el savis dis que cel qui be volria </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esser amatz, ames be ses bauzia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car qui be vol baissar ni frevolhir </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos enemics, bos amics deu chauzir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bernard Arnaud de Montouc.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reis, pus vos de mi chantatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trobat avetz chantador;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan me faitz de paor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m torn a vos forsatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E plazentiers vos en son:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' aitan vos ochaizon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ueymais laissatz vostre fieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m mandetz querre los mieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no soy reis coronatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni hom de tan gran ricor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que puesc' a mon for, senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Defendre mas heretatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas vos, que li Turc felon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Temion mais que leon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reis e ducx, e coms d' Angieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sufretz que Gisors es sieus!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc no fuy vostre juratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E conoissi ma folor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tant caval milsoudor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tant esterlis pezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Donetz mon cosin Guion;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So m dizon siey companhon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tos temps segran vostr' estrieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol tant larc vos tenga dieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be m par, quan vos diziatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu soli' aver valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m laysassetz ses honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys que bon me laysavatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero dieus m' a fag tan bon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' entr' el Puey et Albusson</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puesc remaner entr' els mieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no soi sers ni juzieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senher valens et honratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m' avetz donat alhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no m sembles camjador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ves vos m' en fora tornatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas nostre reis de saison</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rend Ussoir' e lais Usson;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l cobrar es me mot lieus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu n' ai sai agut sos brieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu soi mot entalentatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos e de vostr' amor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el coms, que us fes tan d' onor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Engolmes n' es gen pagatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que Tolvera e la mayson,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A guiza de larc baron,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li donetz, qu' anc non fos grieus;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So m' a comtat us romieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reis, hueymais me veiretz pron,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tal dona m' en somon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cui soi tan finamen sieus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que totz sos comans m' es lieus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Dauphin d' Auvergne.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergoigna aura breument nostre evesque cantaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol veigna lo legatz que non tarzara gaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E farem denan lui los sirventes retraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O pels mieus o pels sieus lo cuig de l' orden traire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc mieils non o conquis lo seigner de Belcaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol dieus gart lo legat que per aver no s vaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no s vaira 'l legatz e vol gardar dreitura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades nos ostara sa falsa creatura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alverne, be us garnic de gran mal' aventura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui 'l fetz governador de la sainta escriptura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be s pot meravillar qui conois sa figura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cossi s' ausa vestir de sainta vestidura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li vestiment son saint, mas fals' es sa persona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum cel que rauba e tol e pren, e ren non dona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas vai guerra mesclan plus que 'l Turcs de Mairona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E saup mieils prezicar la comtessa d' Artona;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si fos nostre vezis lo legatz de Narbona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais non portera anel ni crossa ni corona.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc tan fals coronat non ac en esta terra;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grans meravilla es cum tota gens non erra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que nuills hom son amic ses aver non sosterra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan pot tant donar, costa il mil solz la bera;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab deniers dels mortz alonga al rei sa guerra:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan l' azire dieus cum el ama Englaterra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Englaterra ama el ben e fai gran fellonia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lo reis l' a cregut de mais qu' el non avia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant el li promes que del frair' el creiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fetz li frangner Mausac, quan lo reis lo tenia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal portara honor al rei ni seignoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois no la porta a dieu ni a sa preueiria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' evesques me dis mal segon sa fellonia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu li port ades honor e cortesia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas s' ieu dir en volgues so qu' ieu dir en sabria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El perdria l' evescat et ieu ma cortesia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Dauphin d' Auvergne.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout mi plai quan vey dolenta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La malvada gent manenta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab paratge mov contenta;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m plai quan los vey desfar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De jorn en jorn vint o trenta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls trop nutz ses vestimenta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E van lur pan acaptar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' ieu ment, m' amia m menta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilas a costum de trueia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de gent viure s' enueia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant en gran ricor pueia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' aver lo fai folleiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que 'l deu hom la tremueia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totas sazos tener vueia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l deu del sieu despensar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E far sufrir vent e plueia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui son vilan non aerma</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En deslialtat lo ferma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' es fols qui be no 'l merma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan lo vetz sobrepuiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vilas, pus si conferma</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En tan ferm loc si referma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De maleza non a par,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot quan cossec aderma.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja vilan non deu hom planher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l vetz bras o camba franher</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ren de sos ops sofranher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vilan, si dieus m' ampar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cel que pus li pot tanher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per planher ni per complanher,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nuls hom no 'l deu ajudar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enans deu lo fag refranher.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rassa, vilana tafura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plena d' enjan e d' uzura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' erguelh e de desmezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur faitz non pot hom durar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieu geton a non cura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E leialtat e drechura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adam cuion contrafar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus lur don mal' aventura!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand de Born.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh m' es quan vey camjar lo senhoratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls viels laisson als joves lurs maizos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quascus pot laissar en son linhatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitans d' efans que l' us puesc' esser pros:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adoncs m' es belh qu' el segle renovelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mielhs que per flor, ni per chantar d' auzelh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui dona ni senhor vol camjar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielh per jove ben deu renovelar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc dona pus capelaya,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha quan cavalier non a;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc si de dos drutz s' apaya,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha si avols hom l' o fa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc s' ama dins son castelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha mal' ha ops de fachelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielha la tenc pos l' ennueion juglar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es vielha quan trop vuelha parlar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves dona que sap honrar paratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves per bos fagz quan los fa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quant a adreg coratge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vas bon pretz avol mestier non a;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan guarda son cors belh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves dona quan be s capdelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan no y cal devinar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab belh jovent se guart de mal estar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves es hom que lo sieu ben enguatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves quant es ben sofraitos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan pro 'l costa ostatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves quan fa estraguat dos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quant art l' arqua e 'l vaixelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai estorn e vouta e sembelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jove se te quan li plai domneiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es joves quan ben l' aman juglar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vielhs es ricx hom quan re no met en guatge, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li sobra blat e vis e bacos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vielh lo tenc liura huous e formatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A jorn carnal si e sos companhos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vielh quan viest capa sobre mantelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vielh si a caval qu' om sieu apelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Viels es quan vol un jorn en patz estar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vielhs si pot guandir ses baratar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sirventesc port e vielh e novelh, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnaut juglar, a Richart qu' el capdelh, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ja thesaur vielh no vuelh' amassar, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab thesaur jove pot pretz guazanhar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand de Born.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerra e trebalh vei et afan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sofrir a mant baron truan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pauc m' es del dol e menz del dan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m vueilh alegrar chantan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ab joi vauc et ab joi pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pensamens no m' enpacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni sabers no m fai sofracha</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De far un novel sirventes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerra m plai, sitot guerra m fan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amors e ma domna tot l' an;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar per guerra vei trair' enan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cortz e domnei, solatz e chan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerra fai de vilan cortes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m plai guerra ben facha, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m plai quan la trega es fracha </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels Esterlins e dels Tornes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esterlins e Tornes camjan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tollen e meten e donan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veirem de ill dui reis, ans d' un an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo menz croi, segon mon semblan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero 'l senhers coms, ducs, marques,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' a ben sa pegnora tracha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas metre lo fan per gaicha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So dizon Gascon et Engles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En breu veirem qual mais poiran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sofrir lo maltrach e 'l mazan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant caval bai e mant ferran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veirem e mant elm e mant bran,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mant colp ferir demanes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant bratz, manta testa fracha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant mur, manta tor desfacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mant castel forsat et conques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges non crei Frances ses deman</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tengan lo deseret que fan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tort a mant baron presan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero meravilha m don gran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del seinhor dels Aragones,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ab lor dan non destacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueis sai nos ades a pacha</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desmandat a coms, duc, marques.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui s vuelha n' aia mal o bes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O enpacha, o desenpacha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O bratz rotz, o testa fracha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tan m' es del mort com del pres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gay mi ten una bella res,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avinens, joves, ben facha,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ab lei aital pacha</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com an Pisan ab Genoes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand de Born.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan lo dous temps d' abril</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fa 'ls arbres secs fulhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls auzelhs mutz cantar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascun en son lati,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben volgr' aver en mi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poder de tal trobar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum pogues castiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las domnas de falhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mal ni dan no m' en pogues venir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu cugiey entre mil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una lial trobar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan cuiava sercar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totas an un trahi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan o atressi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Col laire al bendar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que demanda son par</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sas antas sofrir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el mazans totz sobre lui no s vir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant an prim e subtil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur cor per enganar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' una non pot estar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sa par non gali;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys s' en gab e s' en ri,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan la ve folleiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui d' autruy afar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si sap tan gent formir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben es semblans qu' el sieu sapch' enantir. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selha que del fil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sos ops no pot far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad autra en fai filar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ja peior mati</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us qual de mal vezi;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que so qu' avetz plus car</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos faran azirar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tal ren abelhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de mil ans no vos poiretz jauzir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si las tenetz tan vil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que las vulhatz blasmar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sempre us iran jurar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sobre las dens N Arpi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que so qu' om ditz que vi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s fai a consirar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E saubran vos pregar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan gent ab lur mentir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lurs enjans nulhs hom no s pot guandir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui en loc feminil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuia feutat trobar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben fai a castiar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu dic qu' en loc cani</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vai ben sercar sai:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui vol comandar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al milan ni baillar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos poletz per noyrir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja us dels grans no m don pois per raustir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Rainartz d' Isengri</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s saup tan gent venjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan lo fetz escorjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E il det per escarnir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capel e gans, com ieu fas quan m' azir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Donas, pois castiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us voletz de falhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amtas e dans vos n' aven a sufrir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Pierre de Bussignac.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes e chansos lais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tot quan suelh far ni dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja no 'n parlarai mais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar des que fui natz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi sui trebalhatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum pogues mi dons defendre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels manens malvatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tot es niens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' aurs e l' argens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El vis e 'l fromens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai ves si atraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dona de mal aire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' am e la bais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que 'l senhorey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot s' es de malvada ley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jamais feutres ni gambais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solatz, ni motz que fan rire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni torneys, on hom s' eslais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No seran prezatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Servitz ni honratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per elms ni per escutz fendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals temps es tornatz!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar s' etz belhs e gens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larcx et avinens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non etz manens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vos valra gaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us fals d' avol aire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilas e putnais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Part vos non estey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab deniers que tenha e maney.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era 'n faran colh e cais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m vau josta lor assire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las falsas, cui dieus abais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et er me vedatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo joys e 'l solatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar conosc e sai entendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las lurs malvestatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys las avols gens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diran entre dens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu sui mal dizens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu, per mon paire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuiava lur traire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pel don lur nais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malvestatz, e vey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per un lur en naisson trey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un pauc estan en bon plais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan si podon escondire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al prim que jovens las pais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro qu' es aut montatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur pretz ves totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pueys lo fan bas deyssendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab lur orretatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En fan per totz sens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lurs drutz conoyssens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu serai lens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tornar al laire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m' en puesc estraire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar totz malvatz fais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Porta qui las crey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E parec en la cub' al rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges ab donas no m' irais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ja negus no s cossire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu per lur mal dir engrais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan suy iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan vey lur beutatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lay, on no s' eschay, despendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ay ajustatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitals motz cozens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur es grans sens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E castiamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar quant aug retraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La foudatz ni braire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cove que s biais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que no folley,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans fassa so que ben l' estey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mielhs mi vai qu' al rey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que m melhur e non sordey.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre de Bussignac.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar faray, sitot no m platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantar verses ni chansos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes en son joyos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai qu' en seray blasmatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas del senhor suy servire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per nos suferc martir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en crotz deynhet morir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu no m tem de ver dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vey qu' el temps s' es camjatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls auzelletz de lurs sos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paratges que chai jos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vilas coutz son prezatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clercx e Frances cuy azire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu per ver vey dregz delir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E merces e pretz veuzir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus m' en do so qu' ieu 'n dezire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es grans lur cobeytatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dreytura n' es al jos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et enjans e tracios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es dreitz per elhs apellatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don pretz, dos, solatz e rire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franh, e vezem car tenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los malvatz que ges servir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non podon dieu ni ver dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu suy al cor iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar aissi s pert ad estros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sofracha d' omes bos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquest segle ves totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vey qu' hom met en azire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drechura per fals mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l tort ans qu' el drech escrir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mals enans qu' el bes dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joglars, ben son desamatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La flor dels valens baros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuy cortz, dompneyars e dos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plazion joys e solatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' er, si re als voletz dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos pessaran descarnir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ja no 'ls pot abellir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aver aver lur tolh rire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo valens coms, sens fench dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mante pretz e s fa grazir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Astarac, e 'l platz servir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E donar e joy e rire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Anelier de Toulouse.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara farai, no m puesc tener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un sirventes en est son gay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab bos motz leus per retener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot chantar cum sol no m play;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar li ric son tan non chalen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el pretz ne perdon d' aquest mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar cobeytatz los vay vensen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don proeza s bayssa e s cofon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar aras no ven a plazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joys ni deportz ni pretz veray,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enans creys malvestatz per ver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E falsetatz contra ver vay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paratges pren aunimen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vilas coutz on totz be s fon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tan son ples de mal talen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot bon fag de lor s' escon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui vol de lor grat aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Er ses merce ab cor savay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fara tot fach per aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que n' aya, que pueys n' er may</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Honratz e tengutz per paren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sia vengutz no sai don;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' er non es prezatz hom valen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si non a pro de que s' aon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas us enfans cobra poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es a paratge lums e ray,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ses elh no pogra valer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans er al bas per tos temps may,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tant a pres gran honramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De selhs de qui fetz planqua e pon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eychanple tal qu' ab cor temen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son Frances, quar tan prop li son.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don prec Ieshu Crist que poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li don e qu' el garde, si 'l play,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que clercx no 'l puescon dan tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab fals prezicx totz ples d' esglay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tant es grans lur trichamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el fuecx enfernals plus preon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardran, quar volon tant argen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' hom peccaire fan cast e mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A la gleiza falh son saber,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vol los Frances metre lay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On non an dreg per nulh dever,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gieton cristias a glay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per lengatge sens cauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar volon lo segle redon;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero en camp clercx non aten,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas de perdon daran un mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo coms a laus de tota gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' Astarac, e s' espenh amon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son pretz, et a en dar talen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E flac cor ab luy no s' apon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Anelier de Toulouse.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m' agrad' iverns ni pascors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni clar temps ni fuelhs de guarricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar mos enans me par destricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E totz mos magers gaugz dolors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son maltrag tug mei lezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dezesperat mei esper;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si m sol amors e dompneys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tener guay plus que l' aigua 'l peys;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus d' amdui me sui partitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum hom eyssellatz e marritz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot' autra vida m sembla mortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tot autre joy desconortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus d' amor m' es falhida 'l flors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l dous frug e 'l gras e l' espicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don jauzi' ab plazens predicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pretz m' en sobrav' et honors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m fazia entr' els pros caber,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era m fai d' aut en bas chazer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si no m sembles fols esfreys,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc flama tan tost non s' esteys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu for' esteyns e relenquitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E perdutz en fagz et en digz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo jorn que m venc lo desconortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no m merma, cum que m' esfortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero no m comanda valors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si be m sui iratz et enicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu don gaug a mos enemicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan qu' en oblit pretz ni lauzors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ben puesc dan e pro tener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai d' irat jauzens parer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai entr' els Latis e 'ls Grezeis:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l marques, que l' espaza m ceis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerreye lai blancs e droguitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anc pus lo mons fo bastitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fes nulha gens tan d' esfortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum nos, quan dieus nos n' ac estortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belhas armas, bos feridors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Setges e calabres e picx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E traucar murs nous et anticx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E venser batalhas e tors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vey et aug, e non puesc vezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ren que m puesc' ad amor valer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vauc sercan ab rics arneys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guerras e coytas e torneys,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don sui, conquerenz, enrequitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus joys d' amor m' es falhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz lo mons me par sol uns ortz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mos chans no m' es mais conortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo Marques vey honrat e sors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Campanes, e 'l coms Enricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sicar, Montos e Salanicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Costantinople socors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar gent sabon camp retener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pot hom ben proar en ver;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ancmais nulha gent non ateys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan gran honor apareys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per bos vassals, valens, arditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nostr' emperi conqueritz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus trameta nos esfortz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' elh se trai' a cap nostre sortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Alixandres no fetz cors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni Karles ni 'l reys Lodoycx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant honrat; ni 'l coms N Aimericx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni Rotlan ab sos ponhedors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No saubron tan gen conquerer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan ric emperi per poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum nos, don pueia nostra leys;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' emperadors e ducx e reys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avem fagz, e castels garnitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pres dels Turcx e dels Arabitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ubertz los camis e 'ls portz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Brandis tro al bratz Sanh Jortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs que m val conquitz ni ricors?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu ja m tenia per plus ricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant era amatz e fis amicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m payssia cortes' amors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' amava mais un sol plazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sai gran terr' e gran aver;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ades on plus mos poders creys,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N' ai maior ir' ab me mezeis;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus mos Belhs Cavaliers grazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E joys m' es lunhatz e faiditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don no m venra jamais conortz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' es mager l' ira e plus fortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belhs dous Engles, francx et arditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cortes, essenhatz, essernitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos etz de totz mos gaugz conortz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar viu ses vos fatz esfortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vos er Damas envazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Jerusalem conqueritz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l regnes de Suria estortz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els Turcx o trobon en lur sortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los pelegris perjurs faiditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que nos an sai en camp gequitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui los manten en cort es tortz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quascus val meins vius que mortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rambaud de Vaqueiras.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un sirventes a far ai gran talen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E farai lo, si dieus me benezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot lo mon vey tornar en nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que negus hom l' us en l' autre no s fia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans si m sirvetz, vos farai ab falsia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro que us aya fach lo vostre perden,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aissi a gran desconoissemen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que ns dona dieus gran mal quascun dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de tot be frachura e carestia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De la gleysa vos dic primeiramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que y corr engans, e far non o deuria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar cobeitatz la lassa e la pren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per deniers perdonon que que sia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E prezicon la gens la nueg e 'l dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non aion enveya ni talen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De nulha ren, mas ges elhs non an sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E devedon renou e raubaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elhs fan lo, e d' elhs pren hom la via.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A legistas vey far gran falhimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E corr entr' elhs grans bautucx e bauzia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot bon dreg fan tornar a nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan tener de tort la dreyta via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi dampno l' arma e la via;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que n' iran trastug a perdemen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins en yfern, e sofriran turmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu dolor e peior malautia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En escurdat, ab fera companhia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En totz mestiers vey far galiamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que y corra nulha mercadaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar messorguier son compran e venden,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ses mentir negus hom no us vendria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gieton dieu e la verge Maria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En messorgas per cobeitat d' argen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ailas! caytiu, quo no son conoyssen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que als deniers donon tal senhoria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que perdon dieu qu' els ten totz en bailia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar vey lo mon mal e desconoyssen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E senes fe e de tot avol guia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom paupres non troba ab manen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nulh' amistat, si gazanh no y vezia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E doncx aisselh que ns a formatz e ns cria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sofri mort oltra son mandamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faym quascun jorn, e faym dieu de l' argen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per deniers lo meten en oblia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a la fin negus non porta mia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ancmais non ayc coratge ni talen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De repentir, mas aras si podia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar quascun jorn propcham del fenimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que quascus cofessar si deuria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar gran signe en vi antan un dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ploc terra e sanc verayamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so degram aver bon pessamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que valgues a son par qui podia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi quascus s' emendaria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mon Azaut vai corren e ten via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mo sirventes, quar es flors de joven,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sobre totz yssaussa son pretz gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa valor e sa gaya paria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et agradans es en tot luec on sia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pons de Teza, dieu prec que us benezia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar a totz etz de belh aculimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quascun jorn creyssetz vostr' onramen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu me suy mes en vostra bailia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar bona fi fai qui ab bon arbre s lia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pons de la Garde.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De nuilla ren non es tan grans cardatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum d' omes pros, e car n' es carestia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai n' a plaigner uns pros qan se cambia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et eu dic lo pel vescomt de Burlatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' auzit ai dir q' es de bon pretz camjatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car no il platz jes aitan cum sol valors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eu non dic jes per so q' a mal so tenga,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enanz o fatz per respeig que reveigna;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vida es anta e desonors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui non a pretz segon q' es sa ricors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom non es tan pros ni tan prezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non aia blasme de cui que sia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si us fols li ditz mal per follia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jes per aisso no s tenga per blasmatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enanz s' en deu tener per ben lauzatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que blasmes es del fol al pro lauzors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' eu li prec que mon conseill reteigna, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cum se sol captener se capteigna,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E laisse dir als nescis lor follors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ill conoissen en diran pro d' onors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu ai auzit mal dire d' En Blacatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per aisso non i s refrenet un dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E d' En Raimon Agout que tan valia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del marques de cui fon Monferratz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per aisso non semblet nuills iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni non tolgron benfaig a cantadors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pauc vos ama, vescoms, qui us enseigna</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de ben far hi de pretz no us soveigna;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leu aura fait vostre fins pres son cors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si non avetz amics e lauzadors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las domnas mi platz be lur honors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Caherci, e voill mal als seignors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cadenet.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tans ricx clergues vey trasgitar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aissi col trasgitaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'l filha c' an de comayre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan lur nepta al maridar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et atruep ne d' autres fols vers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que an tan d' ipocrisia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om non conoys lor bauzia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni l' enjans don lor ven l' avers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falses clergue, e cals devers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es fassas tan gran folia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' el be mostres tot dia?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es be fols doncx vostres volers!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bos pastres non deu hom preyar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sas fedas per nulh afaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que vos o vulhatz faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es pastor, fariatz a cremar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ben vol de dieu prezicar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non deu esser fols ventayre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car fols es lo prezicayre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ben ditz, e vuelha mal far;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols si no 'l destrenh temers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols qui s fenh que bos sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols sel que dieus oblia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fols qui sec sos vas plazers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On que s' an lo devis poders</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sap cal clercx fai bona via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sap be la tricharia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fals ples de totz mals sabers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sap com per otracuiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An portels tras lor repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per on intran li cofraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergonhos, can van cofessar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mal qu' ilh fan deu hom blasmar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ben grazir e retraire:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ufana non lor play gayre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que aisso lor puesc ieu lauzar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ricx manjars ni ricx jazers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni erguelh ni feunia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas empero tota via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan so c' a dieu es desplazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sel hom cui es fis pretz vers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes, e cortezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al mieu car senhor t' envia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dir qu' ie 'l prec que s gar de fals clercx;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' ieu soi sieus ses bauzia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per far e dir totz sos plazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand Carbonel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per espassar l' ira e la dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' ay dins mon cor, e per cofizamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' ay bon en dieu, fas lo comensamen </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un sirventes contra la gran folor </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fals clergue fan sotz bela semblansa; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh dizon be, mas en vey ses doptansa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh fan tot mal, don yeu ay dolor gran, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car sel que vai la lei de dieu mostran, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Degra ben far, e seguir drech semdier; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas cobeitat fay home messongier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laia cauza es tengud' al doctor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So dis Catos, can nescis lo repren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui mais val mais fay de falhimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Can falh en res, que us hom ses valor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui prezica c' ayam en dieu fiansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fassam be per la su' amistansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sertas ben dis; mas lo repres deman</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' o dis per que fai nulh fach malestan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que honestat non porta costalier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fier ni franh ni fay fach de murtrier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai! fals clergue, messongier, traidor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perjur, lairo, putanier, descrezen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant faitz de mals cascun jorn a prezen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot lo mon avetz mes en error:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Sans Peyre non tenc captal en Fransa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fes renou, ans tenc drech la balansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De liautat; no faitz vos pas senblan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per argen anatz a tort vedan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys n' absolvetz, pueys no datz empachier, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys ses argen no y trob om deslieurier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non crezantz pas silh fol entendedor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Blasme totz clercx, mas los fals solamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni d' autra part no vazan entenden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aiso digua per doptansa de lor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais que m plagra fezessan acordansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels reys que an guerr' e desacordansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si c' otra mar passessan est autr' an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l Pap' ab els; e lay fezesson tan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que crestiantat s' en dones alegrier;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E valgra may, qu' encar son sa guerrier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es ben dretz, pus ieu n' ai dich blasmor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el be qu' els fan laus e vaza dizen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drap de color e vaysela d' argen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Refudan tot per dieu nostre senhor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi 'ls gart dieus de mal e de pezansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com els non an ni erguelh ni bobansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni riquezas no van cobezeian,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni joc d' amor, mas autre dieu non an:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adonc mostran can veian, qu' en l' armier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' en vay l' arma e la carn el carnier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al pus privat Proensal, ses doptansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que huey viva e de mais d' alegransa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vay, sirventes, a sel on car lay van</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miey sirventes, dir qu' el pres qu' entr' enan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sosten, qu' el gart de fals clercx, car leugier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son a mal far e fals e messongier.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand Carbonel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan Fabre, yeu ai fach un deman</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ton fraire, et a m' en bel espos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G**, dis ieu, per que es fabre vos?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E respondec: Car ieu vau fabregan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aquel mestier que hom a, cal que sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O d' aquel art lo vay lo mons seguen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aysi n' a faitz dretz adhordenamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx qui foudat fay per aital semblan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dic ieu qu' es fols, c' aisi 'l jutja razos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es tracher sel que fay trassios;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es layres aysel que vay emblan:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui malvestat fay nulhs hom non poiria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolre lo nom del malvat sertamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que fay bon renhar adrechamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tu, Joan, que vey anar obran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malvayzamen, soi per sert cossiros;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu dizia que savis iest e pros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon cor dira: Bertran, tu vas faulan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que anc nulh homs mays no fetz de fulia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni d' avoleza que Joans vay fazen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En son alberc, prezen de tota gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab ta molher et ab tu va s colcan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E manj' e beu la femna d' un gibos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tos temps devetz esser fort doloiros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caitieu, dolens de ta folia gran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A joc de datz o en bordelairia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Te troba hom, cant hom te vay queren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan, per sert, mens vales de nien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz hom savis garda per adzenan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx veyas y, e cals es tos ressos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mal c' adutz fol' e vils messios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On non yray mon sirventes selan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans lo volray ensenhar cascun dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tot home per so c' an retrazen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La malvestat del teu cor recrezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan, car ieu t' ay amat ses bauzia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E t' am encars, te vau aiso dizen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' amicx non es qui non o fay parven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand Carbonel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Messonget, un sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M' as quist, e donar l' o t' ay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al pus tost que ieu poyrai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El son d' En Arnaut Plagues;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que autr' aver no t daria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non l' ay; ni s' ieu l' avia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non t' en seria amicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' era de mil marcx ricx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un denier no t' en valria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en tu non es nulha res</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De so qu' a joglar s' eschai,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tos chans no val ni play,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tos fols ditz non es res;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E croya es ta folia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E paubra ta joglaria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan que si no fos N Albricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El marques que es tos dicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nulhs hom no t' alberguaria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' una res t' es ben pres </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' aisso, qu' aras pus play, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As pus qu' anc non aguist may </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Follia e nescies;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si negus hom que sia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De ta folhor te castia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu non creiras sos casticx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar per folhor t' es abricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal que per sen no t valria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tu blasmon lo marques</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li croy joglar e 'l savay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per lo ben que elh te fay;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu vuelh qu' en Verones</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al comte tenhas la via;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal dig, que mais li valria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us braus balestiers enicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que traisses als enemicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' ieu tu li trametia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hugues de Saint-Cyr.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per solatz revelhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar es trop endormitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per pretz qu' es fayditz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aculhir e tornar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi cuyei trebalhar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas er m' en sui giquitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so quar sui falhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar non es d' acabar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum plus m' en ven voluntatz e talans, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus creys de lai lo dampnatges e 'l dans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Greu es a sofertar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A vos o dic, qu' auzitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum era jois grazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tug li benestar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hueymais podetz jurar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ja de fust no vitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vilas miels formitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estra grat cavalgar:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lagz es l' afars e greus e malestans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don hom pert dieu e reman malanans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu vi torneis mandar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E segre gens garnitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pueys dels miels feritz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una sazo parlar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es pretz de raubar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Buous, motos e berbitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavaliers si' aunitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s met a domneiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus que toca dels mans motos belans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni que rauba gleizas ni viandans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On son gandit joglar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vi gent aculhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a tal mestier fo guitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que solia guidar?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey senes reptar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anar tals escarits,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus fon bos pretz failhitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que solia menar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De companhos, e no sai dire quans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gent en arneis e bels e benestans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vi per cortz anar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De joglaretz petitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gen caussatz e vestitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol per domnas lauzar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar non auzon parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es bos pretz delitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dont es lo tortz issitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las mal razonar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diatz de quals d' elhas o d' els amans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu dic de totz, qu' el pretz n' a trag enjans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu eys que suel sonar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz pros hom issernitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estauc tant esbaitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no m sai cosselhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en luec de solassar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aug en las cortz los critz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aitan leu s' es grazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lans e de bramar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo comtes entre lor cum us bos chans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels ricx afars e dels temps e dels ans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas a cor afrancar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' es trop endurzitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non deu hom los oblitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'ls viels faitz remembrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mal es a laissar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Afar pus es plevitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l mal don sui guaritz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m qual ja mezinar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas so qu' om ve, volv e vir en balans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E prenda e lais e forss' e dams los pans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aitan me puesc vanar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc mos ostaus petitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fon d' els envazitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sels cui aug totz duptar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc no fetz mas honrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los volpils mal arditz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs mos senher chauzitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si deuria pensar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non l' es ges pretz ni laus ni bobans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu que m laus d' el sia de lui clamans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eras non plus per que no m' o demans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que blasmes er, si vau d' aissi clamans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So di 'l Dalphins que conois los bons chans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud de Borneil.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus chai la fuelha del garric</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Farai un guai sonet novelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que trametrai part Mongibel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al marques qu' el sobrenom gic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Monferrat, e pren selh de sa maire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a laissat so que conquis son paire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal resembla lo filh Robert Guiscart</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' Antiocha conques e Mongizart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marques, li monges de Clunhic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vuelh que fasson de vos capdel,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O siatz abbas de Cystelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus lo cor avetz tan mendic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mais amatz dos buous et un araire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Monferrat qu' alhors estr' emperaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben pot hom dir qu' ancmais filhs de lhaupart </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s mes en crotz a guiza de raynart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gran gaug agron tug vostr' amic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant agues laissada la pel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don folretz la capa e 'l mantelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tug cuideron estre ric</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Silh que per vos son liurat a maltraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que son tondut et an paor del raire:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascus aten socors de vostra part;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no y venetz, qui dol y a, si 'l guart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marques, li baron vair' e pic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An contra cel trait un cairel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lor tornara sus capel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de l' emperador Enric</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos dic aitan que ben sembla 'l rey Daire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sos baros gitet de lor repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dont elh ac pueys de morir gran reguart; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas mantas vetz qui s cuida calfar s' art.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo regisme de Salonic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses peirier e ses manguanel,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pogratz aver, e man castel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' autres, qu' ieu no mentau ni dic;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per dieu, marques, Rotlan dis e sos fraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Guis marques e Rainaut lur cofraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Flamenc, Frances, Burgonhos e Lombart</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Van tug dizen que vos semblatz bastart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostr' ancessor, so aug dir e retraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Foron tug pros, mas vos non soven guaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l revenir non prendetz geynh et art, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vostr' onor perdretz lo tertz e 'l quart.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Elias Cairels.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belha m' es la flors d' aguilen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant aug del fin joy la doussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fan l' auzelh novelhamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pel temps qu' es tornat en verdor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son de flors cubert li reynh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gruec e vermelh e vert e blau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De molherat ges no m' es gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s fasson drut ni amador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab las autruis van aprenden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Engienhs ab que gardon las lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selh per que hom las destrenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Port' al braguier la contraclau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilas cortes hi eis de son sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E molherat dompneiador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' azes quan brama eyssamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum fai lebriers ab son senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu no cre pros dompna denh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Far drut molherat gelos brau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molherat fan captenemen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De veziat enguanador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' autruy pan guasta e despen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' sieu met en luec salvador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selh a cuy grans fams en prenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manja lo pan que non l' abau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maritz que marit vay sufren</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu tastar d' atretal sabor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que car deu comprar qui car ven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l gelos met li guardador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys li laissa sa molher prenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un Girbaudo filh de Girbau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aqui naisson li recrezen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us non ama pretz ni valor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai! cum an abaissat joven</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tornat en tan gran error!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sest ama l' aver e l' estrenh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li folh e 'l gars son naturau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancta Maria, en Orien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guiza 'l rey e l' emperador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E faitz lor far ab la lor gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo servizi nostre senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'lh Turc conosco l' entressenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus pres per nos mort carnau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi vay lo vers definen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu que no 'l puesc far lonjor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mals mi ten e lo turmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m' a mes en tan gran languor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no suy drutz, ni drutz no m fenh, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni nulhs joys d' amor no m' esjau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus, que nasques en Betlehen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tu los capdela e 'ls acor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per lo nostre salvamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prezes en cros mort e dolor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers dieus, vers hom, vai m' accoren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trinus unus n' aor e 'n lau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non er mais drutz, ni drutz no s fenh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los pitars, ni joys non l' esjau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre d' Auvergne.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantarai d' aquetz trobadors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que chantan de manhtas colors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El sordeyor cuida dir gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas a chantar lor er alhors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' entremetre n' aug cent pastors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us no sap que i s monta o i s dissen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aisso m' er mal Peire Rogiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que n' er encolpatz premiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar chanta d' amor a presen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E covengra 'l mielhs un sautiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En la gleisa, o us candeliers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Portar ab gran candela arden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El segonz Guirautz de Bornelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sembla drap sec al solelh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab son magre chantar dolen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es chans de vielha portaselh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si s mirava en espelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s prezaria un aguilen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El tertz Bernatz del Ventadorn</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es menres d' En Bornelh un dorn;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas en son paire ac bon sirven</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per trair' ab arc manal d' alborn;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa maire calfava 'l forn,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et amassava l' issermen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El quartz de Briva 'l Lemozis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us joglaretz pus prezentis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sia tro en Benaven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E semblaria us pelegris</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malautes, quan chanta 'l mesquis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a pauc pietatz no m' en pren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Guillems de Ribas lo quins</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es malvatz defors e dedins,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dis totz sos vers raucamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu non pres ren sos retins, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' atrestan s' en faria us chins;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels huelhs sembla vout d' argen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El seizes N Elias Gausmars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es cavayers e s fai joglars;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai o mal qui lo y cossen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l dona vestirs belhs ni cars,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aitan valria 'ls agues ars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en joglaritz, s' en son ja cen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Peire Bermon se baysset,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus qu' el coms de Toloza 'l det,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc no soanet d' avinen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que fon cortes qui 'l raubet,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fe o mal, quar no 'l talhet</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquo que hom porta penden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' ochen es Bernatz de Sayssac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc negun bon mestier non ac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' anar menutz dons queren; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que despueys no 'l prezei un brac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus a 'N Bertran de Cardalhac </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Queri un mantelh suzolen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El noves es En Raymbautz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s fai per son trobar trop bautz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu lo torni a nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non es alegres ni cautz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu pres trop mais los pipautz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que van las almornas queren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Ebles de Sancha 'l dezes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cuy anc d' amor non venc bes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot se canta de Coyden;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vilanetz es e fals pages,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ditz hom que per dos poges</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai si logua e lai si ven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' onzes Guossalbo Rozitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s fai de son chan trop formitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan qu' en cavallairia s fen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anc no fon tan ben guarnitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per elh fos dos colps feritz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si doncs no 'l trobet en fugen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El dozes us petitz Lombartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que clama sos vezins coartz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas elh es d' aquelh eys parven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per q' us sonetz fai gualiartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab motz amaribotz bastartz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E luy apellon Cossezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peire d' Alvernhe a tal votz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que chanta cum granolh' en potz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lauza s trop a tota gen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero maiestres es de totz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab q' un pauc esclarzis sos motz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a penas nulhs hom los enten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo vers fo faitz als enflabotz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Poivert tot jogan, rizen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre d' Auvergne.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus mos coratge s' esclarzis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per selh joy dont ieu suy jauzens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey qu' amors part e chauzis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu n' esper estrenamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben dey tot mon chant esmerar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om re no mi puesca falsar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per pauc es hom desmentitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh en cui sest' amors cauzis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves, cortes e sapiens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selh cui refuda delis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E met a totz destruzemens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui fin' amor vol blasmar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elha 'l fai si en folh muzar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per art cuida esser peritz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So son fals jutges raubador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals molheratz e jurador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Homicidi e lauzengier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lengu' a loguat, creba mostier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aissellas putas ardens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui son d' autrui maritz cossens; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cyst auran guazanh ifernau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Homicidi e traidor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Simoniaix, encantador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luxurios e renovier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vivon d' enoios mestier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cill que fan faitilhamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E las faitileiras pudens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran el fuec arden engau.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebriaicx et escogossatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals preveires e fals abatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falsas reclusas, fals reclus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai penaran, dis Marcabrus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tuit li fals y an luec pres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car fin' amors o a promes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai er dols dels dezesperatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ay! fin' amors, fons de bontatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot lo mon enlumenatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce ti clam, lai no m' acus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Em defendas, qu' ieu lai non us,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en totz luecx me tenh per ton pres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per ton lairon en totas res;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tu esper estre guidatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon cor per aquest vers destrenh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar mi plus qu' els autres reprenh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que qui autrui vol encolpar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dregs es que si sacha guardar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sia dels crims techitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De que lieys encolpa e ditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueis poira segur castiar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero si er asatz cauzitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel que ben sap dire e 'l ditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pot si se vol remembrar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marcabrus.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auiatz de chan com enans se meillura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Marcabrus, segon s' entensa pura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sap la razo e 'l vers lassar e faire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si que autr' om no l' en pot un mot traire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero sospir, quar mouta gens abura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De malvestat, c' ades creis e peiura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aquist baro an comensat estraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E passat per un pertuis de taraire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li sordeior an del dar l' aventura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li meillor badon ves la penchura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La retraissos fai trist e sospiraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' a rebuzos fant li ric lur affaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No i a conort en joven mas trop surra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni contra mort ressort ni cobertura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ist acrupit l' an gitat de son aire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de cami per colpa de la maire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui per aver per vergonh' e mezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E giet honor e valor a non cura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segon faisson es del semblan confraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' erisson et al goz et al laire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Proeza franh e avoleza mura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no vol joi cuillir dins sa clauzura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreitz ni razo no i vei mais tener guaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan per aver es un gartz emperaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coms de Peiteus, vostre pretz s' asegura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a 'N Anfos de sai, si gaire ill dura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai Avignon e Proensa e Belcaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De meils per sieu no fes Tolzan son paire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' aquest N' Anfos far contenensa pura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni envas mi fai semblan de frachura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai vas Leo en sai un de bon aire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Franc de sazo, cortes e larc donaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De malvestat los gart sanct' escriptura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no lur fassa c' a floquet ni peintura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel qu' es e fo regom, recx e salvaire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La sospeiso del rei 'n Anfos m' esclaire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marcabrus.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belh m' es quan vey pels vergiers e pels pratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tendas e traps, e vey cavals armatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey talar ortz e vinhas e blatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey gienhs traire, e murs enderrocatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aug trompas e grans colps dels nafratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mal lur grat meto 'ls en las postatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aital guerra m' agrada mais que patz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non tals treguas ont hom si' enganatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot aisso dic per l' Enfant d' Arago;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E deu aver nom Enfant per razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar leu s' ave qu' enfans fa fallizo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elh falhi quant aucis son baro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Raymon Guillem, qu' anc treguas no 'l tenc pro,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni en sa cort jutjamens datz no 'l fo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que totz selhs a cuy elh treguas do</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Devon duptar aquelh enfant fello.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Treguas trencar escien esta lag</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant a fe no s' emenda 'l forfag;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que l' enfant a fag un sol assag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab un mal sag qu' als Catalas a fag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dizon tug qu' om de selhs treguas gag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' el son cors y fo mes en fol plag;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a filh de rey esta mal atrazag,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant ampara nulh offici de sag.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aissi par qu' el sag no fon certas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar n' a lauzor d' aul gent e de vilas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gran blasme de totz los sobiras;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si d' est sag no s clamon Catalas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom los tenra totz per flacx e per vas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E plus suffrens que negus hermitas;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E meta hi quascus per si sas mas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostenra pus que rabia de cas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al vescomte de Cardona despley</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sirventes, ans que alhors desrey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mai vol pretz que laire pres mercey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar en valor se banha, don ieu crey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pro a pretz, qui s vuelha so plaidey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot vescomte qui n' a egal d' un rey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A gran poestat esta mal, fe que us dey, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que trenc treguas ni que tan lag desrey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de guerra no s pot honrar lo rey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trencan treguas, o vol tornar so crey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bernard de Rovenac.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m laissarai per paor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' un sirventes non labor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En servizi dels fals clergatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant sera laboratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conoisseran li plusor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' engan e la fellonia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mov de falsa clerzia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lai on an mais forsa ni poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan plus de mal e plus de desplazer.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquist fals prezicador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An mes lo segl' en error,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il fan los mortals peccatz:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois cill cui an prezicatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan so que ven far a lor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tuit segon orba via;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs si l' uns orbs l' autre guia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non van amdui en la fossa cazer?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si fan, so dis dieus, qu' ie 'n sai ben lo ver.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers es que notre pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son tornat lop raubador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il rauban deves totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mostran semblan de patz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E confortan ab doussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los oveillas noit e dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois quant las an en bailia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ill las fan morir e dechazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ist fals pastor, don eu m' en desesper.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois fan autre desonor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al segle, et a dieu maior;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s' uns d' els ab femna jatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lendeman tot orrejatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenra 'l cors notre seignor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es mortals eretgia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que nuls preire no deuria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab sa putan orrejar aquel ser</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lendeman deia 'l cors dieu tener.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si vos en faitz clamor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran vos encusador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E seretz n' escumeniatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni, s' aver non lor donatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab els non auretz amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni amistat ni paria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vergena, sancta Maria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Domna, si us platz, laissatz me 'l jorn vezer </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els puosca pauc doptar e mens temer!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vai sirventes, ten ta via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E di m' a falsa clerzia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aicel es mortz qui s met en son poder; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a Tolosa en sab hom ben lo ver.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Figueiras.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes vuelh far</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En est son que m' agensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l vuelh plus tarzar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni far longu' atendensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai, ses duptar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en aurai malvolensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car fauc sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fals d' enjans ples,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Roma que es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caps de la dechasensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On dechai totz bes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m meravilh ges,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, si la gens erra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el segl' avetz mes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En trebalh et en guerra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car pretz e merces</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mor per vos e sosterra:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma enganairitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' etz de totz mals guitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sims e razitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo bon reys d' Anglaterra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fon per vos trahitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma trichairitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cobeitatz vos engana,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a vostras berbitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tondetz trop la lana;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sayns Esperitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que receup carn humana</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entenda mos precx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E franha tos becx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, e no m' en precx, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar yest falsa e trefana </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vas nos e vas Grecx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom', als homes pecx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rozetz la carn e l' ossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E guidatz los secx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab vos ins en la fossa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trop passatz los decx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu, quar es tan grossa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostra cobeitatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vos perdonatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per deniers peccatz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De trop mala trasdossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, vos cargatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be sapchatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vostr' avols barata</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vostra foldatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fetz perdre Damiata.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malamen renhatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, dieus vos abata</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En dechazemen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tan falsamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Renhatz per argen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, de mal' escata</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es ab fals coven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, veramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sabem senes duptansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab gualiamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De falsa perdonansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Liuretz a turmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo barnatge de Fransa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La gent de Paris;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l bon rey Loys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vos fon aucis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab falsa prezicansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">'L gitetz del pays.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom', als Sarrazis </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz petit de dampnatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas Grecx e Latis </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geratz a carnalatge: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins el foc d' abis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, avetz vostr' estatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n perdicio;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ja dieus no m do,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del perdo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni del pellegrinatge</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fetz d' Avinho.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ses razo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avetz manta gent morta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ges no m sap bo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tenetz via torta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a salvatio,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, serratz la porta;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' a mal govern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' estiu e d' ivern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui sec vostr' estern,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el diables l' enporta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins el foc d' ifern.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ben dessern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los mals qu' om ne pot dire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar faitz per esquern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels crestias martire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas en qual cazern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trobatz qu' om dey' aucire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, 'ls crestias?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers dieus e vers pas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vers cotidias</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me don so qu' ieu dezire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vezer dels Romas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, vers es plas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que trop etz angoissoza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels prezicx trefas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que faitz sobre Toloza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lag rozetz las mas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ley de cer rabioza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als paucs et als grans:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si 'l coms prezans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Viu encar dos ans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fransa n' er doloirosa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels vostres enjans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, tant es grans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La vostra forfaitura, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus e sos sans </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En gitatz a non cura, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant etz mal renhans, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma falsa e tafura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' en vos s' escon </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s baissa es cofon </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' enguan d' aquest mon, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant faitz gran desmezura </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al comte Ramon!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, dieus l' aon, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l don poder e forsa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al comte que ton</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los Frances e 'ls escorsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls pen e 'n fai pon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant ab luy fan comorsa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a mi plai fort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, dieus recort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li vostre gran tort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l plai, qu' el coms n' estorsa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos e de mort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be m conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' abans que trigue guaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venretz a mal port,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si l' adreitz emperaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Endressa sa sort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai so que deu faire:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ieu dic ver,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vostre poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veyretz dechazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus, del mon salvaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lais m' o tost vezer!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, per aver </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz manta fellonia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mant desplazer, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E manta vilania;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan voletz aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon la senhoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que res non temetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu ni sos devetz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans vei que fairetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais qu' ieu dir non poiria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mal per un detz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, tan tenetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estreg la vostra grapa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que so que podetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tener, greu vos escapa; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'n breu non perdetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poder, a mala trapa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es lo mon cazutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mortz e vencutz. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, la vostra papa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai aitals vertutz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, selh qu' es lutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon e vera vida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vera salutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos don mal' escarida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tans mals saubutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz, don tot lo mons crida.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma desleyals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Razitz de totz mals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els focs yfernals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardretz, senes falida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si non pessatz d' als.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, als cardenals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos pot hom ben rependre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per los criminals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peccatz que fan entendre; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non pensan d' als</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas cum puoscan revendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu e sos amicx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y val casticx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, grans fasticx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es d' auzir e d' entendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los vostres prezicx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ieu suy enicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vostre poders monta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar grans destricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz ab vos nos afronta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar vos etz abricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E capdelhs de gran anta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de dezonor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vostre pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son fals e trachor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, e qui 'ls acointa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai trop gran folhor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, mal labor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fa 'l papa, quar tensona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab l' emperador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l dreg de la corona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li met en error,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a sos guerriers perdona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aitals perdos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui non siec razos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, non es bos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans qui 'l ver en razona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es trop vergonhos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, 'l glorios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sufri mort e pena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En la crotz per nos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vos don la mala estrenha;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar totas sazos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Portatz la borsa plena,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, d' avol for;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot vostre cor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avetz en tezor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don cobeitatz vos mena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El foc que non mor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del mal cor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que portatz en la gola</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nais lo sucx don mor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons e s' estragola</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab dossor del cor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el savis tremola,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar conois e ve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mortal vere,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de lai on ve,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del cor vos cola</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don li pietz son ple.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ben ancse</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A hom auzit retraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el cap sem vos te,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el faitz soven raire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que cug e cre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ops vos auria traire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, del cervel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de mal capel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etz vos e Cystelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a Bezers fezetz faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mout estranh mazelh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rom', ab fals sembelh </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tendetz vostra tezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E man mal morselh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manjatz, qui que l' endura;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car' avetz d' anhelh</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab simpla guardadura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dedins lop rabat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serpent coronat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vibra engenrat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el diable us apella</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com al sieu privat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Figueiras.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Greu m' es a durar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar aug tal descrezensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dir ni semenar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no m platz ni m' agensa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om non deu amar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui fai desmantenensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A so don totz bes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ven e nais et es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salvamens e fes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu farai parvensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En semblan que m pes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us meravilhes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negus, si eu muov guerra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab fals mal apres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a son poder soterra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz bos faitz cortes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls encauss' e 'ls enserra:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trop se fenh arditz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de Roma ditz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal, qu' es caps e guitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De totz selhs qu' en terra</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An bos esperitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Roma es complitz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz bes, e qui 'ls li pana</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos sens l' es falhitz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar si meteys enguana, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' elh n' er sebellitz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don perdra sa ufana: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus auia mos precx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que selhs qu' an mals becx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joves e senecx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra la ley romana,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caion dels bavecx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, selhs per pecx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenc totz e per gent grossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per orbs e per secx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur carns e lur ossa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cargon d' avols decx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don caion en la fossa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On lur es sermatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pudens focx malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don mais desliatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No seran del trasdossa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' an de lurs peccatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ges no m platz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' avols hom vos combata;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels bos avetz patz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' usquecx ab vos s' aflata: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fols lurs foldatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fes perdre Damiata;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas li vostre sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan sels ses conten</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caytiu e dolen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que contra vos deslata,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni regna greumen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, veramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai e cre ses duptansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a ver salvamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aduretz tota Fransa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oc, e l' autra gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que us vol far ajudansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas so que Merlis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prophetizan dis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del bon rey Loys</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que morira en pansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara s' esclarzis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piegz de Sarrazis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de pus fals coratge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Heretiers mesquis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son qui vol lur estatge;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ins el foc d' abis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vay en loc de salvatge,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En dampnatio, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar selhs d' Avinho </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baysses, don m' es bo, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, lo mal pezatge, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don grans merces fo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, per razo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avetz manta destorta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dressad' a bando;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et uberta la porta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De salvatio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don era la claus torta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ab bon govern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bayssatz folh esquern;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui sec vostr' estern,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' angel Michel lo 'n porta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l garda d' ifern.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' estiu e l' yvern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu hom ses contradire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, lo cazern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Legir, si que no s vire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan ve l' esquern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum Iehus pres martire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albir se lo cas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 's bos crestias;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' adoncx non a cossire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz es fols e vas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, los trefas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sa leys sospechoza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als fols gigz vilas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que fos de Tolosa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On d' enjans certas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non es doncx vergonhoza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ans de dos ans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si 'l coms prezans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cove qu' els engans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lays e la fe duptoza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E restaur' els dans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, lo reys grans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es senhers de dreytura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als falses Tolzans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don gran mal' aventura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot a sos mans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan tan gran desmezura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' usquecx lo rescon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E torbon est mon:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'lh comte Raymon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ab elhs plus s' asegura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l tenray per bon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be s cofon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E val li pauc sa forsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui contra vos gron,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni bast castelh ni forsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar en tan aut mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s met ni no s' amorsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus non recort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son erguelh e 'l tort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don pert tota s' escorsa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pren dobla mort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be m conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el coms ni l' emperaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys que son destort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos, no valon gayre;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar lur folh deport</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lur malvat veiaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los fatz totz cazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A vostre plazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us no s pot tener;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot s' es guerreiayre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non li val poder.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, ieu esper </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vostra senhoria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Fransa, per ver, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuy no platz mala via, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fassa dechazer </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' erguelh e l' eretgia, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals heretges quetz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non temon vetz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cre als secretz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan son ples de feunia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de mals pessetz!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, be sabetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fort greu lur escapa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui au lor decretz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi tendon lur trapa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab falces trudetz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que quascus s' arrapa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz son sortz e mutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el lur tolh salutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don quecx es perdutz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh n' an capel o capa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E remanon nutz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clauzis e sauputz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naysson, senes falhida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Crematz o perdutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur malvada vida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc negus vertutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fe, ni ges auzida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non avem sivals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si fos leyals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur vida mortals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus crey l' agra eyssauzida;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas non es cabals.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui vol esser sals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades deu la crotz penre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per heretiers fals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dechazer e mespenre;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el celestials</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hi venc son bras estendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot per sos amicx;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pus tals destricx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pres, ben es enicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que no 'l vol entendre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni creyr' als chasticx.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, si pus gicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Renhar selhs que us fan anta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al Sant Esperitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant hom lor o aconta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan son fols mendicx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us ab ver no s' afronta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y auras honor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, li trachor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son tan ples d' error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' on plus pot quascus monta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quecx jorn sa follor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, folh labor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fa qui ab vos tensona;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De l' emperador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dic, s' ab vos no s' adona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en gran deshonor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne venra sa corona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sera razos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pero ab vos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leu troba perdos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui gen sos tortz razona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni n' es angoissos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Roma, 'l glorios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que a la Magdalena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdonet, don nos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esperan bona estrena;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo fols rabios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tans ditz fals semena,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fassa d' aital for</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elh e son thezor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son malvat cor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum heretiers mor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germonde, dame de Montpellier.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu ai ja vista manhta rey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don anc no fis semblan que vis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ab tal joguat e ris</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don anc guaire no m' azautey;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai servit a manht hom pro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don anc no cobrey guazardo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a manh nesci, ab fol parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai ja vist trop ben son pro far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ja vist per avol drut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A domna 'l marit dezamar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a manh nesci acaptar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus qu' a un franc aperceubut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per domnas ai ja vist ieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A manht hom despendre lo sieu;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ne vist amat ses dar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mal volgut ab molt donar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu ai vist donas demandar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab plazers et ab honramens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys venia us desconoyssens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abrivatz de nesci parlar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en avia la mielher part.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esguardatz si son de mal art!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manthas n' i a qu' els plus savays</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acuelhon mielhs en totz lurs plays.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu ai vist en domnas ponhar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' ensenhatz e de ben apres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l nescis avinen nemes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el plus savis ab gen preyar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai vist nozer chauzimens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A trops valer ab trichamens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que val mais, a mos entens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En luec foudatz que sobriers sens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A domn' ai vist hom encolpar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De so que no meria mal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que so laissavon de tal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On se pogron a dreg clamar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ai ja tal ren esguardat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On n' er en ren mon cor virat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que m' an fait mos rics volers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Manthas vetz dons e desplazers.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume Adhémar.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui se membra del segle qu' es passatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com hom lo vi de totz bos faitz plazen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni com hom ve malvais e recrezen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel d' aras, ni com er restauratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non er per cel qui venra plus malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz hom viura ab gran dolor membran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cals es ni fo ni er d' aissi enan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas non es dreitz c' om valens ni prezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se recreza per aital membramen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans taing s' esfortz tot jorn plus vivamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om sufra 'l fais de pretz qu' es mesprezatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car cel n' a mais que plus fort n' es cargatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E car es dreitz s' esforso ill prezan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De ben, on plus l' avol s' en van laisan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En plus greu point non pot nuillz esser natz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com cel que pert dieu e 'l segl' eissamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot aital son li trist malvatz manen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' an mes a mort domnei, joi e solatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan los destreing non fes e cobeitatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' onor e pretz en meton en soan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieu e 'l mon en geten a lor dan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai! com pot tan esser desvergoignatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nuls hom gentils que an' enbastarden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son lignatge per aur ni per argen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' avers vai leumens e la rictatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l vida es breus, e la mortz ven viatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per c' om degra leialmen viure aman,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu retener del mon grat gen regnan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels maiors mov tota la malvestatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pois apres de gra en gra deissen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro als menors, per que torn en nien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fins jois e pretz, e qui vol pretz ni 'l platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pot l' aver leu, car tan n' es granz mercatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per cinc solz n' a hom la peza e 'l pan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l tenon vil li ric malvatz truan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na Gradiva, qui que estei malvatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per vos n' azir malvestat et enjan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et am valor e joi e pretz e chan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al rei tramet mon sirventes viatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel d' Aragon, qu' el fais lo plus pesan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sosten de pretz, per qu' el ten entre man.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sordel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo segle m' es camjatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan fort, don suy iratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a penas sai que m dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu suelh esser uzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De chans e de solatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de cavalairia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mesclat ab cortezia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E so per qu' om valia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Era ma voluntatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en ditz et en fatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en tot quan podia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E las domnas vezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selhas cuy valor tria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab lur plazens beutatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don era conortatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De gran joy qu' en avia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trac en garentia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amor que mi movia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tot m' era donatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A so que valor platz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l segles m' o sufria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras tem que blasmatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En fos e condampnatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu res d' aisso fazia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tot mi suy viratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz enicx e forsatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A so que no m plai mia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que me coven de platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pensar e d' avocatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per far libelhs tot dia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pueys esgart la via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si nulh corrieu veiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh venon daus totz latz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Polsos et escuyssatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la cortz los m' envia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dizon folhia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Blasmar non l' auzaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys me dizon: Puiatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En cort e demandatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La pena s' escieuria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no us perdonaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l jorn en vos falia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veus a que suy tornatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senhors, ar esgardatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si sui be a la lhia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu am trop mais lo glatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No fas las flors dels pratz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sai on me sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senhors, a dieu siatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom que viu iratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Val meyns que si moria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' al rey Castellan platz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es sobre totz honratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu tengua lai ma via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en elh m' er restauratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joys e chans e solatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' alhors no m revenria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand d' Alamanon.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per lo mon fan l' us dels autres rancura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li clerc dels laicx, e 'l laic d' elhs eissamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li poble s planhon de desmezura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lors senhors, e 'l senhors d' elhs soen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi es ples lo mons de mal talen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas er venon sai deves Orien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li Tartari, si dieus non o defen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els faran totz estar d' una mensura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per manh forfag e per mantha laidura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' an fag e fan clerc e laic malamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra, si ven esta dezaventura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A crestias, s' a dieu merce non pren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fass' al papa metr' atempramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En so don an li clerc e 'l laic conten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar si 'lh los fai ben d' un acordamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non lor pot pueys nozer nulh' aventura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A! per que vol clercx belha vestidura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per que vol viure tan ricamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per que vol belha cavalgadura?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sap que dieus volc viure paubramen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per que vol tan l' autrui ni enten?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sap que tot quan met ni quan despen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Part son manjar e son vestir vilmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolh als paubres, si non men l' Escriptura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els grans senhors per que no y s prendon cura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no fasson tort, ni forson la gen?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu non tenc ges per menor forfaitura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om fors' els sieus cum quan l' autrui dreg pren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans es mager, quar falhis doblamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar so de se ni d' autrui non defen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A son poder los sieus, adrechamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falh en dreg lor tan qu' en pert sa drechura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas totz pobles a de bon sen frachura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a son senhor fassa en re falhimen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar totz hom deu amar d' amistat pura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son bon senhor e servir leyalmen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A senhor tanh qu' am los sieus bonamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lialtatz lor ne fai mandamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' us ame l' autre tan coralmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no s puesca entr' els metre falsura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reys Castellas, l' emperis vos aten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sai dizon, senher, qu' atendemen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai de Breto, per que s mov grans rancura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' aut rey tanh, quant un gran fag enpren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el tragu' a cap o 'n segua s' aventura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume de Montagnagout.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del tot vey remaner valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no s n' entremet sai ni lay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni non penson de nulh ben say,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni an lur cor mas en l' aor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E meron mal clercx e prezicador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar devedon so qu' a els no s cove,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom per pretz non do ni fassa be;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et hom que pretz ni do met en soan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges de bon loc no 'l mov al mieu semblan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieus vol pretz e vol lauzor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus fo vers hom, qu' ieu o say;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et hom que vas dieu res desfay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus l' a fait aitan d' onor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' al sieu semblan l' a fait ric e maior,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pres de si mais de neguna re;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx ben es folhs totz homs que car no s te,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que fassa en aquest segle tan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sai e lai n' aya grat on que s n' an.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar se son faitz enqueredor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E jutjon aissi com lur play;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero l' enquerre no m desplay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans me plai que casson error,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' ab belhs digz plazentiers ses yror</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Torno 'ls erratz desviatz en la fe,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui s penet que truep bona merce;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi menon dreg lo gazan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tort ni dreg no y perdan so que y an.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enquers dizon mais de folhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aurfres a dompnas non s' eschay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero si dompna piegz no fay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'n leva erguelh ni ricor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per gen tener no pert dieu ni s' amor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ja nulhs homs, si 'lh estiers be s capte,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per gen tener ab dieu no s dezave;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ne ylh per draps negres ni per floc blan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No conquerran ja dieu, s' al re no y fan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tug laisson per nostre senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nostre clercx, lo segle savay,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no pessan mas quan de lay</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi 'ls guart dieus de dezonor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum elhs non an ni erguelh ni ricor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cobeytatz no 'ls enguana ni 'ls te,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni volon re de so belh que hom ve;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Res no volon, pero ab tot s' en van;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys prezon pauc qui que s' i aia dan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sirventes, vay al pros comte dese</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Toloza, membre 'l que fag li an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E guart se d' elhs d' esta hora enan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Guillaume de Montagnagout.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un sirventes fas en luec de jurar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E chantarai, per mal e per feunia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De malvestat que vey sobremontar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E decazer valor e cortezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vey als fals los fis amonestar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et als lairos los lials prezicar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls desviatz mostron als justz la via.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enguanatz es en son nesci cuiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Folhs qui cuia que enjans e bauzia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fassa son don decazer e mermar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Enans los sors e 'ls creys e 'ls multiplia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meravilh me cum totz no van raubar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus malvestat ama hom e ten car,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lialtat ten hom a fantaumia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Glotz emperier no vol vezer son par,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li clerc an aquelha glotonia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en tot lo mon no volrion trobar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Home mas els que tengues senhoria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els feyron leys per terras guazanhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum poguesson creysser e non mermar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ades fai pron un petit de baylia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab totas mas vey clergues assajar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que totz lo mons er lurs, cuy que mal sia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar els l' auran ab tolre o ab dar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O ab perdon, o ab ypocrizia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O ab asout, o ab beur', o ab manjar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O ab prezicx, o ab peiras lansar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O els ab dieu, o els ab diablia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Gostia, diguatz m' a 'N Azemar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si defendre si vol de la clercia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miels qu' en lur fag si guart en lur parlar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O si que non en bada s' armaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els trazon so don hom no s pot guardar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quant autres fan enguanas farguar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et elhs enguans per maior maystria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aus dire so que elhs auzon far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas anc rascas non amet penchenar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni elhs home qui lur dan lur castia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falsedatz e desmezura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An batalha empreza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab vertat et ab dreytura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vens la falseza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E deslialtatz si jura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra lialeza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et avaretatz s' atura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Encontra largueza:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Feunia vens amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malvestatz honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E peccatz cassa sanctor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E baratz simpleza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si es hom que dieu descreza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos afars enansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que non aia grineza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' emplir sa pansa:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cui platz dreitz e tortz peza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soven a grevansa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui s' enten en sancteza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tray greu malanansa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an l' enguanador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lur afar honor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas li mal entendedor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jutjon per semblansa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras es vengut de Fransa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom non somona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selhs que an aondansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vin e d' anona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' om non aia coindansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab paupra persona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aia mais de bobansa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquelh que meyns dona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' om fassa maior</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' un gran trafeguador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qu' om leve lo trachor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l just dezapona.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Coms Raymon, ducx de Narbona,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marques de Proensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostra valors es tan bona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot lo mon gensa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar de la mar de Bayona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entro a Valensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agra gent falsa e fellona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai ab viltenensa;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas vos tenetz vil lor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que Frances bevedor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus que perditz ad austor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vos fan temensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben volon obediensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selhs de la clercia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volon ben la crezensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol l' obra no y sia:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Greu lur veyretz far falhensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas la nueg e 'l dia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no porton malvolensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fan symonia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son larc donador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E just amassador;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas li autres n' an lauzor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ilh la folhia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No sai dire l' error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del segle fals traytor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fai de blasme lauzor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de sen folhia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu prec per sa doussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ns gar d' enfernal dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ilh verge Maria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom que greu ditz vertat e leu men,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu vol patz e leu mov ochaizo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dona greu e leu vol qu' om li do,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu fai be e leu destrui la gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu es pros e leu es mals als bos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu es francx e leu es orgulhos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E greu es larcx e leu tol e greu ren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deu cazer leu d' aut luec en bas estatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tals en sai que pisson a prezen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al beure rescondo s dins maizo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al manjar no queron companho,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al talhar queron en mais de cen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a l' ostal son caitiu e renos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a tort far son ric e poderos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al donar son de caitiu prezen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et al tolre fortz e de gran coratge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malditz es hom qui 'l ben laissa e 'l mal pren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls ricx an pres enguan e tracio,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an laissat condug e messio;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an pres dan e gran destruzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an laissat lays e vers e chansos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an pres plaitz, e novas e tensos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an laissat amor e pretz valen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an pres mal voler e far outratge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi cum son maior an meyns de sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de tort et ab meyns de razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de dan tener, ab meyns de pro,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais d' orguelh, ab meyns de cauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de tolre et ab meyns de bels dos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais de mals, ab meyns de bels respos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais d' enueg, ab meyns d' ensenhamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mais d' enguan, ab meyns de bon coratge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara diguatz, senhors, al vostre sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dos barons qual a maior razo,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan l' un dels dos pot dar e tolre no,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre pot tolr' e dar no pot nien:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar diran tug que dars val per un dos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E veyretz los tolre totas sazos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A que far doncx van emblan ni tolen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus lo donars a dos tans d' avantatge?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos chantars es enueg als enoios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et als plazens plazers; cui platz razos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tug li dig son enoios e plazen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So qu' als us platz als autres es salvatge.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li clerc si fan pastor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E son aucizedor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E semblan de sanctor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan los vey revestir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pren m' a sovenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">d' En Alengri q' un dia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volc ad un parc venir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas, pels cas que temia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pelh de moton vestic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que los escarnic;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys manjet e trahic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selhas que l' abellic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rey et emperador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Duc, comte e comtor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cavallier ab lor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solon lo mon regir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aras vey possezir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A clercx la senhoria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab tolre et ab trazir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab ypocrizia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab forsa et ab prezic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tenon s' a fastic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui tot non lor o gic, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et er fag quan que tric.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi cum son maior,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son ab mens de valor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mais de follor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mens de ver dir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mais de mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mens de clercia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mais de falhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab mens de paria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels fals clergues o dic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ancmais tant enemic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu a dieu non auzic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sai lo temps antic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan son al refector,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m' o tenc ad honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a la taula aussor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vey los cussos assir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E primiers s' eschausir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auiatz gran vilania,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hi auzon venir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et hom non los en tria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero anc non lai vic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paupre guarso mendic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sezer latz qui son ric;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aisso los vos esdic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non aion paor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alcays ni Almassor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que abbas ni prior</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los anon assalhir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni lurs terras sazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que afans lur seria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sai son en cossir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon quossi lur sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cum En Frederic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gitesson de l' abric;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero tal l' aramic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc fort no s' en jauzic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clergues, qui vos chauzic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses fellon cor enic</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En son comde falhic,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc peior gent no vic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per folhs tenc Polles e Lombartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E Longobartz et Alamans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si volon Frances ni Picartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A senhors ni a drogomans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar murtriers a tort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tenon a deport;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ieu non laus rey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non guarde ley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aura 'l ops bos estandartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que fieira mielhs que Rotlans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que sapcha mais que Raynartz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aia mais que Corbarans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tema meyns mort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el coms de Monfort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui vol qu' a barrey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons li sopley. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sabetz quals sera sa partz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De las guerras e dels mazans?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los critz, las paors e 'ls reguartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que aura fagz, e 'l dol e 'l dans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran sieu per sort.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aitan lo conort,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab aital charrey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra del torney.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben petit val tos giens ni t' artz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si pertz l' arma per tos efans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per l' autruy carbonada t' artz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autruy repaus t' es afans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys vas a tal port</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On cre que quecx port</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' enguan e 'l trafey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls tortz faitz que fey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anc Carles Martel ni Girartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni Marsilis ni Aigolans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l rey Gormons ni Yzombartz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aucizeron homes tans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que n' aion estort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo valen d' un ort;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni non lur envey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Thezaur ni arney.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non cug qu' a la mort</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negus plus enport</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aver ni arney,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas los faitz que fey.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XL.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tos temps azir falsetat et enjan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab vertat et ab dreg mi capdelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si per so vauc atras o avan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m' en rancur, ans m' es tot bon e belh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els uns dechai lialtatz mantas vetz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls autres sors enjans e mala fes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si tant es qu' om per falsetat mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aquel montar dissen pueys en preon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li ric home an pietat tan gran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De paubra gen, com ac Caym d' Abelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que mais volon tolre que lop no fan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mais mentir que tozas de bordelh:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'ls crebavatz en dos locx o en tres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No us cugessetz que vertatz n' issis ges</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas messongas, don an al cor tal fon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sobrevertz cum aigua de toron.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mans baros vey, en mans luecx, que y estan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus falsamen que veyres en anelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui per fis los ten falh atrestan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cum si un lop vendia per anhel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar els no son ni de ley ni de pes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans foron fag a ley de fals poges, PUGESA</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On par la cros e la flors en redon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y trob om argent quan lo refon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Daus Orient entro 'l solelh colguan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fas a la gent un covinent novelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al lial hom donarai un bezan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l deslials mi dona un clavelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et un marc d' aur donarai al cortes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l deschauzitz mi dona un tornes;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al vertadier darai d' aur un gran mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si m don' un huou quecx messongier que y son.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tota la ley qu' el pus de las gens an</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escriuri' eu en un petit de pelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En la meitat del polguar de mon guan;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls pros homes paysseria d' un tortelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ja pels pros no fora cars conres; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si fos hom que los malvatz pagues, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cridar pogra, e non gardessetz on: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venetz manjar li pro home del mon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel que no val ni ten pro per semblan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pros ni valen non tanh que hom l' apel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vertadier, quan met dreg en soan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan dreitura ni vertat non l' es bel;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car qui fai mal ni tort, razos non es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en cueilla grat ni lauzor ni pretz ges;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E se ditz ben un reprochier pel mon:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sel q' una ves escorja autra non ton.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A totas gens dic e mon sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si vertatz e dreitura e merces</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non governon home en aquest mon,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni sai ni lai no cre valors l' aon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faidit, vai t' en chantar lo sirventes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Drech al Tornel a 'N Guigo, qui que pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car de valor non a par en est mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas mon senher En Ebles de Clarmon.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals cuia be</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aver filh de s' espoza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no y a re</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus que selh de Toloza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar s' esdeve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la molher coitoza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acuelh ab se</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alcun baratador,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don ilh rete,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plus vilh d' un' autra toza,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un filh de que</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai heres al senhor:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so ai fe</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que malvestatz si noza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En tal qu' ieu cre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fon filhs de prior.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es viratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons en desmezura</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que falsetatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es en luec de drechura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cobeitatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creys ades e melhura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malvestatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es en luec de valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pietatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A d' hoste sofrachura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E caritatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai del segle clamor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es lauzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui de dieu non a cura,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pauc prezatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui vol aver s' amor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui des en sai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entro en la Turquia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E daus en lai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro que part Normandia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad un savai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baron tot o daria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non cug ni sai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que visques ses rancor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que greu si fai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fort gran manentia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son don apai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De conquerre maior;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal li eschai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan grans baronia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus non l' estrai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del nom de raubador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mais val assatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un ribaut ab pauprieyra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que viu en patz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sofre sa nescieyra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us coms malvatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot jorn fai sobrieira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' avols peccatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non tem dezonor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' al ribaut platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La via dreitureira,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l coms es las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu e de sanctor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar lo bas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom a valor entiera</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l coms non pas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pretz ieu mais lo melhor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que faran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li baron de mal aire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tot jorn fan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mal e 'l be non guaire?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quossi poiran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los tortz qu' an faitz desfaire?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que lur enfan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seran plus tolledor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non daran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En l' arma de lor paire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pretz d' un guan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni negus en la lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li enguan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' auran fag l' enguanaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Retornaran</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sobre l' enguanador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ai talan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aver aital repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' eras en chan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E totz temps mais en plor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus ma boca parla sens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mos chantars es faitis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vuelh ab belhs motz ben assis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dressar los entendemens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels malvais mal entendens, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cuion que valha mais </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom messongiers que verais; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l sen tenon a folhia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l dreit tornon en biais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ves yfern fay son eslais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l govern ten ves abis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que vertatz aborris</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ab dreitura s' irais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tals bast murs e palais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del dreit de las autras gens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el segles deconoyssens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ditz que mot fa bona via,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar es savis e creyssens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot atressi com l' argens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El foc arden torna fis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' afina e s' adoussis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo bons paupres paciens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En las trebalhas cozens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l malvatz manens savais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On plus gent si viest e s pais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conquier de sa manentia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dolor e pena e pantais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' aisso no 'l pren esglais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar gallinas e perdis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo conorton e 'l bos vis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ben qu' en la terra nais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dont el es jauzens e gais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys ditz a dieu en ligens:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu suy paupres e dolens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dieus li respondia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poiria 'l dire: Tu mens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semblans es als aguilens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Croys hom que gent si guarnis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que defora resplandis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dins val meyns que niens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es mager fenhemens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si us escaravais</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si fenhia papaguais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan se fenh que pros hom sia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Us malvatz manens savais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals si fenh pros e valens,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar sol gent si viest e s pais,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que es malvatz e savais;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si los autres payssia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per aquo valria mais.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ve gran maleza faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mal dir no se deu traire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu vuelh dir e retraire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ricx hom dezeretaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es piegers que autre laire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai diablia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peior que negun raubaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tart se castia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom, quan va per carreira,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El mena per companheira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malvestat, que vai primeira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E mejana e derreira;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gran cobeitat enteira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li fai companhia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tort porta la senheira,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et erguelh la guia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom mals quan vay en plassa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cuiatz vos que lai fassa?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant autr' om ri e solassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' un mov plag, l' autre cassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' un maldi, l' autre menassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autre afolhia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y fai joy ni abrassa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com far deuria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom, quan fai sas calendas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sas cortz e sas bevendas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De toutas e de rezendas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai sos dos e sas esmendas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sos lums e sas oferendas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de raubaria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en guerras met sas rendas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en plaideria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom mals, quan vol far festa, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auiatz quossi fai sa questa:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant bat la gent et entesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro que denier non lur resta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no y qual venir tempesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni fam ni moria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys fai cara mout honesta,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui no 'l conoyssia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un pauc ai dig de la gesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dire volia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tan gran massa n' y resta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fort pauc embria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tartarassa ni voutor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No sent plus leu carn puden</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com clerc e prezicador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senton ont es lo manen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mantenen son siei privat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan malautia 'l bat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fan li far donatio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal que 'l paren no y an pro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Frances e clerc an lauzor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mal, quar ben lur en pren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E renovier e trachor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An tot lo segl' eyssamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab mentir et ab barat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An si tot lo mon torbat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no y a religio</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sapcha sa lesso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saps qu' esdeven la ricor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De selhs que l' an malamen?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Venra un fort raubador</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non lur laissara ren,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So es la mortz, qu' els abat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab quatr' aunas de filat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los tramet en tal maizo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ont atrobon de mal pro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom, per que fas tal follor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que passes lo mandamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dieu, que es ton senhor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E t' a format de nien?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La trueia ten el mercat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que ab dieu se combat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el n' aura tal guizardo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com ac Judas lo fello.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus verais, plens de doussor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senher, sias nos guiren;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guardatz d' enfernal dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peccadors e de turmen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E solvetz los del peccat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En que son pres e liat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E faitz lur verai perdo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab vera confessio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot atressi com fortuna de ven</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que torba 'l mar e fa 'ls peyssos gandir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es torbada en est segle la gen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per un fort ven que dels cors fan salhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fals messongiers, deslial e trahire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que s cuion eyssaussar e formir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en aissi fan veritat delir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n pert son dreg hom bos qui 'l ver vol dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A! greu sera est segl' en l' estamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que a estat, segon que auzem dir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom era crezutz ses sagramen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab sol la fe, si la volgues plevir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E veritatz era sens escondire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar es tornatz lo segl' en tal azir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quecx pessa de son par a trazir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' ieu apelh aquest segle trazire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui auzes dir quals son li falhimen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que fan en cort selhs qui degron regir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et an jurat de tenir lialmen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreg a quascun? primiers los vey fallir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fan semblan aqui mezeis de rire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls clamatiers, quan ven al departir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab penhoras, ab dar et ab servir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdon lo sen, quant auzo 'l jutge dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entr' els clergues non truep departimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tut son d' un sen, d' un cor e d' un albire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E siervon dieu aitan honestamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nulh' autra ren non lur pot abellir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni es nulhs hom que mal en puesca dire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas selh que y es, si doncx no vol mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el cavalguar e 'l manjar e 'l dormir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l juec d' amor tenon a gran martire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y truep cosselh mas qu' estem lialmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que pensem e Ihesum Crist servir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar el nasquet pel nostre salvamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volc en crotz per nos la mort sofrir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aital senhor, qui 'n poiri' autr' eslire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el fes de se nau per nos reculhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als grans perils don no podem gandir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses cofessar, e so qu' aurem fag dire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan son valen nostre vezi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tan cortes e tan huma,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que si las peiras eran pa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que las aiguas fosson vi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li pueg bacon e pouzi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No serion larc, tals n' i a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals n' i a, mas non dirai qui,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que foron porc en Guavauda,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en Vianes foron ca,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en Velaic foron masti,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seguon l' afaitamen cani;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas, quar non an coa, rema.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En jurar de femna no m fi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni son sagramen no vuelh ja;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar si 'l metiatz en la ma</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per ver dir un marabeti,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per mentir un barbari,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo barbari guazanhara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals a lo semblant effanti</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sens es de Trebellia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l lengua de logicia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l voluntatz d' En Alengri:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tals a belh cors e saura cri</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dins a felh cor e vila.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dig vuelh aver de Sarrazi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fe e ley de crestia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E subtileza de paia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ardimen de Tartari;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui es guarnitz en aissi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Val be messongier Castella.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar fai tort e messongas di</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atressi com de tals n' i a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Razos es qu' ieu m' esbaudey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sia jauzens e guays</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El temps que fuelha e flor nays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et un sirventes despley,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar lialtatz a vencut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Falsedat; e non a guaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ieu ai auzit retraire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' uns fortz trachers a perdut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son poder e sa vertut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieus fai e fara e fey,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com es dous e verays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dreitz als pros et als savays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E merce segon lur ley:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar a la pagua van tut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' enguanat e l' enguanaire, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si com Abels e son fraire; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'l traytor seran destrut </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li trahit ben vengut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dieu prec que trachors barrey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E los degol e 'ls abays</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aissi com fos los Alguays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar son de peior trafey:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas aisso es ben sauput,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pieger es tracher que laire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atressi com hom pot faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De covers morgue tondut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai hom de trachor pendut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lops e de fedas vey</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de las fedas son mays;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per un austor que nays </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son mil perditz, fe que us dey: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad aquo es conogut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que hom murtrier ni raubaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No platz tant a dieu lo paire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tan non ama son frut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com fai del pobol menut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Assatz pot aver arney</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cavals ferrans e bays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tors e murs e palays,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ricx hom, sol que dieu reney:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncx ben a lo sen perdut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Totz hom a cuy es veiaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que, tollen l' autrui repaire,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuge venir a salut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'l don dieus quar a tolgut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieus ten son arc tendut</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trai aqui on vol traire;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai lo colp que deu faire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A quec, si com a mergut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segon vizi e vertut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un sirventes novel vuelh comensar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que retrairai al jorn del jutjamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A selh que m fetz e m formet de nien;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l me cuia de ren ochaizonar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si 'l me vol metre en la diablia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu li dirai: Senher, merce no sia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mal segle trebaliey totz mos ans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E guardatz me, si us plai, dels turmentans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tota sa cortz farai meravilhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant auziran lo mieu plaideyamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu dic qu' el fai ves los sieus fallimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l los cuia delir ni enfernar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui pert so que guazanhar poiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per bon dreg a de viutat carestia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el deu esser dous e multiplicans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De retener sas armas trespassans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja sa porta non si degra vedar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sans Peires pren hi gran aunimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar n' es portiers, mas que y intres rizen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascun' arma que lai volgues intrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar nulha cortz non er ja ben complia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' uns en plor e que l' autres en ria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sitot s' es sobeirans reys poyssans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no ns obre, sera li 'n faitz demans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los diables degra dezeretar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et agra en mais d' armas pus soven,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l dezeret plagra a tota gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et el mezeis pogra s' o perdonar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tot per mon grat; totz los destruiria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus tug sabem qu' absolver s' en poiria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bel senher dieus, siatz desheretans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels enemicx enoios e pezans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ieu no mi vuelh de vos dezesperar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans ai en vos mon bon esperamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que devetz m' arma e mon cors salvar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que m valhatz a mon trespassamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E far vos ai una bella partia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m tornetz lai don muec lo premier dia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O que m siatz de mos tortz perdonans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu no 'ls feira, si no fos natz enans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu ai sai mal, et en yfern ardia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segon ma fe, tortz e peccatz seria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu vos puesc be esser recastinans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que per un ben ai de mal mil aitans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per merce us prec, dona sancta Maria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab vostre filh nos siatz bona guia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si que prendatz los paires e 'ls enfans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls metatz lay on esta sanhs Joans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una cieutat fo, no sai quals,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On cazet una plueia tals</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tug l' ome de la cieutat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que toquet foron dessenat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tug dessenero, mas sol us;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel escapet e non plus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que era dins una maizo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On dormia, quant aco fo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquel levet, quant ac dormit</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fon se de ploure gequit,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E venc foras entre las gens</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On tug feiron dessenamens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us fo vestis, e l' autre nus,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autr' escupi vas lo cel sus;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns trais peira, l' autre astelas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre esquisset sas gonelas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns feri e l' autre enpeis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autre cuget esser reis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tenc se ricamens pels flancx,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' autre sautet per los bancx;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us menasset, l' autre maldis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre ploret e l' autre ris,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre parlet e no sap que,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre fes metoas de se.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aquel qu' avia son sen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meravilhet se molt fortmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vi ben que dessenat son;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gard' aval e gard' amon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si negun savi n' i veira; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E negun savi non i a:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grans meravelhas ac de lor;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas molt l' an els de luy maior,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el vezon estar saviamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cuion qu' aia perdut lo sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car so que ill fan no ill vezon faire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A quascun de lor es veiaire</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ill son savi e ben senat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas lui tenon per dessenat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui 'l fer en gauta, qui en col;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El no pot mudar no s degol.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns l' enpenh, l' autre lo bota,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El cuia eissir de la rota;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' uns l' esquinta, l' autre l' atrai,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El pren colps e leva e chai.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cazen, levan, a grans ganbautz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' en fug a sa maizo de sautz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fangos e batut e mieg mortz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ac gaug quan lor fon estortz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquesta faula es al mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semblan et a tug silh que i son;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aquest segles es la cieutatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que es totz ples de dessenatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el maior sen c' om pot aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si es amar dieu e temer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gardar sos comandamens:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ar es perdutz aquel sens;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La plueia sai es cazeguda;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Una cobeitatz es venguda,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uns orgoills et una maleza</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que tota la gen a perpreza;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dieu n' a alcun onrat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autr' el tenon per dessenat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E menon lo de tom en vil,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car non es del sen que son il,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el sen de dieu lor par folia;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' amicx de dieu, on que sia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conois que dessenat son tut,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car lo sen de dieu an perdut;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'lh tenon lui per dessenat</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car lo sen del mon a laissat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pierre Cardinal.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus Peyre d' Alvernhe a chantat </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels trobadors qu' en son passat, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chantarai a mon escien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aquels que pueissas an trobat;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no m' aion ges cor irat,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' ieu lor malvatz fatz lur repren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo premiers es de Sanh Desdier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillems que chanta voluntier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a chantat mot avinen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas, quar son desirier non quier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non pot aver nulh bon mestier,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es d' avol aculhimen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo segons de Sanh Antoni</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vescoms qu' anc d' amor non jauzi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni no fes bon comensamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que la primeyra 'l a tray;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et anc pueis re non li queri,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siei huelh nueg e jorn ploran s' en.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lo ters es de Carcasses</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miravals que fai motz cortes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dona son castel soven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no y estai l' an ges un mes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ancmais kalendas no y pres;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que no i ha dan qu' il se pren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo quartz Peirols, us alvernhatz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a trent' ans us vestirs portatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es pus secs de lenh' arden,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es sos chantars peiuratz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc, pus si fon enbaguassatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Clarmon, no fes chan valen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l cinques es Gaucelms Fayditz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que es de drut tornatz maritz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lieys que sol anar seguen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non auzim pueis voutas ni critz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni anc sos chans no fon auzitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas d' Uzercha entro qu' Agen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l seizes Guilems Azemars,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' anc no fo pus malvatz joglars;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a pres manh vielh vestimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fai de tal loc sos chantars</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don non es a sos trenta pars;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E vey l' ades paubr' e sufren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab Arnaut Daniel son set,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a sa vida ben non cantet</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas uns fols motz qu' om non enten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pus la lebre ab lo buou casset,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E contra suberna nadet,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No valc sos chans un aguillen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Tremoleta 'l catalas</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui fai sos sos leuetz e plas,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sos cantars es de nien,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E peinh sos peills cum s' er' auras;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben a trent' ans que for' <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">albas</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no fos lo <a href="https://www.druni.es/blog/ideas-tinte-pelo-negro-azabache/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">negrezimen</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l noves N Arnautz de Maruelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ades lo vey d' avol escuelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si dons non a chauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E fay o mal, quar no l' acuelh;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ades claman merce siei huelh,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On plus canta l' aigua 'n dissen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salh de Scola es lo dezes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que de joglar s' es faitz borges</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Brajairac o compr' e ven;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant a vendut son arnes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El s' en va pueis en Narbones</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab un fals cantars per prezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' onzes es Guiraudetz lo Ros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sol vieure d' autrui chansos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es enoios a tota gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas quar cuiava esser pros, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si se partic dels filhs N Anfos </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que l' avian fag de nien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lo dotzes es en Folquetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Marcelha, us mercadairetz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a fag un fol sagramen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan juret que chanso no fetz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perjur nos an say dig pro vetz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que s perjuret son essien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lo trezes es mos vezis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guillems lo marques mos cozis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non vuelh dire mon talen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car ab los seus chantars frairis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' es totz peiuratz lo mesquis,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et es viells ab barba et ab gren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Peire Vidals es dels derriers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non a sos membres entiers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et agra l' obs lenga d' argen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al vilan qu' er uns pelliciers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que anc, pus si fetz cavaliers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ac pueys membransa ni sen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guilhems de Ribas lo quinzes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' es de totz fatz menutz apres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E canta voluntiers non jen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E percassa s fort, s' il valgues,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car nulh tems no 'l vim bel arnes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans vieu ses grat e paubramen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab lo sezesme n' i aura pro</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo fals Monge de Montaudo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab totz tensona e conten;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a laissat dieu per baco,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quar anc fetz vers ni canso, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Degra l' om tost levar al ven.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo vers fe 'l monges, e dis lo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Caussada primeiramen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trames lo part Lobeo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A 'N Bernat son cors per prezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Moine de Montaudon.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' autre jorn m' en pugiey al cel,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aniey parlar ab sanh Miquel</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don fui mandatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et auzi un clam que m fon bel:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eras l' auiatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanh Jolias venc denan dieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dis: Dieus, a vos mi clam ieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com hom forsatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dezeretatz de tot son fieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malmenatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui ben voli' alberguar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De mati m solia preguar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu 'l fos privatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eras no y puesc cosselh donar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab los malvatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aissi m' an tolt tot mon poder, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no m pregua mati ni ser; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neys los colgatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laissan mati dejus mover;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben suy antatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Tolza ni de Carcasses</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m plang ta fort ni d' Albiges,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com d' autres fatz:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Cataluenh' ai totz mos ces,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E y suy amatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Peiragorc e 'n Lemozi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas lo coms e 'l reys los auci,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sui ben amatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a 'n de tals en Caerci</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don sui paguatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De lai Roergu', en Gavauda,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m clam ni m lau qu' aissi s' esta;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero assatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y a d' aquelhs q' usquecx mi fa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas voluntatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Alvernhe ses aculhir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Podetz alberguar e venir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Descovidatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il non o sabon fort gent dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ben lur platz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En Proensa et els baros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ai ben enquera mas razos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non sui clamatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dels Proensals ni dels Guascos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni trop lauzatz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Moine de Montaudon.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De sirventes aurai gran ren perdutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E perdrai en enquera un o dos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Els rics malvatz on pretz es remasutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' a lor non platz donars ni messios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni lor platz res que taingna a cortezia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas be lor platz quant ajoston l' argen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per so n' a mais cel que lo met plus gen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' onors val mais que avols manentia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non serai desmentitz ni vencutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' anc hom escars non fo aventuros;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si n' i a un qu' en sia cregutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs n' a el faig alcun fag vergoignos:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' avers non vol solatz ni leugaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vol trobar home larc ni meten,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans lo vol tal qu' estia aunidamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tal qu' endur so que manjar deuria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que val tesaurs qu' ades es rescondutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cal pro tenc a nuill home qu' anc fos?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitan n' ai eu, sol non sia mogutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com an aquil que lo tenon rescos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' a mi non costa un denier si s perdia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ill an tot l' esmai e 'l pessamen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quan perdon l' aver perdon lo sen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et a mi an pro donat de que ria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per valens faitz es hom miells mantengutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et acuillitz et honratz per los bos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E n' es hom miells desiratz e volgutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'n pot menar plus honratz compaignos:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que malvestatz ab pretz no s' aparia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni s' acordon per lo mieu escien;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que pretz vol dar e metre largamen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E malvestatz estreing e serra e lia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lai a 'N Guillem Augier, on pretz s' es clutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tramet mon chant, car el es cabalos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'ls enemics ten sobratz e vencutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et als amics es francs et amoros,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larcs et adregs e senes vilania;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tot quant a dona e met e despen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non o fai ges ab semblan dolen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' en val mais, ja tan pauc non metria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertrand du Pujet.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab gran dreg son maint gran seignor del mon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sempre de bos servidors sofraichos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab gran dreg prendon maintas sazos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Danz e destrics, quan se pogran gandir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab gran dreg faillon a conquerer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Terras e gent, quan n' an cor e voler,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car an mes tot so per qu' om vai pueian</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En honrament et en pretz, en soan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E car il tan senz tota valor son</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non dur' ab els servire fiz ni bos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car s' esdeve, sia tortz o razos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cascuns vol l' us aprendr' e seguir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De son seignor per miels ab lui caber:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs si fezesson aissi lur dever</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Li croi seignor com il s' en van loingnan,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grieu aurion servidor mal obran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sol per so si dechai e s cofon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo segl' e s pert, car il son nuaillos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nonchalen de totz faitz cabalos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E m meravil com pot esdevenir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' il no voillan proeza mantener,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car s' ab proeza pueion en poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en ricor, don tan gran talent an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' eu m' en vau trop fort meraveillan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car totz seingner, on mais a cor volon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' aver mais e d' esser mais poderos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De valer deu esser mais voluntos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de tot so que fassa 'ls pros grazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E maiorment de dar, car fai tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per pro maint hom a pauc d' autre saber,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E de tot' autra valor sol que n' an,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el don si gart qu' o met en luec prezan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E s' om prezatz, que don pren, no i respon</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gent, quant obs es l' onors e 'l pretz e 'l pros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en ven, celui per cui faig es lo dos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Restaura tot; car chascus que l' au dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si s preza ren ni sab en re valer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A tan bon cor vas lui com degr' aver</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cel que n' a pres lo don, per qu' a afan</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s deu nuls hom tener dar si onran.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als seingnors cug aver faig gran plazer </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aquest chant, al pros per mantener </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur bel capteing, et als autres montran, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' il volon far lur pron, so qu' a far an.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boniface Calvo.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per tot so c' om sol valer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et esser lauzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deval et es encolpatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car es proeza folia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E leialtatz non sabers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gaieza leujaria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' aissi es camjatz valers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En avoles' e il en lui, qu' om te</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo croi per pro, e qu' el pros non val re.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sitot * eu saber</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De far malvestatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per q' eu seria prezatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et en poder puiaria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Conoissenza e devers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi capdellon tota via</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De guiza, que mos volers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m sofre ges que m plaia fais, per que</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi prezon cil qu' el mal tenon per be.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anz voill ab aital voler</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meinz poder assatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dels crois mal enseingnatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ples de tota vilania</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi plai en re lurs plazers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni lur mendiga paria,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car mi par lur chapteners</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant laitz e tant aunitz, que per ma fe, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qan sovinenza n' ai, m' enueg de me.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sai qu' eu faria parer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab mos ditz serratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m lau com outracuidatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non a totz, que s' o fazia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De messoini' auri' el vers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semblanz', e tant se valria;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sitot no m faill lezers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ges de chantar no m membra ni m sove,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas sol per cels qu' entendemenz soste.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Domna, tan mi fai plazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bels faitz e honratz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo senz e la granz beutatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La valors e 'l cortezia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De vos que res fors poders</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No m sofraing a far que sia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perdutz l' auzirs e 'l vezers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l senz dels avols, per cui s' esdeve</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om lau celui c' avinen no s capte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boniface Calvo.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui ha talen de donar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tal don que sia lauzatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entr' els savis, deu pensar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tres chauzas, ben o sapchatz:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cals es el eis taing que s pes,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cals cel qu' el don deu penre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E cals los dos; qu' estiers res</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No 'l pot de blasme defendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om don tan gran non deu dar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' en sia trop fort grevatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni tant pauc qu' a soanar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo taingna cellui qui er datz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni dons avinens non es</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C' om lo 'n poiria rependre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O chauzir qu' el non saubes</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">So que s taing a far entendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E quant hom per si honrar </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Da 'l sieu e n' es desonratz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No s pot maiorment desfar; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' avers e l' honors prezatz </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Val mais que nuls autre bes; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doncs qui 'ls pert non pot contendre </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' autra guiza pogues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan bassa valor descendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que requer' e pregar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo rei castellan mi platz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el deia mos chanz membrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non crei' uns sieus privatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car il an tal us apres</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tal art, so il vol aprendre,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quecs, per pauc qu' el n' agues,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son pretz volri' escoiscendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tan mi fai ma dompn' amar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amors, qu' en sui fol jugatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que can deuria poingnar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El rei de servir, li fatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plazers; e no m' en tueil ges,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car sai qu' il m' en degra rendre</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bon guierdon, s' il plagues</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adreg sa merce despendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boniface Calvo.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mon sirventes tramet al cominal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De tota gen, e si 'l volon auzir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni l' entendo ni 'l sabo devezir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quascus hi pot triar lo ben del mal;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que cobeytatz a tant sazit en brieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mon que no y cort dreg ni tem hom dieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni no y trob om merce ni chauzimen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni vergonha ab lo pus de la gen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Clergue volon trastot l' an per engual</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab cobeitat gent caussar e vestir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'l ric prelat volo s tant enantir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que ses razo alargan lor deptal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si tenetz de lor un honrat fieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volran l' aver; e no 'l cobraretz lieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no lor datz una summa d' argen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no lor faitz plus estreg covinen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rey e comte, baylo e senescal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volo 'ls castels e las terras sazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A lur gran tort las paubras gens delir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E li baro son tornat atretal;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ditz quascus: Ieu penrai d' aquo mieu; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab tot son plus paubres que romieu; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no tenon vertat ni sagramen;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nos autres em tug d' aquelh eys sen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si monge nier vol dieus que sian sal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per pro manjar ni per femnas tenir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni monge blanc per boulas a mentir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni per erguelh Temple ni Espital,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni canonge per prestar a renieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben tenc per folh sanh Peir' e sanh Andrieu </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que sofriro per dieu aital turmen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' aquest s' en van aissi a salvamen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si capelan per pro beure a Noal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni legistas per tort a mantenir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ostalier per son oste trahir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E loguadier per falsar lor jornal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E raubador e metje e corrieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Rauban la gen, se salvo, non cre ieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que menudet no vivon folhamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E selhs qu' estan cofes e peneden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Revendedor, obrier e menestral</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iran a dieu, si lor o vol sofrir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab car vendre et ab pliven mentir;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E camjador et home de portal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E renovier yssamen com Juzieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E noyriguier panan so qu' om lor plieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E laurador terras sensals tenen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Festas obran e mezinas crezen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A l' autra gen darai cosselh leyal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sitot no 'l say a mos ops retenir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que quecx pesses de be far e de dir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que non aurem negus plus de cabal,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni 'n portarem escrit el nostre brieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad aysselh jorn que rendrem comt' a dieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al derrier jorn' que tenra parlamen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ayselh senhor que ns formet de nien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De totz los reys ten hom per pus cabal</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo rey 'N Anfos, tan fay bos faitz grazir,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels comtes selh de Rodes chauzir</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fai sa valor e son pretz natural,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels prelatz selh de Memde, qu' el trieu</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sec drechamen e despen gent lo sieu,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dels baros son fraire, tan valen</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son tug siey fag e siey captenemen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui mon chantar me repren no m' es grieu, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si maynt fan be sitot pauc m' en fatz ieu; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que las gens renheson leyalmen,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pueys poirion dir: De folh apren hom sen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Raimond de Castelnau.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cristias vey perilhar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per colpa dels regidors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar entr' elhs no cap amors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni patz ni dreitz, qu' ab tortz far</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Son d' autruy dreg enveyos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E creys lurs iniquitatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creyssen lurs possessios.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En aisso truep voluntos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo pus de las poestatz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja non dirai dels prelatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ilh devon governar nos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mostran via per salvar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si s fan don lur tanh lauzors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus fassa 'ls drech guidar!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sas obras deu mostrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh que repren las follors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si que 'l n' eschaya honors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ayssi deu hom essenhar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar non es maiestres bos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per sol dictar apelatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'ls faitz no fay cabalos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aisso lais, qu' autra razos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M' o tolh don suy apessatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' els reys truep desacordatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' un voler non sai dos;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant vol quascus contrastar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab l' autre, don es paors</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dieus tot o desampar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un temps vol dieus yssausar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Crestias, e 'l fon sabors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar el pus era valors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E pessavan d' elh honrar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra Sarrazis fellos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et avian entr' elhs patz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et amor totas sazos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas er es contrarios</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us a l' autre, que duptatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y es enjans ni baratz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni cuberta tracios;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L' us cuia l' autr' enjanar:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas pus greu m' es dels maiors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mals pot a mais montar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quan l' us ve l' autre baissar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se deurian far socors,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar qui val a valedors;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas estiers los vey obrar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que del creysser son gilos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E del mermar fan solatz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om val als pus poderos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bos reys castellas, N Anfos,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab dreg faits tot quant fassatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et auretz pro companhos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El devers sia gardatz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vostres, e 'l pretz per vos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVIII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qui m disses, non a dos ans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el laus me fos desgrazitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del rey 'N Anfos, de pretz guitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mot me fora greus afans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' er es tant vil tengut sai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E blasmatz, que sol parlar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non aus de luy ad honor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don ai al cor tal dolor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab pauc chant no 'n desampar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A moutz homes l' aug blasmar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que li foran valedor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si guerra l' agues sabor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant com a cor de donar:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas ieu las! suy en esmai,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com me sol lauzar mos chans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per elh que m' er abelhitz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant qu' ieu serai sebelhitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans que dreg alhors los lans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mala veyra sos efans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si 'l pus de la gent ver ditz, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que vius n' er despostaditz; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E dieus don me mort enans, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar ja gran joy non aurai </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tro per ver auia comtar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que 'l sieu enemic maior</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aian ab luy tal amor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que d' elhs no 'l calha gardar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab dreg a volgut renhar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et ab pretz et ab valor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creyssen de terr' ab lauzor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo reys N Anfos que dieus gar;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et aras deu mielhs e mai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voler dreg e patz dos tans,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que non si' escarnitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que de dieu si' aizitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sos pretz no s desenans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos ditz sera pro bastans</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol que per luy si' auzitz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ieu parti totz esferzitz;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E si m' enten, non l' er dans;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pero aitan li dirai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que reys deu amicx amar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas de l' als dir ai temor,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E 'lh chauzisca son melhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per son dreg dever a far.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jamais no m' esforsarai</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D' el rey castellan lauzar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni d' autre, si en error</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ven son pretz, qu' a deshonor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me pogues ab dan tornar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No suy astrucx de senhor</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que m vuelha de cor amar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fortz guerra fai tot lo mon guerreiar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E destruir, per que tot er destrutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' ab totz esfortz vey las gens esforsar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De dechazer us austres dechazutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De drechura, q' us non es drechuriers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ans es ab tort qui pot pus torturiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant que temors de dieu no y fai temensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui conoys mescre sa conoyssensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' el mons es estranhatz de mondar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar hom no cre autre ni es crezutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni es amatz per ren ni pot amar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni ben voler, ans es totz ben volgutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om dona dreg, dat per dieu, per deniers;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E per aver avera 'ls messongiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que dieus fa ses pro far penedensa </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Als crestias crestatz de paciensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q' us ab son par no s pot apariar</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ses decebre, don quecx es deceubutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E gualiatz, tan vol quecx gualiar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Creyssen lo sieu, don mals es tant cregutz</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om no vol far ben, e fa voluntiers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mal, per que patz nos fug, qu' el vers paziers</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Par que nos falh per la nostra falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no nos val quar nos no 'l faym valensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas qui fes totz los bes que pogra far,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E que s tengues dels mals on es tengutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et oblides so que deu oblidar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E decores de cor so qu' es salutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volgues dreg quar dreitz es dreitz semdiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' aissi viven viu hom e non estiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et obezis so qu' es d' obediensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De belh saber agra belha sabensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers paires dieus, don no ns podem pairar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vera via, vertatz e vera lutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vers salvamens per que ns devem salvar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vera bontatz don totz bes es vengutz,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amaires vers als amadors entiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Defendemens defendens d' aversiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faitz nos obrar tals obras ab crezensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' entr' els gueritz trobem ab vos guirensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amples <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-traduit-per-ramon-guimera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">camis</a> ab trops de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-traduit-per-ramon-guimera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">caminiers</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leus per saber e per tener leugiers,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es selh de mort, e mortals ab temensa</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selh de vida, per qu' a paucx vius agensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si be m falhic no crey que y fes falhensa,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mos Belhs Deportz, deport truep e guirensa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LX.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vertatz es atras tirada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E messonja enantida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E lialtatz encaussada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E falsetatz aculhida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om ten per dreg son voler </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et obra de son poder</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don tortz es tan poderos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que dreitz es a non chaler</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vengutz, que no y val sermos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sancta fes es sermonada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mot, e pauc l' obra seguida;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es plazens e privada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Selha de mondana vida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om, per complir son plazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desconoys dreg e dever,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E d' aver es tant curos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hom, e pro non pot aver,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que no sap que s' es razos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E crey qu' a dieu non agrada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar amors non es aizida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni merces non es trobada;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que patz nos es falhida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om non la vol enquerer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don deu lo mons dechazer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar dieus totz savis, totz bos, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No vol en loc remaner</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On baratz renh e tensos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas si patz fos essercada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant com es guerr' afortida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erguelhs non agra cassada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Merce qu' al mon fort oblida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per qu' amors no y pot caber</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni sens no y pot res valer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' erguelhs e baratz ginhos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolhon auzir e vezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ad home totas sazos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ihesus Cristz nos a mostrada</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Via qu' es del ver gaug guida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas tant es pauc ademprada,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per que petit es polida,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar mot es greus per tener</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' om manjar be ni jazer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No y pot, ans viu sofrachos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del mon que deu fort temer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quar tot l' es contrarios.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo mons no dona lezer</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De be, e fai mal plazer;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E qui pus l' es amoros</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mens a de ben far poder,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tant es lo mals saboros!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanctz paires dieus glorios,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senher, datz nos tal saber</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' el mon azirem per vos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giraud Riquier.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pièces morales et religieuses.<br /><br />Index:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/i-senher-dieus-que-fezist-adam.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">I, Senher dieus, que fezist Adam,</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vers-dieus-el-vostre-nom.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">II, Vers dieus, el vostre nom e de sancta Maria</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iii-patz-passien-ven-del-senhor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">III, Patz passien ven del senhor</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/iv-razos-es-e-mezura.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IV, Razos es e mezura,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/v-ben-volgra-s-esser-pogues.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V, Ben volgra, s' esser pogues,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vi-verges-en-bon-hora.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VI, Verges, en bon' hora</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/vii-dieus-vera-vida-verays.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VII, Dieus, vera vida, verays,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/viii-ja-hom-pres-ni-dezeretatz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">VIII, Ja hom pres ni dezeretatz</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ix-pus-lo-dous-temps-ve-jogan-e-rizen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IX, Pus lo dous temps ve jogan e rizen,</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/lo-paire-filh-sant-espirital.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">X, Lo pair' e 'l filh e 'l sant espirital</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xi-mantas-vetz-sui-enqueritz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XI, Mantas vetz sui enqueritz</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xii-nueg-e-jorn-suy-en-pensamen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XII, Nueg e jorn suy en pensamen</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiii-oi-maire-filla-de-dieu.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIII, Oi! Maire, filla de dieu,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiv-un-decret-fauc-drechurier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIV, Un decret fauc drechurier,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xv-vera-vergena-maria.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XV, Vera vergena Maria,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvi-dels-quatre-caps-que-la-cros.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVI, Dels quatre caps que a la cros</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xvii-ihesum-crist-nostre-salvaire.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVII, Ihesum Crist, nostre Salvaire,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/ben-es-adreigz-e-sap-qu-es-alegranza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XVIII, Ben es adreigz E sap qu' es alegranza,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xix-sirvens-suy-avutz-et-arlotz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XIX, Sirvens suy avutz et arlotz,</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xx-domna-dels-angels-regina-lenga.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XX, Domna, dels angels regina</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxi-be-volria-de-la-mellor.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXI, Be volria de la mellor</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxii-cor-ai-e-voluntat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXII, Cor ai e voluntat</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiii-luecx-es-qu-om-si-deu-alegrar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIII, Luecx es qu' om si deu alegrar;</a><br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/xxiv-esperansa-de-totz-ferms-esperans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">XXIV, Esperansa de totz ferms esperans</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tome 5:<br /><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/10/tome-cinquieme-appendice-biographies.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Appendice - Biographies</a> (+ Index)<br /><br />Tome 6:<br /><br /><a href="https://lopapaparlechapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/11/grammaire-comparee-langues-europe-latine-chapitre-1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Grammaire comparée langues Europe latine - chapitre 1, Substantifs</a> (+ Index)</span></p><p><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-70607948168769383722023-09-11T11:07:00.004-07:002023-09-22T04:41:43.491-07:00Vocabulario basco – castellano – francés. Cancionero vasco. José Manterola.<a href="https://www.amazon.es/CANCIONERO-VASCO-Jos%C3%A9-Manterola-Beldarrain-ebook/dp/B0CHWKCD9B/ref=sr_1_2?__mk_es_ES=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=1J5BTEBU5XH6C&keywords=cancionero+vasco&qid=1695382438&sprefix=cancionero+vasco%2Caps%2C127&sr=8-2" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Cancionero vasco, José Manterola, series I, II, III" border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="293" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7A_-hUpH2PxWJANMyC4_2ZjK8CGxghqSjKdPb3QZ-qh61Cv6Bq2yP6nZ_1BIQMbYfBF2qKiXPPO2YKbAoMmyD_obX6chljCEjFO2lHdpxptX364Jp07H_bUS7055AOLQsoz-yxINCx0CRLtMPFFT2rvqEHMuOJq-80vlc-0s0nAnoszJQL2cvNptBOKCp/w402-h640/cancionero-vasco-kindle.jpg" title="Cancionero vasco, José Manterola, series I, II, III" width="402" /></span></a><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Vocabulario</span><span> </span><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">basco</a><span> </span><span>– castellano – francés de todas las</span><span> </span><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">voces euskaras</a><span> </span><span>contenidas en este volumen.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />(N. E. Consultar también <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/itzteguia-vocabulario.html">https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/itzteguia-vocabulario.html</a> )</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A, es el artículo definido: así gizon, hombre (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/10-15-vie-du-bon-pere-colombain.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">homme</a>) gizon-a, el hombre, l' homme); <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/i-poesias-alegoricas-apolo-eta-musak.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">emakume</a>, mujer, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/06/4-21-communaute-biens-meubles-immeubles-mary-femme.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">femme</a>); <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/i-poesias-alegoricas-apolo-eta-musak.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">emakume-a</a>, la mujer, (la femme). - La vocal A, como modulación , significa, según Astarloa, ancho y extendido, y como primera articulación del varón, tiene las significaciones de “<a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fuerte</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">robusto</a>”, y demás cualidades análogas a </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">este sexo.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aaztu, bizc. V. Aztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abar-ra, d. d. rama (<a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/05/verdang.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">branche</a>). Se ve más comúnmente usado adar (V).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abaraska, g. panal, (rayon de miel). Sin.: Abau-a, breska, ezti-orrazi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abarrots-a, g. b., abarrox-a, s. bn., harrabots-a (N. E. metátesis de habarrots-a), l. ruido desagradable, crujido de las ramas al desgajarse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(Vacarme , fracas, bruit désagréable ). Etimología: De abar- o adarr-a, rama, (branche), y ots-a, ruido, (bruit).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Abendu-a, g. abendo-a, d. d., el mes de diciembre. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">(Décembre). Sin: Lotazill-a, b. l. Ilbeltz-a, g. l. Ilbaltz-a, b. Beltzil-a, l., Neguil-a, l. Otzaro-a.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aberats-a, g. l. aberatz-a, b. aberax-a, s. bn., rico, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-47-par-dessus-espaule.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">riche</a>). Etim.: De abere, ganado, aberetsu-a, aberats-a, el que posee mucho ganado, del mismo modo que el latín formó de pecus, ganado, pecunia, dinero, que es en lo que consistía la primitiva riqueza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abere-a, d. d. animal, ganado, bestia en general, (animal). Abere basatiak, animales bravos, salvajes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abiatu, abiatzen, d. d. comenzar, principiar, encaminarse, prepararse a un trabajo, (commencer, s' acheminer, se préparer à un travail, etc). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De este verbo procede, según Larramendi, el castellano aviar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abiadura, d. d. carrera que se toma para andar o saltar, partida, principio de alguna cosa, (commencement, allure, démarche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sin.: joanara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abil-la, g. b. abil-a, b. l. hábil, diestro, inteligente, experto. (Habile, intelligent, expéditif, capable). Etim. Procede, según Chao,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">de la latina correspondiente habilis, e. - Sin. gai-a, gei-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Abo-a. V. Ao-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acheri-a. V. Azeri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Achol-a, l. bn. s. V. Ajol-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adar-ra, 1, d. d. rama gruesa de un árbol, (branche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adar-ra, 2, cuerno de un animal, (corne d' animal).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adiñ-a, g. adin-a , d. d., edad, (âge).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Adiskide-a, d. d. amigo, (ami).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aditu, aditzen, g. l. aitu, aituten, b., entender, comprender, (entendre, comprendre). - Aditzera eman, dar a entender, (faire entendre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aditzañ-a, g. b. audiencia, tribunal de justicia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(Audience, tribunal de justice). - Sin.: adiunde-a, entzunde-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Afaldu, afaltzen, d. d.; apaldu, apaltzen , g. b., cenar, (souper).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Afari-a, d. d. apari-a , g. b. cena, (souper, subst.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ageri, agertu, agertzen, d. d. parecer, aparecerse, (paraître, apparaître). - Como verbo activo trad. por declarar, manifestar, (déclarer, manifester) Agindu, agintzen, d. d. mandar, y también ofrecer, prometer,(commander, promettre). - V. para la etimología la voz Egindu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agintari-a, d. d. agintzari-a, jefe, caudillo, el que manda o gobierna. (Chef, commandant). Sin.: Kidatzalle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agintz-a, 1, mando, (commandement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agintz-a, 2, promesa, ofrenda, mandato, (promesse, offrande).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aguiñ-a, 1, g. agin-a, g. b. hagiñ-a, l. s. bn., muela, (grosse dent). - 2. En Bizcaya designan también con este nombre al tejo, árbol. (Tilleul)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agitz, g. hagitz, l., muy, mucho, (très, fort).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ago-a, b. V. Ao-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agoni-a, agonía, (agonie). Sin.: Atzeneko guda, g. b. korroka, l. eriotzeko une-a, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agor-ra, d. d. seco, estéril, (sec, tari, stérile). - Sin.: idor-ra, leor-ra, elkor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agorrill-a, b. l. el mes de agosto, (le mois d' Août). - Etim.: Agor-illa, mes seco. Sin.: Aboztu-a , Agor-ra, Abuztu-a. - En Guipúzcoa se conoce generalmente con los nombres de Agorra, Agorrilla, el mes de septiembre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agortu, agortzen, d. d. secarse, agotarse, apurarse, esterilizarse. (Sécher, tarir). Sin.: legortu, leortu, idortu, chukatu, ustu, bagetu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agur-ra, saludo, adiós, (les saluts, les adieux). Agur-eghile-a, l. cortesano, adulador (courtisan, adulateur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agure-a, aguria, d. d. anciano, (vieillard). - Etimología: según Moguel, esta palabra quiere decir tanto como “el quejoso, é el que quiere quejarse". En mi humilde opinión deriva del verbo gur, gurtu, (V. esta voz) y equivale a "el encorvado".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ahalketu, s. ahalkatu, l. ahalgetu, bn., lamentarse, (se plaindre). - Sin.: ahuendu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ahantzi, ahanzten, l. olvidar, (oublier). Sin.: aztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aien-a, ayen-a, g. b. ayhen-a, l. s. bn., vid, viña silvestre. (Viorne, vigne sauvage). - Sin.: mats-a, masti-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ain, añ, g. ain, b. haiñ. l. bn. s., tan, tanto, (si, tant). Ain andia, tan grande, (si grand).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainbat, anbat, g. b. hanbat, l. s. bn., tan, tanto, tanto como, (tant, autant que).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainbeste, g. b. hainbertze, l. bn. s., tan, tanto (tant, autant que).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ainchin-a, b. aitzin-a, g. l. ainzin-a, bn. s., antes, delante, lo que fue o sucedió hace mucho tiempo. (Devant, avant, jadis). - ¡Anchinarik oná! b. ¡lo que va de aquellos tiempos a estos!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aingeru-a, g. b. l. aingheru-a, l. aingheri-a, bn. ainguri-a, s., ángel. (ange). Etim.: del latín angelus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aintzira, g. b. l., laguna, estanque, cenagal o pantano, (lac, étang, bourbier). Sin.: zingira, g., zulanpoa, b., umanzi-a, ugoitz-a, lokarda, lupetz-a, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aiñ. V. Ain, añ.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aipha, aiphatu, l. bn, s. V. Aitatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aisa, g. b., aise, b., adv. de modo, fácil, fácilmente, (aisément). (N. E. English easy, easily) Sin.: erraz, errez, errazki, errechki, errazkiró.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aita, d. d., padre, (père). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitatu, aitatzen, g. b. l., aipatu, aipatzen, l., aiphatu, aiphatzen, l. bn. s., mencionar, hablar de... (mentionner, parler de...)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitorenseme-a, d. d., noble, (noble). Etim., lit. hijo de Aitor. - La tradición dice ser este el padre de los bascongados.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitortu, aitortzen, g. b., aithortu, l. s. bn., declarar, confesar, (avouer, confesser). Aitor-arazi, hacer confesar, el sacerdote, el juez, etc., al penitente o reo. - Sin.: azaldu, arpeztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitu, aitzen, 1. - Este verbo, empleado muy comúnmente en los dialectos g. y b. con la significación de entender, y también con las de oír, escuchar, no es otra cosa que una síncope de aditu, que expresa propiamente la acción de entender o comprender, y que equivale a estar atento, acción necesaria para entender, (entendre, comprendre, écouter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitu, aitzen, 2, b. g. acabarse, agotarse, consumirse una cosa, (finir, se finir, achever, terminer). Aitu-erazo, hacer acabar a uno, consumirlo, (fatiguer, tourmenter, consumer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitz-a, g. ach-a, b.; haitz-a, l. s. bn., peña, roca, (rocher, roche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aitzaki-a, g., achaki-a, b. excusa, pretexto, (prétexte, éxcuse). De esta voz bascongada deriva, según el P. Larramendi, la castellana correspondiente "achaque".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aize-a, g. aise-a, b. haize-a, l. s. bn. viento, (vent). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aizeri-a, b. V. Azeri-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aizkor-a, g. b. haizkor-a, l. s. bn., hacha (hâche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ajatu, ajatzen, ajarse, (flétrir, chiffonner). Sin. puros, murritu, g. b., marruskatu, mastrikatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ajol-a, g. b., achol-a, l. bn., cuidado, diligencia, zozobra, (soin, souci). - ¿Zer zaio achola? ¿Qué le importa? (¿Que lui importe?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ajolakabe-a, g.; ajolagabe-a, ajolabage-a, g. b.; acholabage-a, b. l. bn., <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">desidioso</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-disenado-coches.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">perezoso</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/javier-giralt-latorre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sin vergüenza</a>, una persona descuidada, que no le importa por nada. (Négligent, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nonchalant</a>). - Sin: ardurabage-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ak. - Es el artículo definido, signo de pluralidad. Ejemplo: ogi, pan, (pain); ogi-a, el pan, (le pain); ogi-ak, los panes, (les pains). Sustituye, aun en singular, al art.° a, que se emplea con los verbos pasivos o neutros, cuando el sujeto es activo o agente. Ejemplo.: gizona il da, el hombre ha muerto, (l' homme est mort); gizon-ak jan du, el hombre ha comido, (l' homme a mangé). - Empléase también como pron. de la 3.a persona, ak por ark o arrek, aquel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aker-ra, g. b. l., akherra, bn. s., macho cabrío, cabrón, (bouc). - Etim.: según Moguel, akerra quiere decir, el de cuernos torcidos, como contracción, sin duda, de las dos voces adar-oker. - De la misma palabra se ha formado la compuesta akelarre, (asamblea de las brujas) (lieu de sabbat des sorciers), que equivale a prado o campo del macho cabrío.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Al, g. bn.; ahal, l. bn. s., poder (pouvoir). - Los dialectos basco-franceses se sirven de al, como sustantivo; los basco-hispanos solamente lo emplean como nombre verbal, que se coloca de una manera invariable ante el auxiliar. Ejemplo; egin ALbaneza, si yo pudiera hacer, (si je pouvais faire). ¿Joango AL naiz? ¿Iré?, es decir, ¿podré ir? (¿pourrai-je aller?)- Al degun moduan, del modo que podamos, (comme nous pouvons).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ala, g. alan. b. hala, l. s. bn. así, de este modo (ainsi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ala-ala, medianamente, así-así, tal cual, (là là, médiocrement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alaba, d. d., hija, (fille). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alabañ-a, g. alaiban-a, b. alabadere, l. bn., no obstante, sin embargo,(cependant, dès que cela est ainsi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alako-a, semejante (semblable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alai-a, g. b., alegre, vigoroso, animado, despejado. (gai, fort, joyeux, vigoureux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alaitu, alaitzen, g. b.. alentar, animar, (encourager, animer). - Se emplea también en ocasiones con la significación de alegrarse, recrearse, (égayer, rejouir, se rejouir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alan, b., así, (ainsi). Sinónimo: Onela.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alargun-a, g. b. alhargun-a, l. s. bn., viuda (veuve).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albiño-a, albiñu-a, g., hebra de hilo, lana, pelo, etc., (fil). - Ditu ille urrezko albiñu luziak (Vilinch). Tiene largas hebras de áureo cabello. (Elle a de longs cheveux aux nuances dorées.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Albo-a, albua, g. b., costado, lado, flanco, cercanía, inmediación (côté). Alboan, al costado, cerca de, cabe, junto a, (à côté, chez). - Alboak, los costados, los lados, (les côtés). (N. E. la vora, a la vora; a tu vera)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alcha, alchatu, g. b. l. bn., altza, altzatu, g., altzau, altzaten, b., altchatu, l. bn., aska, sul. roncalés, levantar, elevar, (lever, élever). Voz euskara de la que según Larramendi ha tomado el castellano la equivalente alzar. Sin.: jaso, g. eregi, b. goratu, goititu d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aldamen-a, g. b. cerca, lado, (proche, à côté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aldamenian, g. b., cerca, al lado, junto a, (proche). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aldare-a, g. b., althare-a, l. s. bn., altar, (autel).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alde, d. d., proximidad, cercanía, (côté, proximité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alderago, comp. g., más cerca, (plus près). - Sinónimos: urrago, b., hurbilago, l., hullanago, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alderatu, alderatzen, g. b., acercarse, aproximarse, (approcher). - Sin.: alboratu, ertzatu, urbildu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alderdi-a, g. b. l. bn. s, lado, costado, pedazo, fragmento, (côté, moitié). Etimología: de alde-erdi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aldi, d. d., vez, tanda, turno, espacio de tiempo, (fois, tour, espace de temps).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aldi baten, b., aldi bateko, g., para una temporada, (pour quelque temps). - Aldiró, cada vez (chaque fois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aldizka, d. d., a turnos, alternativamente, (tour à tour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ale-a, g. grano. (grain). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alegera, aleghera, l. s. bn., alegre, (joyeux, gai).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aleghi-a, l. s. bn., fábula, alegoría. (fable, récit fabuleux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alegiñ-a, g. b. y también egiñal-a, esfuerzo, hacer todo lo que es posible, (effort, ce qu' il est posible de faire). Etim.: de al, poder, y egin, hacer.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alfer-ra, g. l., alper-ra, g. b., afer-ra, n. s. perezoso, holgazán, (pareseux, fainéant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alfer-alferrik, g. b. l., sobre superlativo. En vano, inútilmente, (en vain, inutilement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alferkeri-a, alperkeri-a, g. b. l., aferkari-a, bn., alferreri-a, b., auherkeri-a, s., holgazanería, haraganería, (paresse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Algara, g. b., carcajada, (éclat de rire). De esta voz procede, según Larramendi, la castellana algazara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sin.: iskanbill-a, otsabar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Algaraz, a carcajadas , (à gorge déployée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alha, alhatu, alhatzen, l. bn., pacer, (pâitre); roer, (ronger). - Etim.: de alha, l., el pasto o el lugar en donde se pasta. - Sin.: larreatu, bazkatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alhadura, l. bn. Fig. remordimiento, dolor intenso, (remords, reproche de la conscience).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alhor-ra, l. s. bn. V. Alor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alik lenen-a, frase adv., cuanto antes, a la brevedad posible, (au plus tôt, le plus tôt possible).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alkar, g. b., elkar, g. l., elgar, bn., elgor, l., uno y otro, (l' un et l' autre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alkargan-a, uno al otro, (l' un à l' autre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alkarganatu, alkarganatzen, elkarganatu, elkarganatzen, g. b., unirse, asociarse, (se réunir). Sinónimos: alkartu, elkartu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alkarrekin, g. b., el uno con el otro, juntos, asociados, (ensemble).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alor-ra, g. b., alhor-ra, l. s. bn. Campo sembrado o dispuesto para ello. (Champ ensemencé ou prêt à être ensemencé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alper, alperkeri-a. V. alfer, alferkeri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alpertu, alpertzen, g. b., alferdu, alfertzen, l. s., emperezarse, hacerse perezoso, (se plaire dans l' inaction).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alor-ra, g. b., alhor-ra, 1. s. b. Campo sembrado</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Altiste-a, g. perla, (perle). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ama, d. d. madre, (mère). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amabi, g. b., hamabi, l. s. bn., doce, (douze). Etim. De amar ta bi, diez y dos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amabika, hamabika, a docenas, (par douzaines).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amabigarren-a, hamabigarren-a, duodécimo, (douzième).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amacho, g., amatcho, b., amatto, l. dim. de Ama, usado como expresión de cariño y de finura; madrecita, (petite mère, T. de tendresse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amaika, g. b., hamaika, l. bn. s. once (onze). - Amaika aldiz, lit. once veces. Se emplea frecuentemente con la significación indeterminada de muchas veces, (plusieurs fois, souvent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amaikagarren-a, hamaikagarren-a, onceno, (onzième).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amairu, g. b., hamahirur, l. bn. s., trece, (treize).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amaitu, amaitutzen, g., amaituten, b., amandu, amanduten, acabarse presto una cosa, terminar, finalizar, (finir, mettre fin à...) Diferénciase en esto de aitu. -"Amaitu da neure bizitza ona", b., Ha acabado apenas comenzada mi buena vida. - Sin.: azkendu, bukatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amar, g. b. n., hamar, l. s. bn.. diez, (dix).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amargarren-a, hamargarren-a, décimo, (dixième). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amarmillagarren-a, hamarmillagarren-a, diez milésimo, (dix-millième).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amarreko-a, g. b. hamarreko-a, l. b. s., lit. de diez, décima. (Le dixième, dizain).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amasei, g. b., hamasei, l. bn. s., diez y seis, (seize). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amets-a, g. b. l., amex-a, s. bn., sueño, (songe, rève). - Amets-ak, los sueños, (les songes). - Amets-egin, soñar, (songer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amildu, amiltzen, g. precipitarse, (précipiter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amilerazo o amilerazi, amilerazten, precipitar, hacer caer, (faire tomber).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amorio-a, g. amodio-a, g. b., amor, (amour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amorrai-a, amuarrai-a. g., amuarrañ-a, b., hamuarrain-a, l., trucha, (truite). Sin.: arraukari-a, b. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amorratu, amorratzen, g. b., rabiar, (enrager).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amorrazio-a, g. b. rabia, desesperación, (rage, désespoir, colère).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Amorru-a, g. b. rabia, cólera, (rage, colère). - Amorruz, g. b., de rabia, coléricamente, (avec colère).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">An, g. b.. han, l. s. bn., adv. allí, allá, (là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anai-a, g, b. n., anaye-a, l. bn. s., hermano, (frère). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anaitasun-a, d. d., hermandad, fraternidad, (fraternité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anbat o ambat, ainbat, g. b., hanbat, l. s. bn., tan, tanto, (tant, autant que).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anche, g. b. adv. allí mismo, (là même)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anchinatar-ra, ainchinatar-ra, b., aitzinatar-ra, g. l., ainzinatar-ra, g. l., ainzinatar-ra, bn., antepasado, (ancêtre). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anchume, dim. de Auntz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Andi-a, aundi-a, g. b., andija, b., handi-a, l. bn. s. gran, grande, (grand).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Andiago-a. g. andijago-a, b., comp. mayor, (majeur). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Andien-a, g. b., superl. el mayor, (le plus grand).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anditasun-a, aunditasun-a, g. b., handitasun-a, l., handitarsun-a, s. bn. grandeza, magnificencia, (grandeur). - Fig. vanidad, soberbia, (fiertė). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Gauzarik chikienetan ikusten da ongien Jaikoaren anditasuna. "En las cosas más pequeñas es donde se ve mejor la grandeza de Dios. (Dans les plus petites choses on voit mieux la grandeur de Dieu.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Andre-a, g., andra, b.. andere-a, l. s. bn., mujer, (femme). - Nombre más cortés que el de emakume-a, que se acerca más a hembra. - La palabra andre-a, en el dialecto bizcaíno, expresa mujer casada, pero</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">en los demás dialectos lo mismo suele significar la casada que la soltera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anima, g. arima b. l. bn. s., el alma, (l' âme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anitz, g. b. bn., anhitz, hainitz, l. bn. s., muy, mucho, (beaucoup, très).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anka, g. b. l., pierna, (jambe). Pata, (patte), tratándose de bestias. - El Padre Larramendi cree que esta voz es euskara pura; Chao se inclina a la procedencia griega, ankos, que significa “curvatura, ángulo saliente".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anpulu-a o ampulu-a, significa lit. en el dialecto bizcaíno "gota redonda”, y de dicha voz deriva, según el P. Larramendi, la castellana “ampolla". </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Negar anpuluak o negar malkoak, lágrimas, (larmes).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ansi-a, antsi-a, congoja, fatiga, cuidado, (soin, souci, affliction, peine). - Etimología: deriva, según Larramendi, de ansi-a, cuidado. Chao se inclina a su procedencia latina.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antz-a, g. ants-a, b. apariencia, semejanza, parecido, (apparence, ressemblance). - Sin.: iduri-a. - Etimología: Es voz compuesta de la sílaba modal an, y la letra z, característica de abundancia. Anz quiere decir, pues, “abundancia de modalidades o modificaciones”, y ha de verificarse esta cualidad para la semejanza, que es lo que significamos</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">con la voz Anz o anzá." (Ast. Apol. p. 74).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Añ, g. sin. de Ain. V. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ao-a, g. b., abo-a, g. auba, ago-a, b., aho-a, l. s. bn., boca, (bouche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apaindu, apaintzen, g. b. aphaindu, aphaintzen, l. bn. s., adornar, con las term. del neutro, adornarse, (orner, se orner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apaldu, apaltzen, 1, l., aphaldu, aphaltzen, l. bn. s. bajarse, descender, prosternarse, (baisser, descender, se prosterner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apaldu, apaltzen, 2, o afaldu, afaltzen, d. d. cenar, (souper). - Apaldu o afaldu gabe, sin cenar, (sans souper).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apañ-a, g. apain-a, g. b. l., adornado, elegante, (orné, élégant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apari-a, g. b., afari-a, g. b. l. s., la cena, (soupe). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aphaintzeko, l. Véase apaindu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apirill-a, g. l., aberill-a, b., aphiril-a, l. s. bn., abril. (le mois d' Avril). - Sin.: Jorraill-a, g. b. l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apur-ra, g. b. l., aphur-ra, bn. s., poco, una migaja, (un peu, une miette). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Apurtu, apurtuten, b., apurtzen, g. l., romper, destrozar, despedazar, (rompre), aplastar, machacar, hacer pedacitos una cosa, (écraser, dépecer). - Fig. reducirse, venir a menos, bajar de condición, (baisser de condition).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ara, arat, g. b., hara, l. s. bn., adv. de lugar, hé ahí, (là). - Ara an, g. b. hé allí, (voilà). - Ara emen, hé aquí, (voici). - Ara or, hé ahí, (en ceci).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aragi-a, g. b., haragi-a, l. s. bn. carne, (chair, viande). - Sin. bizcaíno, usado también en la alta Guipúzcoa, okela, okelia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arakiñ-a, g. b. carnicero, cortador. (Boucher qui tue, qui vend la viande). - Sinónimo: aratepalle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arantz-a, g. b., aranz-a, l., espina, (épine).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arategi-a, g. b., lugar en donde se vende carne, carnicería, (boucherie). - Etimología: de aragi-tegi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arauz, adv. sul., sin duda, (sans doute). - Sin.: Edo, b. Nozki, g. Nazki, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arbol-a, arbole-a, d. d., árbol, (arbre). - Etim.: Probablemente del latín arbos, arboris. - Sinónimos puros: Aritz-a, zuhain-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardao-a, b. V. Ardo-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardi-a, 1, adv. ardija, b., oveja, (brebis). - Etim.: según Moguel, vale tanto como “el dado al pasto de hierba", o "el pastador de hierba". </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- 2. Ardija o ardisa, en Bizcaya, y aun en la alta Guipúzcoa (Goyerri), significa también "la pulga", (puce). - Sin.: kukuso-a, arkakuso-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardit-a, g. b., ochavo, (monnaie qui vaut deux maravédis). - Larr. pretende que dicha voz es bascongada, y que de ella ha tomado el castellano la suya ardite. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardo-a, g. ardao-a, b. bn. arno-a, b. l. bn. s., vino, (vin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ardura, g. b. l., cuidado, inquietud, (soin), l. bn., adv.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">a menudo , frecuentemente, muchas veces, (souvent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arech-a, b. aritz-a, g. b. haritz-a, l. bn. s., el roble, (robre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aren-a, poses. su, suyo, suya, (son, sien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arerijo-a, b., enemigo, (ennemie). Sin.: Etsai- a, kontresta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arengan-a, o contrac. argan-a, a él, donde él, (à lui).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Argal-a, g. b. flaco, débil, (maigre, faible).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Argandik, de él, (de lui).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Argatik, g. b. l. hargatik, l. s. bn., por él, por aquel, por tanto, (par lui, c' est pour cela). - Es el pron. demost. hura, o ura, aquel, (celui là), usado también como pron. personal de la 3.ª persona.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Argi-a, g. l. bn. s. argija, b., la luz, (la lumière). - Como adj. luminoso, despejado, (spirituel, lumineux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Argiró, adv. de modo, claramente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Argitasun-a, d. d., claridad, resplandor, (clarté, splendeur). - Fig. vivacidad, (vivacité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ari, 1. es el dativo del pron. hura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ari, 2, nombre verbal que acompaña las term. del verbo izan. - “Jaten ari da", está comiendo. (Il mange, Il est à manger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ari-a, 3, g. b., hari-a, l. bn. s., hilo, (fil).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ari-a, 4, g., aari-ja, b., ahari-a, l. s. bn., carnero, (mouton, bélier). - Sin.: zikiro-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arima, b. l. bn. nav. s. V. Anima.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ariñ-a, 1, g. arin-a, g. b. l. arhin-a, l. bn. s., ligero, ágil, (léger, agile). - Sinónimos: bizi-a, azkar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ariñ, ariñ, 2, adv. aprisa, de prisa, (vite, vitement). - Sin.: agudo, lasterka, presaka.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arintasun-a, g. b. arhintasun-a, l. arhintarsun-a, s. bn., agilidad, ligereza, (légereté, agilité). - "Gure mutillaen arintasuna gauza ikusgarria da." Es cosa verdaderamente notable la agilidad de nuestros muchachos. (L' agilité de nos garçons est vraiment admirable). - Sin.: azkartasun-a, bizitasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aritz-a, g. V. arech-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ark, g. b. arrek, g. arek, b. hark, l. bn. s. - Es el nominativo agente del pron. dem. hura, él, aquel. (Nominatif agent du pron. demostrativo, hura, celui là.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arkaitz-a, g. peña, roca, (rocher). - Etim.: Es un pleonasmo de arri-aitz, peña roquiza, con k eufónica interpuesta. - Sin.: aitz-a, g., ach-a, b., haitz-a, l. s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arkitu, arkitzen, g., aurkitu, aurkitzen, l., aurkituten, b., encontrar, hallarse con algo o con alguno, (trouver, prendre avec...) - Sinónimos: idoro, kausitu, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arkume-a, g. b. cordero, (agneau). - Etim.: ari-kume.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: bildots-a, achuri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arnasa, b. V. Asnasa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arontz, aruntz, adv. hacia allá, (vers là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arpegi-a, g. b. aurpegi-a, g. ahurpegi-a, ahorpegi-a, harpegi-a, l. s. bn., la cara, el rostro, (visage, face de l' homme). - Sin.: begitartea. - Etim.: probablemente de aurre-begi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar-ra, 1, d. d. macho, varón (male).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar-ra, 2, g. b. * har-ra, l. s. bn., gusano, (ver). - Sinónimo: kocho-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ar-ra, 3, g., arraai-a, b., el palmo, medida, (palme). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrabots-a, l. V. Abarrots-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrai-a, 1, array-a, d. d., raya, línea, (raie). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrai-a, 2, g. arrañ-a, b. arrain-a, l. s. bn., pescado, (poisson).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrai-a, 3, adj. arraitsu-a, g. b., afable, alegre, de ameno trato. (Affable). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arraintzalle-a, arrainzale-a. V. Arrantzale-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arran-a, b. cascabel, (grelot). - Sin.: koskabill-a, koskabillo-a, koskarabillo-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrandegi-a, g., arraitegi-a, b. arraintegui-a, l. s. bn., pescadería, (poissonerie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrano-a, d. d., águila, (aigle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrantz-a, 1, g. l. arrainkuntze-a, b. pesca, (pêche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrantz-a, 2, g., arrantsi-a, b., rebuzno, (cri de l' âne), y también grito en general. - Arrantzaka, a gritos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrantzale-a, g. arraintzalle-a, arraintzali-a, b. arrainzale-a, l. bn., arranzari-a, s., pescador, (pêcheur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrapatu, arrapatzen, coger, (cueillir, prendre, saisir). - Según Larramendi, de este verbo, que procede de atzarrapatu, “coger con la zarpa”, han derivado, tanto el castellano atrapar, como el correspondiente francés atrapper. - Sin.: atzitu, achitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arras, adv., d. d., muy, mucho, totalmente, completamente, (très, totalement, tout-à-faite). Arras ongi, muy bien, (très bien). - Arras</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">penaturik, muy afligido, (très affligé). - Sin.: asko, hainitz, oso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrats-a, g. b. l. arrax-a., y a veces por contracción ax-a, bn. s., noche, (nuit).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arratsean, g., a la noche, por la noche, (au soir). -Sinónimo: gau-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arratsalde-a, g. b. l., arraxalde-a, bn. s., la tardeada, la tarde, (soirée). - Arratsalderó, cada tarde, todas las tardes, - Arratsalde on, o contracto Artsalde on, buenas tardes, (bon soir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrautz-a, g. b. l., arraultz-a, g., arraultze-a, l. s., arrolze-a, bn. s., arroltzi-a, l., huevo, (œuf). - Arraultzakin, con huevos, (avec œufs).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrautzari-a, g., arrautzarija, b., araultze-errulia, s., que pone huevos, (pondeuse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrazoi-a, g. b., arrazoin-a, l. s. bn., razón, (raison).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arre-a, 1, g. l. (Agricultura), rastrillo, (herse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arre-a, 2, arri-a, g. b., pardo (color), gris, turbio, oscuro, (gris, couleur brunce foncée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arreba, d. d., hermana, con relación al hermano, (soeur de frère). - Para designar a las hermanas, con relación unas a otras, el bascuence tiene además la voz aizpa, g. b., ahizpa, l., aizta, b., (sœur de sœur), distinción que no creo existe, fuera del bascuence, sino en algunas de las antiguas lenguas americanas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arren, d. d. por favor, por Dios, sin embargo, (de grâce, pour l' amour de Dieu, cependant). - En el dialecto sul. úsase frecuentemente esta voz con la significación de pues, y como sinónima de bada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arreta, g. b., artha, l. s. bn. cuidado, atención, (soin, attention). - Úsase también con la significación de "nota, advertencia", (note, remarque). - Eskerrak amaren arretai, gracias a las cuidados maternales. -Sinónimos en este último concepto: oakera, oarpide-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arri-a, 1, g. b., harri-a, l. s. bn., piedra, (pierre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arri-a, 2. V. Arre-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrigarri-a, g. b., harrigarri-a, l. bn. s., admirable, maravilloso, (admirable).- Sin.: miragarri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrisku-a, g. b., arriskura, l. s. bn., riesgo, peligro, (risque, péril, danger) Arritu, arritzen, g., arrituten, b., harritu, harritzen, l. s. bn., admirarse, quedar o dejar a uno absorto, (admirer, émerveiller). - Sinónimos: miretsi, mireztu, d. d., chunditu, b., sortatu, g. b. - Etim.: Arritu significa literalmente petrificarse, (pétrifier, s' étonner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arro-a, g. b., harro-a, l. s. bn., hinchado, hueco, vano, (enflé). - Fig. vanidoso, soberbio, (vaniteux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arroltze-a, l. bn. V. Arrautz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arrotasun-a, g. b., harrotasun-a. l. harrotarzun-a, bn. s., jactancia, vanidad, soberbia, (vanité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artalde-a, g. b., arthalde-a, l. s. bn., rebaño de ovejas, (troupeau de brebis).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artaldecho-a, g. b., artaldetto-a, l. bn. s., dim. de Artalde-a, g. b., arthalde-a, 1. s. bn., rebaño de ovejas, (troupeau de brebis). Artaldecho-a, g. b., artaldetto-a, l. bn. s., dim. de Artalde-a. - Etim.: Ari o ardi-taldea, grupo o muchedumbre de ovejas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arte, 1, d. d. Partícula que entra en la composición de muchas voces, significa "espacio entre dos o más cosas", (entre, parmi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arte-a, 2, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arte, 3, arteza, b. artheza, recto, derecho, justo, (droit, a droit). - Artez, adv. b., rectamente, ciertamente, con seguridad.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artegi-a, g. b. l. aprisco, establo, redil, (etable a brebis, bercail). - Etim. Equivale a arditegi, lugar de ovejas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artela, artelatz-a, g. b. Arb. alcornoque, (liége).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artetik, d. d., de entre. (d' entre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arteztu, artezten, b., dirigir, enseñar, amaestrar. (diriger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artizar-ra, g. b. l., arthizar-ra, bn, s., lucero, (l' etoile du matin). - Etim. De ardi-izarra o artzai-izarra, estrella de las ovejas , o de los pastores, (etoile des brebis ou du berger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arto-a, g. b. l., artho-a, l. s. bn., maíz, pan de maíz o borona, (maïs, méture).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artu, artzen, g., artuten, b. hartu, hartzen, l. s. bn., tomar, recibir, coger, aceptar, (prendre, recevoir). Empléase también con la significación de </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“tratar bien o mal a alguno, llevar tal o cual vida”, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artz-a, d. d. oso, (ours). - Equivale etimológicamente, según Moguel, a "el de mucha garra".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artzai-a, arzai-a, g. b., artzain-a, arzain-a, b. l. bn. s., pastor, (berger). - Etimología: Ardi-zai-a, o ardi zain-a, guardador de ovejas. - Sin.: ardi-jaolia, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Artzanora, g. b., mastín, (chien de berger). - Etimología: Arzain-ora, perro de pastor. - Sin.: bortha-zakurra, l. zabulo-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As-a, g. - V. Asnas-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asabak, g. b., los abuelos, nuestros mayores o antepasados, (les ancêtres). Sin.: guraso-a-k.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asarratu, asarratzen, aserratu, aserratzen, g. b., haserretu, haserretzen, l. bn. s., reñir, enfadarse, incomodarse, (se bruiller, se mettre en colère). - Sinónimo: sumindu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asarre-a, aserre-a, g. b., haserre-a, l. bn. s., hasarredura, l., cólera, enfado, (colère). - Como adj. adusto, tétrico, poco afable, (sombre, de mauvaise humeur). - Sin.: erre-a, bekoskodun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asarre egon, estar enfadado, (être ennuyé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ase, asetu, asetzen, g., asetu, aseten, b., hase, hasetu, hasetzen, l. s. bn., llenarse, hartarse, (remplir, rassasier). - Sin.: Iguitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asealdi-a, g. hartura, (rassasiement). (N. E. saciedad, de satis)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asi, asten o asitzen, g. b. hasi, hasten (y a veces hasitzen), l. s. bn., comenzar, empezar, principiar, (commencer). Y también crecer, desarrollarse. (Croître, grandir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Askatu, askatzen, g. b., soltar, desatar, desligar, (lacher, laisser). - Sin.: lasaitu, nasaitu, barraitu. - Tratándose de la confesión, absolver, (absoudre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aski, adv. d. d., bastante, (assez).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asko, adv, d. d., mucho, (beaucoup). - Askok, muchos, (plusieurs).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Askor-ra, b. chistoso, jocoso, alegre, (joyeux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Askotan, g. b., askitan, l. bn. s., adv. A menudo, muchas veces, con frecuencia, (souvent). - Sinónimos: sarritan, sarriró.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Askoz, askozaz, askotzas, con mucho, (de beaucoup). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asmari-a, b. - V. Asmatzalle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asmatu, asmatzen, g. asmau, asmatuten, b., acertar, descubrir, adivinar, inventar, (deviner, inventer). Sin.: somatu, usmatu, aztiatu. - Etim. De atz-eman, dar traza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asmatzalle-a, g., asmaria, b. adivinador, el que descubre o adivina cualquier cosa, (devin). - Sin.: asmari-a, somari-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asmo-a, d. d., propósito, proyecto, pensamiento, resolución, (projet, pensée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asnase-a, asnas-a, as-a, g. b., ats-a, b., arnase-a, b. l., hats-a, l., hax-a, bn. s., aliento, respiración. (haleine, respiration).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aspaldi-an, adv.; tiempo há, (il y a long temps).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aspertu, aspertzen, g. l., aspertu, aspertuten, b. cansarse, fastidiarse, aburrirse, fatigarse, hastiarse, (ennuyer, se ennuyer, fatiguer, se fatiguer). - Sin.: nekatu, aunatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Astakeri-a, astokeri-a, d. d. borricada, asnada, burrada, (sotisse, vêtise, ânerie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aste-a, asti-a, 1, d. d. principio, comienzo de algo, (commencement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aste-a, asti-a, 2, la semana, (la semaine). - Esta voz ha dado bastante que pensar a algunos bascófilos, y se han ocupado acerca de su origen, Astarloa, Sorreguieta, Aizquibel y otros muchos escritores. - ¿Principio de qué es la semana?, dice Van-Eys. - En mi humilde opinión el nombre de la semana bascongada tiene la explicación más natural y sencilla. La voz Aste-a, asti-a, se emplea frecuentemente, en especial en el dialecto labortano, y aun en el bizcaíno, con la significación de tiempo, como puede verse en los siguientes ejemplos: "Astia, edo astija baneuka." </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si tuviera tiempo... (Si j' avais le loisir...) "Badakit maite duela batzuetan astia duelarik, zenbait bersoren moldatzea.” (Elizamburu). Je sais qu' il aime à faire des vers quand il a le loisir. "Ya sé que es aficionado a escribir de cuando en cuando algunos versos, cuando dispone de tiempo." - Como la semana es unidad muy usual para la medida del tiempo, tomó su nombre indudablemente con tal significación.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Astindu, astitzen, g. b., astinten, b., sacudir, pegar, (secouer, battre). - Sinónimos: arrotu, iñarrutsi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Asto-a, d. d. burro, (âne). Etim. Pesado en andar o que anda despacio. "Astiro doiana edo astuna".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Astun-a, g. b., pesado, (pesant). - “Kate astunak”, las pesadas cadenas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atakida, atakide-a, guip. compuerta, (écluse). - Sinónimos: ataska, estanka, g. b., utichi-a, ughersi-a, lab. sul. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atara, ataratu, b. - Véase Atera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ate-a, ati-a, 1, g. b. athe-a, l. s. bn., puerta, (porte). (N. E. atrio)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ate-a, ati-a, 2, ahate-a, l. s. bn. ánade, pato, (canard).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atera, ateratzen, g. atera, (y también atara, ataraten), b., athera, atheratzen, l., salir, arrancar, salir fuera, (sortir, tirer hors, arracher). Etim. De ate, puerta, sacar fuera de la puerta, al exterior. - Sin.: Irten, g. urten, b. elkhi, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ateraldi-a. (contracción de atera-aldi), salida, (sortie, issue).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atoz, imp. de etorri, en el trato cortés, ven, (viens). Ator, idem en el trato ordinario, (viens). - Atozte, 2.a pers, del plural del mismo imp., venid, (venez).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atrebitu, atrebitzen, atreverse, (oser). - Voz bascongada, según Larramendi, derivada de trebé, diestro, hábil, (adroit, habile). - Sinónimo: ausartu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atsakaba, b. - Véase Atsekabe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atse, atze-a, g. b., lo de atrás, la parte posterior, (arrière). - Atsetik, de atrás, (d' arrière). (N. E. Zaga. Alemán Arsch, culo, English ass)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atseden-a, g. atseen-a, b. descanso, (répos). - Como adj. descansado, descansada, (tranquil).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atsegin-a, g. b. l., atseguiñ-a, g. atseguin-a, l. axegin-a, s. bn., alegría, gozo, placer, satisfacción, contentamiento, (joie, contentement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atsekabe-a, g. l. atsakaba, b. axekabe-a, bn. s., aflicción, adversidad, contrariedad, (afliction). - Empléase generalmente en plural esta voz. - Sin.: gaitzegoki-a, gaizkietorri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atserri-a, d. d. pueblo extraño, país extranjero.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atso-a, atsu-a, g. b. l., vieja, (veille). - Se emplea únicamente con relación a la mujer. - (Ne se dit que de la femme.) Del hombre se dice agure-a, (vieillard). Etim. La voz atso-a, equivale, según Moguel, a “la quejosa”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atsotu, atsotzen, d. d. envejecerse, (vieillir). - (De atso-a, así como de agure, se ha formado aguretu, con relación al hombre.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atz-a, 1, b. dedo, (doigt). Sin.: beatz-a, g., erhi-a, l. bn. s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atz-a, 2, g. sarna, (gale). Sin.: sarnia, b., zaragarra; b. l. bn., comezón, picazón, (démangeaison).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atz-a, 3, g., hazteri-a, b. l. bn. s., hatz-a, l. bn. s., trace, vestigio, (trace) - Sinónimos: sena, aztarran-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzapar-ra, g. b. l. , aztapar-ra, l. bn. garra, zarpa, (griffe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atze-a, g. b. parte trasera, parte posterior, (derrière, partie postérieure).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzean, adv., tras, atrás, detrás, (derrière, aprés).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzeman, g. l. atzaman, s. coger, alcanzar, dar caza, (atteindre). - Sin.: artu, d. d. ediren, s. atzitu, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzeratu, atzeratzen, g. b. atrasarse, retirarse, (reculer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzeraazo, atzeraazi, g. b. hacer atrasar o retirar, (faire reculer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzerontz, atzeruntz, g. b. hacia atrás, (en arrière). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzitu, atzitzen, g., achitu, achitzen, g. b. coger, alcanzar, (atteindre). - Sinónimos: atzeman, g. l. atrapau, kosi, b. ediren s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atzo, adv. de tiempo, d. d. ayer, (hier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au, g. b., hau, l. s. bn., este, esta, esto, (ce, cet, cette, celui-ci, celle-ci, cela).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au ta hura, d. d. esto y aquello, esto y lo otro, esto y lo de más allá, (ceci et cela).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au-a. - V. Ao-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Au bera, g., au berau, g. ause berau, b., hau bera, l. s., esto mismo, lo propio, (ceci même, celui-ci même.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auche, auchen, ause, ausen, d. d., auxe, l. bn. s. esto mismo, (celui-ci même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auen-a, g. b. auhen-a, l. bn. s., lamentación, grito de angustia, (lamentation, cri de détresse). - Sin.: auben-a, dolamen-a, donaber-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auendatu, auendatzen, g. b. auhendatu, auhendatzen, l. bn. s., lamentarse, deplorar, (déplorer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aukera, guip., elección, (choix). - Sin.: auta, autesa, autakuntz-a, bereizta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aukera-aukeran, g. a pedir de boca, (à souhait).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aukeratu, aukeratzen, g. presentarse la ocasión, ofrecerse la elección.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aulkitu-a, g. b. entronizado, (intronisé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aunchume-a, anchume-a, g. ahun-a, bn. cabrito, (chevreau). - Etim.: auntz-ume.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aundi-a, andi-a, g. b., handi-a, l. bn. s., grande, (grand).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aundiago, andiago, handiago, comp. mayor, (majeur). - Aundien-a, andien-a, handien-a, sup. el mayor, (le plus grand).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aunditu, aunditzen, anditu, anditzen, g. andituten, b. handitu, handitzen, hautu, hautzen, l. s. bn. agrandarse, crecer, acrescentar, aumentarse, hincharse, (grandir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auntz-a, g. b., ahuntz-a, l. s. bn., cabra, (chèvre). Etim.: según Moguel, "de boca fétida o maligna".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurgite-a, g. b. (contracción de aur-egite), haurrukaite, bn., parto, (accouchement). - Sinónimo: erditzapen-a, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurki, adv. luego, pronto (bref).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurkitu, l. b. V. Arkitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aur-ra, g. b. l. haur.ra, l. s. bn. criatura, (enfant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurre, aurrean, g. b. delante, en presencia de, (devant). - Aurre-a, delantera, (le devant.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurregin, g. b. dar a luz, parir, (accoucher). - Sinónimo: erditze-a, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurren-a, el primero, (premier, le premier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurrera, adelante, (avant, en avant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurrerago, (comparativo), más adelante, (plus avant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurreregi, superl. demasiado adelante, más adelante que otro alguno, a la cabeza, (en avant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurretik, de o por delante, (devant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aurten, g. b., aurthen, l. s. bn. este año, (cette année).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausardi-a, g. b. atrevimiento, audacia, osadía, (hardiesse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausart-a, d. d. osado, atrevido, audaz, (osé, hardi). - Sin.: azarri-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausartatu, ausartatzen, d. d. atreverse, (oser). - Sinónimos: azartu, azkortu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ausi, autsi, auzten, g. b. ausi, ausiten, b., hautsi, hauzten, l., hauxi, s. bn., romper, destrozar, (rompre, déchirer). - Sin.: puzkatu, urratu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auskor-ra, g. b., hautskor-ra, l., hauxkor-ra, s. bn., frágil, quebradizo, (fragile). - Sinónimos: zatikor-ra, bazakor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autatu-a, autu-a. g. b., hautatu-a, l. bn. s. señalado, elegido para algo, (choisie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autatu, autatzen, autetsi, autetzen, autu, autzen, g. b. hauta, hautatu, hautatzen, l. bn. s., elegir, escoger, preferir, (choisir). - Sinónimo: bereiztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auteresti-a, goy. b., ilusión engañosa, apariencia falaz, (illusion, fausse apparence).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auts-a, g. b., herrauts-a, l., herraux-a, l. s. bn., polvo, ceniza, (poussière).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autsi. - Véase Ausi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Autu. - Véase Autatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auzi-a, g. b., hauzi-a, l. s. bn., pleito, litigio, (procès)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auzi-aulgija, b. Tribunal, estrado. (Salles des audiences des tribunaux). - Sinónimo: adizañ-a. Auzi-epalla, b., el Juez o persona que decide el pleito o litigio, (juge).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auzo-a, g. b. hauzo-a, l. s. bn., vecindad, proximidad, (voisinage). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Auzoko-a, auzotar-ra, vecino, (voisin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aza, berza, (chou). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azal-a, g. b. l., achal-a, g. b. l. bn. s., corteza, piel, superficie, (écorce, croûte, peau). - Sin.: galatz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azaldu, azaltzen, g. b., parecer, aparecer, manifestarse, mostrarse, descubrirse, explicar, exponer, (paraître, manifester, déclarer, expliquer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azaro-a, azill-a, g. b. n., azarua, b., hazaro-a, hazil-a, l. s. bn., el mes de noviembre, (Novembre). - Etimología: Mes de las simientes, azi-illa, o temperamento o estación de las simientes, (azi-aroa). - Sinónimos, aunque poco usados, zemendij-a, b., zemendil-a (N. E. seminare, sembrar, semilla).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azeri-a, azari-a, g., aseri-a, aserij-a, aisari-a, azari-a, azeri-a, b. acheri-a, l. bn. s., la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=rabosa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">zorra</a>, (<a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/09/ai-vist-lo-lop-lo-rainard-la-lebre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">renard</a>). - Etim.: Procede indudablemente de la voz bizcaína azerija, que significa "despejado, hábil, astuto", así como a su vez la castellana correspondiente zorra, deriva, según Larramendi, de la euskara zurra, voz que se ve usada frecuentemente con las acepciones de “astuto, prudente". - Sinónimo: luki-a, lukija, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azi-a, 1, d. d. semilla, (semence).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azi, 2, azitzen, g. azi, azten, b. hazi, hazten, l. bn. s., criar, amamantar, (nourrir). - Crecer, tratándose de un niño, de un árbol o de una planta, (croître).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azkar-ra, 1, g. b. l. hazkar-ra, l. bn. s., ligero, diligente, hábil, fuerte, vigoroso, robusto, (fort, vigoreux, robuste, diligent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azkar-ra, 2, b. Arb. <a href="https://www.planfor.es/viveros,arce-acer-arbol-arbusto,7,1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arce</a>. (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rable" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Érable</a>). - Sin.: astigarra, astiarra, <a href="http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/09_113_01_Acer.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gaztigarra</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azken-a, <a href="https://www.korrikazaleak.com/el-gluteo-donde-la-espalda-pierde-su-casto-nombre/#:~:text=Lo%20normal%20es%20que%20nos,espalda%20pierde%20su%20casto%20nombre." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">azkeneko-a</a>, atzeneko-a, último, el o lo último, (dernier, le dernier). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=esquena" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">esquena</a> : <a href="https://www.korrikazaleak.com/el-gluteo-donde-la-espalda-pierde-su-casto-nombre/#:~:text=Lo%20normal%20es%20que%20nos,espalda%20pierde%20su%20casto%20nombre." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">espalda</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azkenekotz, l., por último, al fin, (a la fin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azpi-a, d. d. bajo, debajo, (dessous). - Sin.: be-a, pe, pia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azpian, bajo, debajo, (sous, dessous). - Azpian dago, está debajo, (il est dessous).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aztal-a, l., la pantorrilla, (mollet). En guip. pierna, jarrete, (jambe, jarret). - Sin.: zanko-a; en bn., talón, (talon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aztu, aztutzen, g. aastu, aastuten, b. ahantzi, ahanzten, l. ahatzi, ahazten, bn. s., olvidar, (oublier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aztu-arazi, g., aaztu-erazo, b., hacer olvidar, (faire oublier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azundu-a, g. b. azun-a, l. bn. s., preñado, preñada, cargado, cargada, (plein).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azur-ra, b. V. Ezur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Azuzen-a, g., auzuzen-a. b. <a href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_oehberria&task=sarreraIkusi&Itemid=413&lang=en&id=168045" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Yondoniyoane lilia</a>, lab. Bot. <a href="https://www.admagazine.com/articulos/azucenas-cuidados-y-todo-lo-que-debes-saber" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">azucena</a>, (lis, fleur). - Etim. “<a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=B3F32087cs4C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=%22la+flor+que+m%C3%A1s+derecha+sube%22&source=bl&ots=m3cCdi-AlW&sig=ACfU3U0NtZgoq2DR9kP4xsl5zIKepD7SeQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyza3ml5mBAxXhzwIHHYZfDgMQ6AF6BAgCEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Azucena es voz bascongada</a>, y viene de <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=B3F32087cs4C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=%22la+flor+que+m%C3%A1s+derecha+sube%22&source=bl&ots=m3cCdi-AlW&sig=ACfU3U0NtZgoq2DR9kP4xsl5zIKepD7SeQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyza3ml5mBAxXhzwIHHYZfDgMQ6AF6BAgCEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">zuzen-a</a>, que significa “derecha”, y es <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=zzikpzAK_UsC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=%22la+flor+que+m%C3%A1s+derecha+sube%22&source=bl&ots=_SuNgXf89y&sig=ACfU3U2aWzyDMyIXLF3OOuDb2Hn57VDC8A&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyza3ml5mBAxXhzwIHHYZfDgMQ6AF6BAgDEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la flor que más derecha sube</a>.” (<a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=kzHfBBx2bU0C&pg=RA2-PA136&lpg=RA2-PA136&dq=%22la+flor+que+m%C3%A1s+derecha+sube%22&source=bl&ots=4LTYXhk9sf&sig=ACfU3U0yjN8pimiljefWsDKQhwmeyLAhvw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyza3ml5mBAxXhzwIHHYZfDgMQ6AF6BAgBEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Larr</a>. )<br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">B.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ba. La sílaba ba, según Astarloa, significa en lengua bascongada “bajo o profundo grande”. - Ba, d. d. part. afirmativa prefija a las termin. auxiliares, (partícula affirm. préfixee aux term. Auxiliaires). - Ba-det, tengo, (j' ai). - Ba-naiz, soy, (je suis). - Badakit, sé, (je sais). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bada, d. d., partícula que sirve para ligar un discurso con otro, pues, luego, por consiguiente, según eso, (or, donc).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baga, g. ola del mar, (sonde, flot, vage). - Sin.: uhiñ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bage, g. b. baga, b. gabe, g. l. bn. s., falta, carencia, (manque, défaut) – Como sufija en todos los dialectos, sin, (sans). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bai, d. d. sí, (oui). - Contráese comúnmente en ba, al unirse antepuesta a otras palabras. - Bai egiazki, g. l. s. bn. bai beintzat, b. g., sí por cierto, sí ciertamente, (certainement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baija, b. V. Baimen-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baimen-a, g. l. baija, baidurija, b. permiso, licencia, autorización, (permission). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baina, baiñan. V. Baña. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baitaere, g. l. s., baitabere, b., también, más todavía, (mais encore, mais aussi). - Sinónimo: Orobat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakan-a, g. b. l. bakhan-a, l. s. bekhan-a, l. bn., raro, escaso, (rare). - Sinónimo: urrija. - Bakan dator nere echera, Moguel). - Rara vez viene a mi casa. (Il vient de temps à autre chez moi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakandu, bakantzen, disminuirse, hacerse rara una cosa. (Diminuer, amoindrir). - Sinónimos: guchitu, erkindu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakar-ra, g. b. l. bakhar-ra, s. bn., solo, único, aislado, solitario, (seul, solitaire, isolé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakar-rik, g. b. l. bakhar-rik, l. s. bn., adv. sólo, solamente, (seul, seulement). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakardade-a, g. bakartasun-а, g. b. l. s., soledad, aislamiento, (solitude, isolement). - Sin.: soiltasun-a, lagunge-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bake-a. b. V. Pake-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakide-a, g. bakite-a, d. d., unión, acto de unir; (unión, l' action d' unir); común, general, (commun, général).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakoch-a, b. V. Bakoitz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bakoitz-a, g. bakoch-a, b. bakotch-a, l. s. bn., cada uno, cada cual, (chacun).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baldin, g. b. l. bn., balin, l. s. bn, si, (si), part. Condicional.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baltz-a, b. V. Beltz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baltzeran-a, b. V. Beltzeran-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bale-a, g. l., balia, g. b. a.° n.°, bn., balei-a, b., balen-a, l. bn. s., ballena, s.° r.s, la ballena, (baleine). - Etimología: Voz sincopada, según Larr., de bajalea, que equivale a "gran comedor y tragador".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baliatu, baliatzen, d. d., valerse, sacar partido, servirse de... (se prévaloir, se servir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baliente-a, g. valiente, esforzado, (fort, puissant, vigoreux). Etim.: Procede ind. esta voz del latín valens, part.° de valeo, fuerte, vigoroso, potente. - Sinónimos: suarra, susparra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Banatu, banatzen, g. b., esparcir, separar, = partir, dividir, cambiar; Fig. divulgar, (separer, épandre, partager, - divulguer). - Ogija banatu, b. partir el pan, (partager le pain). - Berria banatu da erri guzian. Se ha divulgado la noticia por todo el pueblo. (La nouvelle s' est répandue dans toute la ville). - Etim.: De banakatu, colocar uno a uno, (placer un a un). - Sin.: banakatu, bakandu, barrayatu, berezi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Вaña, g. b. bañan, g. bainan, baiña, l. s. bn., mas, pero, (mais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baño, g. b. baino, b. l. s. beno, bn., más que, (después del comp.), (plus que); pero, mas, (mais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baratz-a, g. b. baratze-a, l. bn., huerta, jardín, (verger, jardin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baratzacho-a, dimin. de Baratz-a, huertecillo, (petit verger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barau-a, g. b. baruba, b. barura l., ayuno, (jeûne).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barautu, g. b. barurtu, l. ayunar (jeûner). - Empléase comúnmente con el adjetivo; “barau edo baraurik naiz”, estoy en ayunas; barau zera, estás en ayunas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bardin, b. V. Berdiñ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bare-a, 1, g. l.; baria, g. b., barhia, s. - Anat. Bazo, (rate). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bare-a, 2, g. l., baria, g. l. b., babosa, limaco, (limaçe, limaçon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bare-kurkullo-a, barakulocho-a, maskulocho-a, d. d. caracol, concha del limaco, (coquille de limaçon). - Etimología: De bare-a, limaco, kur, signo de inclinarse o plegarse, (makurtu), y chulo o zulo, agujero, "agujero o concha donde se arrolla o esconde la babosa."</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barka, barkatu, barkatzen, g. l., parkatu, parkatzen, b., barkhatu, barkhatzen, l. s. perdonar, (perdonner, pardonner). - Etim.: Probablemente del latín parcere. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barkagaitz-a, g. parkagaitz-a, b., difícil de perdonar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barkagarri-a, g. parkagarrija, b., perdonable (pardonnable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barkazio-a, g. l. barkhazio-a, s. bn. parkazio-a, b., perdón, (pardon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barna, bn. s., barnea, 1. V. Barren-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barnean, l. bn., barnen, s. V. Barren-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barre-a, b. far-ra, par-ra, g. la risa, (le rire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barren-a, g. b., barru-a, g. b. barna, s. bn., barne-a, l. bn., dentro, en el interior, (dedans).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barrenen, g. barruan, barrunean, b. baruean, l. bn. barnen, s. adv. dentro, (dedans, en dedans). - Etche barnean, l. dentro de casa, (dans la maison).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barri-a, barrija, b. Véase Berri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bart, g. b. bard, l. bn. s. adv. anoche, (hier soir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Barura, l. V. Barau-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Basakatu-a, g. b., gato montés, (chat sauvage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Basamortu-a, desierto, soledad espantosa, (désert). - Etim. Voz compuesta de baso-a, bosque, jaro, y mortu-a, lugar desierto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Basati-a, basatar-ra, basotar-ra, salvaje, (sauvage). Lit. montañés o montés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Basauntz-a, d. d., cabra montés, (chèvre sauvage). - Etim. De baso-auntza. - Sinónimo: orkatz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baserri-a, g. b., caserío, quinta, casa de campo, cortijo; (ferme). - Etim. Baso-erria, pueblo o habitación campestre o en la montaña. - Sin.: korta, b. etchalde-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baso-a, g. b., sust. bosque, monte, desierto, (fôret, désert). - Sin.: oihan-a, saroi-a. - Como adj. salvaje, (sauvage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Baso-ollar-ra, Zool. abubilla, (huppe). - Etim, Baso-ollar, gallo montés. - Sinónimo: kukurusta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Basurde-a, basaurdi-a, basaurde-a, d. d. jabalí, (sanglier). - Etim. Baso-urde, cerdo montés, (porc sauvage). (N. E. catalán porc senglar)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bat, d. d. uno, ( un). - Bata ala bestia, así el uno como el otro, tanto el uno como el otro, (l' un et l' autre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batean, g. l. batetan, batbatetan, g. b., betan, bn., a la vez, de repente, de improviso, (à la fois, subitement). - Sin.: sost, sostagiró, supituró, supituan, ustegaberik, ustekabean, terrepenki, ohartgabean.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batere-ez, d. d. lit. ni uno no, nada, (rien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batetik bestera, de un lado para otro, de una a otra parte, (d' un cotè à l' autre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batezere, g. batezbere, b. adv. sobre todo, ante todo, especialmente, especialmente, principalmente, (surtout). - Sin.: banatiró, bereziró, bereziki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batu, batzen, d. d., unirse, juntarse, reunirse, asociarse, reconciliarse, (réunir, joindre, se reconcilier.) Etim. De bat, uno, batu, hacerse uno. (N. E. batúa, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vascuence</a> unificado)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batzar-ra, batzarre-a, d. d. junta, asamblea, congreso, (assemblée). - Etim. De bat o batu, zar, junta de ancianos. - Sin.: batzakuntzia, b. biltzar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Batzuetan, g. b., algunas veces, (quelquefois). - En b. suelen emplear en ocasiones esta voz con la significación de muchas veces, y como sin.° de askotan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bazka, d. d. sustento, alimento, pasto en general, (pature).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bazkaldu, bazkaltzen, g. b. l. barazkaldu, baraskaltzen, l. s. bn., comer al mediodía, (diner). - Es más limitado en su significación que el verbo jan, (manger). A veces se traduce también por forrajear, pastar, pero debe con preferencia usarse en este sentido de bazkatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bazkari-a, g. b. l., barazkari-a, l. s. bn., alimento, sustento en gral., (aliment, nourriture). - Sin.: bizikai-a, janari-a. - Úsase, sin embargo, comúnmente con la significación más determinada ya de comida, (diner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bazkatu, bazkatzen, d. d. pacer, pastar, (paître).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bazter-ra, rincón, lado, (coin). - Sinónimos: zoko-a, choko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be, 1, g. b. bajo, debajo, adj. y sust., (bas). - (Cámbiase a menudo en pe, especialmente en las voces compuestas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Be-a, 2, g. balido, (bêlement des moutons). - Sinónimo: marraka.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bean, bian, g. b., adverbio, abajo, (en bas). - Empléase como sufija en muchas voces compuestas: Arbolapean, bajo o só el árbol, (sous l' arbre); zerupean, bajo el cielo, (sous le ciel). - Sin.: beera, beeti, azpian.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bear-ra, g. biar-ra, g. b. behar-ra, l. s. bn., necesidad, menester, (néccesité, besoin). - La palabra bear, construida con el verbo izan, equivale a "deber", tener necesidad o precisión de...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bear bada, g. b., acaso, quizás, tal vez, (peut-être). - Sin.: agian, noski, noaski, noaskiró, nabaski, aujaz, ausaz, menturaz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bear bada ere, g. b., por si acaso, (par hasard). - Sinónimos: baldinere, baldindez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bearguiñ-a, b, beargille-a, g., trabajador, laborioso, (laborieux). - Sin.: beargilletsu-a, langille-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beatz-a, g. biatz-a, g. b., dedo, (doigt). - Sin.: atz-a, b. erhi-a, l. s. bn. - El dialecto lab. traduce behatz-a por uña, (ongle); el bn. por dedo pulgar, (pouce). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beatzal-a, g. contracción sin duda de beatz-azal-a, pezuña. - Sin.: arkazal-a, b. apach-a, b. azuzkuli-a, s. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bedar-ra, b. V. Belar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bedax-a, bedaxi-a, s. l., primavera, printemps). - Sin.: udaberri-a, eralora. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bedeinkatu, bedeinkatzen, g. b.; bedeinketu, bedeinketzen, b. Ochand.; benedikatu, benedikatzen, a.° n.° bn. l. ronc. s.; beneikatu, beneikatzen, bn., bendecir, (bénir). - Etim.: Del latín benedicere.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bedeinkatu-a, bedeinketu-a, benedikatu-a, beneikatu-a, bendito. (Bienheureux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bederatzi, d. d. nueve, (neuf).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bederatzigarren-a, noveno, nono, (neuvième). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beei-a, b. V. Bei-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beela, contracción de Bereala. V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beera, b. V. Bera. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beeratu, b. V. Beratu. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Begi-a, g. b., beghi-a, l. s. bn., ojo, (œil). - Begiak, los ojos, (les yeux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Begirakun-a, b., begikada, g., ojeada, mirada, (œillade, coup d' œil). - Sinónimos: beada, beakada, bealdi-a, begaldi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Begiratu, begiratzen, g. b., beha, behatu, behatzen, l. s. bn., mirar, (regarder), considerar, (considerer), escuchar, (écouter), atender, cuidar, (proteger, avoir soin), etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Begiseñ-a, b., betseiñ-a, g., betsein-a, la niña del ojo, (prunelle de l' œil). - Sinónimo: begiko-nini-a, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Begizko-a, g. b., bekaizgo-a, g. bn. l., bekaitzko-a, l., begaizkera, b., bekaizkeri-a, bn., fascinación, ojeriza, envidia, lo que vulgarmente se llama "mal de ojo". (Haine, rancune, mauvaise volonté, envie, jaulousie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beha, behatu, behatzen, l. s. bn. V. Begiratu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beheiti, adv. l. s. bn. hacia abajo, (en bas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bei-a, g. beei-a, beija, b. behi-a, l. bn. s., vaca, (vache). - Etim. Según Moguel, equivale a "cabizbajo o de cabeza abajada". Buruz berakoa.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bein, g. b. beñ, g. behin, l. s. bn., una vez, (un jour, une fois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bein batean, g., bein baten, b., en cierta ocasión, (dans une occasion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beinbere ez, b. Véase Beñerez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bein edo bein, g. b., beñ edo beñ, g., frase adv. alguna vez, (quelquefois). - Sinónimos: noizbat, noiz edo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beintzat, g. b. behintzat, l. s. bn., cuando menos, por lo menos, al menos, (du moins, - moins, au moins). - Sin.: edolabere, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekaizti-a, bekaizkoti-a, l., envidioso, (envieux). - Sinónimos: ondamutia, gutizioso-a, nahikor-ra. - En el dial. sul. se ve trad. comúnmente por avaro, (avare).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekaiztu, bekaizten, begistu, begisten, d. d., mirar con malos ojos, con envidia, (regarder de mauvais œil, ennuyer, être jaloux). Enojar, irritar, exacerbar. (Fâcher, irriter, ennuyer). Sin.: ekaiztu, aserratu, sumindu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekar-ra, g. b. bekarre-a, bekarri-a, b., lagaña, (chassie). - Sin.: makar-ra, g., beteri-a, pista. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekhaizti-a, l. - V. Bekaizti-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekoki-a, g. b. l., bekokhi-a, bn., frente, (front). - Sin.: betondo-a, kopet-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekozko-a, g., bekurunde-a, b., ceño, (fruncement de sourcils).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bekozkodun-a, ceñudo, (sombre). - Fig. rudo, adusto, tétrico, poco afable. (Mélancolique, intraitable, grossier). - “Urlia da gizon bekoskodun bat." Fulano es un hombre adusto, poco tratable. (Un tel est un homme mélancolique, intraitable). - Sin.: bekozkotsu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belar-ra, g. bedar-ra, b. belhar-ra, l. s. bn., yerba, (herbe). MM. Duvoisin, Inchauspe y otros distinguidos escritores de la región francesa, usan también esta voz con la significación de planta, (plainte), y como sinónimo de landare-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belarri-a, g. b. belharri-a, l. s. bn., oreja, (oreille).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belaun-a, g. b. belhaun-a, l. bn. s., rodilla, (genou).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belaunbikotu, b. belaunikatu, g. b. belhaunikatu, l. s. bn. arrodillarse, (agenouiller).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belauniko, g. b., belaunbiko, b., belhauniko, l. s. bn., arrodillado, de rodillas, (agenouillée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Belch-a, dim. de Beltz-a. (Véase).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beldur-ra, bildur-ra, d. d. miedo, (crainte). - Sinónimos: izu-a, ikara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beldurgarri-a, g. bildurgarri-a, g. b., temible, espantoso, pavoroso, (effrayant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beldurti-a, bildurti-a, d. d. miedoso, cobarde, (craintif, timide). - Sin.: izuti-a, ikarati-a, ikarakor-ra, izipera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beldurtu, beldurtzen, bildurtu, bildurtzen, d. d. atemorizarse, acobardarse, asustarse, amedrentarse, (craindre, se craindre). - Sinónimos: izutu, ikaratu, kautitu, eulitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bele-a, belia, d. d. bela, b. cuervo, (corbeau). - Larramendi emplea como sin.a la voz erroi-a. Moguel hace distinción entre ambas palabras, diciendo: "Belea da leku beetan jachi oi dana", esto es, la voz Bele expresa "cuervo que anda en los bajos", y Erroijada bela mueta leku goi edo menditsuetan beti egan dabillena", es decir, Erroija indica ya “la especie de cuervos que vuelan de continuo por las alturas y sitios montañosos". -El dialecto labortano expresa con la voz Erroi-a,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">la corneja, (corneille). Véase Beltzur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beltz-a, belch-a, g., beltz-a, l. s. bn., baltz-a, balts-a, b., negro, (noir). - Belch-a es propiamente un diminutivo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beltzeran-a, beltzaran-a, g. baltseran-a, baltzeran-a, b., moreno, morena, (brun). - En Guipúzcoa, y aun en Bizcaya, por la parte de Marquina, tratándose de las mujeres, úsase generalmente dulcificada esta voz por medio de la ch, como sucede con los diminutivos, y se dice casi siempre, "belcheran-a" en g.; “balcheran-a” en Marquina.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beltzur-ra, beltzurda, g. belachta, l., corneja, (corneille).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beñ, g. - V. Bein.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beñere ez, g. beñ-bere ez, beinbere ez, b. behinere ez, l. bn. s., nunca, jamás, (jamais). Lit. "alguna vez no", (pas aussi une fois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bera, g. b. beera, b., beherat, l. s. bn., abajo, hacia abajo, (en bas, vers le bas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beraiz, berariz, berariaz, g. b. adrede, de intento, a propósito, ex-profeso. (Exprès, a dessein). - Sin.: jakinez, ichenduz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berantche, l. berantchki, s. bn., tardíamente, demasiado tarde. (Trop tard). - Sinónimo: beranduegui.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beratu, beratzen, 1, g., beeratu, beeratuten, b. beheratu, beheratzen, l. s. bn. bajar, amenguar, decrecer, (baisser). - Sin.: beetitu, jachi, jantsi, erachi. - 2, ablandar, (amolir). - Sin.: bigundu, guritu, mardotu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berba, b. palabra, (mot). Sin.: Itz-a. (N. E. latín, verbo, verba &c.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berba-aldija, berbeta, b. plática, discurso, (discours, propos). - Sin.: Itz-aldi-a, g. b., elhesta, l. s. bn., jolasa, d. d. - Etim. Berba-aldi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berba-egin, bizc. hablar, conversar, (parler). - Sinónimos: Itz-egin, g., jardun, g. b., elhe-egin, l., harduki. l. s. bn., mintzatu, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berbakua, b. de palabra. Gizon berbakua, hombre de palabra, de honor, (homme de parole).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berbeta, b. lenguaje, idioma, (langage). - Sin.: berbakune-a, b. itzkuntz-a, g. b. izkera, izkunde-a, minzoera, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berdetasun-a, verdor, verdura, (verdure, couleur verte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berdin-a, g. l. bn., berdiñ-a, g., bardiñ-a, b. l., igual, (égal), semejante, (pareille), lo propio, otro tanto, (même). - Sin.: Orobat, beste onenbeste. Bardin bako-a, b. berdin bageko-a, sin par, sin igual, sin rival, (sans égal, sans pareil).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berdiñ egon, g., bardin egon, b., bardinian egon, l. s. bn., estar iguales, equilibrarse, (rendre égal). - Nivelar, alisar, estar nivelado o alisado. (Être o mettre en équilibre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bere-a, pron. poses., su, suyo, suya, (son, sa). - En plural beren, sus. (Au plurel beren, ses), suyos, suyas. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">berehala, l. berhala, s. bn., enseguida, al punto, inmediatamente. (Inmédiatement, aussitôt, après). - Sinónimos: bertatik, ordu beretik.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berealakoan, berehalakoan, enseguida, (tout de suite).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beretzat, d. d., para sí, (pour soi même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berez, g. b., berenez, l., berainez, s., por sí, o de por sí, (par soi même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berezi, bereizten, g. b. l. berhezi, berheizten, l. s. bn. separar, distinguir, elegir, (séparer, distinguer, particulariser). Sin.: bagokidatu, banatitu, bakantitu, autu, autatu, aukeratu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berga, palo o antena de un buque, (vergue, antenne). - Larr. pretende que esta voz es euskara. Chao se inclina a su deriv. de la latina virga, vara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beriala. V. Bereala. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bero-a, berua, d. d., calor, caliente, (chaud, chaleur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beronz, d. d. hacia abajo, (en bas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berori, g. b. usted. Tratamiento respetuoso, peculiar de los <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dialectos basco-hispanos</a>, correspondiente en cierto modo al Ud. castellano.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berotu, berotzen, g. l. s. bn., berotuten, b., calentarse, (chauffer, s' échauffer). - Fig. sofocarse, irritarse, (s' irriter, se mettre en colère). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berreun, g. b. n., berrehun, l. bn. s., doscientos, (deux cents). - Etim. de bi, dos, y eun, ciento, o de berriz eun, otra vez ciento o cien repetido.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berri-a, g. barri-a. b. adj. Nuevo (nouveau). - Como sust. se emplea con la significación de "noticia, suceso", (nouvelle). - ¿Zer berri da? ¿Qué hay de nuevo? (¿Qu' est-ce qu' il y a de nouveau?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berriró, g. barriró, b. berriki, l. s., adv. de nuevo, nuevamente, (de nouveau, nouvellement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berritu, berritzen, g. l., barritu, barritzen, b., renovar, (renouvelér).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berritu-a, barritu-a, renovado, (renouvelé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berriz, g. l. bn. s., barriz, b., de nuevo, nuevamente, (de nouveau). - Sin. de berriró.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bersolari-a, versificador, (versificateur). - Se emplea comúnmente para designar a los improvisadores, tan abundantes en el <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">país bascongado</a>, usándose más propiamente la de biurzari-a o biurzari-izkribatzalle-a, para designar a los poetas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertan, g. b. en el mismo sitio, en el mismo punto, (dans le même endroit). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertatik, g. b., bertarik, beretarik, l. berpertatik, b. desde el momento, desde luego, al instante, (de suite, incontinent, dès l' instant même). - Sin.: bereala, berealase. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertze-a, l. - V. Beste-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bertzek, l. - V. Bestek.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Berun-a, g. l. b., plomo, (plomb).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beso-a, d. d. brazo, (bras), - Sin.: galtzar-ra, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beste-a, g. b. bertze-a, l. s. bn., otro, (autre). - Beste gauza bat, otra cosa, (autre chose).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beste onenbeste, g. b., lo propio, otro tanto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bestek, g. b., bertzek, l. s. bn., otro, (autre). - Bestek esan dit, (N. E. otro me ha dicho), (un autre m' a dit). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bete-a, g. b. bethe-a, l. s. bn., lleno, (plein).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bete, betetzen, g. b. bethe, bethetzen, l. s. bn, llenar, (remplir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bete-iduki, bete-euki, o beteuki, sostener, sustentar, (soutenir, supporter). - Sin.: Irozo, ekipetu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beti, g. b. n. s.°-roncalés, bethi, l. bn., bethiere, s., siempre, (toujours).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Betik-gora, de abajo arriba, (de bas en haut).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bethikotz, l., por o para siempre, (pour toujours).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Betikotasun-a, la eternidad, lo que siempre subsiste, lo eterno. (Éternel, éternité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bi, d. d. dos, (deux). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bi-a, biya, g. l. bija, b. l. biga, l. bn. bida, bn. s., el número dos, (le chiffre deux). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biak, plural, los dos, (les deux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bi aldiz, g. b. l., bi bider, g. dos veces, (deux fois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bialdu, bialtzen, g. b. bidaldu, b. l. bigaldu, g., enviar, (envoyer). - Sinónimo: egorri.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biar, bigar, g. b., bihar, l. s. bn., mañana, (demain).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biaramon-a, g. bijaramon-a, b., biharamun-a, l. s. bn., el día siguiente, (le lendemain). - Sinónimo: bihardamu, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bi-biren, bi-biri, dos a dos, dos contra dos, (deux à deux, deux contre deux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bide, 1, part. dubitativa. Trad. por “al parecer, a lo que parece”. (A ce qui semble).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bide-a, 2, d. d., camino, vía, (chemin, voie). - Fig. medio, mediación: Gizonaren bidez, por medio o por conducto del hombre, (par l' intermédiaire de l' homme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bide-ziurra, g. bide-zidorra, bide-chigorra, b., bidechidorra, bn. s., camino de herradura, sendero, atajo. (sentier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bider, g. b. vez, (fois). - Bi bider, dos veces, (deux fois). - Asko bider, muchas veces, (souvent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bigarren-a, d. d. el segundo, le deuxieme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biguñ-a, g. bigun-a, g. b. blando, tierno, (mou, tendre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bihotz-a, l. s. bn. - Véase Biotz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bijar, b. - V. Biar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bijotz-a, bijotsu-a, b. - V. Biotz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bikañ-a, g.; bikain-a, b. Empléase esta voz para designar “lo mejor de una cosa, una cualidad o circunstancia de excelencia.” En este concepto dicen nuestros aldeanos: "denbora bikaña dago", hace un tiempo soberbio o excelente; garia bikañ-bikañekoa dago, el trigo está magnífico o de lo mejor. Vilinch escribe en una de sus poesías: "Neskach bikañaren fama daukazu", tienes fama de excelente muchacha. - Etimología: Bikañ-a equivale indudablemente a "cosa muy buena", bik-aña, cosa que vale por dos, o tanto como dos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bildots-a, g. b. l., bildox-a, l. s. bn., cordero, (agneau). - Sinón.: arkume-a, achuri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bildu, biltzen, g. l. bn. s. bildu, bilduten, b., recoger, (rassembler), coger los frutos de la tierra, (récolter), juntar, reunir, envolver, (joindre, unir, assembler. - Sinónimo: batu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bildur-ra, b. g. - V. Beldur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bildurgarri, b. g. - Véase Beldurgarri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bildurti-a, b. g. - V. Beldurti-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bildurtu. - V. Beldurtu. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Billatu, billatzen, g. b., bilhatu, bilhatzen, l. s. bn., buscar, (chercher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Billos-a, g. b. billusi-a, l. buluzi-a, bn. desnudo, (nu), despojado, (dépouillé). Etim.: Según Chao, deriva de bilda, vestidura, (vètemente), y utzi, dejar, (laisser). - Según Van-Eys, de bilo, cabello, (cheveu), y uts, vacío, (vide), calvo, (chauve), y más tarde, desnudo en general, (nu). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Estoy más conforme con la opinión del último. - En Bizc. es muy común designar al calvo con la expresión buru billosa, de cabeza desnuda.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biltzalle-a, d. d., el que coge o recoge algo, buscador, rebuscador, (celui qui cueillit, celui qui fait des recherches).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bina, binaka, g. b., biña, biñaka, g., binazka, l., birazka, s. bn., a dos, dos por dos, (deux par deux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bioi, (más comúnmente se ve escrito biyoi), a los dos, (à tous les deux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biotz-a, g. b. biyotz-a, g. bijots-a, b. bihotz-a, l. bn. s. corazón, (coeur). - Bihotzmina, l. desagrado, disgusto, enfado, (chagrin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biotzdun-a, g., bijotsu-a, b., bihotzdun-a, l., animoso, valiente, (courageux). - Sin.: alaitsu-a, indartsu-a, kementsu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biotzetik, bihotzetik, d. d. afectuosamente, de corazón, affectueusement). - Sinónimo: Amodioz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Birao-a, g. b., maldición, blasfemia, (blasphéme, imprécation). - “Urten daroakez aotik biraoak zelan eztakiela”, b., maldicen sin saberlo, (ils maudisent inconsciemment). - Biraoz ta araoz bazterrak betetan, llenando los espacios de reniegos y blasfemias, (faissant retentir l' espace de jurons et de blasphèmes). - Sinón.: Arnegu-a, buro-a, gaizkots-a, apalitz-a, madarikazio, maradizino-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biren-a, d. d., de dos, (de deux). - En música, dúo, (duo)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biribill-a, g. b., biribil-a, l. s. bn., redondo, torneado, arrollado, (rond, tourné, roulé). - Etim. De bil-bildu. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bisitatu, bisitatzen, g, bisitau, b., visitar, (visiter). - Sin. puros: ikustatu, g., ikustau, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bitarte, g. b. l., bitharte, s. bn., intervalo, mediador, (intervalle, médiateur). - <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/v-poesias-misticas-y-religiosas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jainkoaren</a> bitartez, por mediación de Dios, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/10-15-vie-du-bon-pere-colombain.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">avec l' aide de Dieu</a>). - Etimología: Comp. de bi-arte, entre dos, con t eufónica interpuesta. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bitartean, g. bitartian, g. b. bizkitartean, g. l., entre tanto, mientras, (tandis que).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bitarteko-a, lit. de entre dos, mediador, intermediario, (médiateur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biurtu, biurtzen, g. biurtu, biurtuten, b. bihur, bihurtu, bihurtzen, l. s. bn., volver, regresar, restituir, convertirse en, (retourner, restituer, se convertir en). - Tratándose de trabajos literarios, verter, traducir, (traduire). - Auts-biurtu, convertirse en polvo o ceniza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizar-ra, d. d., barba. (barbe). - Bisar zuri-a, <a href="https://5barricas.valenciaplaza.com/pablo-calatayud-el-guerrer-de-barba-cana-que-lucha-por-la-belleza-de-les-terres/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">de barba cana</a> (<a href="https://www.pessebres.com/caganer-catalan-con-barba-blanca-12cm-barro-pintado-delgado" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">à barbe grisse</a>). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizartsu-a, d. d. barbudo, (barbu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/iv-artzaingoa-joanes-berjes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bizi-a</a>, d. d., como sustantivo vida, (vie). - Como adjetivo vivo, (vif, plein de vie). Activo, listo, emprendedor, (vif, qui a beaucoup d' activité). - Sin.: laster-ra, egille-a, *balbe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizi, bizitu, bizitzen, d. d. vivir, (vivre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizimodu-a, g., modo o manera de vivir, (manière de vivre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biziró, adv. g. b. l., biziki, l. s. bn., muy, (très), aceleradamente, con precipitación, apresuradamente, (vivement). - Sin.: agudo, laster, prest.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizitz-a, 1, g.; bizitze-a, b., la vida, (la vie). - Sinónimo de Bizi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizitz-a, 2, habitación, vivienda, (appartement, logis).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://elperuano.pe/noticia/81914-vizcarra-no-podemos-seguir-dandole-la-espalda-al-peru" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bizkar-ra, d. d. espalda</a>, (dos).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizkar-ezur-ra, espinazo, (épine du dos),</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizkargañean, bizkarrean, al hombro, sobre el hombro, (sur le dos).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizkor-ra, g. b., pizkorra, g., ágil, ligero, animado, (animé, vif). - Etim.: de bizikor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bizinai-a, d. d., vividor, que desea vivir mucho, que hace esfuerzos para buscarse la vida, (viveur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">la vida, (viveur) .</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Biztu o bitztu, y también piztu, pizten, pitztu, pitzten, d. d. encender, excitar, y también resucitar, (allumer, exciter, ressusciter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etim. De bizi, vida, bizitu, recobrar vida.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bo. Esta sílaba, así como también su afín po, expresa en bascuence, según Astarloa, la idea de “redondez, cosa redonda u ovalada”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boalda, g. ímpetu. - Sinónimos: bultzera, bultzada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boga, bogatu, bogatzen, bogar, <a href="https://www.cenautica.com/es/bogar/diccionario-nautico/467#:~:text=Acci%C3%B3n%20de%20impulsar%20un%20bote%20con%20los%20remos." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">remar</a>, (voguer, ramer). - Larr. mantiene la etimología euskara de esta voz; Chao se inclina a su deriv. del alemán woge, vague, o de <a href="https://www.dwds.de/wb/dwb/wogen#GW24692" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wogen</a>, <a href="https://www.cenautica.com/es/bogar/diccionario-nautico/467#:~:text=Acci%C3%B3n%20de%20impulsar%20un%20bote%20con%20los%20remos." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bogar</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Borreru-a, d. d. verdugo, (bourreau).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bost, g. b. l. bn., bortz, l. s., cinco, (cinq).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bota, botatzen, g. b. bn., botaten, b., butatu, l., lanzar, echar, arrojar, derramar, (lancer, jeter hors, verser, épancer) .- Sinónimo: Isuri.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brida_(equitaci%C3%B3n)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Brida</a>, d. d. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocado" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">freno</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/7-9-si-poesie-italienne-advantage-francoise.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bride</a>). - Etim.: Del bascuence buruida, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocado" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bocado del freno</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bular-ra, g. b. bulbar-ra, l. bn. s. pecho, seno, teta, (poitrine, sein, mammelle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bultzatu, bultzatzen, bulkatu, bulkatzen, g. l.; bulkatu, bulkatuten, b., empujar, (pousser). - Bultzaka ta bultzaka, g. b. a empujones, (rudement, à <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/5-3-guerres-civiles-empereur-louys-debonnaire-enfans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">coups</a> redoublès).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burdi-a, b. V. Gurdi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burdin-a, b. l. s. bn. - Véase Burni-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burla, d. d. burla, (moquerie). - Etim.: De buru, cabeza, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-18-proverbes-chapperon-bonnets.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tête</a>), por terminación significativa y expresiva burula. - Sin.: Iseka,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">iñakiñ-a, trufa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burni-a, g. b., burdin-a, b. l. s. bn., hierro, (fer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burruka, g. b. borroka, l. altercado, lucha, riña activa o armada, (N. E. <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7344467" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kale borroka</a> : <a href="https://elpais.com/politica/2016/05/07/actualidad/1462653334_729149.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chakurrak etarrillas</a>) (altercation, rixe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burrukatu, burrukatzen, reñir, agarrarse, golpearse, disputar luchando, (disputer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burrunba, g. zumbido, (bourdonnement), l. hablador, (babillard), bn. ruido, (bruit). - Zool. saltón, (hanneton).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burruntzi-a, g. b. asador, (broche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Buru-a, d. d. cabeza, (tête). - Fig. capítulo, jefe, etc. (chapitre, chef).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Buru soll-a, g. b., buru soil-a, l. bn. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calvo</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/5-4-roy-charles-chauve-ruine-martels.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chauve</a>). - Sin.: buru-murri-a, b. (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">buru billosa</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Burutik-oñetara, desde la cabeza a los pies.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Buruzale-a, g. b. amante de su persona, egoísta, (égoiste).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bustan-a, o buztan-a, d. d. rabo, (queue).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Busti, bustitzen, d. d. mojarse, (mouiller, se mouiller).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Busti-a, g. l. bustija, b. bousti-a, s. bn., mojado, (mouillé).<br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">C.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las voces que empiezan con las silabas <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-k.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ca, co, cu</a>, deben buscarse en la <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-k.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">letra K</a>, y <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-z.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">en la Z</a>, las que <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-z.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">comienzan por ce, ci</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">D.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Da, d. d. 3.a persona del sing. del pres. de indicativo del verbo izan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Damu-a, d. d. pena, pesar, sentimiento, arrepentimiento, (peine, regret). Sin.: urriki-a, urrukimendu-a, garbai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Damutu, damutzen, g. l. damuten, b. arrepentirse, (se repentir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Danbateko-a, g. estampido, estruendo repentino. Voz eminentemente onomatopéyica. (Explosión, bruit èclatante). - Sin.: tunpadaxo-a, dunbots-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dantzatu, dantzatzen, g. dantzau, dantzaten, b. bailar, (danser). Voz de <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">origen bascongado</a>, según <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/search?q=Larramendi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Larramendi</a>. - Sin.: oinkaritu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dardar, dardaiz-a. g. dardari-a, b. temblor, estremecimiento, movimiento convulsivo. (Tremblement, fremissement, émotion).Voz eminentemente onomatopèyica). - Ikaraz dardar, estremeciéndose de temblor, temblando de miedo, (tremblant de peur). - Otzak dardar nabill, estoy temblando de frío, (je tremble de froid).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deadar-ra, g. diadar-ra, g. b., y en b. también gedar-ra, deihadar-ra, l. bn. s. grito, (cri). - Sin.: garrazi-a, oju-a, zanzo-a, marraska.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deitu, deitzen, g. b. deituten, b. deithu, bn. s. llamar, (appeler). - Sin.: eritzi, otsegin. - Deika, llamando, (appelle, appelant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desalaitu-a, g. b. desalentado, desanimado, (découragé). - Sinónimo: alaibagetu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desegin, desegiten, d. d. deshacer, inutilizar, borrar, revocar, etc. (Défaire, détruire, effacer). - Úsase a veces en la forma contracta desein, deseiten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deserakida, deserekida, g. b. discordia, disensión, (discorde, dissension, division). -Sinónimo: desongunde-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Despeitu, despeitzen, g. b. despeditu, despeditzen, l. despedir, (congédier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etim. Indudablemente del latín expedire.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Deunge-a, b. malo, recriminable, (mauvais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Di. Esta sílaba en bascuence es, por lo general, expresión frecuentativa, y a veces de localidad.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diñ-a, g. b. adecuado, proporcionado, idóneo, bastante, (proportionné, capable, propre a). - Ez dira diña nere erreguak, no son bastante mis ruegos. (Mes prières ne suffisent pas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diru-a, g. b. l. diharu-a, s. dinero, (de monnaie). - Etim.: según Chao procede la voz latina denarium.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dirudun-a, g. dirutsu-a. g. b. adinerado, rico, acaudalado, (riche, opulent). - Sin.: aberats-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Diruts-a, riqueza, (richesse). - Sin.: aberastasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Distiatu, distiatzen, d. d. brillar, relucir, (briller, reluire). - Sin., aunque poco usados, janargitu, birtargitu. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doai-a, g. doain-a, g. b. dugai-a, b. dohain-a, l. bn. dohañ-a, duhañ-a, s., don, dádiva, regalo, presente, (don.: présent) . Sinónimos: emaitz-a, emoitz-a, emonde-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doakabe-a, g. b. l. dohakabe-a, l. s. bn. desdicha, desgracia, (malheur). - Como adj. desgraciado, desventurado, desdichado, (mal-hereux.) - Doakabetanik, sin desdicha, esto es, en paz, tranquilamente. - Egun doakabe-a, día aciago, triste, (jour funeste).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doatsu-a, doaitsu-a. g. b. dontzuba, b. Moguel, dohatsu-a, l. s. dohaxu- a, bn. feliz, dichoso, afortunado, bienaventurado, (heureux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: zorioneko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doatsutasun- a, g. b. dohatsutasun-a, l. dohaxutarzun-a, s. bn. felicidad, dicha, (bonheur). - Sin.: zoriontasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doi-doian, g. b. a duras penas, justamente, escasamente, (à peine, avec difficulté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dollortu, dollortzen, hundirse a fuerza de peso, destruirse, (s' écrouler). - Agr. cavar, socavar, ahondar, remover la tierra, (fouir, creuser la terre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dolutu, dolutzen, l. s. bn. pesar, arrepentirse, (regretter, se repentir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Domeka, goy. b. el domingo, (le dimanche). - Sinónimo: Igande-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dorphe-a, l. dorpe-a, torpe-a, g. b. torphe-a, tosco, grosero, torpe, deshonesto, fiero, (grossier, âpre, lourd). Etim.: Del latín turpis, turpe.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dostatu, dostatzen, l. bn. s. - V. Jostatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dozen-a, g. b. dotzen-a, l. docena, (douzaine). - Sinónimo puro: amabiko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du. 1. Sufija que en los d. d. sirve para formar el adj. verbal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Du. 2. - 3.a persona del singular del presente de indicativo del verbo izan, tener, él o ella tiene, (il a).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dudarik gabe, sin duda, (sans doute). - Sin.: dudabagetanik, g, enurabage, b. naski l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dun. Terminación, compuesta de du, tiene, (il a), y del relativo n, que, (qui que), que entra en la formación de gran número de adjetivos. - Aurdun-a, lit. "que tiene criatura", embarazada, (enceinte). - Biotzdun-a, lit. "que tiene corazón", animoso, valiente, (courageux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E. - Esta vocal tiene en la <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua bascongada</a>, según Astarloa, como modulación, el significado de suave, delicado, y como primera articulación de la hembra, la significación de débil, blanda, y demás cualidades propias de este sexo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ea, g. b. l. interj. hea, s. bn. Ea, vamos, (voyons, commençons).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ea bada, interj. Ea pues. date prisa, acaba.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebaki, ebakitzen, g. l. s. bn. ebaki, ebakiten, ebagi, ebagiten, epaki, epakiten, b. cortar, (couper).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ebasi, o ebatsi, ebasten, g. b. ebatsi, ebatsten, l. ebaxi, ebaxten, s. bn. <a href=" https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">robar</a>, (voler, <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-43-de-ces-mots-voleurs-brigands.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dérober</a>). - Sinónimos: ostu, <a href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_oehberria&task=sarreraIkusi&Itemid=413&lang=en&id=147973" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">errukartu</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eche-a, g. b. etche-a, l. s. bn. casa, (maison). - Etimología: Voz derivada, según Humboldt, de ichi, cerrar, y equivale a ichia, cerrado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Echeko-a, g. b. de casa, doméstico, (domestique).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_oehberria&task=sarreraIkusi&Itemid=&lang=es&id=150201" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Echetu</a>-a, g. b. <a href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_oehberria&task=sarreraIkusi&Itemid=&lang=es&id=150201" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">etchetu</a>-a, l. s. bn. casero, <a href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_oehberria&task=sarreraIkusi&Itemid=&lang=es&id=150201" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">encaserado</a>, metido en casa, acostumbrado a ella. (Attaché a son ménage, qui sort peu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Echol-a, g. b. etchola, l. s. bn., sin. de <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/i-coplas-de-pastores-artzai-koplak.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chaola</a>. V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edan, edaten, d. d. beber, (boire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/ii-koplarien-tema-palemon-juez-dutela.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eder-ra</a>, d. d. hermoso, hermosa, (beau) (N. E <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/9-4-opinion-erronee.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">belle</a>, <a href="https://www.jolie.de/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jolie</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edergarri-a, edergai-a, g. b. edergailu-a, l. edergallu-a, s. bn. adorno, ornamento, (ornement). - Sinónimos: apaingai-a, apaingarri-a, galantgai-a, galantgarri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vida-campo-oda-fray-luis-leon-claudio-otaegui-kanpoko-bizitza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Edertasun-a</a>, d. d. hermosura, belleza, (beauté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edertó, adv. d. d. grandemente, guapamente, (grandement, avantageusement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edertu, edertzen; d. d. ederten, b., hermosear, embellecer, adornar, (embellir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edi-a, g. b. ede-a, g. hede-a, l. s. bn. correa, (courroie). Sin.: uata, ubal-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ediren, s. coger, alcanzar, dar caza, (atteindre). - Sinónimo: atzitu, achitu, atzeman.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edo, d. d. conj. O (ou). - En el dial. bizc. úsase frecuentemente como sin. de nozki, y se traduce por “sin duda”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-b.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Edolabere</a>, b. al menos, a lo menos. - Sinónimo de <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/search?q=Beintzat" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Beintzat</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edur-ra, b. - V. Elur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egaatu, egaatzen, g. b. egaz-egin, b. hegaldatu, hegaldatzen, l. s. bn. volar, (voler, s' envoler) .</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egal-a, g. b. hegal-a, l. s. bn. ala, (aile).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egarri-a, d. d. sed, (soif). - Etim.: Probablemente de edan-garri, necesitado de beber, inclinado a satisfacer esta necesidad, (porté, enclin à boire). - Sin.: edagale-a. - Egarri izan, egarria euki, egarriak egon, tener sed, estar de sed, (avoir besoin de boire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egazti-a, g. egatija, b. hegaztin-a, l. bn. s., lit. volátil, ave, (oiseau). - Egazticho-a, dim. avecilla, (petit oiseau).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egi-a, 1, d. d. la verdad, (la verité). - Egiazko-a, d. d. verdadero, (vrai-véritable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egi-a, 2, egiya, g. hegi-a, l. ladera, según Larr. borde, (côte); colina, montaña, en los dialectos lab. y bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egille-a, g. b. l., eginzale-a, egile-a, bn. hacedor, creador, autor, (faiseur, auteur). - En el dial. bizc. se emplea frecuentemente con la significación de activo, y como sinónimo de bizi-a, laster-ra, balbe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egin, egiten, y a veces contrac. ein, eiten, d. d. hacer, (faire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egindu, eginduten, bizc. hacer hacer, (faire faire), hacer ejecutar; verbo sinónimo de agindu, más puro indudablemente que éste, y que nos muestra perfectamente su etimología: ¿Qué es mandar sino hacer ejecutar una cosa?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egintari-a, b. agintari-a, g. el que manda.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egiteko-a. d. d. deber, obligación, ocupación, hecho, hazaña, acción, (devoir). - Sinón.: eginbide-a, egindura, eginde-a, egintz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egiti-a, g. b. egiati-a, verídico, (véridique). - Sinónimo: egi-ezale-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ego-a, 1, g. b. hego-a, l. s. b. Sin. de Egal-a. V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ego-a, 2, g. egoi-a, b. hego-a, l. s, bn. egoaize-a, g. egoiaize-a, b. viento sur, ábrego, (vent du midi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ego-alde-a, al sur, al mediodía, (au midi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egoitz-a, g. egoera, b. egongi-a, bn. estado, estancia, residencia, lugar en que se mora o permanece, (séjour, demeure).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egoki-a, g. b. egokija, b. apto, idóneo, propio, conveniente, (propre à, à propos, capable). - Sin.: adjutuba, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egokiago, comparativo más propio, más idóneo, mejor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egon, egoten, d. d. egoiten, l. estar, permanecer, (attendre, rester).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egor, egorri, egortzen, g. igor, igorri, igortzen, l. s. bn. enviar, encaminar, (envoyer). - Sin.: Bialdu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egotzi, egotzen, g. b. egotze, egoitzten, bn. egotchi, s. lanzar, arrojar, abalanzarse sobre... (lancer, jeter). - “Egotzi zan etsaien artera.” Se abalanzó sobre o entre los enemigos. (Il se rua sur les ennemis). - Sin.: eror-arazi, sartu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egun-a, g. b. eghun-a, l. s. bn. día, (jour). - Egun batean, egun baten, en un día, en un solo día, cierto día, (dans une occasion). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egunen batean, g. l. algún día, alguna vez. - Sinónimos: beiñ edo beiñ, noiz edo noiz. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egun guziz, l. cada día, diariamente, (chaque jour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egunero, g. egunoro, b. l. egunoroz, l. s. egunorozko, s. cada día, todos los días, (quotidiennement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egun-sentia, aurora, crepúsculo matutino, el amanecer, (aurore, le levant). - Sin.: eguanz-a, g. eguaiz-a, g. b. arthas-a, l. arghiarenbeghia, l. s. bn. goiztabar-ra, g. goiztiar-ra, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egurastu, egurasten, o egurastutzen, g. b. orearse, espaciarse, (prendre l' aer, aerer). - Sin.: aizatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Egurgille-a, d. d. leñador, (bucheron). - Etim.: Egur-egille-a, lit. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“hacedor de leña”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eguzki-a, g. b. l. a.°-n.° s.°-r.s iguzki-a, g. l. ekhi-a, bn. s. iuski-a, bn. el sol, (le soleil).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eiz-a, g. b. ihizi-a, l. s. bn. caza, (chasse, gibier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eiza-zaukari-a, b. perro de caza, (chien de chasse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eiztari-a, g. b. ihiztari-a, l. bn. s. cazador, (chasseur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ekaitz-a, g. l. ekach-a, b. nekhaitz-a, bn. s. tempestad, huracán, (tempète, orage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ekandu-a-ak, b. se emplea generalmente en plural, usos, costumbres,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(costumes, mœurs). - Sinónimo: oiturak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ekarri, ekartzen, g. l. ekarten, b. ekharri, ekhartzen, l. bn. traer, acarrear, proporcionar, (porter, apporter, amener).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ekusi, ekusten. V. Ikusi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elbarritu, elbarritzen, g. b. maltratar, estropear, dejar manco, (maltraiter, estropier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elbarritu-a, maltratado, deshecho, (maltraité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, eldu, eltzen, 1, g. b. erdu, ertzen, b. hel, heldu, heltzen, l. b. s. venir llegar, (venir, parvenir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El, eldu, eltzen, 2, g. elduten b. madurar, venir a la sazón (mûrir). - Idem agarrar, asir, (saisir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elhe-a, l. s. bn. palabra, discurso, (parole, discours). - Sin.: Itzaldi-a, g. b. berba-aldija, berbeta, b., jolas-a, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elhur-ra. - V. Elur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eliz-a, g. l. eleis-a, eles-a, elex-a, elexi-a, b. eleiz-a, g. iglesia, (église). - - Merece ser conocida, por lo hábil e ingeniosa, la etimología que de esta voz da Astarloa, Apol. p. 81): "Elera, elexi-a, voz compuesta del nombre Eli, Eija, que pierde su i por la sinalefa, y quiere decir "multitud o rebaño”, y eche, echia, casa, mudada la ch en su afín x, por eufonía. "Elexia quiere decir "de multitud casa", o casa de multitud, y lo es la Iglesia, que con dicha voz damos a entender". - Chao se inclina a la procedencia de esta voz de la griega ekhlesia, que significa congregación, reunión o asamblea.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elkartu, elhartzen, g. alkartu, alkartzen, b. - Sinónimo de Alkarganatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elkar-artu, elkar-artzen, elkar-artzea, g. alkartu, alkartuten, b. - Sin. de Elkartu y Alkarganatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elorri-a. g. b. elorrija, b. elhorri-a, l. s. bn. Arb. espino, arbusto, (épine). - Bot. oxiacanto, (aubépine).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Elur-ra, g. edurra, b. elhurra, lab. sul. bn. nieve, (neige).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emaitz-a, g. b. l. emoitz-a, emai-a, b. presente, regalo, dádiva, (présent, don). - En l. y bn. se traduce a veces por generosidad, (générosité). - Sin.: doai-a, emande-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emakume-a, d. d. mujer, (femme). - Etim.: probablemente de eman-ume, la que da hijos, hembra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eman, ematen, g. emon, emoten, b. eman, emaiten, l. bn. dar, (donner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emazte-a, d. d. emazteki-a, l. mujer casada, esposa, (femme mariée). - Etimología: Prob. de eme-azte, hembra que cría.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eme-a, g. b. emia, g. b. s. hembra, (femelle). - Se emplea como adjetivo, especialmente en b. l. bn. con la significación de "amoroso, blando, suave".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emeki, b. l. bn. dulcemente, (doucement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emen, adv. g. b. hemen, l. bn. heben s. aquí, (ici).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emen bertan, g. b. hemen berean, l. heben berian, s. aquí mismo, (ici</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">même.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emenche, d. d. aquí mismo, (ici-même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emendik, g. b. emetik, b. hemendik, l. hementik, bn. s. de aquí, (d' ici).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Emon, b. - V. Eman.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ene-a, 1, b. l. bn. s. mío, mía, (mon). - Sin. de nere, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ene-a, 2, g. interj. ¡ay, ay de mí! ¡hoy! (Ah!, hélas!). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Engañatu, engañatzen, g. b. engañar, (tromper). Tanto Larr. como Chao, mantienen la procedencia euskara de este verbo y sus derivados.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entzun, etzuten, g. b. enzun, enzuten, l. s. bn. escuchar, entender, (écouter, entendre). - Sin.: aitu, aditu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entzute-a, g. b. acción de escuchar, audiencia, (l' action d' écouter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entzutegi-a, g. b. tribunal de audiencia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Epaill-a, d. d. el mes de marzo, (Mars). - Etim : “Mes del corte o del esquilmo”, como deriv. de ebaki o epaki, cortar, e ill-a, mes. En marzo se procede a la corta y poda de los árboles. - Sinónimo: Marcho-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Epe-a, g. b. l. epia, g. b. ephe-a. bn. s. término, plazo, destino, fin, (terme, délai). - Epe galantekua, frase, de mucha pachorra, de gran alma.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eper-ra, d. d. perdiz, (perdrix). - Epercho-a, g, eperchu-a, b., dim. cría de perdiz, (perdreau). - Etim.: Según Moguel, contracción de erpe-eder-ra, "de hermoso corte", o tal vez, "de zarpa hermosa".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erabagi-a, erabagija, b. V. Erabaki-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erabaki, erabakitzen, g. erabaki, erabagiten, erabai, erabaiten, b., lit. cortar, (couper), acordar, resolver, decidir, decretar, sentenciar, convenir, (décider, résoudre, déterminer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erabaki-a, g. erabagi-a, b. fallo, sentencia, acuerdo, decisión, resolución, (décision, résolution, sentence, arrêt).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erabilli, erabiltzen, g. b. erabilten, b. erabili, erabiltzen, l. andar, menear, mover, (remuer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eradendu, bizc. injertar, ingerir, (griffer, enter) . - Etim.: Del verbo edendu, suavizar. - Sin.: chertatu, eztitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eragiñ, eraiten, g. erain, eraiten, g. b. erein, ereiten, b. forma pasiva de egiñ, hacer-hacer, mandar hacer, impulsar o impeler a obrar, (faire-faire, mouvoir). - Sinón.: erazo, egin-erazi, g. l. arazi, egin-arazi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eragotzi, eragozten, g. b. impedir, prohibir, estorbar, (empêcher, arrêter). - Galaazi, g. galerazo, b. debekatu, g. debekau, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erain, l. V. Ereiñ. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erakarri, erakartzen, d. d. Forma pas. de Ekarri, hacer traer, (faire venir). Fig. adquirir, (acquérir). - Sinón.: ekar-arazi, ekara-razten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erakusi, erakusten, erakutsi, g. b. erakusi, erakasten, s. irakhasi, irakhasten, l. enseñar, mostrar, manifestar, (faire-voir, montrer,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">enseigner). - Etim.: Erazo-ikusi, hacer ver.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eralle-a, g. b. asesino, (assassin). Sinón.: eriot-zalle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eralora, d. d. primavera, (printemps). - Etim.: Era-lora, estación o temperamento de las flores. - Sinónimos: Udaberri-a, g. b. l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">bedax-a, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eraman, eramaten, g. l. bn. eramon, eramoten, b. llevar, aportar, soportar, (porter, emporter, emmener, supporter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eranzun, eranzuten, d. d. responder, contestar, (répondre). - Etimol.: Erazo-enzun, hacer escuchar. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eraso, erasotzen, g. b. embestir, atacar, acometer, (attaquer, battre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eratsi-ja, bizc. sacudido, baldado, (perclus, coupé). Del verbo eraso, acometer. - Sin.: elbarritu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erbal-a, g. b. herbail-a, l. débil, enfermizo, (faible, maladif).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erbi-a, g. b., erbija, b., herbi-a, l. s. bn. liebre, (lièvre). - Etim.: equivale, según Moguel, a "doble cojo", erren-bi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdaldun-a. <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Los bascongados</a> designan con esta voz a todo extraño al país; equivale exactamente a la denominación bárbaro de los pueblos antiguos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdera, erdara, d. d. Designan los euskaros con esta palabra, toda lengua, todo idioma que no sea el peculiar y propio suyo. Así los <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">basco-hispanos</a> llaman erdera al castellano, y los <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">basco-franceses</a> al francés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdi-a, d. d. medio, mitad, (milieu, moitié). - En los dialectos basco-franceses se emplea también esta voz con la significación de parida, refiriéndose a las hembras. (Accouchée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdian, d. d. en medio, (au milieu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdizka, d. d. a medias, (à moitié).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdibitu, erdibitzen, g. b. dividir, hacer una cosa dos partes iguales, (erdi-bi-tu). Empléase también con la misma significación el verbo erdiratu, erdiratzen, sólo que éste es mas general, y aquel más determinado cuando se trata de “dividir por la mitad”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erdu, b. - V. Eldu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erein, ereiten, g. b. s. erain, eraiten, g. l. sembrar, (semer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ereiñotz-a, ereñotz-a, g. b. erinotz-a, b. laurel, (laurier). - Sin.: erramu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eremutar-ra, d. d. ermitaño, (ermite). - Etim.: De eremu-a, desierto, (N. E. eremis, yermo https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/cxi-apen-9-junio-1159.html) eremutar-ra, solitario, que habita en el desierto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ergel-a, g. b. erghel-a, l. s. bn. imbécil, simple, bobo, tonto, bobalicón, (imbécile, niais-aise). - Sinónimos: zoro-a, lele-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erhi-a, l. s. dedo, (doigt). - Sin.: beatz-a, atz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eri-a, d. d. enfermedad, accidente, mal, (malade). - Eriz ezin ibillirik, g. sin poder moverse de enfermo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erija, g. b. eriji-a, b. feria, mercado, (foire). - Etimología: ¿Será quizás una contracción de eros-gai?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eriotz-a, g. b. erijotz-a, b. herio-a, heriotze-a, l. s. bn. muerte, (mort). - Silbiaren eriotzan, en la muerte de Silvia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eripetu, eripetzen, d. d. condenar, (condamner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eritu, eritzen, d. d. enfermar, (devenir malade), herir, (blesser). - De este <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">verbo bascongado</a> proceden según Larr., tanto el ferire latino, como el castellano correspondiente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erle-a, d. d. abeja, (abeille). - Sin.: erika, listorra, erlabio-a. - Etimol.: Según Moguel, “el poblador o fabricador de pueblo" de erri-egile-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ernai-a, g. b. ernari-a, b. erne-a, l. despierto, listo, despejado, avispado, experto, (éveillé, vigilant). - Sinónimos: zoli-a, b. eratzarri-a, oartu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ernegari-a, b. ernegargarri-a, g. acto o cosa que hace renegar, renegable, renegador.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ernegatu, ernegatzen, g. b. renegar, (renier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ernegu-a, g. b. arnegu-a, l. s. bn. reniego, blasfemia, execración, (reniement, imprécation, malédiction, blasphéme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ero-a, erua, g. b. erho-a, l. s. bn. loco, (fou). - Sinónimo: zenzu-bage-a. - Ero-erorik, g. b. locamente, (follement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erokeri-a, g. l. bn. locura, extravagancia, (folie, extravagance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erori, erortzen, g. l. bn. erori, erorten, b. caer (tomber). - Eror-arazi, eror-arazten, forma pasiva, hacer caer, tirar por tierra, derribar, (jeter par terre). - Sin.: egotchi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erosi, erosten, d. d. comprar, (acheter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erotu, erotzen, g. b. erhotzen, l. s. bn. enloquecerse, (devenir, rendre fou). - Erotu da, se ha vuelto loco, (il est tombé en folie). - Erotu biar nau, ha de volverme loco, (il me rend fou).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errai-a-ak, g. b. errain-a-ak, l. s. bn. las entrañas, (entrailles). - Sinón.: halsarrak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errakai-a, erragiñ-a, g. erregarri-a, bizc. erreki-a, errekin-a. l. combustible, (combustible).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erramu-a, d. d. rama en general, (branche). Más comúnmente, laurel, (laurier). - Sin.: ereñotz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erran, l. bn. s. V. Esan. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erran-a, l. s. bn. dicho, sentencia, proverbio, (dicton, sentence, proverbe). - Sin.: errangi-a, l. esaera, g. esakuntz-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errape-a, d. d. ubre de las vacas, (pis de vache). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erratillu-a, g. b. l. plato, platillo, (plat).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errauts-a, g. b. ceniza, (cendre). - Etim.: Erre-auts-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erraz-a, g. b. l. errez-a, g. errach-a, b. erres-a, errecha, erretch-a, l. s. bn. fácil, (facile, aisé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errazoi-a, b. arrazoi-a, g. arrazoin-a, l. s. bn. razón, - Etim.: Del latín ratio, rationis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erre, erretzen, g. l. erre, erretan, b. erre, erretzen, bn. erra, erratzen, s. quemarse, incendiarse, asarse, (brûler, rotir). - Se conjuga con el auxiliar izan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erregalo-a, erregali-a, d. d. regalo, dádiva, (régal, présent). - Larr. deriva esta voz de la euskara erre, quemar, comer, y galo, talo, pan subcinericio, del que usaron los hebreos y otras naciones por regalo y</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">delicia; o de erregale-a, que significa “hacedor, excitador del apetito”: gale-a, gana, apetito, y era, que antepuesto significa “movimiento”. - Chao se inclina a su procedencia de la latina regalis, real. - Sinónimos: emaitz-a, doai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errege-a, g. b. erreghe-a, l. s. bn. rey, (roi). - Etimología: Probablemente del latín rex - regis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erregiñ-a, g. erregin-a, b. l. s. bn. reina, (reine). (N. E. regina)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erregu-a, d. d. ruego, súplica, (prière, supplication). - Sin.: Otoitz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erregutu, erregutzen, d. d. erreguten, b. rogar, suplicar, (prier, supplier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sin.: otoiztu, eskatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erreka, g. b. riachuelo, regata, arroyo, ribera, (riviére, ruisseau). - En l. surco, (sillon). - En l. y bn. barranca, (ravin). - Erreka ertza, ribera, orilla del río. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erreka-arte-a, l. cuadrado de jardín, (carré).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errelijio-a, erlijio-a, g. b. erlijiño-a, b. erlijino-a, errelijione-a, l. s. bn. la religión. - Etim.: probable del latín. (N. E. religio)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erren-a, g. b. cojo, malhecho, (boiteux). - Sinónimos: urgun-a, maki-a, maingu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errepain-a, errepañ-a, d. d. refrán, proverbio, adagio, (dicton, proverbe, refrain). - Sinón.: esangi-a, l. esaera, g. esakuntz-a, esakune-a, esakuntzei-a, esakera, esakerea, b. erran-a, errangi-a, errankomun-a, errankomunar-ra, l. s. bn. atsotitz-a, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erresum-a, l. bn. s. reino, (royaume). - Sin.: erreinu-a, bateronki-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erri-a, g. b. herri-a, l. s. bn. pueblo, país, (village, pays).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erritar-ra, paisano, del mismo pueblo o comarca, (compatriote, du même pays).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errota, d. d. molino, (moulin). -Sin.: Igara, g. ihara, eihara, l. s. bn. bolu-a, b. - Aize-errota, molino de viento, (moulin à vent). - Sin.: aizigara, aizabolu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erru-a, 1, g. b. falta, culpa, (faute). - Sin.: ogen-a, gaizkita.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erru-a, 2, b. fortaleza, (force).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errudun-a, g. b. culpable, pecador, (coupable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Erruki-a, urriki-a, g. b. compasión, (compassion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errukirikan edo urrikirikan gabe, sin compasión, (sans compassion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errukior-ra, b. errukitsu-a, g. compasivo, (compatissant). Sin.: urrikal-tsu-a, g. ongille-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errukitu, errukiten, b. urrikitu, urrikitzen, g. compadecerse, tener compasión, (avoir compassion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errukiz, d. d. por compasión, (pour pitié).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Errutsu-a, b. enérgico, fuerte, valiente, animoso. "Errutzuba da edo erru andikua", b. Moguel, es valiente, animoso, fuerte. - Sin.: azkor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ertankara, ertangora, l. errozgora, bn. boca arriba, echado de espaldas, (la face en haut, couché sur le dos). Ertankara yarririk dago it zalpean, l. hállase muellemente tendido a la sombra, (mollement couché a l' ombre...)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ertz-a, g. b. borde, esquina, orilla, (bord, oulet).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esaera, g. refrán, adagio, proverbio, manera de decir, (dicton, proverbe). - Sinónimos: esakune-a, esakuntz-a, b. esangi-a, g. erran-a, l. bn. s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esakera, esakune-a, b. Sin. de Esaera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esan, esaten, g. b. erran, erraiten, l. s. bn. decir, (dire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eser, eseri, esertzen, g. b. isiri, isirtzen, g. sentarse, (s' asseoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskabi-a, d. d. sarna, tiña, (gale, teigne). - Sinónimos: atz-a, g. zaragar-ra, b. l. bn. hazteri-a, l. sarnia-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskañi, eskaintzen, eskeñi, eskeintzen, g. eskini, eskeinten, iskindu, iskinten, b. eskaini, eskaintzen, l. ofrecer, prometer, (offrir, promettre). - Sin.: agindu, g. promestu, b. luskandu, loskaindu, opetzi, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskari-a, g. eskarija, b. petición, súplica, (pétition). - Sin.: eskaera, g. gurteskari-a, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskas, d. d. insuficiente, escaso, corto, (insuffisant, manque, défaut).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskasi-a, g. b. l. escasez, pobreza, necesidad, (besoin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskatu, eskatzen, d. d. pedir, solicitar, (demander). - Sin.: oarpillatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eske-a, d. d. demanda, solicitud, petición de limosna, (quête, demande). Va siempre acompañada de uno de los verbos egon o ibilli. - Ejemplo: "Barkazio eske nago”, estoy pidiendo perdón, (je lui demande pardon). - - "Eskean ibilli", andar mendigando.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskeni, eskentzen. Véase Eskañi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esker, d. d. gracias, acción de gracias, agradecimiento, (remerciment). - </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskerrik-asko, g. eskerrik-aski, b. l. s. bn., muchas gracias (merci). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskergabe-a, eskerge-a, d. d. ingrato, desagradecido, (ingrate).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskribau-a, g. b. escribano, notario, (notaire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskua, d. d. mano, (main). Fig. Poder, licencia, facultad, autorización, (pouvoir, faculté). - Esku-a eman, dar la mano, (donner la main). Fig. Autorizar, (donner faculté). - Eskuko-a, lo de la mano, (à la main, de la main). - Eskuma, eskui-esku-a, eskumako esku-a, la mano derecha, (la main droite). - Eskerreko esku-a, la mano izquierda, (la main gauche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esku-bide-a, d. d. facultad, derecho, autorización, poder, (faculté, pouvoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskuma, b. eskui-a, g. eskuin-a, l. bn. s. derecho, lo opuesto a lo izquierdo, (droit, opposé à gauche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskutatu, eskutatzen, g. eskutadu, eskutau, eskutauten, b. ocultarse, esconderse, desaparecer, (cacher, se cacher). - Sin.: gorde, estaldu, g. b. estali, g. estari, astari. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eskutu-a, g. b. lugar oculto, cosa reservada, (caché, occulte). (N. E. escondite, recóndito)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esna, esnatu, esnatzen, g. ernatu, ernaten b. despertarse, (réveiller, se réveiller). Fig. excitarse, (exciter). Sin.: Irazarri, g. b. atzarri, b. = Se me figura más pura la forma b. ernatu, de la que procede indudablemente la voz ernai-a, Véase.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esne-a, d. d. leche, (lait). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Espa, g. queja, (plainte). - Sin.: keja. g. arrenkura, errenkura, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estaldu, estaltzen, bizc. V. Estali.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estali, estaltzen, g. l. bn. estari, estaltzen, astari, astaltzen, estaldu, estaltzen, b. cubrirse, ocultarse, esconderse, taparse, (cacher, couvrir). - Sin.: gorde, eskutatu. - Fig. Amparar, defender, proteger, (proteger, défendre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estali-a, g. estaldu-a, b. cubierto, tapado, (caché). - Fig. protección, amparo, escudo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estalpe-a, g. b. abrigo, lugar oculto. - Etimol.: De estali y be-a o pe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este-a, g. esti-a, g. b. hertze-a, l. herze-a, bn. erchi-a, s. intestino, (intestin). Empléase generalmente en plural.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estu-a, estutu-a, g. b. hestu-a, herstu-a, y también hertstu-a, l. s. bn. apretado, prieto, oprimido, (serré, oppressé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estu-estuban, g. b. a duras penas, (avec beaucoup de peine).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estutasun-a, g. b. hertstura, l. herzdura, bn. s. estrechura, aprieto, apuro, (détresse, angoisse, oppression).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estutu, estutzen, g. estutu, estuten, bizc. herstu o hertstu, hertsten, l. bn. s. oprimir, apretar, prensar, (serrer, presser, étreindre). Fig. acosar, apurar, acongojar, (vexer, impatienter, pousser à bout). - Gizon estua, hombre de genio vivo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eta, d. d. conj., y, (et). - Frecuentemente se contrae en ta, (souvent par contrac. ta). - Eta are, además que. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etche-a, l. s. bn. - Véase Eche-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etchol-a, l. s. bn. echol-a, g. - Sin. de Chaola.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etorri, etortzen, g. etorri, etorten, b. ethorri, ethortzen y ethorten, l. bn. venir, llegar, (venir, arriver). - Sin.: heldu, l. jin, jiten, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etorrera, d. d. venida, llegada, (venue, arrivée). - Sinónimo: elketa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etsai-a, g. l. exai-a, l. s. bn. enemigo, adversario, (ennemi). - Sin.: arerijo-a, b. kontresta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etsaigo-a, g. l. exaigo-a, l. s. bn. enemistad, odio, (inimitié). Adjet. empleado sustantivamente. - Sin.: Etsaitasun-a, g. areriotasun-a, b. gorroto-a, udigo-a, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etsi, etsitzen, g. etsi, etsiten, b. etsitu, etsitzen, l. exi, exiten, bn. s. consentir, desesperar, perder la esperanza, (désespérer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etzin, etziten, g. b. l., etzan, etzaten, g. b. l. s. bn. echarse, tenderse, acostarse, (se coucher, s' etendre). - Non etzan oi da?, dónde suele acostarse? (Où a-t-il l' habitude de se coucher?). - Sin.: oeratu, echun.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Etziñ-a, etzan-a, echun-a, echado, tendido, acostado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euki, g. b. iduki, g. l. eduki, bn., tener, (tenir, avoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euli-a, g. eulija, b. uli-a, l. ulli-a, ullu-a, s. mosca, (mouche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euri-a, g. b. l. bn. s. ebiya, g. b. uri-a, g. b. l. lluvia, (pluie). - Euri jasa, aguacero, chaparrón, (averse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Euskaldun-a</a>, g. b. n. euskeldun-a, l. bn. s., euskaro, natural del <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">país basco</a> de una y otra margen del Bidasoa, (Basque).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euskal-erri-a, g. b. eskual (euskal)-herri-a, l. s. bn. el país bascongado, (le pays basque).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euskera, euskara, euskeri-a, d. d. la <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua bascongada</a>, euskara o de los euskaldunas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euskeratu, euskeratzen, d. d. verter, traducir a la lengua bascongada, (traduire a la langue basque).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Euskera-zale-a, euskara-zale-a, d. d. aficionado, amante del bascuence, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bascófilo</a>, (<a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/cancionero-vasco-jose-manterola.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bascophile</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ez, d. d. partícula negativa, no, ni, (non, ne, ne pas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezagüera, g, ezaubera, b. conocimiento, (connaissance). - Sin.: esagunde-a, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezagun, ezagutu, ezagutzen, g. ezaun, ezautu, ezauten, b. ezagutu, ezagutzen, l. bn. s., conocer, (connaitre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezagun-a, d. d. conocido, (connu). - Ezagunen-a, superlativo, el más conocido, (le plus connu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezarri, ezartzen, g. l. s. bn. ezarri, ezarten, b. s. echar, colocar, poner, (mettre, placer). - Sin.: Ipiñi, ifiñi, imini. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezer, d. d. algo, (quelque chose). - Ezer ez, nada, (rien, le neant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezerez-a, insustancial, fútil, (léger, frivole, insignifiant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezin, contr. de ez-eguin. Acompañado de las terminaciones auxiliares, tradúcese por “no poder, ser imposible”, (ne pas pouvoir). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eziñ, ezin, eziñ-a, d. d. lo imposible, (l' impossible).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezker-ra, d. d. izquierda, (gauche). - En g. y b. además, zurdo, (gaucher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezkondu, ezkontzen, g. l. bn. ezkondu, ezkonduten, b. ezkountu, s. casarse, (marier, se marier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezkur-ra, g. b. l. bellota, (gland). - Sin.: ezkur-azi-a, Larr., zia, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezkutatu, ezkutatzen. - V. Eskutatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezpañ-a, g., espan-a, b., espain-a, l. s. bn. labio, (lévre). - Fig. borde, extremidad, (bord). - De esta voz bascongada procede indudablemente el nombre España.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezpat-a, d. d. espada, (épée). - Larr. pretende que de esta voz euskara tomaron sus equivalentes spatha, spathæ, espada, el latín y el <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellano</a>. Chao se inclina a la derivación de todas estas palabras de la griega spathé.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezpata-belar-ra, ezpataiñ-a, espadañ-a, g. ezpatain-a, l. (Botan.) espadaña, (glaieul). Voz derivada, según Larr., del bascuence ezpataiñ-a, síncope de ezpata-diñ-a, "como la espada o tanto como la espada". - En San Sebastián se conoce esta planta con el nombre vulgar, y quizás exclusivamente local, de chau-chaba. (N. E. ezpata + belarra, hierba; glaieul, glaive; espada, cuchillo.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eztandatu, eztandatzen, y también eztanda egin, g. reventar, hacer reventar una cosa, estallar, (crever, éclater). - Sin.: lertu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eztarri-a, g. estarija, b. garganta, (gorge). - Sinónimos: gangarra, gubio-a, zintzurra, same-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezti-a, d. d. miel, (miel). Fig. dulce, suave, (doux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eztiró, adv. d. d. dulcemente, suavemente, agradablemente, (douxement, : doucement, agréablement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eztitu, eztitzen, d. d. endulzar, suavizar, (adoucir, rendre doux). - Injertar, tratándose de árboles (greffer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ezur-ra, g. s. azur-ra, b. hezur-ra, l. bn. hueso, (os).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">F.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En opinión de Astarloa, Moguel, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/i-canto-de-lelo-o-de-los-cantabros.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cardaberaz</a>, y la mayor parte de los escritores bascongados, la F es una letra de moderna introducción en el alfabeto euskaro. Obsérvase, en efecto, que los bascos puros, los </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">que no conocen otra lengua que la propia, y no han salido de nuestras montañas, jamás pronuncian esta letra, cuyo sonido, que les ofrece grandes dificultades, lo sustituyen siempre por el de una de las consonantes afines b, m, n, y muy especialmente, por la p.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ningún aldeano bascongado pronuncia fruta, festa, faltatu, ifini, farra, etc., sino pruta, pesta o besta, paltatu, ipini, ibeni o imini, parra, barre-a, etc. - Obsérvese, además, que casi todas las palabras en que se nota la presencia de esta consonante son, o de origen extraño y de moderna introducción, o se halla en ellas la f sustituyendo a alguna de las consonantes afines ya expresadas, como se verá en las pocas voces que a continuación aparecen:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faltatu, faltatzen, g. faltau, faltaten, b. (pron. por la gran generalidad, paltatu, paltatzen), faltar, (manquer). - Sin.: akitu. Chao supone este verbo derivado del latín fallere.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Far-ra, par-ra, g. barre-a, b. sust. risa, (le rire). - Sinónimo: Irri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faza, g. majestad, pompa, fausto, ostentación, (faste, vaine ostentation). Chao se inclina a la procedencia de esta voz de la latina <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?fasto" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fastus</a>. - Faza ederrean, con gran majestad, a sus anchas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fede-a, fedi-a, d. d. fé, (foi). - Del latín fides, fidei.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fierra, l. satisfecho, glorioso, audaz, altanero, (satisfait, glorieux, hautain, altier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fierrago, comp. más satisfecho, más glorioso, (plus glorieux, plus satisfait). Deriv. del latín.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Frutu-a, fruitu-a, prutu-a, d. d. fruto, producción de los árboles y de las plantas, (fruit, production des arbres et des plantes). - Fig. provecho, utilidad, (profit, utilité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">G.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ga, proposición negativa que equivale al sin de la <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua castellana</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gabe, g. l. s. bn. - Sinónimo de <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-b.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bage</a>. (V.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gach-a, b. - V. Gaitz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gai-a, gay-a, kai-a, 1, g. l. bn. s. gei-a, b. ekai-a, l. ekhei-a, bn. s. - Como sustantivo, materia, asunto, (matière, sujet). - Como adjetivo, apto, capaz, propio para algo, (apte, capable, propre a...)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gai-a, 2, s. - V. Gau-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaicho-a. - V. Gaiso-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaiñ-a. - V. Gañ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaindu, gaintzen, g. gainditu, gainditzen, l. s. bn. gañeratu, gañeratzen, g. b. y a veces, aunque poco frecuentemente, en la forma contracta, gañartu, gañartzen, g. aventajar, superar, dominar, (vaincre, surpasser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaiso-a, g. b. gaisu-a, g. gacho-a, b. gaizo-a, l. bn. 1, pobre, infeliz, desdichado, pobrecillo, término de afecto o de compasión, (pauvre, malheureux). - 2, enfermo, achacoso, (malade).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaitz-a, g. l. s . gach-a, b. 1, sust. enfermedad, desgracia, achaque, (maladie, indisposition). - 2, adj. d. d. difícil, (difficile).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaitz-egin, d. d. hacer mal, causar daño, (endommager).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaitzgille-a, gaizkille-a, gaizkiñ-a, g. gaiztagille-a, gach-egille-a, b. gaichtagin-a, b. l. s. bn. malhechor, (malfaiteur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaitz-iritzi, g. b. parecer mal, encontrar mal una cosa, (trouver mal).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaiztakeri-a, g. b. gaiztakerija, gastakerija, gaichtakeri-a, b. gaixtakeri-a, l. s. bn. gaiztokeri-a, s. maldad, (méchanceté). - Se usa muy comúnmente refiriéndose a las travesuras de los muchachos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaizto-a, g. b. gaisto-a, b. gachto-a, b. s. gaichto-a, b. gaixto-a, l. malo, (mauvais, méchant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galai-a, 1 g. b. sust., mozo, joven, mancebo, señorito, (jeune garçon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- 2, adj. galano, elegante, esbelto, pulcro, bello, (beau, joli).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galant-a, g. b. hermoso, grande, rollizo, robusto, (beau, robuste, fort, vigoreux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galdetu, galdetzen, g. b. l. galde-egin, l. galdatu, bn. preguntar, (demander, interroguer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galdor-ra, gallor-ra, galyur-ra, gaildurra, g. b. cúspide, cima, cumbre, (cime, sommet). - Sin.: gañ-a, tontor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galdu, galtzen, d. d. galdu, galduten, b. perder, (perdre)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galeper-ra, g. b. codorniz, (caille). (N. E. codorniu, Wachtel, guatlla o gualla) - Etim. Gari-eper-ra, perdiz de los trigales.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galgarri-a, d. d. pernicioso, (pernicieux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gallortu, gallortzen, g. b. sobresalir, asomar en una cima, o cumbre, (surpasser, exceller).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gañ-a, g. s. gaiñ-a, g. b. s. bn. sobre, encima, (sur, dessus), la superficie, (la surface). - Gain behera, l. s. bn. de arriba para abajo, subiendo y bajando.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gañera, g. b. además, (en outre, par dessus). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garagar-ra, d. d. cebada, (orgue). (N. E. ordeum, ordi, Gersten, civada o sibada).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garagar-illa, g. b. el mes de junio, (le mois de Juin). - Etim.: "Mes de la cebada". - Sin.: udaill-a, g. erearo-a, l. ekain-a, s. bagill-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garaitu, garaitzen, g. l. garaitu, garaituten, b. garhaitu, garhaitzen, s. bn. vencer, sobrepasar, dominar, (vaincre, surpasser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garaitupen-a, g. garaipen-a, g. l. garaimen-a, b. victoria, triunfo, (victoire, avantage). - Etim. De garai, excelente, (prob. derivado a su vez de gañ o gain, sobre, encima, sobrepasar, vencer. - Sin.: Garaitz-a, garaite-a, garaitondo-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garbi-a, d. d. limpio, puro, propio, neto, (pur, propre, net).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garbitu, garbitzen, d. d. limpiar, lavar, purificar, (nettoyer, laver, purifier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gari-a, g. l. garija, b. trigo, (froment). - Sin.: bihi-a, sul.°</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garizuma, g. b. l. bn. gorachuma, s. cuaresma, (carême).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gar-ra, g. b, bn. kar-ra, l. llama, (flamme). - Su ta garrezko leizean, lit. en el abismo de fuego y llama, en el infierno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garratz-a, g. b. l. kharats-a, kharax-a, bn. s. amargo, desabrido, acre, mordaz, áspero, violento, severo, (amer, âpre, violent, séverè. - Sinón.: garrach-a, garlach-a, latz-a, gogorra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garratzki, agriamente, acremente, de mal humor. (aigrement, durement). - Sinónimos: Gogorki, lazki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garrondo-a, g. b. garrait-a, garzeta, b. garhaite-a, garzheta, garkhotch-a, bn. cogote, nuca, (occiput, nuque). - Sin.: kokote-a, kokalde-a, garkochilo-a, karzeta. De gar-ra o kar-ra, el casco de la cabeza, y ondo-a, lo que está cerca.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Garrote-a, garrote, (garrot). Es voz bascongada, según Larr.. y se dijo de garjote, pegar, sacudir en la cabeza, especialmente, hacia el casco, que se llama gar y karra, y de aquí el cogote garrondo, y jo, jotea, pegar, golpear, sacudir, “y en la especie de esgrima que se aprende de jugar al garrote, siempre se tira a la cabeza, y es villanía tirar el golpe a las piernas.” - Sin.: Agaa, agai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gasna, l. - V. Gazt-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gau-a, gaba, g. b. l. bn. gai-a, s. noche, (nuit). - Sinónimo: arrats-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaur, g. b. n. hoy, (aujourd'hui). - Sinón.: egun, l. s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gautegun, contrac. de gau ta egun, noche y día, sin cesar, (jour et nuit, sans cesse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gauz-a, d. d. cosa, (chose).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gauz-eza, de gauz-a, y la negación ez, cosa que no sirve para su objeto, cosa inútil, (futilité, chose inutile).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gazta, g. gaztai-a, b. gasna, l. s. bn. queso, (fromage). - Etim.: Según Moguel, “papillada salada y fortificada”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaztañ-a, g. b. gaztain-a, l. s. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/10/reflexio-de-tots-sans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castaña</a>, (<a href="https://www.mypanier.com/blogs/food-trends/chataigne-and-marrons-the-unique-differences-between-chestnuts" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chataigne</a>). - Según Larr. el <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellano</a> ha tomado del bascuence esta voz. (N. E. Latín <a href="https://www.gartenakademie.rlp.de/Internet/global/themen.nsf/561ae14211da8d55c1256f420024468b/b2caa432e07030acc1256f38004891ad?OpenDocument" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nux castanea</a>, nuez del castaño; alemán <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastanien#:~:text=Die%20Kastanien%20(Castanea)%20oder%20Edelkastanien,Edelkastanie%20(Castanea%20sativa)%20heimisch." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kastanie</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastanienbaum" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kastanienbaum</a> el árbol)</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastanien#:~:text=Die%20Kastanien%20(Castanea)%20oder%20Edelkastanien,Edelkastanie%20(Castanea%20sativa)%20heimisch." rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Gaztañ-a, gaztain-a, castaña, chataigne, nux castanea, nuez del castaño, Kastanie, Kastanienbaum" border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="704" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuP7TauyIOC_GA4H-lK-9f1cBHHqyEWhDroq8DUnSf9nKsJ_pHCb1Sp17FetzPld8GrgHwmwE5bo2t2pLXxRj5Ai1scaJ62Av6-bKJGNEFe-yQqZB796DN9DaZt4Fp00ahNhYNrosrIxB0R9SMzHkYji1-DW0hwXnl8f3XJT7_FXtiEZLom2h5ZjnX5Z9/w640-h360/kastanien.jpg" title="Gaztañ-a, gaztain-a, castaña, chataigne, nux castanea, nuez del castaño, Kastanie, Kastanienbaum" width="640" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gazte-a, gazti-a, d. d. joven, (jeune). - Gaztetandik, desde joven, (depuis la jeunesse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaztelatu-a, d. d. lit. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/miguel-bernabe-sitio-daroca-alcaide-aguila-blanca-almogavar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">encastillado</a>, <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellanizado</a>, (<a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellanissée</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Gaztelu-a, d. d. Castillo, (château). - De esta voz procede, según general opinión, el nombre de Castilla. (N. E. y el de Cataluña, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chastelongne</a>, (<a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">châtelain</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/31-de-mayo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castla</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/guardia-castillo-la-fresneda-matarranya-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellán</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellà</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalán</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">català</a>; gaztelu, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/xix-perg-64-7-julio-1135.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castrum</a> latín; y de </span><a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?Burgos#:~:text=Seg%C3%BAn%20el%20fil%C3%B3logo%20alem%C3%A1n%2C%20Friedrich,ingl%C3%A9s%2C%20y%20bourg%20en%20franc%C3%A9s." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">baurgs</a><span>,</span><span> </span><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Neuenstein_(Saasen)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burg</a><span>, </span><a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?Burgos#:~:text=Seg%C3%BAn%20el%20fil%C3%B3logo%20alem%C3%A1n%2C%20Friedrich,ingl%C3%A9s%2C%20y%20bourg%20en%20franc%C3%A9s." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">borough</a><span>, </span><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-51-qui-a-a-pendre-n-a-pas-a-noyer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bourg</a><span>, </span><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/matrimonio-ramiro-ii-monje-agnes-ines-poitou.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bourgogne</a><span>, </span><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-xli-duc-de-burgunya-juan-sense-por.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Borgoña</a><span>, </span><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-xli-duc-de-burgunya-juan-sense-por.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burgunya</a><span>, </span><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burgundi</a><span>, </span><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/11/blog-post.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burgos</a><span>, <a href="https://brauliofoz.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">burgués</a>, <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?Burgos#:~:text=Seg%C3%BAn%20el%20fil%C3%B3logo%20alem%C3%A1n%2C%20Friedrich,ingl%C3%A9s%2C%20y%20bourg%20en%20franc%C3%A9s." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">burgalés</a>, </span><a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?burguesi.a#:~:text=La%20palabra%20burgues%C3%ADa%20tiene%20el,Ver%3A%20Burgos." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">burguesía</a><span>, </span><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/9-39-troisiesme-aage-ceux-ont-mis-leurs-plumes-explication-droict-romain.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bourges</a><span>, </span><span>etc.)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gazteri-a, d. d. la juventud, (la jeunesse, les jeunes gens).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaztetasun-a, g. b. l. gaztetarzun, s. bn. juventud, adolescencia, (jeunesse). - Sin.: gaztetz-a, gazteera, gazte-denbora.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaztiga, gaztigatu, gaztigatzen, 1, g. b. l. bn. avisar, hacer saber, enviar una comisión, (faire savoir, envoyer une commission). - 2, g. b. castigar, (punir, corriger). - Larramendi pretende que el <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">verbo castellano</a> se tomó del bascuence gaztiga, gaztigatu, avisar, corregir, o bien de asti, astitu, que en el dialecto bizcaíno, significa azotar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gedar-ra. b. grito. - Sinónimo de deadar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gei-a, d. d. acrecentamiento, (accroissement, aumentation).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geiago o geyago, g. b. l. gehiago, l. bn. s. comp. de gei, más, (plus, davantage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geiegi o geyegi, g. b. sup. de gei, demasiado, (trop, excessif).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geiegitu, geiegitzen, geyegitu, geyegitzen, aumentar, acrecentar, abultar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">exagerar, ponderar con exceso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geinean o geyenean, geienian g. geijenean, b. geheenetan, l. s. bn., adv. las más veces.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Geitu, geitzen, g. b. aumentar, (augmenter). - Sinónimos: geiagotu, aunditu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gela, d. d. cuarto, habitación, vivienda, (chambre). (N. E. caló quel, argot queli; latín cella : celda)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gelditu, gelditzen, d. d. parar, quedar, cesar, detenerse, permanecer, (rester, cesser, arreter, s' arreter). - Geldi-erazo, (forma pasiva), hacer parar, detener.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Genasi-a; genastu-a, g. turbado, alterado, trastornado, (troublé). - Etimología: probablemente de gei y nasi, nastu o naastu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gerla, gherla. V. Gerra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gero, d. d. adv. después, (aprés).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gerra, g. b. gerla, gherla, l. s. bn. guerra, (guerre). Larr. opina que es voz euskara, formada de guzierra o guzierre-a, "todo quemado y abrasado", que es efecto de la guerra, o de gu-errak, gu-erreak o geu-erreak, “quemados y abrasados nosotros". - Chao duda entre su procedencia céltica, como derivación de la antigua voz wer, (N. E. inglés war) o la euskara de gudu-erra, "lucha ardiente, cruel, encarnizada". - Sin.: guda.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gerrari-a, gherlari-a, guerrero, (guerrier). - Sinónimo: gudari-a. (N. E. warrior inglés)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gerri-a, g. l. bn. s. garrija, b. cintura, talle, (ceinture, taille).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gertatu, gertatzen, g. gertau, gertatuten, b. gerthatu, gerthatzen, l. s. bn. suceder, acontecer, acaecer (survenir, arriver). - Sinónimos: suertatu, g. azertadu, jazo, apukatu, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gertu. - El lic.° Suescum lo emplea como sinónimo de Gertatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gezkati-a, gezkatija, b. escrupuloso, (scrupuleux). - Sin.: aurtukitu-a, aurtukizti-a, aurtukiztun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gezur-ra, g. l. bn. s. guzur-ra, b. mentira, embuste, falsedad, (mensonge). - Gezurra diruri, parece mentira.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gezurrez, g. l. bn. s. guzurrez, b. mentirosamente, con engaño, con falsía, (mensongèrement). - Ez nator gaur guzurrez, no vengo hoy con embustes, o con falsía.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gezurtatu, gezurtatzen, g. l. guzurtatu, b. desmentir, (démentir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gezurti-a, g. l. s. bn. guzurtija, b. mentiroso, embustero, (menteur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ghorte-a, l. la corte, (la cour, les palais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gibel-a, 1, d. d. hígado, (foie). - Fig. Gizon gibel onekua, hombre de buena pasta, (homme de bonne complexion, de bon caractère).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gibel-a, 2, b. l. bn. atrás, parte posterior, espalda, (le derrière, le dos). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etche gibel-a, la parte posterior de la casa, (le derrière de la maison).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gichi, b. - V. Guchi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gisa, d. d. modo, manera, apariencia, (mode, façon, apparence).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gizen-a, d. d. gordo, grueso, craso, (gras, graisse). - Sin.: lodi-a, mardul-a, pocholo-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gizendu, gizentzen, d. d. engordar, (engraisser). - Sinónimos: loditu, mardultu, pocholotu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gizon-a, g. b. ghizon-a, l. s. bn. hombre, (homme). Etim.: Prob. de giza-on-a, “de hermosa apariencia”, como creado que es a semejanza de Dios.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goartari-a, g. godartari-a, b. guardador, custodio, patrono, (garde, gardien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogo-a, gogua, d. d. pensamiento, deseo, inclinación, afecto, (pensée, désir, inclination). - Gogotikan, d. d. de buena gana, (de bon cœur). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: poz-pozik.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogoragarri-a, d. d. memorable, (mémorable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogoratu, gogoratzen, d. d. acordarse, ocurrírsele a uno, (se rappeler, venir à la pensée). - Sin.: gomutau, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogor-ra, d. d. duro, fuerte, resistente. - Fig. acerbo, áspero, cruel, riguroso, desapacible, (dur, cruel, ferme, solide; fig. rude, sevére). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: garratz-a, latz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogorrago, d. d. comp., más duro, más fuerte, más esforzado, (plus dur, plus fort).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogorregi, sup. (de gogorrago) demasiado duro, fuerte o resistente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogortasun-a, d. d. dureza, firmeza, acrimonia, aspereza, vigor. (Dureté, fermeté). - Sin.: garraztasun-a, laztasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gogortu-a, d. d. duro, endurecido, (dur, endurci).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goi-a, alto, elevado, (haut, élevé). - Goi-an, en alto, en lo alto, (en haut), - Goijenen baten, b. en un lugar alto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goibel-a, d. d. oscuro, sombrío, (oscur, sombre). Dícese generalmente del cielo o del horizonte. - Fig. triste. - Etim.: Goi-beltz-a. = En la montaña de Navarra designan a las nubes con el nombre de goibelak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goira. - V. Gorá.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goitalchatu, goitaltzatu, lit. levantar por lo alto, ensalzar, alabar, (agrandir, exalter). (N. E. altzatu : alzado, alzar)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goitika, de arriba, desde arriba, (de haut). - Goitik beera, de arriba abajo, de la cabeza a los pies, (de haut en bas, de la tête aux pieds).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goititu, goititzen, d. d. elevar, levantar, erigir, (élever).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goitu, goitzen, sobrepujar, vencer, humillar, (vaincre). - Sin.: mendekatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goiz-a, d. d. gos-a, gox-a, goich-a, b. la mañana, (matin). - Significa también, sin duda por extensión, temprano. (De bonne heure ou trop tôt). - Goizean, goizian, goxian, d. d. a la mañana, (dans le matin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goizalba, lab. despertamiento, acción de despertar, (reveil).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goizalde-a, g. gosalde-a, b, hacia la madrugada, (a la pointe du jour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goizean-goiz, d. d. de mañana, de madrugada, (de bon matin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goizeko-a, d. d. de mañana, (des matin). - Goizeko meza entzun det, he oído misa de mañana.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Golkho-a, l. s. bn. Véase Kolko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Golpe-a, g. b. kolpe-a, g. b. l. kolpia, g. bn. s. golpe, (coup). - Etim.: Según Larramendi, de kolaspe-a, que prop. significa "sopapo", la guantada que allí se da se llamó kolpe-a, y de allí por extensión a otros golpes, heridas y contusiones. Chao confirma también la etimología bascongada de esta voz. (N. E. latín colӑphus, golpe, puñetazo, bofetón, colӑpus, colŏpus y la ya sincopada colpus: golpe, coup, colp). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Golpeka, kolpeka, a golpes, (a coups de...)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gomutau, gomutatzen, b. Sinón. de Gogoratu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gon-a, g. b. enagua, guarda-pies, (cotillon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gora, d. d. arriba, a o en lo alto, (en haut).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goraberak, g. b. gorabeherak, l. s. b. cambios, alteraciones; Fig. vicisitudes, (changements, altérations: fig. Vicissitudes). = Lurraren gora-berak, las ondulaciones del terreno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Goratu, goratzen, d. d. goratuten, b. ascender, subir, elevar, levantar, (élever, s' élever). - Sin.: alchatu, d. d. askatu, s.°-ronc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gorde, gordetzen, g. l. gorde, gordeten, b. gorda, gordatu, gordatzen, l. bn. guardarse, ocultarse, esconderse, conservar, (garder, se garder, cacher, se cacher). - Fig. defender, proteger, amparar, (défendre, protéger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gorde-a, d. d. oculto, escondido, guardado, (caché). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gordetzalle-a, g. b. guardador, guardián, (gardien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gorputz-a, g. b. l. gorphitz-a, korphitz-a, s. bn. cuerpo, (corps).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gor-ra, d. d. sordo, (sourd). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gorri-a, d. d. encarnado, rojo, (rouge). - Fig. desnudo, (nu). - Larru-gorrian, en carnes vivas, desnudo, (nu, sans vêtements). - Egun gorri-a, met. día malo, día terrible.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gorroto-a, g. b. aborrecimiento, odio, rencor, (haine, rancune). - Sin.: etsaigo-a, g. b. otiñ-a, b. erra, l. bn. igori-a, gaitzeri-a, b. gaitzerizko-a, g. b. errenkura, l. areriotasun-a, b. hudigo-a, l. aierkune-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gosaldu, gosaltzen, g. l. goizaldu, goizaltzen, b. goxaldu, b. desayunar, almorzar, (déjeuner). - Etimología: Según Astarloa, Apol. 313, equivale a "fortificarse o hacerse poderoso por la mañana", como compuesto de gos-a, gox-a o goiz-a, y el verbo aldu, fortificarse, hacerse poderoso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gose-a, d. d. hambre, (faim).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gosete-a, goseti-a, g. l. gosetija, b. hambriento, (affamé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gozatu, gozatzen, g. l. bn. gozau, gozaten, b. es raíz bascongada, gozar, aprovechar, poseer, (profiter, jouir de, posséder.) = apaciguarse, calmarse, (apaiser, adoucir). - Sin.: emaatu, otsandu. = Hacerse afable, (devenir aimable, complaisant). - Sin.: arraitu, emaguritu, lanotu, orkortu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gozo-a, d. d. dulce, agradable, sabroso, (doux, savoreux); = Id. l. bn., goce, (jouissance). = Id. en lab. sust., jugo. "Lurrak barnean baditu asko gozo mueta." La tierra tiene o posee dentro de sí, en sus entrañas, muchas especies de jugos. - (La terre contient dans son sein beaucoup de sortes de sucs). - Sinónimos. En este último concepto, ezade-a, ezkotasun-a, g. b. zuhatz-a, l. s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gozotsu-a, d. d. gozoso, deleitoso, (joyeux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Griña, g. b. inclinación, (inclination). - En l., según Van-Eys, cuidado, inquietud, escrúpulo, (soin, souci, scrupule).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Griñatu, griñatzen, g. b. inclinarse a algo, (tourner ses inclinations). - "Gizona umetati griñatuba dago gachera", Moguel. El hombre se halla inclinado al mal desde su infancia. (L' homme se sent incliné au mal depuis l' enfance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gu, guk, d. d. geu, geuk, b. pron. pers. de la 3.a persona del plural, nos, nosotros, (nous).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guan, goan, l. - V. Joan, joaten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guchi, gichi, g. gichi, b. guti, gutti, l. bn. s. poco, (peu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guchiago, gichiago, g. b. gutichago, l. gutichiago, s. gutiago, l. comp., menos, (moins).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guchicho, g. b. gutichko, l. bn. s. demasiado poco, (bien peu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guchitu, guchitzen, g. gichitu, gichitzen, b. gutitu, gutitzen, l. disminuir, rebajar, aminorar, (diminuer, rabaisser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guda, gudu-a, d. d. combate, lucha, disputa armada, (combat, rixe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gudari-a, d. d. guerrero combatiente, (guerrier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gura, gurari-a, g. b. deseo, apetito, (désir, volonté). Acompañado de las terminaciones auxiliares corresponde a querer, (vouloir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guraso-a-ak, g. b. burhaso-a-ak, los parientes, abuelos o antepasados, (les parents). - Sin.: Asabak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gurdi-a, g. burdi-a, b. carro, (char).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guri-a, d. d. 1. - blando, tierno, suave, mantecoso, (mou, tendre, beurre). = 2, g. mantequilla, (N. E. panecillo con mantequilla y azúcar) (petit pain fait avec du beurre frais et du sucre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gurutze-a, g. l. b. kurutze-a, b. gurutz-a, n. bn. khurutche-a, s. cruz,(croix).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gurtu, gurtzen, y gurtutzen, g. b. l. y también gurkatu, gurkatzen, significa propiamente “saludar inclinando o bajando la cabeza”, (incliner la tête en saluant), de gur, g. b. kur, l. bn. reverencia, saludo, (révérence, salut). - Fig. adorar, idolatrar, reverenciar, (adorer, vénérer, révérer). Así gurtu como gurkatu, significan lo mismo, pero piden distintas terminaciones. - Gurtu, según Larr., pide las transitivas del neutro, en tanto que gurkatu, pide las del activo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guti, gutichago, l. Véase guchi, guchiago.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gutiziozo-a, gutizitsu-a, codicioso, (désireux). - Sinónimo: Irrizkiñ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guzi-a, g. l. bn. s. guzti-a, g. b. todo, (tout).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guzialdun-a, poderoso, que lo puede todo, (puissant). - Dícese principalmente de Dios.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guziz, guztiz, d. d. muy, del todo, (très). - En los comparativos, sobretodo, (tout).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guztiró, guziró, (adv. de modo) muy, del todo, absolutamente, enteramente. - Sin.: osoró, deblauki, ertsiró, ichiró.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guztiz, (signo del superlativo), muy, del todo, completamente, (très, surtout, entièrement). Sin.: chit, tint.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guzur-ra, b. V. Gezur-ra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Guzurtija, b. Véase Gezurti-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">H.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es una letra poquísimo usada en los dialectos basco-hispanos, y aun puede decirse que completamente superflua, pues no tiene valor eufónico alguno. La mayor parte de los escritores están conformes en que puede y debe suprimirse, y algunos, como el P. Larramendi, opinan que debe subsistir únicamente para la distinción de ciertas voces equívocas. Son, sin embargo, contadísimas las que se hallan en este caso, y como quiera que en la pronunciación no hay tampoco medio de distinguir estas voces, que deben dejarse al buen sentido del lector, opino que, siguiendo el principio de que la escritura debe conformarse todo lo más exactamente posible con la pronunciación, la h debe suprimirse en absoluto en los dialectos de aquende el Bidasoa, en los que es un signo completamente inútil y redundante. No sucede así en los dialectos basco-franceses, en los que la h, que aspiran a la manera que lo hacen los ingleses y alemanes, tiene su valor eufónico; creo, sin embargo, que aun entre estos, se abusa quizás algún tanto del uso de esta letra, pues apenas se encuentra una voz donde no haya sido introducida.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hain, hain. V. Ain. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/iii-ii-beti-zutzaz-pensatzen.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hainbertze</a>. V. <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/search?q=Ainbeste" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ainbeste</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hainitz, l. bn. hainitch, s. muy, mucho, (très, beaucoup). - Sin.: asko, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/itzteguia-vocabulario.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arrás</a>, guztiz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hain sarri, l. al punto, al instante, (aussitôt). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Haize-a. V. Aize-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Handi-a. V. <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/search?q=Andia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Andia</a>. (N. E. Ver la <a href="https://www.netflix.com/us-es/title/80122177" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">película Handia</a>, grande, gigante)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Handitasun-a, handitarsun- a. V. Anditasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Haren. V. Aren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hargatik. V. Argatik.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Haritz-a. V. Arech-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hark. V. Ark.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hartu, hartzen. V. Artu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hase, hasetu. V. Ase.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hasi, hasten. V. Asi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hastatu, hastatzen, l. tocar, tentar, (tâter, toucher, manier doucement) . -Sinónimo: ukitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hats-a, hax-a, s. bn. Véase Asnase-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hau. V. Au.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Haur-ra. V. Aur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hauta, hautatu. V. Autatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hautsi, hauzten. V. Ausi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hauzi-a. V. Auzi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hedatu, hedatzen, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/search?q=edatu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">edatu</a>, edatzen, l. s. bn. edegin, g. b. extenderse, (étendre, s' étendre). - Sinón.: zabaldu, luzatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Heldu. V. Eldu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Herresta, l. bn. herecha, bn. herexa (Pouvreau), huella, vestigio, reguero, (trace, trâinée). - Van-Eys opina que procede de herstu, apretar, oprimir, (serrer), pero quizás puede provenir de arrasta, errasta, arrastre, de donde ha tomado el castellano su verbo <a href="https://definiciona.com/arrastrar/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arrastrar</a>. - En los dialectos basco-hispanos se ven usados arrastaka, errastaka, “a rastras, rastrando". - Sinónimos: hatz-a, oinhatz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hestu-a. V. Estu-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hertsi-a, ertsi-a, l. herxi-a, s. bn. estrecho, apretado, oprimido, (étroit).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Higaro, higatzen. Véase Igaro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hiri-a. V. Iri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hiritar-ra. V. Iritar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hirugarren-a, hirurgarren-a. V. Irugarren-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hitz-a. V. Itz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hoberen-a. V. Obe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Holako. V. Orrelako.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hor. V. Or.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Horma. V. Orma.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hortakotzat, l. para eso, (pour cela).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hotz-a. V. Otz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Huna. V. Ona.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hunenbat eta anbat, lab. tanto y tanto, tanto y tan bien, (tant et si bien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Huntan. V. Ontan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hura. V. Ura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hura, d. d. pron. demostrativo, aquel, aquella, aquello, (celui-là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hurbildu, hurbiltzen, l. s. bn. aproximarse, acercarse, (approcher). - </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hurbildik, de cerca, (de près).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hurran, hurren. V. Urrean.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hurrun. Véase Urrun, urruti.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hustu-a. V. Ustu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I - significa esta vocal en bascuence, según Astarloa, “penetración, sutileza.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">I, ik, g. b. n. bn. <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hik</a>, l. s. bn., pron. personal de la 2.a persona, tú, (tu), en el trato ordinario, y al que reemplaza en el cortés, el zu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ia, iya, g. ihi-a, l. bn. <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2018/11/la-aldea.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">junco</a>, (<a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jonc</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ibai-a, g. b. l. bn. río, (rivière). - Sinón.: ugalde-a, a.° n.°, erreka, b. Ochand., ugach-a, s.° ronc., uhaitz-a, bn. s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.fotopaises.com/foto/el-valle-ibarra-ecuador-394342" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ibar-ra</a>, g. b. valle, (<a href="https://www.france-valley.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vallée</a>). - Significa propiamente “campo próximo al río". - Sin.: Irura, hará, errepira, belau-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ibilli, ibiltzen, g. ibili, ibilten, b. ibil, ibili, ibiltzen, l. ebil, ebilli, ebiltzen, b. s. andar, moverse, (marcher, mouvoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ibiltari-a, d. d. andador, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRCBx-dSCew" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">andariego</a>, el que anda mucho, (grand, bon marcheur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichaso-a, ichasua, ichesua, b. V. Itsaso-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichas-gizon-a. V. Itsaso-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Icheki, ichekitzen, itseki, itsekitzen, g. itcheki, itchekitzen, l. etcheki, etchekitzen, bn. aferrarse, asirse, agarrarse, atenerse, estar sujeto o pendiente de algo o de alguien, tener asida alguna cosa, (tenir). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimos: Ichatsi, g. b. atchiki, g. achiki, b. itsatsi, g. eutsi, eldu, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichi, ichiten, b. V. Utzi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichodomen-a, g. b. esperanza, (espérance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichogon, ichogoten, g. ichoron, ichoroten, b. esperar, (espérer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichu-a, ichuba, g. b. itsu-a, g. b. l. bn. ixu-a, bn. s. ciego, (aveugle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichumen-a, g. b. itsumen-a, g. b. l. ixukeri-a, bn. s. ceguera, (aveuglement). - Sin.: Ichutasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichura, g. b. itchura, l. s. bn. apariencia, aspecto, (apparence, image).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichuragabe-a, ichuragabi-a, g. b. desfigurado, (défiguré). - Sin.: Ichurgi-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ichusi-a, ichusiago. Véanse itsusi-a, itsusiago.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Idi-a, d. d. buey, (boeuf). Etim.: Según Moguel equivale a “de buen pescuezo". Idun galanta dabena.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Idiki, idikitzen, g. idigi, idigiten, b. iriki, irikitzen, g. ireki, irekiten, b. irekitzen, g. ideki, idekitzen, g. l. bn. abrir, (ouvrir). - Sinónimo: zabaldu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Idor-ra, d. d. seco, (sec). Sin.: legor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Idorri, idortu, idortzen, d. d. secarse, agotarse, marchitarse, (sécher, faner). - Sin.: agortu, leortu, liortu, sekatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iduri-a, g. b. l. bn. uduri-a, s. irudi-a, g. b. semejanza, parecido, ficción, figura, ejemplo, idea, parecer, concepto, opinión, (ressemblance, figure, exemple, sentiment, avis, opinion). - Sin.: antz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iduri, iduritu, iduritzen, g. b. l. irudi, iruditu, iruditzen, g. b. iduri, iduritu, bn. parecerse, asemejarse, (paraître, sembler, ressembler). - Niri iduritzen zaidak, paréceme a mí que...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iduriko-a, g. b. l. irudiko-a, g. b. parecido, semejante, (pareil, semblable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Idurimen-a, a veces contracto idurmen-a, g. irudi-a, g. b. iduri-a, l. irudetsi-a, bn. s. imaginación, (imagination).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ifar-ra. V. Ipar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ifiñi, ifintzen, g. ifini, ifinten, b. V. Ipiñi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igan, igaiten, l. V. Igo. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igande-a, 1, igandia, d. d. el domingo, (dimanche). - Sin.: domeka, goy. b. igandeoroko-a, b. iganderoko-a, g. dominical, (dominical).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igande-a, 2, g. b. ascensión, ascenso, subida, elevación, (ascension). - Sinónimos: igoera, g. igoire-a, b. goiende-a, l. - Tratándose de la de Jesús a los Cielos, se emplea con preferencia el verbo zeruratze-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igandik-a, de ti.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igaro, igarotzen, g. igaro, igaroten, b. irago, iragoiten, l. bn. iragan, iragaiten, l. igaran, igaraiten, s. bn. pasar, (passer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igar-ra, igartu-a, g. b. iger-ra, eyar-ra, l. eyhar-ra, bn. ihar-ra, l. bn. s. seco, árido, (sec, aride). - Sinónimo: Idor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igarri, igartzen, y también igerri, igertzen, g. igarri, igarten, b. adivinar, conjeturar, notar, observar, presumir, (déviner, observer, conjecturer). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimos: asmatu, aztiatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igaz, g. b. igez, iyez, b. ijaz, l. chaz, bn. el año pasado, (l' anée passé). Igel-a, g. b. l. ihel-a, l. rana, (grenouille). (N. E. granota) - Etimología: Según Moguel, Igel-a equivale a "el nadador", Igerijan dabillena. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimo: *u*arasiu-a, b. (N. E. Como no se ve bien la segunda letra, que no parece g, he buscado y me aparecen igel, ugaraxo, negel, zaketa, xakel, zapiel, zapailo, tripi-trapu.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igeri, igari, d. d. nadando, a nado, (en nage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igeritu o igaritu, igaritzen, d. d. nadar, (nager). - Más comúnmente se conjuga igeri, con ayuda de auxiliar. Igari nabil, igari zabiltza, igari dabill... etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iges-i, igas-i, g. iñes, b. ihes, l. bn. fuga, huite (huida) (fuite).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iges-egiñ, igas-egin, iñes-ein, ihes-egin, huir, (fuir). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iges-eragin, iges-erazo, hacer huir, (faire fuir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igo, igotzen, y a veces iyo, iyotzen, g. igo, igoten, b. igan, igaiten, l. ikan, ikaiten, s. bn. subir, ascender, elevar, montar, elevarse, (monter, élever, s' élever).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igoera, g. igoire-a, b. ascensión, elevación, (ascension). - Sinónimos: Igande-a, goiende-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igor, igorri, igortzen, l. bn. enviar, (expedire). -Sinónimo: bialdu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Igorle-a, expedidor, (expéditeur). - Sinón.: bialtzalle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ihesi, l. bn. s. V. Igesi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ihizi-a, l. s. bn. eiz-a, b. s. pájaro o ave, caza en general, (oiseau, gibier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikara, d. d. temblor, terror, (tremblement, terreur). - Sinón.: Izu-a, izi-a, beldur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikaragarri-a, d. d. terrible, temible, espantoso, (terrible). - Sinón.: izugarri-a, izigarri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikarakor-ra, g. b. ikarakoi-a, l. bn. s. tímido, miedoso, asustadizo. - Sin.: bildurti-a, izuti-a, izipera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikaratu, ikaratzen, g. b. l. ikhara, ikharatu, ikharatzen, bn. s . temblar, estremecerse, acoquinarse, amedrentarse, (trembler). - Sinónimos: Izutu, beldurtu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikaraz, d. d. temblando, retemblando.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikasi, ikasten, g. b. ikhas, ikhasi, ikhasten, l. bn. s. aprender, (apprendre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikatz-a, g. b. ikhatz-a, l. bn. iketz-a, b. inkhatz-a, s. carbón, (charbon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikhara. V. Ikara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikhasi. V. Ikasi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikusi, ikusten, g. b. l. ikhus, ikhusi, bn. ver, (voir). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ikutu, ikutzen, g. b. ukutu, ukuten, b. tocar, (toucher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ilbeltz-a, g. ilbaltz-a, b. el mes de enero, (Janvier). Etim.: Il-beltz-a, mes negro o lúgubre. - Sin.: urtharil-a, urthatsil-a, l. bn. s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ilhun-a, l. s. bn. V. Illun-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il, o ill, iltzen, g. il, ilten, b. hil, hiltzen, l. s. bn. morirse, matarse, (morir, tuer). - Fig. apagar, oscurecer, (éteindre, effacer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ilkintz-a, guip. matanza, (massacre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ill-a, 1, g. il-a, b. hil-a, l. s. bn. muerto, muerta, cadáver, (mort, cadavre). - Illak, ilak, hilak, los muertos, (les morts).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ill-a, 2, g. b. l. il-a, hil-a, l. bn. s. mes, (mois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illargi-a, g. b.° Marq. l., irargi-a, b. iretargi-a, bizc. Ochand., ilargi-a, n. ilhargi-a, l. bn. argizagi-a, argizaita, s. argizaiti-a, bn. la luna, (lune).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etim. Ill-argi-a, luz de los muertos, (lumière de mort), o argi-ill-a, luz muerta o pálida. (N. E. Supongo que de luna : 28 días : mes, viene la acepción Ill-a, 2, g. b. l. il-a, hil-a, l. bn. s. mes, (mois)).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ille-a, illia, g. ule-a, ulia, b. ile-a, l. bn. ilhe-a, ilhia, l. ilhi-a, s. pelo, cabello, (cheveu). - Lana, (laine), tratándose de los corderos y otros animales.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illera, ilera, d. d. hilera. Voz bascongada que equivale, según Larr., a </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“modo o forma de pelo, o cabello seguido y largo”, ill-era. - Sin.: errenkada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illerri-a, g. b. ilherri-a, l. bn. cementerio, (cimetière). Etim.: "Pueblo de los muertos", ill-erri-a. Voz completamente semejante en su formación a la griega necrópolis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illkor-ra, ilkor-ra, ilkoi-a, d. d. mortal, perecedero, (mortel).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illun-a, g. b. ilhun-a, l. s. bn. oscuro, sombrío, triste, (obscur, sombre, triste).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illunabar-ra, g. b. ilhunabar-ra, l. s. el anochecer, el crepúsculo vespertino, la caída de la tarde, (crépuscule). - Sin.: Illun-aurre-a, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Illundu, illuntzen, g. ilundu, ilunten, b. ilhundu, ilhuntzen, l. s. bn. oscurecerse, (obscurcir, devenir obscur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Imichi-a, b. (Moguel) chinche, (punaise). Véase Chimich-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Imini, imiñi, b. V. Ipiñi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Inchaur-ra, g. b. inzaurra, intzaur-ra, helzaur-ra, l. s. bn. nuez, nogal, (noix, noyer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Indar-ra, d. d. fuerza, esfuerzo, (force, effort).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Indarti-a, g. indartija, b. indartsu-a, g. b. l. indarzu-a, b. s. fuerte, esforzado, valiente, (fort, puissant, valeureux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Infernu-a, d. d. inpernu-a, g. b. infierno, (l' enfer). - Sinónimo puro: Suleze-a, suleize-a, lit. abismo de fuego.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Inguru-a, d. d. cercanía, inmediación, contorno, (environ, contour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Inguratu, inguratzen, g. b. l. ingurau, inguratu, inguraten, y también ingirau, ingiratu, b. rodear, (aller, tourner, au tour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñardun, iñarduten, y también jardun, jarduten, b. andar, ejercitarse, u ocuparse en algo. Sin.° del nombre verbal Ari. - Dantsean iñarduteko, b. para bailar, o para ocuparse en bailar. V. Ari, 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñautsi, guip. inausi, b. edaenzi, l. podar, (tailler la vigne).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñolaz ere, adv. sin duda, (sans doute).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñon, g. iñun, b. nihon, l. nihun, bn. s. en alguna parte, en algún lado,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñon ez, iñun ez, nihon ez, nihun ez, en ninguna parte, (nulle part).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñondik, g. de algún lado, (de quelque côté). - Iñondik ez, de ningún lado, (d' aucun côté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñor, iñork, g. inor, inok, iñok, b. nihor, nihork, l. nehor, nehork, l. bn. ihor, ihourk, s. alguno, (quelqu'un). - iñor etortzen bada, si viene alguno, (si quelqu'un vient). - Todos estos pronombres acompañados de una partícula negativa, o de un verbo de igual significación, tradúcense por nadie, ningún, ninguno, (personne). - Ez da iñor echian, no hay nadie en casa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñoiz, g. iños, inos, bizc. nihoiz, l. bn. alguna vez, (quelquefois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñoiz ez, iños ez... etc. nunca, jamás. (Avec la negation ez, jamais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iñun, iñun ez. - V. Iñon, iñon ez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iori-a, yori-a, l. lodi-a, g. gordinflón, regordete, (potelé). - Moltsa jori-a, l. bolsa repleta, (bourse bien garnie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ipar-ra, ifar-ra, ipar-aize-a, d. d. cierzo, norte, viento N. (nord, vent du nord).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ipiñi, ipintzen, ifiñi, ifintzen, g. imini, iminten, imiñi, iminten, b. ibeni, ibentzen, l. poner, colocar, situarse, (mettre, placer), - Sin.: Ezarri.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ipui-a, g. ipuin-a, b. l. s. bn. fábula, cuento, alegoría, (fable). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ira, g. b. n. hira, l. s. bn. ira, (colère). - Etim.: "Su primera significación era veneno, ponzoña, y porque no la hay mayor para el alma se le dio el nombre ira a este afecto o pasión. De aquí la tomó el latín." Larramendi. La raíz es incontestablemente bascongada, pues se la encuentra formando parte de muchísimas voces, de cuya pureza no cabe dudar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irabazi, irabazten, d. d. y a veces también erabazi, erabazten, ganar, (gagner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irabazi-a, erabazi-a, d. d. ganancia, (lucre, profit).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irabiatu, irabiatzen, g. irabijau, irabijaten, b. mudar o cambiar de postura o sitio, trastornar, revolver, desconcertar, descomponer, batir, mezclar. - "Iribijau esnia ta arraultzak,” bizc. (Moguel), deshacer la leche y los huevos revolviéndolos, batirlos. - Sin.: Iratiotu, araulitu, goberatu, uherritu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irago, iragoiten, b. iragan, iragaiten, l. bn. pasar, (passer). - Sin.: Igaro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irakasi, irakasten, b. l. erakasi, erakasten, g. ikas-arari, ikasarazten, l. erakaxi, erakaxten, s. bn. enseñar... (enseigner). - Sinónimo: Erakusi. V. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irakatsi-a, b. irakasde-a, g. enseñanza, lección, (enseignement, leçon). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimo: Irakurtza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irakor-ra, fácil de airarse o encolerizarse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irakurle-a, irakurli-a, g. b. lector, (lecteur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irakurri, irakurtzen, d. d. irakurri, irakurten, b. leer, (lire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iran-suge-a, g. sierpe, serpiente, (serpent). - Sinónimos: suge-a, sugarrats-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iratu-a, iraztatu-a, airado, lleno de ira, (faché, irrité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iratzarri, iratzartu, iratzartzen, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">g. b. bn. irazarri, irazartu, irazarten, b. despertar, (reveiller). - Sinónimos: esnatu, g. ernatu, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iratzarri-a, irazarri-a, despierto, (éveillé). - Sinónimos: esnatu-a, ernatu-a. - Fig. activo, listo, despejado, perspicaz, (vif). - Sinónimos: ernai-a, zoli-a, oartu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iraze-a, l. iratze-a, bn. iratzi-a, s. ira, g. iria, b. helecho, (fougère). (N. E. falaguera) - Sinónimos: garo-a, iñastor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ire, g. b. hire, l. s. bn. pron. pos. genit. de I, hi, tu, tuyo, tuya, (ton).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ireki. V. Ideki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iretsi, iresten, g. l. bn. iruntsi, iruntsiten, b. Uriarte, iruntsi, Larr.-Arrue,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">irutsi, Arrue, engullir, tragar, (avaler).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iri, 1, g. b. hiri, l. s. bn. (dativo del pron. I), a ti, (à toi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iri-a, 2, g. b. uri-a, g. urija, b. hiri-a, l. s. bn. ciudad, (ville).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iri-a, 3, b. ira, g. iraze-a, l. iratze-a, bn. iratzi-a, s. helecho, (fougère). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimos: garo-a, iñastor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irichi, irizten, g. b. alcanzar, (atteindre, obtenir). - Sin.: erditsi, ardietsi, jadetsi, yadietsi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iritar-ra, g. b. hiritar-ra, l. s. bn. de la ciudad, ciudadano, (citadin, citoyen).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irri-a, g. b. bn. hirri-a, l. erri-a, s. sust. risa, (ris, rire). - Sin.: far-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irri-egin, g. irriz-egon, l. irriz-ari, g. reírse, (rire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irritu, irrituten, b. renegar, encolerizarse, incomodarse, (se fâcher, se mettre en colère). - Sinón.: Iratu, iraztatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irritu-a, irrituba, b. airado, encolerizado, (faché, irrité). - Sin.: Iratu-a, iraztatu-a, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irritz-a, g, b. codicia, avaricia, (cupidité). - Sin.: guttizi-a, zikoznai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irten, irteten, e irtentzen, g. más comúnmente en esta última forma, urten, urteten, b. salir, (sortir), provenir, (provenir), nacer, (naître). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: attera, joan, d. d. jalgi, l. bn. elki, s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iru, g. b. hirur, l. s. bn. tres, (trois). (N. E. 3 en húngaro se pronuncia haro, jaro.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iruba, g. b. hirur-a, l. s. bn. la cifra 3, (le chiffre trois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irudi-a, g. b. iduri-a, l. s. bn. apariencia, semejanza, (apparence, ressemblance). - alegoría, ficción, fábula, ejemplo, (allégorie, fiction,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">fable, exemple).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irugarren-a, g. b. hirurgarren-a, l. s. bn. el tercero, (le troisième).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iruki, irukitzen, g. Véase Euki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iruntsi, iruntsiten, bizc. V. Iretsi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irureun, g. b. hirureun, l. s. bn. trescientos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Irurogei, g. b . hirurhogei, l. s. bn. sesenta, (soixante). - Etim.: Irur-ogei, tres de a veinte, o tres veces veinte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iruzki-a, iruzkiya, guip. V. Eguzki-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isetu, iseten, b. calentar, (chauffer, échauffer). - Sin.: berotu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isil, isildu, isiltzen, guip. ichil, ichildu, ichilduten, b. ichil, ichildu, ichilten, l. bn. callarse, (taire, se taire). - En los d. d. pronúnciase con el sonido de ch francesa, como queda marcado respecto al guip.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isilarazi, isilarazten, isil-erazo, isil-erazten, forma pasiva, acallar, hacer callar, (apaiser). - Fig. aplacar, sosegar, aquietar, (adoucir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isilchurik, ichilchurik, b. callandito, solapadamente, (sans bruit, avec feinte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isilgauz-a, ichilgauz-a, secreto, cosa que se calla o reserva, (secret). -Etimología: De isil-gauza. - Sinónimos: goarpe-a, ezkutuko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isilka, ichilka, en secreto, a hurtadillas, (en secret). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isill-a, g. callado, callada, (silencieux, silencieuse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ispillu-a, g. b. espejo, (miroir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isur, isuri, isurtzen, g. b. l. ichur, ichuri, ichourten, bn. s. verter, derramar, (verser, répandre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itaitu, itaitzen, g. b. l. segar, (moissoner le blé). - Sinón.: Igitaitu, igitandu, ebaki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itandu, itantzen, b. ithauntzen, s. preguntar, interrogar, (demander, interroger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itchura, l. V. Ichura. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ito, itotzen, g. b. itho, ithotzen, l. bn. ahogarse, (noyer, se noyer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsaso-a, g. l. n. bn. ichaso-a, g. b, s. ichesu-a, b. Ochand. ixaso-a, bn. itchasou-a, s. el mar, (mer). - Etim.: "Comp. de is, agua, y aso-a, harto, hartura, colmo, acopio de aguas." (Sorreg.° - Sem. basc. I, 186.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsas-gizon-a, ichaz-gizon-a, hombre de mar, marino, (marin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsaspe-a, itsaspera, bajo el mar, el fondo del mar. Etim.: Itsas-pe, o itsas-be.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsu-a, g. b. l. bn. ichu-a, ichuba, g. b. ixu-a, bn. s. ciego, (aveugle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsumen-a, ichumen-a, g. b. itxutasun-a, l. ixukeri-a, bn. s. ceguedad, (cécité, aveuglement). - Fig. Obcecación, (éblouissement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsusi-a, g. l. ichusi-a, g. b. ixusi-a, bn, s. feo, fea, obsceno, obscena, (laid, sale).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsusiago, g. b. ichusiago, comp. más feo, (plus laid).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsusitu, itsusitzen, g. l. ichusitu, ichusitzen, ichusiten, g. b. itsuskitu, itsuskiten, b. ixusitu, ixusitzen, bn. s. afear, (enlaidir, défigurer). - Fig. Vituperar, recriminar. (Blâmer, reprendre quelqu'un).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsutasun-a, g. l. ichutasun-a, g. b. ixutarsun-a, bn. s. ceguera, ceguedad, (cécité, aveuglement). - Sinónimo: Itsumen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itsutu, itsuten, b. ichutu, ichutzen, g. cegarse, (aveugler, rendre aveugle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iturri-a, g. b. ithurri-a, l. bn. uthurri-a, s. fuente, (source). - Fig. origen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itz-a, g. hitz-a, l. bn. s. palabra, voz, (mot, parole).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itzal-a, d. d. sombra, (ombre). - Como adj. sombrío, oscuro, (sombre, obscur). - Sinónimos : gereiz-a, kereiz-a, kerizi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itzalean, g. b. itzalpe-an, d. d. a la sombra o bajo la sombra, (á</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">l' ombre). (N. E. como el libro de poemas de Desideri Lombarte, a l' ombra de les roques del Masmut). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itzaldi-a, g. b. n. plática, discurso, (conversation, entretien). - Sinón.: Izketa, g. berbeta, berba-aldija, b. jolasa, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itzaltsu-a, d. d. sombrío, (sombre). - Fig. grave, serio, (grave, sérieux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itzegin, itzegiten, g. b. hablar, conversar, ocuparse de... (parler, converser). - Sin.: mintzatu, l. s. bn. verba-egin, b. jardun, jardun-egi, jardunian ari, g. b. elhe-e in, iharduki, l. s. bn. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itz-eman, itz-ematen, g. dar palabra, prometer, (promettre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itztegi-a, g. b. n. hizteghi-a, l. s. bn. vocabulario, diccionario, (vocabulaire, dictionnaire). - Etim.: Itztegi-a, lugar o sitio de voces.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Itzul, itzuli, itzultzen, g. b. l. bn. itzuli, itzulten, b. itzurri, itzurtzen, l. volver, tornar, regresar, (rendre, tourner, retourner). - Verter, traducir, tratándose de materias literarias, (traduire). - -Sin.: besteratu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iya, g. ja, b. a punto de, próximo a, a poco más... - Iya illian, a punto de morir.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Iyo. V. Igo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izan, izaten, d. d. ser, estar, (être, avoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izar-ra, d. d. iser-ra, b. Ochand., estrella, (étoile).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izate-a, g. izatia, b. l. el ser, sust. verbal definido. "Ze jaunek emon deutsu dozun izatia? Azcue. ¿Qué dios te ha dado el ser de que gozas?”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izen-a, d. d. nombre, advocación, (nom).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izendatu, izendatzen, g. l. bn. izendau, izendauten, b. designar, nombrar, (désigner), - Id. con las terminaciones del neutro, acreditarse, poner en crédito a alguien o alguna cosa. - Sinónimos: omendatu, menandetu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izen-bage-a, izenik-bage-a, izenge-a, d. d. sin nombre, anónimo, innominado, (anonyme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izerdi-a, d. d. sudor, (sueur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izketa, itzketa, g. diálogo, conversación, (dialogue, entretien). - Sin.: Itzaldi-a, g. b. n. berbaldija, berbeta, b. jolasa, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izkuntz-a, itzkuntz-a, g. b. hizkuntz-a, l. lenguaje, (langage), peroración, discurso, (discours, propos).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izpi-a, g. b. l. migaja, filamento, pizca, (brin, fil). Sin.: apur-ra, pichiñ-a, pittin-a, pizka.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izu-a, izuba, g. b. izi-a, l. s. bn. espanto, terror, acción de asustarse, (terreur, peur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izugarri-a, g. b. izigarri-a, l. s. bn. terrible, espantoso, atroz, maravilloso, (terrible, épouvantable, étonnant, merveilleux). - Sinónimos: Ikaragarri-a, lazgarri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izurtu, izurtzen, g. b. ichurtu, ichurtzen, l. fruncir, arrugar, contraer, (froncer, friser). - Sin.: zimurtu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izutu, izutzen, g. b. izitu, izitzen, l. s. bn. espantarse, asustarse, acoquinarse, amedrentarse, (épouvanter, s' effrayer). - Sinónimos: beldurtu, ikaratu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Izutu-a, g. b. izitu-a, l. s. bn. asustado, espantado, acoquinado, amedrentado, (épouvanté, effrayé). - Sin.: Ikaratu-a, beldurtu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">J.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Entre los antiguos bascongados no se pronunciaba esta letra con el sonido gutural que hoy tiene en la lengua castellana, sino como la j latina. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Los árabes dejaron en España ese vestigio</a> que ha pasado a la </span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua castellana</a>, y aun en la euskara se ha hecho extensiva al dialecto guipuzcoano, y a algunos de los pueblos de Bizcaya, confinantes con Guipúzcoa.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La generalidad de los bizcaínos continúan pronunciando la j con su sonido propio antiguo, análogo al de la y griega, así como también los labortanos y nabarros, (de la alta y baja Nabarra); los suletinos la pronuncian a la francesa, y únicamente los guipuzcoanos y algunos pocos pueblos rayanos de Bizcaya, reconocen y usan la j española. Hallándose, pues, indicadas las principales variedades dialectales, es fácil dar a cada voz, el sonido propio y especial que acepta usualmente en cada una de las regiones bascongadas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ja, b. V. Iya.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jabarri-a, g. jaspe, (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jaspe</a>). - Larr. escribe nab-arri-a, y la encuentro más conforme con su etimología, pues nab-arri-a, vale tanto como piedra abigarrada, como lo confirman las voces nabarra, nabarben-a, y otras derivadas de la misma raíz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jabe-a, g. l. bn. jabia, g. jaube, jaubia, b. dueño, señor, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/2-11-maires-palais-connestables-chanceliers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">maitre</a>). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. persa xáh <a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/09/x.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">glosario etimológico - x</a>, turco-persa * jediv, "rex <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/9-10-diciembre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">potentissimus</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-xlviii-rupperto-dei-gratia-romanorum-regi-martinus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">princeps</a>, vel <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/xl-perg-1760-jaime-i-2-noviembre-1263.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dominus</a> <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-ix.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">illustris</a>" en Vullers. <a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/08/k.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">glosario etimológico - k</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jachi, jachitzen, y jaizten, jechi, jechitzen, jeizten, g. jatzi, jaisten, jausi, jausiten, b. jautsi, jausten, l. bn. s. bajar, (descendre). Sin.: beeratu, beetitu, erautzi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jagin, jagiten, b. Véase Jakin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jai-a, g. b. l. jei-a, l. bn. s. fiesta, (fète).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jai-egun-a, g. b. l. jaijegun-a, b. día de fiesta, (jour de fète).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaiki, jaikitzen, d. d. jeiki, o yeiki, jeikitzen, lab. jagiten, b. jeik, jeiki, bn. s. levantarse, (se lever). - Obietatik jaikiko dira, se levantarán de las tumbas, (ils surgiront des tombeaux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jainkozko-a, g. l. jaungoikozko-a, b. yinkozko-a o jinkozko-a, s. bn. (lit. de Dios, divino, (divin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaio, jaiotzen, jayo, jayotzen, d. d. jaijo, jajoten, b. nacer, (naître). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: sortu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaio-a, jayo-a, g. l. bn. s. jaijo-a, b. nacido, (né).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaiotz-a, jayotz-a, nacimiento, (naissance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jakin, jakiñ, jakiten, yakin, yakiten, d. d. saber, (savoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jakiñ-a, (adj.) g. sabio, (savant). - Sin.: jakintsu-a, jakindun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jakiñ-a, nombre verbal, sabido. - Gauza jakiña da, es cosa sabida, (c' est bien entendu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jakintsu-a, jakinsu-a, g. jakitun-a, b. jakinsun-a, l. s. bn. sabio, hombre experto, (savant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jakintsuro, adv. sabiamente, (savamment, sagement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jan, jaten, d. d. yan, yaten, l. comer, (manger). (N. E. cf. sánscrito khān- comer, cortar, triturar - <a href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Diccionario_gitano/Vocabulario_cal%C3%B3-castellano" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Caló</a>: jalar, jalelar: comer, absorber; disipar. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jaló sató sun jayeré</a>, <a href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Francisco_de_Sales_Mayo_-_Diccionario_gitano_(1867).djvu/132" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">se comió toda su hacienda</a>. Ayunar: <a href="https://amp.significadode.org/gitano/arrestrejalar.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arrestrejalar</a>; <a href="https://dle.rae.es/jamar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jamar</a>. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Glotón</a>, glotona. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jamaranó</a>, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jamarañí</a>; <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tragonería</a>. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jamaripén</a>. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jallipear</a>. Comer con voracidad.; <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">halar</a>. Comer con afán. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/07/associacio-catalanista-matarranya-ascuma-calaceite-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bestelamos amanguejamar, y junós jallipearon sata unga nardian terelasen jamao buchí</a>; nos sentamos a comer, y ellos comieron como si nunca hubiesen comido (cosa). <a href="https://www.significadode.org/gitano/jallipear.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sos lueyes tucue jallipeen</a>; que te coman los lobos.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jan-a, d. d. janari-a, g. b. janhari-a, l. s. bn. comida, alimento, (manger, aliment). - Sin.: jaki-a, b. jateko-a, <a href="https://www.yatekomo.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">yateko</a>-a, jan-gauz-a, yan-gauz-a, d. d.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jantzi, jazten, g. b. jantzi, jantziten, b. jauntzi, jaunzten, l. jaunz, jaunzi,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">jaunsten, bn. s. vestirse, (vêtir, se vêtir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jantzi-a, g. b. jauntzi-a, jaunzi-a, l. s. bn. traje, vestido, vestidura, (vêtement). Sin.: soñ-a, g. b. soiñ-a, l. soun-a, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jario-a, g. b. l. derrame. Portion de liquide que s' écoule par une fente du vaisseau). - Fig. flujo, afluencia, (flux). - Itz-jario-a, flujo, afluencia de palabras, (affluence de paroles).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jarrai, jarraitu, jarraitzen, g. jarraiten, b. jarrai, jarraiki, jarraikitu, jarraitzen, l. bn. s. jarreiki, bn. seguir, continuar, (suivre), acosar, perseguir, (poursuivre). Pueden verse sus irregulares en el Diccionario de Larramendi I, 382-384.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jarri, jartzen, g. l. jarri, jarten, b. jar, jarri, jartzen, bn. ponerse, colocarse, (mettre, se mettre à). - Jarri, en los dial. b. y s., yarri, en el n. y bn., tradúcese frecuentemente por sentarse, (asseoir, s' asseoir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jatorri-a, g. jatorri-ja, b. origen, generación, genealogía, (origine). - Jatorrizko griñak, las nativas inclinaciones. - Etim.: De jaio, nacer, y etorri, venir, el origen o nacimiento. Sin.: hastepen-a, bn. oundori-a, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jatzi, b. V. Jachi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaube, jaubi-a, bizc. V. Jabe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaun-a, jauna, d. d. señor, (seigneur). (N. E. Ver más arriba Jabe-a)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jaungoiko-a, g. l. jangoiko-a, b. jainko-a, g. b. l. yainko-a, l. jinko-a, bn. jinkou-a, yinkou-a, s. Dios, (Dieu). - Etim.: "El Señor de lo alto", (le Seigneur d' en haut).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jauregi-a, d. d. palacio, (palais). - Etim.: De jaun-degi, o jaun-tegi, señorío, lugar del señor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jautsi, jauzten, l. s. bn. V. Jachi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jauzi, jazten, g. bn. hacer salir, sacar, extraer, ordeñar, (faire sortir, traire, extraire). - “Ez dek perill leaditzan geijegiz esneak ardi errapeak: beti jazten ari aiz”, no hay peligro de que la leche por demasía reviente las ubres de las ovejas; estar siempre ordeñándolas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jechi, jechitzen, jeizten, g. V. Jachi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jende-a, g. b. jenti-a, b. s. yende-a, l. s. bn. gente, (gens). - Úsase muchas veces por "país, región". (On dit quelquefois pour dire peuple, contrée, pays). Jendez-jendez, de pueblo en pueblo, (de contrée en contrée). - Jende che-a, g. jende chi-a, b. jende chehe-a o chihi-a, l. s. bn. la plebe, (la menu peuple).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jira, jiratu, jiratzen, volver, dar vuelta, (tourner). Voz bascongada, según Larramendi. (N. E. girar, giro; regirar)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jira-bira, g. vuelta completa, vuelco, (tour, mouvement en rond).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jira-biratu, jira-biratzen, rodear, volcar, (retourner, bouleverser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jo, jotzen, g. jo, joten, b. jo, joiten, l. bn. s. pegar, golpear, (battre, frapper); acertar, dar en el punto a que se dirige alguna cosa, (toucher, frapper au but). Tocar, (toucher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joan, joaten, g. b. juan, juaten, b. n. bn. joan, joaiten, l. jouan, jouaten, s. goan y también gan, gaten, l. ir, marchar, (aller). (N. E. inglés go, alemán gehen.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jokai-a, <a href="https://dle.rae.es/plectro#:~:text=1.,para%20tocar%20instrumentos%20de%20cuerda." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plectro</a>, (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar#:~:text=El%20sitar%20(urdu%3A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%2C,con%20el%20m%C3%A1stil%20m%C3%A1s%20grande." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plectre</a>). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jokalari-a, g. b. jokalarija, b. jokolari-a, l. s. bn. jugador, (joueur). (N. E. <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/10/a-chuga.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">joc</a> : juego)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joka, jokatu, jokatzen, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelota_vasca" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jugar, a la pelota</a>, <a href="https://villadelprado.blogspot.com/2011/12/la-barra-y-la-pelota.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">a la barra</a>, etc., (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/06/3-4-progrez-papes-rome-partie-italie.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jouer</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jolas-a, g. b. solas-a, solhas-a, l. bn. s. conversación, diálogo, (dialogue, entretien), entretenimiento, diversión, fiesta, (amusement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Josi, josten, g. b. l. bn. coser, (coudre). (N. E. cusir)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Jostatu, jostatzen, g. l. bn. dostatu, dostatzen, l. bn. tchostatu, tchostatzen, s. jugar, divertirse, holgarse, recrearse, (réjouir, se réjouir, amuser, s' amuser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">K.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kabi-a, g. b. l. s. kabe-a, l. habi-a, habe-a, s. bn. nido, (nid d' oisseau). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: ohatze-a, ohantze-a, l. (N. E. como <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-xii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gabia</a> o <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/K%C3%A4fig" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Käfig</a>, jaula.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kadera, b. sin.° de Anka. (V); en bn. silla, (<a href="https://www.vitra.com/es-mx/product/details/la-chaise" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chaise</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/11/dicsionari-chapurriau-castella-c.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cadira</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/11/dicsionari-chapurriau-castella-c.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cadiera</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kale-a, kalia, g. b. calle, (rue). - Sin.: karrika, atari-a.<br />(N. E. He aparcado en la <a href="https://elpais.com/diario/2011/08/24/paisvasco/1314214805_850215.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Kalea</a> en <a href="https://www.visitnavarra.es/es/sanfermines" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sanfermines</a>, en la <a href="https://es.hoteles.com/go/espana/calles-mas-populares-barcelona" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Carrer en Barcelona</a>, en la <a href="https://jacetaniaexpress.com/jaca-saca-su-cara-mas-solidaria-y-mas-de-1-200-personas-saldran-a-la-calle-este-sabado-por-duchenne/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Carrera en Jaca</a>, en la <a href="https://es.hoteles.com/go/inglaterra/calles-y-plazas-famosas-londres" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Street en Londres</a>, en la <a href="https://www.munich.travel/es/pois/shopping-design/maximilianstrasse" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Strasse en München</a>, en la <a href="https://www.alamy.es/vintage-siglo-19th-fotografia-italia-c-1880s-strata-del-chiatamone-napoles-napoles-calle-historica-a-lo-largo-de-la-costa-image485672512.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Strata en Florencia</a>, en la <a href="https://bananomeridiano.com/rue-cremieux-paris/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">calle Rue</a> – <a href="https://www.cope.es/actualidad/cultura/noticias/todo-que-esconde-rue-del-percebe-quien-quien-personaje-que-elimino-censura-20210305_1170926" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">del Percebe</a> no - en París.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kalte-a, kalti-a, d. d. daño, <a href="https://elpais.com/noticias/caso-lasa-zabala/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pérdida</a>, quebranto (tort, dommage, perte). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etimología: prob. del verbo gal (N. E. el favorito de <a href="https://elpais.com/noticias/caso-lasa-zabala/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lasa, Zabala</a> y los de <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JbbgMNFNso" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bildu</a> u otros partidarios de <a href="https://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Euskadi ta askatasuna</a>.), galdu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kana, vara, medida longitudinal, (verge, baguette). Sinónimo: berga,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kanbor-ra o kambor-ra, g. l. brasa, (braise).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vi-miscelanea-de-poesias-varias.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kanpo-a</a>, d. d. el <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/search?q=campo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">campo</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/chapitre-3-combien-nom-gaulois-amplisia-anciennement.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">champ</a>). - Voz bascongada, de la que, <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?campo#:~:text=La%20palabra%20campo%20proviene%20del,e%20indirectamente%20campe%C3%B3n%20y%20champ%C3%A1n." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">según Larr.</a>, proceden el latín y romance. Significa “<a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?campo#:~:text=La%20palabra%20campo%20proviene%20del,e%20indirectamente%20campe%C3%B3n%20y%20champ%C3%A1n." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo que está fuera, lo exterior</a>."</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/i-coplas-de-pastores-artzai-koplak.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kanta</a>, d. d. canción, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/oda-sapho-phaon-jose-joaquin-ormaechea.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">oda</a>, (chanson, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/oda-sapho-phaon-jose-joaquin-ormaechea.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ode</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kanta, kantatu, kantatzen, d. d. kantaten, b. cantar, (chanter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kanta-arazi, kanta-arazten, kanta-erazo, kanta-erazten, d. d. (forma pasiva) hacer cantar, (faire chanter). - Beltzurrari kanta-arazoaz, haciendo cantar, (graznar) a la corneja.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Karrika, d. d. calle, (rue). Sin.: kale-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kaskabelcho-a, dim. V. Koskabill-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Katar-ra, contracción de katu-arra, g. b. gato macho, (chat).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Katamotz-a, g. b. tigre, (tigre). - Aplícase comúnmente este nombre al tigre bastardo. - Etim.: kata-motz-a, equivale, según Moguel, a “gato serio o respetable”. (N. E. Yo le tengo mucho respeto a los gatos mozos, tigres; vyāghraḥ, द्वीपिन्, वयघर son las principales traducciones de tigre al sánscrito. Tómate una Viagra y serás un tigre en la cama.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kate-a, g. katia, g. b. gathe-a, ghate-a, kathi-a, l. bn. s. cadena, (chaine). (N. E. catena, cathena, vamos a jugar a palabras encadenadas)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Katigu-a, g. b. gathibu-a, l. preso, cautivo, (captif). - Esta voz es indudablemente una modificación de katiatua, “encadenado”, y no procede de la castellana “cautivo”, como pretende Van-Eys. (N. E. latín captīvus, captare, captar, capto, ¿Lo captas, Manterolilla?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Katu-a, g. b. gathu-a, l. s. bn. <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?gata#:~:text=La%20palabra%20gato%20viene%20del,Nubia%20(norte%20de%20%C3%81frica)." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gato</a>, (<a href="https://www.placedestendances.com/de/de/le-chat-damen" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chat</a>). - Etimología: <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?gata#:~:text=La%20palabra%20gato%20viene%20del,Nubia%20(norte%20de%20%C3%81frica)." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Moguel dice que esta voz vale tanto como</a> “el ligador” o “el humeado”, sin duda de kate, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/pergamino-origina-fuero-jaca-ricardo-del-arco.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cadena</a>, katu o katiatu; o también de ke-a, humo, ketu-a o katu-a, humeado. (N. E. Mucho humo en la cabeza tienen estos seudo-etimologistas, o mucho fumaron. La palabra gato viene del latín (siglo V) cattus. Se cree que el latín derivó la palabra <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?gata#:~:text=La%20palabra%20gato%20viene%20del,Nubia%20(norte%20de%20%C3%81frica)." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cattus</a> de <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?gata#:~:text=La%20palabra%20gato%20viene%20del,Nubia%20(norte%20de%20%C3%81frica)." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">kadiz</a>, que significa “<a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?gata#:~:text=La%20palabra%20gato%20viene%20del,Nubia%20(norte%20de%20%C3%81frica)." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gato salvaje</a>" en la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_nubias" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua Nubia</a>, del <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Lenguas_de_%C3%81frica" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">norte de África</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kaudan-a, d. d. <a href="https://textorblog.wordpress.com/2017/10/20/de-madronos-madrilenos/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Madroño</a>, árbol y fruto, (arbousier). (N. E. <a href="https://dcvb.iec.cat/results.asp?word=arbo%E7" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arboç</a>; <a href="https://textorblog.wordpress.com/2017/10/20/de-madronos-madrilenos/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://textorblog.wordpress.com/2017/10/20/de-madronos-madrilenos/</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ke-a, d. d. humo, (fumée). (N. E. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4Ws50oYbxQ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">esto está ke-arde</a>, saca humo)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Keja, g. kejura, Lard., keija, b. kechu-a, l. queja, (plainte). - Sin: espa, g. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kejatu, kejatzen, g. keijatu, keijaten, b. kechatu, kechatzen, l. quejarse, (se plaindre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ken, kendu, kentzen, g. l. ken, kendu, kenduten, b. khen, khendu, bn. quitar, extraer, arrancar, (ôter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kezka, g. cuidado, inquietud, (soin, solicitude, souci). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Khen, khendu, l. V. Ken. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kirik egin, kirikoka egon, mirar a hurtadillas, asomar repetidas veces la cabeza desde algún lugar oculto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kirten-a, g. b. girtain-a, b. girtoin-a, l. s. bn. zirtoin-a, s. mango, asa, puño de algún instrumento, (poignée d' instrument). - Sinón.: ghider-ra, gierra, l. s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kirten-gai-a, g. materia para mango.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kiskali, kiskaldu, kiskaltzen, g. kiskalduten, b. kiskildu, kiskiltzen, b. chichkaldu, chichkaildu, bn. abrasarse, quemarse, achicharrarse, (griller, rissoler).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kiskil-a, l. bn. s. según Oihenart, mezquino, miserable, ruin, (chétif), según Pouvreau, avaro, pobre, (chiche, pauvre); kiskil-a, kichkil-a, l. bn. engendro, deforme, figurilla, término de desprecio o de burla, (avorton).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koblakari-a, l. s. bn. koplakari-a, g. b. koplari-a, g. versificador, improvisador, (versificateur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kodañ-a, g. kodeñ-a, g. b. kodeñe-a, b. guadaña, (faux). El nombre de kodaña o kodeña, se aplica propiamente a una sierra corva con que se cortan la paja y el heno seco, y por su semejanza con este instrumento se ha aplicado más tarde la “guadaña”, que ha tomado este nombre del bascuence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koipetu, koipetzen, guip. koipetuten, b. engrasarse, (graisser). - Fig. envanecerse, (s' enorgueillir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koipetsu-a, g. b. koipatsu-a, koipatsuba, g. grasiento, (gras). - Fig. adulador, lisonjero, zalamero, vano, (flatteur, flatteureuse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kokorika, d. d. agachado, en cuclillas, (accroupi). (N. E. ajupit)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kokorika jarri, agacharse, acurrucarse, (s' accroupir, se baisser, se tapir). - Sin.: makurtu, kuzkurtu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kokot-a, b. V. Kokotz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kokotz-a, g. okotz-a, kokot-a, b. la barba, (barbilla, mentón) (menton).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kolko-a, g. b. l. golko-a, golkho-a, l. bn. s. pecho, seno, (sein). - Golkho bat aberatsa, l. seno abultado, (riche poitrine). = Lorearen golko-a, l. Duvoisin, liliaren kokox-a, s. Inchauspe, el cáliz de la flor, (calice des fleurs).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kondaira, g. b. kondera, l. b. historia, narración, cuento, (histoire, narration, conte). - En bn., discurso largo y enojoso, (discours long et ennuyeux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kontatu, kontatzen, guip. kontau, kontauten, b. contar, numerar, (compter, nombrer) = narrar, referir, (narrer, raconter). - Etim.: Según Larr., del bascuence kontu-a, cuidado. - Sinónimos: anbatetu, zenbatetu = egiztatu, erauskidatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kontresta, g. enemigo, adversario, (ennemi). - Sinónimos: etsai-a, arerijo-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Konturatu, kontuan erori, g. caer en cuenta, advertir, (revenir d' une erreur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kopa, d. d. copa, (coupe). Etim.: Es voz bascongada, según Larr., y se dijo de “gopa, gopea, de goi, arriba, superior, y pea, bea, abajo, inferior, y es lo que cuadra a la copa, cuya parte superior baja y la inferior sube al beberse por ella”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kopet-a, d. d. frente, (front). - Algunas veces tradúcese por ceño, (visage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koraje-a, koraji-a, d. d. coraje, valor, aliento, brío, (courage). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Neologismo tomado del latín coragium. Sin. euskaros: supita, kemen-a, indar-ra. (N. E. falta cojonarrak.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koroi-a, koro-a, g. koroi-a, koroe-a, b. koro-a, g. l. khoro-a, khorua, bn. s. corona, (couronne). - Etim.: Chao se inclina a creer, contra los que derivan el origen de esta voz del griego y del latín, que es de raíz esencialmente euskara, y que así ésta, como todas las de la misma familia, han sido tomadas por las dos lenguas clásicas, del primitivo basco, ko, go o goi, kora o gorá, lo que es elevado, alto, la parte superior, y de kora, koro-a, corona, adorno que circunda la frente, como de igual manera se ha dicho kopeta, "lo que está bajo la cabeza", por la frente. (N. E. La palabra corona nos viene del latín corona. Corona viene de una raíz indoeuropea (*sker-2-) relacionada con curvatura y de donde vienen las palabras curva y círculo. A su vez, el latín corona viene del griego κορώνη (korōnē = corneja, anillo, algo curvado como el pico de la corneja - Kéter, kether en hebreo – en caló: doscusaña, cusaña, corona, diadema).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Korta, b. casería, (ferme). El P. Larr. indica que, de esta voz, que significa "un sel o monte de árboles en que se hace la corta a su tiempo", han podido quizás derivarse las voces <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">castellanas</a> “cortijo, corta”, y otras de análoga significación.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koskabill-a, koskarabillo-a, g. b. kaskabel-a, b. koskarabill-a, kuskuil-a, kroskoil-a, l. s. bn. cascabel, (grelot).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Koskabilcho-a, koskarabilcho-a, g. b. kaskabilcho-a, b. kuskuilcho-a, kroskoilcho-a, l. s. bn. dim. cascabelillo, pequeño cascabel, (petit grelot).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Krabeliñ-a, guip. clavel, (œillet). (N. E. clavell, clavellinera.) - Sin.: chiliprai-a, yulufre-a, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kristal-a, g. cristal, (cristal). (N. E. cristall). - Sin. puros: leiar-ra,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">legar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kuch-a, g. kuchia, b. kutch-a, l. arca, (coffre). - Sin.: ucha, arca pequeña. (N. E. hucha; con una kucha debió acudir a Euskadi Túbal, hijo de Jafet, nieto de Noé)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kupida, g. b. compasión, piedad, (compassion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kupitu, kupitzen, g. b. compadecerse, (s' apitoyer). Kupiturik, compadecido, compadeciéndose.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kurai-a, d. d. ánimo, (N. E. coraje), esfuerzo, valor, brío, (courage). - Sin.: kemen-a, indar-ra, supita.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kutsu-a, d. d. mancha, contagio, (tache, contagion). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Kutsutu, kutsutzen, kutsuten, b. kutsatu, kutsaten, g. b. l. contagiar, (infecter de contagion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La, d. d. Sufija que corresponde a la conjunción que.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Labañ-a, g. laban-a, b. labain-a, l. resbaladizo, (glissant). - Berba labanak, b. palabras seductoras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Labe-a, d. d. horno, (four). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/pac-f-g.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">forn</a>; <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/fornoles.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">forno</a>; furno, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/05/repartimiento-mallorca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">furnus</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laborari-a, l. s. bn. labrador, (laboureux). (N. E. laborare, labrar, labor; <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2020/03/llaurado-peste.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">llaurador</a>, <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/05/sembra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">llaurar</a>; - Sinónimos: nekazari-a, nekazale-a, lurlangille-a, achurle-a, achurlari-a, aitzurle-a, aitzurlari-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Labe-a, d. d. horno, four). Laborari-a, l. s. bn. labrador, (laboureux). - Sinónimos: nekazari-a, nekazale-a, lurlangille-a, achurle-a, achurlari-a, aitzurle-a, aitzurlari-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laborri-a, guip. temblor, (tremblement). - Sin.: Ikara.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Labur-ra, d. d. corto, breve, (court).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lage-a, lagia, b. - V. Lege-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lagun-a, d. d. compañero, (compagnon). - Lagunaz, b. con o en unión de compañeros, (avec compagnons).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laguntz-a, g. b. l. lakuntz-a, b. lagunza, s. bn. compañía, ayuda, auxilio, (compagnie, aide, secours).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laido-a, d. d. afrenta, ultraje, ignominia, deshonra, (outrage, déshonneur). - Sinónimo: lotsari-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laidostatu, d. d. infamar, deshonrar, (diffamer, déshonnorer). - Sin.: galostu, g. desondrau, (N. E. deshonrau : deshonrado) b. deshoratu, l. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laja, lajatu, lajatzen, g. b. laga, lagatu, lagaten, b. dejar, (laisser, quitter). - Laja nazu, déjame, (laissez moi). - Sin.: utzi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lan-a, d. d. trabajo, ocupación, quehacer, (travail). Sin.: bear-ra, neke-a, egiteko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lanbro-a, o lambro-a, g. b. l. lambo-a, lanho-a, l. bruma, niebla, neblina, (brouillard, brouée). - Sinónimo: bisutz-a. = Fig. oscuridad, tristeza, (obscurité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Landa, d. d. campo, tierra de labor, (champ, terre labourable). - Sin.: alhor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Landare-a, g. l. bn. landara, b. lanthare-a, s. planta, (jeune plante).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Landu, landutzen, g. b. landu, landuten, b. landu, lantzen, l. lanth, lanthu, lantzen s. bn. cultivar, sembrar, (cultiver), trabajar piedras, maderas u otras materias, (travailler).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lantchurda, g. l. lanchurda, l. bn. lanzurda, g. escarcha gruesa que pendiendo en los árboles parece que ha nevado, (escarche, gelée blanche). (N. E. gebra) La escarcha menuda se conoce generalmente con el nombre de inziar-ra. (N. E. El nombre propio Rocío, en Euskadi es Escarcha.) <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lantu-a. d. d. llanto, lamentación, (lamentation, gémissement). - Es voz bascongada, (N. E. Sí, Jeremías fue a aprenderla a la Euskal-erría) y procede, según Larr., de lan-a, y la terminación verbal tu, lit. "llenarse de trabajo". - Sinón.: negar-ra, auhen-a, auben-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lapiko-a, b. goy. puchero, (pot dans lequel on fait le potage). - Sinón.: eltze-a, tupin-a, dupiñ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lapur-ra, g. b. ladrón, (voleur). - Sinón.: ebasle-a, d. d. ohoin-a, b. l. uhun-a, b. (N. E. Falta Gorka-podiolum)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lapurret-a, g. b. robo, (vol). (N. E. me han robat la burreta)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lapurtu, lapurtzen, g. b. robar, (voler). - Sin.: ebatsi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larogei, laurogei, laurhogei, d. d. ochenta. - Etimología: Lau o laur-ogei. (Quatre vingts).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larra, g. b. y también lartz-a, lahar-ra, l. bn. s. nahar-ra, b. zarza, rosal salvaje, (ronce, rosier sauvage). - Sin.: elhor-ra. (N. E. Larramendi, Larra + Mendia.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larre-a, g. b. larraa, b. pasto, lugar o sitio en que pasta el ganado, (pâturage). Sin.: alha.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larri-a, 1, d. d. grande, grueso, denso, espeso, macizo, (grand, gros, épais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larri-a, 2, congoja, opresión, miedo, apuro, aprieto, (angoisse, affliction, peine).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larri-a, larritu-a, 3, apurado, acongojado (N. E. acojonado), lleno de angustia, (angoisse, effrayé). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larritu, larritzen, g. b. l. apurarse, afligirse, desconsolarse, (affliger, s' affliger, effrayer, s' effrayer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larrosa, g. b. larrosia, b. arrosa, g. Botán., rosa cultivada, (rose, fleur).- Etim.: Larr. hace derivar esta voz de larra, arbusto (N. E. zarza, rosal salvaje), y la juzga contracción de larretan osoa, la que es entera, perfecta, virgen, entre los arbustos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larru-a, g. l. bn. narru-a, b. piel, cuero, (peau, cuir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Larunbata, o larumbata, g. b. laurenbata, b. larunbate-a, b. l. sábado, (samedi). (N. E. sabbat y variantes) - Etim.: Esta voz, que literalmente vale tanto como "una parte de cuatro, o una cuarta parte", se refería en un principio, según Astarloa, Apol. 329, a la cuatripartita lunar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lastan-a, laztan-a, g. b. l. sust. abrazo, (embrassement). - Como adjetivo, ser querido, ser amado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lastasun-a. V. Latztasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laster, laister, d. d. adv. pronto, prontamente, (vite, promptement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lasterka, d. d. a prisa, con precipitación, (à la hâte). - Sin.: arin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lastima, latztima. - Chao cree que esta voz no es, como se pretende por algunos, originaria del latín ni del italiano, y que deriva, por el contrario, de la primitiva raíz euskara latz-a, áspero, rudo, penoso, doloroso, (ápre, rude, pénible, douloureux), como asimismo las voces latzdura, latztasuna, aspereza, y también "pavor", (asperité, peur), latzta, latztatu, laztatze, amedrentarse, (être pris d' une frayeur légère),</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">latzgarri-a, etc., todas ellas de origen euskaro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Lástima que este imbécil tuviese tanta inventiva; lastimar, blastēmāre, decir blasfemias, calumniar, alteración del tardío blasphēmāre, y este del griego βλασφημεῖν, blasphēmein.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lasto-a, d. d. paja, (paille).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Latz-a, d. d. áspero, rudo, penoso, doloroso, (âpre, rude, pénible, douloureux). Sin.: garratz-a, gogor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Latztasun-a, aspereza, acrimonia, (apreté). - Fig. despego, (refroidissement), penitencia, (pénitence, jeûnes, macérations, etc.). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- fragosidad, tratándose de bosques. - Sinón.: garraztasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lau, g. b. laur, l. s. bn. cuatro, (quatre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laugarren-a, g. b. laurgarren-a, l. s. bn. cuarto, (quatrième).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lauburu-a, lábaro, estandarte militar de los antiguos cántabros, llamado por eso cántabro por los romanos, después que Augusto lo introdujo en sus ejércitos; era la insignia de la Cruz. - Etim.; Lau-buru significa, cuatro cabezas, extremos o remates, cuales son los de la Cruz del Lábaro, y de lau-buru hicieron labarum los romanos.<br /><br /><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1baro" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Lauburu-a, Lau-buru, lábaro, estandarte militar de los antiguos cántabros," border="0" data-original-height="1611" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS51gENgYmxcUkJdLWivTtIlAQSEtuqCtS1cOv-J39fT_vpNhuef4KOBpavz-mheGc-zUr6vrkMEYPBuZuFDlS5vi_0gpzgPQgYkPpWicTYVK-8Ejoia-qkLKPoijqsDcRIV3I7AtLc5nroRCUIKgOS1qeW1hmIHN7vHmhvbSHFzwM6TYlayTiP0TetoSy/w318-h640/labaro.jpg" title="Lauburu-a, Lau-buru, lábaro, estandarte militar de los antiguos cántabros," width="318" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1baro latín: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1baro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">labărum-i</a>; en griego: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1baro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">λάβαρον</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1baro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lábaron</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lazgarri-a, latzgarri-a, d. d. rudo, acerbo, riguroso, horroroso, espantoso, terrible, (effrayant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lege-a, d. d. lagia, b. ley, (loi). - Fig. afecto, cariño, (affection, inclination).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Legez, b. contracto a veces en lez, como, según, (comme). - Ez balitz legez jauna, "como si no fuera dios.” Azcue. - Apolo eta musak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lehen, l. s. bn. V. Len. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lei-a, g. lia, b. lehi-a, l. bn. emulación, ardor, porfía, (émulation, ardeur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leial-a, (N. E. como escriben ahora los catalanes) leyal-a, d. d. leal, (loyal). - Etim.: Es voz puramente euskara, y de ella proceden tanto la castellana como la latina correspondiente. El P. Larramendi la hace derivar de leyá, porfía, continuación, persistencia, y de al-a, poder. Según Chao, leial significa propiamente "fiel a la ley, a las reglas del deber".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leiz-a, leize-a, g. leiz-a, leze-a, leza, b. cueva, galería subterránea, caverna, antro, abismo, (caverne, antre, abîme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leku-a, g. b. lekhu-a, l. bn. lekhi-a, s. sitio, lugar, paraje, (lieu, endroit). - Sinónimos: toki-a, aurkintz-a. (N. E. locus, locum, loch, lloch, lloc, luogo.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Len, g. b. lehen, l. s. bn. antes, anteriormente, (avant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lenagotik, g. lenagoti, b. de antemano, (d' avance). - Sin.: lendanik, lenastandik. g. lehendanik, bn. lendanaz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lenbailen, g. b. cuanto antes, (d' autant plus vite).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lenbizi, lenbiziko-a, lendabizi, lendabiziko-a, g. b. lehenbizi, lehenbiziko-a, l. s. bn. primero, el primero, (premier, le premier). - Lenbiziko aldiz, por vez primera, (pour la prèmiere fois). (N. E. En el francés encuentro palabras escritas con las tildes en diferente lugar; tampoco importa mucho para la comprensión en general.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lendanik, g. b. lehenik, l. bn. lehendanik, b. n. s. primeramente, anteriormente, de antemano, (premiérement, antérieurement, d' avance). - Sin.: lenagotik, lenastandik, lehendanik.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lenengo-a, g. b. lelengo-a, l. el primero, (le premier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leoi-a, leoy-a, d. d. león, (lion).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leoinabar-ra, g. b. l. leopardo, (léopard).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leor-ra, g. lior-ra, b. leihor-ra, l. s. bn. seco, tierra firme, (sec, terre ferme). - Sin.: Idor-ra, agor-ra, elkor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lepande-a, lepandi-a, b. collar, (collier). - Sinónimo: Idunde-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lepo-a, lepua, g. b. lepho-a, l. s. bn. cuello, garganta, (cou). - Sin.: Idun-a. En el dialecto b. úsase frecuentemente esta voz para designar el hombro, y como sinónima de besaburua solbarde-a. - Ejemplo: Gurutzea lepoan eraman zuen Cristok, Moguel. "Cristo llevó la cruz al hombro".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lerden-a, g. b. l. bn. largo y tieso de cuerpo, recto, derecho, (droit de corps, élancé, svelte). - Lerden gerria, l. talle esbelto. - Sin.: liraña, g. luzaugi-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ler-egin, ler-egiten, g. b. reventar, aplastar, (crever, écraser). - Sin.: lerta, estanda-egin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ler, lertu, lertzen, g. b. leher, lehertu, lehertzen, l. bn. reventar, (crever, écraser). - Sin.° de Ler-egin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Letagiñ-a, g. letagin-a, b. lethagin-a, l. letain-a, bn. colmillo, (dent canine).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leun-a, g. b. l. legun-a, l. s. bn. liso, terso, resbaladizo, escurridizo, (doux, glissant, lisse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Leza, b. - V. Leiz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Liburu-a, libru-a, g. b. l. liburi-a. bn. s. libro, (livre). Según Chao, el latín liber es vocablo de origen euskaro, let-buru. (N. E. Antes de significar un libro completo, liber se refería a la corteza de la planta con la que se construía el papel.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Likitz-a, g. l. likhitz-a, s. bn. puerco, sucio, desaseado, deshonesto, obsceno, (sale).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lili-a, l. s. bn. flor, (fleur). Sin.: lore-a. (N. E. lilio, lirio, lis, lys)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lior-ra, b. V. Leor-ra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lirañ-a, liraiñ-a, g. b. lirain-a, s. bn. largo y delgado, derecho, esbelto, (droit, svelte, élancé). - Sin.: lerden-a, d. d. luzaugi-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Listor-ra, g. lixtor-ra, l. avispa, abejorro, zángano, (guèpe, frelon). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: kurumiño-a, erlabio-a, erika, erle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lizar-ra, g. lesar-ra, lexar-ra, b. leizar-ra, l. bn. lechar-ra, s. fresno, (frêne). (N. E. freixa)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo-a, d. d. sueño, (sommeil). (N. E. el hecho de dormir; amets, amex es el sueño de soñar; songe)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo-arazi, lo-arazten, forma pasiva, hacer dormir, adormecer, (faire dormir, endormir). - Sin.: lo-erazo, lo-eragin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loartu, loartzen, g. loak-artu, loak-artzen; g. lokartu, lokartzen, l. lokhartu; bn. dormirse, adormecerse, (s' endormir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lodi-a, g. l. s. lodija, b. gordo, grueso, espeso, (gros, gras, épais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loditu, loditzen, d. d. engordar, (grossir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo-egin, lo-egiten, dormir, (dormir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo-eragin, lo-eragiten, (forma pasiva), hacer dormir, (faire dormir). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: lo-arazi, lo-erazo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loi-a, g. b. lohi-a, l. bn. sust. lodo, cieno, (boue). Loipean, bajo lodo. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Como adj. turbio, oscuro, (trouble). (N. E. térbol) - Sinónimos en este último concepto, arre-a, genasi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loitu, loitzen, g. b. lohitu, lohitzen, l. s. bn. enlodarse, embarrarse, ensuciarse, (souiller). (N. E. soll, zolle, pocilga del cerdo)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lokarri-a, g. b. lokarrija, b. atadura, ligadura, cinta, (ruban).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lore-a, lori-a, g. lora, b. l. bn. s. flor, (fleur). - Sin.: lili-a. l. s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lorecho-a, g. loracho-a, dim. de Lore-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Losinch-a, losench-a, lisonja, adulación, (adulation, flatterie, flatteur.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimo: lausenga. (N. E. loar, laudere, laudes &c.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Losinchari-a, losenchari-a, lisonjero, adulador, (adulateur). - Sin.: lausengari-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lot, lotu, lotzen, g. lotu, lotuten, b. loth, lothu, lothzen, l. bn. atar, ligar, sujetar, enlazar, (lier). - Fig. sujetarse a algo. Lanari lotu, sujetarse, entregarse de lleno al trabajo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lotasill-a, b. lotazil-a, l. diciembre, (Décembre). - Sin.: Abendu-a, Neguil-a, Otzaro-a, Beltzil-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lots-a y también, lotz-a, g. l. lotse-a, b. lox-a, s. bn. vergüenza, pudor, timidez, (honte, pudeur, timidité). En los dialectos basco-franceses tradúcese por miedo, pavor, (peur, effroi), y se usa como sinónima de ikara, beldurra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lotsabage-a, lotsagabe-a, g. lotsabage-a, b. desvergonzado, (effronté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lotsagarri-a, vergonzoso, afrentoso, (honteux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lotsati-a, g. b. lotsatija, b. vergonzoso, tímido, corto de carácter, (honteux). Sinón.: lotzoor-ra, b. (Moguel).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lugija. V. Lukia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luki-a, lukija, b. Moguel, lugi-a, lugija, Uriarte, zorra, raposo, (renard). (N. E. rainard) Etim.: Según Moguel, "el encavernado, o el enterrado en cueva".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luma, d. d. pluma, (plume). Según Chao, la castellana pluma, es una voz euskaro-itálica, derivada de luma, que le es anterior.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Chao tenía muchas plumas en la cabeza. La palabra pluma viene del latín pluma, con ambos significados, - 1. elemento dérmico que cubre las aves, y 2. instrumento para escribir. Antiguamente, se afilaba una pluma de ave.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lur, lurra, d. d. luur-ra, b. tierra, (terre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lurpetu, lurpetutzen, g. lurpetuten, b. enterrar, sepultar bajo tierra, (enterrer). - Etim.: De lur, tierra, pe o be, bajo, y la terminación verbal tu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lurtu, lurtzen, g. b. hundirse en tierra, (s' écrouler). Fig. desaparecer, (disparaître).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luzaró, g. b. por largo tiempo, en largo plazo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luzatu, luzatzen, d. d. alargarse, extenderse, prolongarse, retardarse,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(élargir, étendre, prolonger, tarder).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Luze-a, d. d. largo, extenso, dilatado, (large, ample).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">M.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Madari-a, d. d. pera, (poire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Magal-a, g. b. regazo, falda de la mujer, (giron). Bere amaren magalean, en el regazo de su madre. - Sinónimo: alzo-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mai-a, may-a, g. b. mahain-a, l. s. bn. mesa, (table).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mai-azkenak, los postres, (dessert).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maiontzi-a, vajilla de mesa, (vaisselle de table).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maiatz-a, mayatz-a, d. d. el mes de mayo, (le moi de Mai). - Sinón.: orrill-a, ostoil-a, ostaro-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maingu-a, d. d. cojo, manco, tuerto de un miembro cualquiera, (boiteux, tordu). Sin.: erren-a, urgun-a, maki-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maingutu, maingutzen, d. d. cojear, quedar cojo o manco, (boiter, devenir boiteux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-17-faire-des-chasteaux-en-espagne.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mairu-a</a>, d. d. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/07/capitulo-xli-catalunya-muerte-otger-catalon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">moro</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-17-faire-des-chasteaux-en-espagne.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">maure</a>). - Met. Persona dura, sin piedad, (personne dure, sans pitié).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maisu-a, g. b. maestro, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/2-11-maires-palais-connestables-chanceliers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">maître</a>). - Etim.: según Larramendi, el origen de esta <a href="https://biblioteca-historica.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">voz castellana</a> y de la correspondiente latina, se debe buscar en el bascuence maister-ra, que significa "aquel a quien se da una casa o hacienda en administración", dándose comúnmente el nombre de maisterra, al inquilino de otro. (N. E. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/cxxxviii-reg-1904-fol-170-11-enero-1393.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">magister</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maita, maitatu, maitatzen, g. l. maitetu, maitetzen, b. maitha, maithatu, maithatzen, bn. s. amar, querer, (aimer). - Sin.: onetsi, laztandu, maite izan. - acariciar, (caresser). - Sin.: gozarotu, balakatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maitagarri-a, g. b. l. maithagarri-a, bn. s. amable, (aimable), digna de ser amada, (digne d' être aimé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maite-a, d. d. querido, amado, (cher, aimé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maitetasun-a, g. b. amor, cariño, (amour, affection). Sin.: naitasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maitetu, maitetzen, bizc. V. Maitatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maithatu, maithatzen, l. s. bn. V. Maitatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maiz, d. d. a menudo, frecuentemente, (souvent). - Sin.: askotan, sarri, usu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Makal-a, g. b. débil, (débile, faible).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Makaldu, makaltzen, g. b. debilitarse, (affaiblir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Makill-a, g. makilia, b. makhil-a, l. bn. s. makila o bastón basco, (bâton basque). -Sin.: bordoi-a, satai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Makurtu, makurtzen, g. l. bn. s. makurtu, makurtuten, b. inclinarse, encorvarse, agacharse, bajarse, (se courber, s' incliner). - Makurturik, postrado, inclinado, postrándose o inclinándose, (se courbant, prosterné). - Sin.: auzpez.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malko-a, g. l. lágrima, (larme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Malmutz-a</a>, g. b. taimado, marrajo, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/03/francisco-celma-tafalla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">marrullero</a>, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sollastrón</a> (<a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-disenado-coches.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sollastre</a>), (fin, rusé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Malso-a, g. b. malxo-a, bn. manso, lento, dócil, apacible, dulce, (lent, docile, sans énergie). - Etim.: Según Larr., Malso-a es contracción de malotsu-a, y quiere decir "persona de buena y agradable pasta y condición". - Sin.: otsan-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mami-a, d. d. tratándose del pan, miga, (mie). - En general se aplica a todo lo que es blando, carnoso. (En général ce mot est appliqué à tout ce qui es mou); por ejemplo, la carne sin hueso, (la viande sans os), la carne de un fruto, (la chair d' un fruit), como, inchaur-mamia, (noyau de noix). - Ipur mamia, la nalga, (fesse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mando-a, mandua, d. d. macho, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/desmemoriada-mula-vella-desideri-lombarte-ferre-ferra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mulo</a>, (<a href="https://www.calaceite.es/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/05/20201103_ACTA-DEL-PLENO-2020-0003-ACTA-PO-30-07-2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mulet</a>). - Mando-eme-a, mula, (mule). - Etim.: Según Moguel, “que camina apaciblemente, o a placer”, man-doa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mardul-a, guip. mardo-a, mardua, b. grueso, mantecoso, rollizo, (gros, gras).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marranga, g. marhanta, l. s. bn. ronquera, (enrouement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Marrubi-a, g. l. marabio-a, l. mahuri-a, bn. malluki-a, mallugi-a, maraguri-a , b. fresa, (fraise). (N. E. maduixa)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Masall-a, matrall-a, matraill-a, g. matzell-a, matzaill-a, b. matel-a, l. mathel-a, bn. s. carrillo, mejilla, (joue). (N. E. galta, galtes.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Maskor-ra, g. b. machkor-ra, maxkor-ra, l. bn. s. concha de los moluscos testáceos (N. E. crustáceos), (coquille). - Sinónimo: arrainkusku-a. (N. E. clasca.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Matrall-a, matraill-a, matrell-a. V. Masall-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mats-a, g. b. mahats-a, l. mahax-a, bn. s. uva, (raisin). - Mats-mordo-a, racimo de uva.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Me-a, g. mee-a, b. mehe-a, l. s. bn. delgado, (mince, menu). - Adar mecho bat, una ramita delgada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mendaro, adv. de modo, resignadamente, con resignación.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mende-a, g. b. mene-a, l. s. bn. poder, imperio, sujeción, (pouvoir, puissance). - Nere mendean, en mi poder, a mis órdenes, a mi disposición.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mendi-a, d. d. monte, montaña, (montagne).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mendigaiñ-a, cumbre del monte, (sommet de la montagne). - Etim.: Mendi-gañ. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mendizka, d. d. mendicho-a, g. menditto-a, l. s. bn. montículo, montecillo, collado, (petite montagne). Sin.: muño-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mene-a, l. s. bn. V. Mende-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Menpetasun-a, g. b. obediencia, sumisión, (obéissance, soumission). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etim. Men, potencia, poder, pe o be, bajo, tasun, terminación, bajo el poder...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mentsutu, mentsutzen d. d. vencer, subyugar, (vaincre, subjuguer). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etimología: De men. - Sinónimo: menderatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mesede-a, g. b. gracia, merced, favor, beneficio, (grâce, faveur). - Larramendi pretende que de esta voz ha derivado el castellano la</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">equivalente merced. (N. E. No hay que tener misericordia de imbéciles mercenarios del vasquismo como el P. Larramendi) - Sinónimos: ezker-ra, ontarte-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Meza, d. d. misa, (messe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mia, g. mihi-a, l. s. bn. V. Mingañ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Milla, g. b. mila, l. s. bn. mil, (mille). - Miletan, lab. mil veces, (mille fois).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Millaka, g. b. milaka, l. s. bn. a miles, por miles. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Min-a. - V. Miñ-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mindu, mindutzen, guip. minduten, b. mindu, mintzen, g. l. agriarse, acibararse, amargarse, acedarse, (aigrir). - Fig. encolerizarse, enfurecerse, (se mettre en colère). - l. bn. enmohecerse, (moisir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mingañ-a, mia, g. miña, b. mihi-a, l. s. bn. lengua, (langue).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mingarri-a, d. d, doloroso, (douloureux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mingotz-a, g. mingoch-a, b. minkach-a, g. amargo, (amertume, aigre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimos: miñ-a, samiñ-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mingotztasun-a, g. mingochtasun-a, b. minkachtasun-a, g. mintasun-a, lab. mintarzun-a, s. bn. amargor, (amèrement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mintza, mintzatu, mintzatzen, l. bn. s. hablar, (parler). - En g. se usa, aunque raras veces, este verbo, sustituido generalmente por itz-egin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sin.: berba-egin, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mintzo, minzo, d. d. - Se emplea como adjetivo con la significación contraria de mudo. - Mintzo bazera, si hablas, si dices ...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miñ-a, 1, b. V. Mingañ-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miñ-a, 2, g. min-a, b. l. bn. s. sust. accidente, enfermedad, mal, dolor, (douleur, mal). - Sinón.: eri-a, eritasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miñ-a, 3, adj. amargo, agrio, (aigre). - Sinón.: samiñ-a, mingotz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mirabe-a, g. b. sirviente, criado, (domestique).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Miragarri-a, d. d. mirezgarri-a, l. admirable, (admirable). - Sin.: arrigarri-a, d. d. izigarri-a, s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mirari-a, g. mirakulu-a, l. milagro, (miracle). (N. E. milagre, milacre) - Sinónimo; sentagalla, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Misto-a, g. b. aguijón de la abeja, de las serpientes, etc. (aiguillon de l' abeille, du serpent, etc.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Misu-a, misochu-a, b. gato, (chat). - Sin.: katua. (N. E. mixo, mixín, michino, minino, michi, micho, mizo, miz, morroño, morrongo, y algunos nombres más... Caló: machicó, machicán, machicaí, perpiche, perpiché.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Moch-a. - V. Motz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Moiztu.- V. Moztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mokanes-a, g. l. bukanes-a, g. mokadera, b. mokones-a, mokonos-a, l. pañuelo, (mouchoir). (N. E moc, moco, mocador, mocar, mocar-se)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molorri-a, g. b. molohorri-a, Botán. acanto, yerba gigante, o branca ursina, (acanthe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molts-a, l. bolsa, polts-a, g. bolsa para el dinero, (bourse). (N. E. Barcelona és bona si la bossa sona) - Sin.: zizku-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mordo-a, g. morde-a, b. mordua, g. b. racimo, (grappe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Moredin-a, morediñ-a, d. d. Botán. Jacinto, (Jacinthe ou hyacinthe, floeur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Morroi-a, g. b. morroin-a, l. s. bn. criado de la casa, (generalmente en el campo).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mortu-a, g. b. subst. desierto, (désert). - Sinón.: eremu-a. - Idem adj. d. d. salvaje, (sauvage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Moskor-ra, g. b. muskurra, l. moskor-ra, bn. borracho, ebrio, (ivrogne). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimo: ordi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mot-a, g. l. bn. s. muet-a, b. especie, clase, (espèce, sorte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Motch-a. - V. Motz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Motz-a, moch-a, motch-a, d. d. corto, romo, (émoussé). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Moztu, moztutzen, y también moiztu, motzten, g. b. l. motz, motztu, b. cortar, acortar, recortar, esquilar, (couper, tondre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Muchin-a, g. b. pron. musin-a, muchiñ-a, guip. ruin, mezquino, (avare). - Adj. enfadado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Muga, d. d. límite, término, (terme, limite). En lab. además, ocasión, momento, (occasion, moment). (N. E. Un vino buenísimo.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mugitu, mugitzen, g. mugidu, mugiduten, b. mover, (mouvoir). - Sinón.: igitu, egindu, uherriztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Muker-ra, g. b. l. esquivo, desdeñoso, (dédaigneux, méprisant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mukertasun-a, g. b. dureza, irascibilidad, (irascibilité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Muki-a, g. l. muskill-a, muka, b. moco, (morve).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mundutar-ra, d. d. terreno, terrenal, terrestre, (terrestre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Musandreak, las musas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mustur-ra , b. - V. Mutur-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mutil-a, mutill-a, g. b. l. mutiko-a, b. muthil-a, bn. s. muchacho, (garçon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mutu-a, mututu-a, d. d. mudo, (muet). (N. E. mut.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mutur-ra, g. b. muthur-ra, s. bn. mustur-ra, b. hocico, morro, pico en las</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">aves, (museau, bec), - Muturka, a hocicadas. Mutur-ra, 2, d. d. extremo, punta, (pointé, extremité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div><div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naga, g. asco, abominación, (dégoût, nausée, abomination).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nagi-a, d. d. perezoso, flojo, dejado, (paresseux). Sin.: alfer o alper.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nagusi-a, g. nagosi-a, g. b. nausi-a, g. b. l. s. nahusi-a, nabusi-a, bn. amo, señor, dueño, (maître).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nahasi, I. V. Nastu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nahasmendu-a, l. Véase Nasmen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nai-a, 1, g. b. nahi-a, l. s. bn. deseo, voluntad, acción de querer, (volonté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nai, 2, g. b. nahi, l. s. bn. acompañado de las terminaciones auxiliares, det, dezu, etc. querer, (vouloir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nai-a, 3, g. b. nahi-a, l. s. bn. adj., voluntarioso, anheloso, (volontaire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naijarija, b. deseo, (volonté). Sin.: nai-a, g. nahikeri-a, l. naikunde-a, bizc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naitasun-a, g. b. acción de querer, amor, cariño, asentimiento, consentimiento, (acquiescement, assentiment, tendresse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naro, d. d. mucho, abundancia, (abondance). - Sin.: asko, iori, ugari, franko.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naroró, d. d. abundantemente, (abondamment).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Narotasun-a, abundancia, (abondance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Narra, g. b. l. tonto, torpe, pesado, (bête, sot).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Narratzar-ra, g. b. l. tontazo, tontón, tontarrón, majadero, (gran bête, grand sot).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Narru-a, b. V. Larru-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naski, l. V. Nozki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nasmen-a, g. naasmen-a, g. b. nahasmendu-a, l. confusión, mezcla, tumulto, barullo, (confusion, mélange, trouble).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Naste-a, nastia, g. b. Sinónimo de Nasmen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nastu, nasten, g. naastu, naasten, b. nahas, nahasi, nahasten, l. trastornar, enredar, mezclar, bajar, importunar, (mêler, brouiller, importuner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nausi-a, g. b. l. s. V. Nagusi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neba, nebia, b. hermano, (frère). - Sin. de Anai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negar, negarra, g. b. nigar-ra, l. s. bn. llanto, lloro, (pleurs, lamentations). Los dialectos basco-franceses usan frecuentemente esta voz en el concepto de lágrima, y como sinónima de malko-a. - Ejemplo: Nigartto bat jausten zaio, cae, derrámase una lágrima de sus ojos. (Un pleur coule de ses yeux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negar-arazi, negar-arazten, forma pasiva, hacer llorar, producir llanto, (faire pleurer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negardun-a. - Sinón. de Negarti-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negargarri-a, g. b. nigargarri-a , b. l. lamentable, (lamentable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negargille-a, llorador, llorón, (grand pleureur). Sinónimo de Negarti-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negar-egin, negar-egiten, g. b. nigar-egin, nigar-egiten, l. s. bn. llorar, (pleurer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negarrez, llorando, (pleurant). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plorant</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Negarti-a</a>, g. b. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nigarti-a</a>, l. bn. s. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el que llora</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">llorón</a>, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lloroso</a>, (<a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/pleurer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pleurer</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/la-lengua-catalana-en-el-bajo-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ploramicas</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Negu-a, g. b. l. neguba, g. b. negi-a, neghi-a, s. negui-a, bn. el invierno, (l' <a href="https://www.noovomoi.ca/style-et-maison/infos-pratiques/previsions-hiver-2024-froid.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hiver</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2021/02/jornada-dessima-novela-quinta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hivern</a> - <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2019/05/jornada-cuarta-novela-sexta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">neu</a>, <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2016/12/tremenda-nevada-beceite-diciembre-2016.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nieve</a>, <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?nieve" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nix, nivis</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neguil-a, l. el mes de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/24-25-26-27-de-diciembre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">diciembre</a>, (<a href="https://www.onisr.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/es/inseguridad-vial/seguimiento-mensual-y-analisis-trimestral/barometro-mensual-en-francia-metropolitana-y-en-el-ultramar/barometro-mensual-diciembre-2022" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Décembre</a>). - Sinónimos: Abendu-a, g. Ilbeltz-a, g. l. ilbaltz-a, bizc. beltzil-a, l. lotazill-a, b. l. otzaro-a, s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neguko-a, d. d. de invierno, invernal, (d' hiver).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nekatu, nekatzen, cansarse, fatigarse, afanarse en algún trabajo, (fatiguer, se fatiguer). - Sin.: aunatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nekatu-a, d. d. cansado, fatigado, (fatigué).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neke-a, d. d. afán, trabajo, cansancio, (travail, peine). - Sin.: lan-a, bear-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nekez, g. b. apenas, con trabajo, con dificultad, difícilmente, (difficilement). - Sin.: errazgez, gaitzkiró, ozta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nere-a, g. neure-a, b. l. bn. nire-a, b. genitivo del pron. Ni, mío, mía, (mon, ma). (N. E. el <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">català subnormalitzat </a><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">utilitza</a> <a href="https://aplicacions.llengua.gencat.cat/llc/AppJava/index.html?method=cerca_generica&tipusCerca=cerca.queSignifica&input_cercar=meva" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el meu, la meva</a>.<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/qui-no-te-conegue-que-te-compro.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Los chapurriaus diem mon pare, ma mare</a>, com los <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/reconquista-ejea-caballeros-soldados-franceses.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fransesos</a> <a href="https://www.babelio.com/livres/Dufresne-Lamy-Mon-pere-ma-mere-mes-tremblements-de-terre/1232750" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mon père, ma mère</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neregan-a, nigan-a, a mí, donde mí, (à moi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neri, niri, d. d. a mí, (à moi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nerouek, g. nerauk, b. nihau, nihaur, l. neuror, bn. yo mismo, (moi même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neskach-a, g. neskatill-a, b. neskato-a, l. bn. s. neskasso-a (Oihenart) joven muchacha, doncella, (fille, jeune fille). (N. E. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/cxxxiv-reg-1900-fol-228-6-marzo-1392.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pubilla</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/braulio-foz-fornoles-matarrana-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pupila</a>, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/litterae-arnaldi-cossi-bernardi-boil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">puella, puellas</a>) </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">- En el <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Historia_del_ilustre_Pa%C3%ADs_Bascongado_co.html?id=X7sQzwEACAAJ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">país bascongado</a> ha sido siempre insignia de honra y de castidad el llevar las solteras el pelo descubierto y suelto en trenzas, (N. E. el <a href="https://mas.lne.es/cartasdeloslectores/carta/6253/corte-pelo-quotbatasunasquot.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pelo de las proetarras batasunas</a> y sus <a href="https://www.periodistadigital.com/politica/autonomias/20180906/desfile-zombis-catanazis-antorchas-llamar-torra-insurreccion-noticia-689401666946/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">imitadoras catanazis</a>, <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=GaRXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=%22pelo+cortado+con+un+bac%C3%ADn%22&source=bl&ots=BA6m0qM8Lb&sig=ACfU3U1FW04TltqNzsaodps24ZZ8xoNeUA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK8sXKv6CBAxX5if0HHTF_B_IQ6AF6BAgNEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cortado con un bacín</a>, no es insignia de castidad y honra) y de esta costumbre, cree Moguel, que ha derivado la voz neskatilla o neskatillia, (<a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/04/capitol-x-senyora-sposada-sanct-prohom.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">virgen soltera</a>), que equivale a "yo pido pelo”, (<a href="https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/14858529/iker18ines-pagolasabino-a-euskaltzaindia/318" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nik eskatu illia</a>), o bien a “yo descubro o suelto el pelo", (<a href="https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/14858529/iker18ines-pagolasabino-a-euskaltzaindia/318" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nik askatu illia</a>). Las casadas y solteras corruptas debían llevar el cabello cubierto; "por eso las doncellas honestas no quieren oírse llamar neska o neskia, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/expulsion-moros-pina-ebro-alcala-gelsa-toro-soga-alarde.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">moza</a>, sino neskatilla o neskatillia, moza en pelo." - Sin.: <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/cxxxiv-reg-1900-fol-228-6-marzo-1392.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pontzel-a</a>, g. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/catalina-soriana-librada-demonios-monasterio-piedra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">donzelli-a</a>, b. - La voz neskasso-a, equivale igualmente, </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">según Oihenart, a <a href="https://twitter.com/ionebelarra?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">neska oso-a</a>, joven entera, virgen. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neu, b. - V. Ni.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neugaz, b. conmigo, (avec moi). - Equivale al guipuzcoano nerekin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neurri-a, d. d. neurrija, b. medida, (mesure).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neurri-bage-a, neurri-gabe-a neurrige-a, d. d. sin medida, (sans mesure). - Fig. Extraordinario, (extraordinaire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neurritu, neurritzen, bn. más comúnmente usado en la forma contracta neurtu, neurtzen, g. l., neurtu, neurten, b. medir, (mesurer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neurriz, l. adv. con medida, con sobriedad, (avec mesure, sobrement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni, nik, g. b. l. bn. neu, neuk, b. pron. personal de la 1.a persona, yo, (je).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nigar-ra, l. V. Negar-ra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nihondik, l. s. bn. iñondik, g. de ningún lado, de ninguna parte, (d' aucun côte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nihor, nihork, l. V. Iñor. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nini-a, d. d. niña del ojo, (prunelle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noiz, g. l. bn. s. nos, b. cuando, (quand).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noiz bait, g. l. bn. s. nos bait, b. alguna vez, (un jour ou l' autre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noiz edo noiz, g. l. s. bn. nos edo nos, b. alguna vez, de cuando en cuando, (une fois ou l' autre). - Sin.: beiñ edo beñ.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noiz ezkero, g. desde cuando, (depuis quand). - Sin.: noizdanik, noiztandik.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noizik beiñ, g. noisik bein, b. noizik bein, l. alguna vez, de cuando en cuando, (quelquefois, de temps en temps).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nola bada, g. l. bn. noula arren, s. pues cómo, (puis que). - Sin.: zelan bada, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nolatan, g. b. l. cómo, de qué modo, de qué manera, (comment). - Sin. de nola, zelan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non, g. l. bn. nun, g. b. bn. s. adv. de lugar, donde, (où). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nonbait o nombait, g. l. bn. nunbait, b. bn. s. en alguna parte, (quelque part).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nondik, g. l. nundik, b. nountik, s. de donde, (d' où).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non ta nola, g. dónde y cómo, (où et comment).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nor, nork, g. b. l. bn. nok, b. nour, nourk, s. quien, (qui).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nora, norat, d. d. adv. donde, adonde, (où, vers où).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nora bait, g. b. l. norapait, bn. a alguna parte, (vers quelque part).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nora nai, donde quiera, a cualquiera parte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noraganatu, noraganatzen, g. b. dirigirse a donde. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noralde-a, g. recurso, refugio, (recours, refuge).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Norbait, g. b. l. nourbait, s. bn. alguno, (quelqu'un).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Norbera, g. b. norbere-a, cualquiera que, el que, o la que, (quiconque).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nori, dativo de nor, a quien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nornai, g. b. quien quiera. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nozki, g. b. naski, l. sin duda, quizás, (sans doute). Sin.: edo, b. arauz, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ñ.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esta consonante es característica en la lengua bascongada de <a href="https://dle.rae.es/peque%C3%B1ez" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pequeñez</a> o disminución, según Astarloa, y no se encuentra como inicial de palabra, sino en una que otra rarísima voz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oa, g. l. oha, l. bn. ua, g. b. s. bn. 2.ª persona del singular del imp. de joan, en el trato ordinario o en ik, sustituido en el cortés por zoaz o zuaz; vete, (vas).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oazama, ugazama, azama, g. b. guazama, amaizun-a, l. madrastra, (marâtre). - Sin.: amorde-a, amaizn-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obe-a, g. b. hobe-a, l. s. bn. comp. irreg. de on-a, mejor, (meilleur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obeen-a, usado casi constantemente en la forma onen-a, g. b. oberen-a, hoberen-a, l. s. bn. el mejor, lo mejor, la mejor.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obeki, g. b. hobeki, l. s. bn. adv. mejor, (mieux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oben-a, b. ogen-a, b. g. Significa propiamente, según Moguel, “declinación o inclinación para abajo"; vicio, culpa, falta, (faute), daño, (tort). - Obenik bagia, obenbaga, b. sin culpa, inocente, (exempt de crime).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obeto, g. obato, b. hobeto, l. mejor, (mieux). - Sin.: ongien, hobekien.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obi-a, g. b. obija, b. hobi-a, l. s. bn. hoyo, fosa, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/continua-catalogo-obispos-mallorca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tumba</a>, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/05/iii-constitucion-exequias-difuntos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sepultura</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinón.: ehortzulo-a. (N. E. <a href="https://elpais.com/noticias/caso-lasa-zabala/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">el mejor zulo para los etarras</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obiak. V. Oiak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obiratu, obiratzen, guip. hobiratu, hobiratzen, l. obipetu, obipetuten, b. enterrar, sepultar.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Obizde-a, g. b. epitafio, (épitaphe). - Etim.: Obi-itzdea, inscripción sepulcral. (N. E. óbito, obitus, https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/ii-excerpta-necrologio-ecclesiae-mariae-uliano-xiii.html obiit.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Odei-a, g. b. s. bn. odoi-a, g. b. hodei-a, hedoi-a, edoi-a, l. nube, (nuage). (N. E. núgol; núvol.) - Sin.: goibel-a, nav.° lanho-a, bn. Baigorri.se - Etim.: Odoi-a, udoi-a o ugoi-a, es compuesto de ur y goi, agua superior o alta. Sorreg.ta Semana-basc. - I - 187.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Odol-a, d. d. sangre, (sang).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ofrenda, ofrenda, (offrande). - Etim.: Sin duda del latín offere, ofrecer. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin. puros: doneskañi-a, ofrenda a Dios o a los santos, otemaira, ofrenda de pan en la Iglesia, eskañi-a, agintz-a, ofrecimiento, promesa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ogei, g. b. hogoi, l. bn. s. veinte, (vingt).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ogi-a, d. d. pan, (pain). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ogigaztai-a, g. b. la comadreja, (belette). - Sinón.: erbiñude-a, g. piroch-a, g. erbindori-a, l. andereigerra, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oi, g. b. ohi, l. s. bn. forma de expresión consuetudinaria, comúnmente, ordinariamente, habitualmente, (communement, d' ordinaire, habituellement). Orrelako eskerrak oi dizkik izaten, tales gracias suele tener o alcanzar...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oi-a, oya, g. b. oea, b. ohe-a, l. bn. s. cama, lecho, (lit). - Oetik, oyetik, de o desde la cama.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oiak, oyak, g. oeak, oijak, obiak, b. las encías, (les gencives). (N. E. genives.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oidu-a, oiduka. V. Oju-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oihan-a, l. bn. s. oyan-a, l. bosque, selva, (bois, forêt). Sin.: baso-a, saroi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oijak, b. V. Oiak. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oilasko-a, l. V. Ollasko-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oin-a, b. V. Oñ-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oitu, oitzen, d. d. acostumbrarse, (accoutumer, s' accoutumer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oitu-a, d. d. oituba, g. b. acostumbrado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oitura, g. b. uso, costumbre, (coutume). (N. E. costuma, costum)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oju-a, g. ojuba, g. b. oidu-a, b. oihu-a, l. bn. s. grito, (cri). - Sin.: deadar-ra, zanzo-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ojuka, g. oiduka, b. a gritos, gritando, (criant). (N. E. cridant) - Sinónimo: Itzgoraz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oker-ra, g. b. oiher-ra, l. oblicuo, torcido, tortuoso, tuerto, (oblique, tortueux, tordu). - Fig. marrullero, maulón, (rusé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Okertu, okertzen, d. d. okertu, okertuten, b. torcerse, desviarse, (se détourner, s' écarter), quedarse tuerto, (devenir borgne). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ola, g. olea, b. olha, l. ferrería, fragua, (forge). (N. E. apellido de Forges, el dibujante, Fraguas.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Olio-a, g. l. oliyo-a, g. orio-a, orijoa, b. olioua, s. aceite, (huile). (N. E. oleum, olio; oleo, óleo, oliva, olivas, olivo, olivos, olives, olivar; oli; Öl alemán, oil inglés; aceite y aceituna vienen del árabe.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollagor-ra, g. b. oillagorra, l. bn. s. becada, (bécasse). Etim.: Ollo gorra, gallina sorda.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollanda, d. d. polla, (poularde).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollar-ra, g. b. bn. oillar-ra, l. s. gallo, (coq). - Etim.: Ollo-arra, lit. gallina macho.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollasko-a, g. b. bn. oillasko-a, oilasko-a, lab. pollo, (poulet).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollo-a, ollua, g. b. bn. oillo-a, l. s. gallina, (poule).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollo-loka, gallina clueca, (poule qui vient de pondre et qui couve ses œufs). (N. E. gallina lloca, cloca. De locum, loco, lloch, lloc, allocar-se, allocás)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ollotegi-a, d. d. gallinero, (poulailler).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">On-a, 1, adj. g. b. l. bn. hun-a, bn. ohun-a, s. bueno, buena, (bon, bonne).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ona, 2, g. b. huna, l. bn. s. hé aquí, (voici). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onago-a, comp. mejor, (mieux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondamu-a, g. b. envidia, (envie). - Etim.: On-damu-a, pesar del bien, ajeno, - Sin.: bekaitz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondar-ra, 1, g. b. hondar-ra, l. arena, arenal, (sable). - Sin.: legartz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondar-ra, 2, d. d. fondo, hez, residuo, (fond, lie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondarrabi-a, nombre bascongado de la Ciudad de Fuenterrabía. - Etim.: probablemente de Ondarra u ondartza-bi, dos arenales, y lo son en efecto la playa de Fuenterrabía, y la de Ondarraizu, separadas por el Bidasoa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondasun-a, g. b. onhasun-a, onarzun-a, l. bn. s. bienestar, dicha, (bien</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">être, bonheur, felicité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondatu, ondatzen, g. b. l. hondatu y también hondartu, hondartzen, l. unda, undatu, undatzen, g. onda, ondatu, ondatzen, b. s. destruirse, arruinarse, prodigar, (détruire, abîmer, enfoncer, prodiguer). - Etim.:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">prob. de ondoratu, irse a fondo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondo, d. d. bien, (bien). Chit ondo, muy bien, perfectamente, (très bien, parfaitement). - Ain ondo apaindua, tan bien adornada. (N. E. oso ondo, magnífico) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondokai-a, g. hondo, profundo, (profond). - Sin.: ondatsu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondoren, ondorean, g. b. ondotik, l. s. bn. después, a continuación, en seguida, (après, par derrière).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondorengo-ak, g. b. descendientes, (descendants).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ondu, ontzen, d. d. hacerse bueno, mejorar, (devenir bon, rendre bon). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Adobar, (mettre les viandes dans de la saumure). (N. E. viandas, salmuera.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onegi-a, g. b. onegiya, g. onegija, b. demasiado bueno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onela, g. b. onelan, b. hunela, l. hounla, bn. s. así, de este modo, (ainsi, de cette façon-ci). - Sinónimo: alan, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onen-a, sup. el mejor, lo mejor, la mejor, (le meilleur, la meilleure). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.° irregular: obe-a, obi-a. (N. E. óptimo, optimus)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onetan, contracto frecuentemente en ontan, adv. en esto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ongi, g. b. unh i (unhi, hay espacio), l. bien, (bien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ongien-a, sup. lo mejor. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ongille-a, ongilletsu-a, d. d. ongin-a, b. benéfico, bienhechor, (bienfaiteur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onontz, ononz, onounz, d. d. hacia aquí, (vers ici).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ontzi-a, 1, g. b. untzi-a, l. unzi-a, bn. s. vaso, fuente, vajilla en general, (vase, vaisseau, plat).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ontzi-a, 2, Náutica, navío, buque en general, (navire, vaisseau).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oñ-a, g. b. oin-a, b. l. bn. huin-a, s. bn. pie, (pied). - Oñe-an, al pie, en el pie.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oñaze-a, g. oñazia, g. b. oinhase-a, l. oinhazi-a, bn. s. dolor, (douleur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oñaskar-ra, oñastar-ra, rayo, (foudre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Opa, g. b. deseo, (désir). Según Astarloa y el P. Uriarte, ofrenda, regalo. - Empléase también con la significación de abundancia, (abondance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Opaill-a, b. el mes de abril, (Avril). - Etim.: Opa-illa, mes de la abundancia. Sin.: Jorrailla, apirilla.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oparó, g. b. adv. De modo abundantemente, (abondamment). - Sin.: ugari, iori, naroró.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Opa, opatu, opatzen, g. b. desear, (désirer, souhaiter). - Opa dizut, te deseo, (je te souhaite).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Or, g. b. hor, l. s. bn. adv. ahí, (là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Or-a, g. l. hor-a, bn. perro, (chien). - Artzan-ora, mastín, (mâtin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. chakurra, zakurra.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orain, orañ, oranche, g. b. orai, l. bn. s. ahora, ahora mismo, (maintenant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orain bereala, g. b. orai berehala, l. en seguida, al momento, (tout de suite).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oraindaño, oraindio, g. oraindiño, b. oraindaino, l. bn. s. hasta ahora, hasta hoy, (jusqu' à présent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orain daño bezala, guip. orain artian legez, b. orai artez bezala, l. como hasta aquí, como hasta ahora. - Sin.: ohi bezala.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oraingo-a, g. b. l. oraingua, g. b. oraiko-a, l. bn. lo presente, cosa reciente, (d' à present, rècent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orai, oraino, l. V. Orain, oraindaño.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordaiñ-a, g. ordain-a, b. l. bn. recompensa, compensación, lo que se da a cambio de otra cosa, (récompense, compensation).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordain-zale-a, g. remunerador, amigo de corresponder a los beneficios o favores que se le hacen, (remunérateur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordia, ordian, 1. - pero, no obstante. - (mais, cependant). 2. - en lugar o en compensación de...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordea, ordean, en lugar de... (au lieu de...)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordeko-a, g. l. ordekua, b. ordari-a, s. equivalente, (équivalent). (N. E. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¿qué significa equivalent en catalan?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordi-a, g. b. ordija, b. hordi-a, l. bn. s. ebrio, borracho, (ivre). - Sin.: moskor-ra, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordikeri-a, g. b. ordikerija, b. hordikeri-a, l. bn. s. borrachera, (ivrognerie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orditu, orditzen, g. b. orditu, orditen, b. horditu, horditzen, l. s. bn. embriagarse, (s' énivrer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordu-a, d. d. momento, tiempo, (moment, temps). En los dialectos basco-hispanos empléase frecuentemente con la significación de hora, (heure). - Ordu tristeak, horas tristes, momentos tristes. - Ordurik gora, l. lit. “de entonces para arriba”, para lo sucesivo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orduan, g. l. bn. orduban, g. b. ordean, bn. ordian, s. entonces, en aquel momento, (alors).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ordubanche, g. en aquel mismo momento, (dans ce moment même). - Sin.: ordu berean.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oreña, g. oreiña, b.° marquinés, orein-a, l. bn. ciervo, (cerf).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Or-emen, or eta emen, de allá para aquí, de un lado para otro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ori-a, g. b. l. orija, b. hori-a, s. bn. amarillo, (jaune). Sin.: laru-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orlako-a, orrelako-a, g. b. horlako-a, bn. s. semejante, parecido, (pareil).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orma, 1, b. pared, (mur). Sin.: oltz-a, armora, muru-a, paret-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orma, 2, g. b. l. bn. a.° n.° hielo, helada fuerte, (glace). Sin.: jela (N. E. gelada, gelá.), izotz-a, lei-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ornitu-a, g. b, abastado, provisto, fornido, (ravitaillé, pourvu, fourni). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: zuzkitu-a, jabildu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oro, d. d. todo, (toute). - Orotan, d. d. en todas partes, por todas partes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orobat, g. b. l. bn. s. otro tanto, lo mismo, de la misma manera, (de même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oroi, oroitu, oroitzen, g. b. orhoitu, orhoitzen, l. s. orhit, orhitu, orhitzen, bn. acordarse, recordar, (souvenir, se souvenir). - Sin.: gomutau, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oroitz-a, g. b. orhoitz-a, l. s. bn. recuerdo, memoria, (souvenir, souvenance). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orra, g. b. l. horra, l. s. bn. hé ahí, (voilà).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orratz-a, d. d. alfiler, (épingle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orraze-a, g. b. l. s. oratze-a, bn. peine, (peigne).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orraztu, orrazten, orrazatu, orrazatzen, orrazetu, orrazetzen, g. b. orraztatu, orraztatzen, l. bn. peinar, (peigner).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orregatik, orrengatik, g. orregaiti, orregaitik, b. horrengatik, l. por eso, a causa de eso, (pour cela, à cause de cela).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orrekin, g. orregaz, b. con ese, (avec celui là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orrela, g. contracto frecuentemente en la conversación en orla, así, de esa manera, de ese modo, (ainsi, de cette façon là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orren, g. b. horren, l. qué, cuán, cuánto, (qué combien). - ¡Orren polita da! ¡Cuán bonita es! (¡Qu' elle est jolie!)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orren-a, g. b. horren-a, l. de eso, de esa, (de celui-là, de celle-là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orrengatik. V. Orregatik. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orrera, g. orra, b. horra, l. bn. s. ahí, hacia ahí, (là, vers là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orreraño, g. b. hasta ahí, (jusque là).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orretarako, ortarako, g. para eso, (pour cela).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orri-a, d. d. orrija, b. hoja, (feuille). (N. E. fulla) Orri-erdi-a, media hoja, es decir, una página, (page). El P. Uriarte aplica también esta voz a las hojas de los árboles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orrill-a, g. b. el mes de mayo, (le mois de Mai). - Etim.: Orri-ill-a, “mes de las hojas”. = Sin.: maiatz-a, d. d. ostoil-a, ostaro-a, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orro-a, d. d. orru-a, g. b. bramido, rugido, (rugissement). - Sin.: marruma.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orroaz, orruaz, orroz, bramando, (rugissant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Orronz eta ononz, allá y aquí, (là et ici).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ortz-karraka, crujido de dientes, (craquement des dents). (N. E. la carraca, matraca, carrau, instrumento de madera para Semana Santa.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osagarri-a, 1, d. d. apéndice, complemento, suplemento, aditamento, (appendice, addition, supplement). - Sin.: erraiskun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osagarri-a, 2, g. l. s. bn. osagarrija, b. tratándose de una enfermedad, remedio saludable o curativo, receta, (remède, médicament). - Etim.: Osa-garri-a, lo que ha de completarle a uno, o también osasun-garri-a, lo que ha de darle la salud. - Sin.: sendagai-a, osakai-a, sendagall-a, eruskai-a. - Los dialectos basco-franceses usan algunas veces la voz osagarri-a, con la significación de "salud", (santé), y como sinónima de osasun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osagille-a, g. b. cirujano, médico, (chirurgien, medecin). - Sin.: eruskiñ-a, midiku-a, atcheter-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osasun-a, g. b. l. osagarri-a, s. bn. la salud, (santé). - Etim.: Probablemente de oso-tasun.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osatu, osatzen, g. b. acabalar (acabar), completar una cosa, volver a juntar lo que estaba disperso, (rassembler, rendre entier). - Fig.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">curarse, restablecer la salud, (guérir). (N. E. guarir)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osiñ-a, g. osin-a, g. b. l. ausun-a, ausin-a, b. ortiga, (ortie). - En el dialecto bizcaíno desígnase también con esta voz, según Moguel y el P. Uriarte, "el agua profunda".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oso-a, d. d. todo, entero, (tout, entier); muy, enteramente, (très, entièrement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osoki, osoró, osó ta oro, d. d. completamente, enteramente, del todo, (entièrement). - Sin.: guztiz, guziró.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ospatsu-a, g. b. hazpazu-a, Oihenart, famoso, renombrado, insigne, (célèbre) (N. E. ojito que el célebre Oriol Junqueras se quedó garcho mirando esta palabra). - Etim.: Ots-patsua, ruidoso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostatu-a, d. d. fonda, posada, mesón, (N. E. hostal, hoste, hotel, albergue) (hôtel, auberge).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oste-a, g. b. de nuevo, otra vez, (en outre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostegun-a, g. b. osteegun-a, l. bn. s. jueves, (jeudi). (N. E. dijous) - Sin.: egubena, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostiko-a, d. d. coz, puntapié, (coup de pied). - Ostiko-pian, b. bajo los pies, (sous les pieds).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ostirala, g. b. ostiraill-a, b. ortzilare-a, l. viernes, (vendredi). (N. E. divendres.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Osto-a, g. b. ostua, g. b. s. hosto-a, l. bn. hoja, de árbol, de arbusto, etc., (feuille).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otatu-a, b. el erizo, (hérisson). - Sin.: triku-a, g. kirikio-a, g. kirikino-a, b. sagarroi-a, sagarraio-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otatz-a, g. b. argomal, (terrain planté de tilleuls). Sin.: otadia, elardia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ote, g. b. othe, l. s. bn. palabra expletiva de duda o de interrogación, (mot explétif de doute, d' interrogation).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Othoi, l. por favor, te ruego, (je t' en prie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Othoitz-a, l. s. bn. ruego, súplica, oración, (prière).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ots-a, g. b. hots-a, l. s. bn. ruido, (bruit).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otsegin, otsegiten, g. b. llamar, invocar, (appeler, invoquer). -Sin.: deitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otso-a, g. b. l. oxo-a, s. bn. lobo, (loup). - Etim.: Según Moguel, “el montañés”, o “el de los altos”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Otz-a, g. b. hotz-a, l. s. bn, a.° n.° frío, (froid).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oya, g. b. - V. Oea.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ozta, g. b. adv. apenas, (à peine, à peu-près).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">P.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pagatu, pagatzen, d. d. pagar, (payer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pago-a, pagua, g. b. bago-a, phago-a, fago-a, fagua, l. s. bn. Arb.a <a href="https://bodegasarane.com/vino/fagus/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">haya</a>, (hètre). (N. E. <a href="https://bodegasaragonesas.com/tienda/fagus/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fagus</a>; <a href="https://es.wikiloc.com/rutas-senderismo/els-ports-pi-gros-fageda-del-retaule-faig-pare-43932030" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">faig</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paillardiza, l. impureza, deshonestidad. (N. E. <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/10-14-autres-cruautez-amourettes-imputees-brunehaud-sur-sa-veilleisse.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">paillardise</a>) (Action ou</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">parole déshonnête). - Sin.: loikeri-a, lizunkeri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pake-a, g. bake-a, d. d. paz, (paix).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paleta, Pintura, paleta de colores, (palette). - Sinón. puro: kololch-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pama, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/03/epitafio-sapientisimo-doctisimo-varon-antonio-agustin-geronimo-ezquerra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fama</a>, d. d. fama, renombre, (renommée). - Sin.: omen-a, aomen-a. (N. E. omena, aomena, omen, aomen: <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/06/censura-perez-historia-reyes-godos-falsamente-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nomen</a>, nombre.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/08/f.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Panparroi-a</a>, g. b. vano, <a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/08/f.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fanfarrón</a>, (<a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/08/f.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fanfaron</a>, <a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/08/f.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fanfarone</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Panpin-a, l. panposa, g. muñeca, (poupée). - Fig. niña esbelta y bien adornada, (petite personne fort parée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Papo-a, g. b. l. paparo-a, g. l. paparda, l. el papo o la papada de las aves, (grosse gorge). (N. E. lo pap)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Para, paratu, paratzen, g. paratu, paraten, b. poner, colocar, (mettre). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimo: ipiñi, ebeni, ereñi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Paradisu-a, g. b. l. parabizu-a, bn. paraíso, (paradis).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parkatu, parkatzen, b. - V. Barka, barkatu. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parkagach-a, parkagaitz-a, b. V. Barkagaitz-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parkagarri-a. V. Barkagarri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parkasinoi-a, parkazio-a, b. V. Barkazio-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parlanzu-a, parlanzuba, b. alhago (halago), fiesta, caricia, entretenimiento de regocijo, (caresse, flatterie). Parlanzuan ibilli, b. andar en diversión. - En Bizcaya es muy común la locución: Chakurrak dabiltz parlanzuan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Parra. V. Farra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Partildu, partilduten, b. repartir, distribuir, (partager, distribuer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Partilla, b. parte correspondiente a uno en algún asunto o negocio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pasiatu, pasiatzen, d. d. pasear, (promener). - Sin. puro: boastitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Patar-ra, l. s. bn. cuesta, colina, (côte, colline).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perill-a, g. b. pelleburuba, b. peligro, (danger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Periltsu-a, periltsun-a, g. b. peligroso, (dangereux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Perla, g. l. s. perlia, b. perla, (perle). - Sin. puro: altiste-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilla, g. pilloa, b. montón, pila, grupo, (amas, groupe). - Pouvreau cita también las voces pila, bilkua, bildun-a. - Etim.: Probablemente de Bildu, recoger. - Sin.: aldra, talde-a, mordo-a, molso-a, mulso-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piñ-a, fiñ-a, d. d. fino, fina, delicado, (fin, délié). - Urre pin-piñez landua, labrado de finísimo oro. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piñu-a, pinu-a, d. d. Arb.a pino, (pin). (N. E. <a href="https://www.wikiloc.com/hiking-trails/els-ports-pi-gros-fageda-del-retaule-faig-pare-43932030" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pi</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pinus</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pio, fio, fiyo, fiado, confiado, (confié). - Acompañado de las terminaciones auxiliares, se traduce por confiarse, ser confiado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pirritatu, pirritatzen, l. rodar, (rouler). - Pirritaka, rodando, (roulant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pisatu, pisatzen, g. b. l. phisatu, phisatzen, bn. s. pesar, (peser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piska, g. puska, g. b. puchka, b. l. bn. poco, (peu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/lo-reguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pisti-a</a>, g. b. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/lo-reguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pistija</a>, b. Desígnanse con esta voz genérica todos los reptiles y <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/07/associacio-catalanista-matarranya-ascuma-calaceite-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bichos malignos</a>, sin distinción. La palabra castellana que mejor la traduce es, en mi concepto, la de bicho. (N. E. pisti, pistia, pistija, p : b : bisti, bistia, bistija : <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/tomas-bosque-la-codonera-teruel-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bestia</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pistitegi-a, g. b. bichería, conjunto de bichos o animales. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pisua, d. d. pesado, (pesant). - Sin.: astun-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pizkor-ra. V. Bizkor-ra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Piztu, pizten, piztutzen. V. Biztu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Podatu, podatzen, d. d. podar, (tailler la vigne). - Sin.: iñautsi, inausi, edaenzi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poliki, polikicho, polikiró, g. b. pulliki, l. poco a poco, con cuidado, bonitamente, (petit à petit, gentiment).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Polit-a, pollit-a, g. b. l. bonito, bonita, lindo, linda (jolie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Politen-a, polliten-a, g. b. pulliten-a, l. sup.° lo más bonito, la más bonita, (la plus jolie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Polts-a, bolts-a, moltsa, g. b. l. bolsa, (bourse). - Sin.: zizku-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pot-a, l. s. bn. beso, (baiser - subst).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poz-a, g. b. boz-a, l. alegría, contento, júbilo, satisfacción, dicha, (N. E. gozo) (joie). - Pozik, contento, alegre, (gaiement). - Poz-pozik, de buena gana, con mucho gusto, (de bon cœur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pozoi-a, puzuni-a, pozoni-a, g. pozoin-a, b. l. posu-a, l. ponzoña, (N. E. : veneno) (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/10-11-seconde-cruaute-signalee-faussement-impropere-brunehaud.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poison</a>). Fig. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">odio</a>, rencor, (haine). Sin.: ire-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pozoitu-a, g. pozoindu-a, b. phozoindun-a, l. phozoudun-a, s. putzunatu- a, g. emponzoñado, (empoisonné). - Fig. incomodado, enemistado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poztu, poztutzen, g. b. boztu, bozten, b. l. s. bn. alegrarse, regocijarse, (réjouir, se réjouir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Poztun-a, g. alegre, (gai). Sin.: alegerea, g. arrai-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Premi-a, g. b. l. necesidad, (besoin, nécessité). - Sin.: bear-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Premiazko-a, g. l. premiñazku-a, b. forzoso, necesario, urgente, (nécessaire). Sin.: bearresko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Presaka, a toda prisa, (en toute hâte). (N. E. pressa)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Presondegi-a, g. b. presondegija, b. prisión, cárcel, (prision). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/03/a-la-ciutat-de-napols-hi-ha-una-preso.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">presó</a>) - Sin.: gaiztaleku-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prestatu, prestatzen, g. b. l. aprestarse, prevenirse, disponerse, (préparer, s' apprêter). - Es verbo bascongado y se deriva de prest,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">usado como sin.° de laster, pronto, enseguida, con celeridad. (N. E. presto, prisa, deprisa, aprisa.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prestu-a, g. b. l. phrestu-a, bn. honrado, probo, (honnête, probe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prestueza, g. b. innoble, bajo, vil, perverso, (ignoble, bas, vil). - Etim.: Prestu-ez-a, no honrado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prezatze, prezatzen, lab. pretchatu, pretchatzen, bn. apreciar, (apprécier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Printze-a, printzia, l. bn. s. príncipe, (prince).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Progatu, progatzen, probar, experimentar, (éprouver, essayer). - Sin.: dantzkitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prutu-a o frutu-a, producto, fruto, (produit, fruit).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pulliki, l. V. Poliki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pulliten-a, l. V. Politen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Purrukatu, purrukatzen, g. b. phorrokatu, phorrokatzen, l. s. bn. despedazar, destrozar, desmenuzar, triturar, (briser, défaire). - Sinónimos: puskatu, chikitu, zatitu, apurtu, triskillatu, cheatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puska, g. b. l. puchka, b. l. bn. s. parte, pedazo, fragmento, (partie, pièce, fragment, morceau). Sinónimo: zati-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puskatu, puskatzen, d. d. romper, despedazar, destrozar, (rompre, déchirer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pusketan, d. d. en pedazos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Putzu-a, g. b. s. pozu-a, b. putzuba, g. b. phutzu-a, l. pozo, (puit). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. <a href="https://masdetorubio.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pou</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Puzuni-a, pozoni-a. Véase Pozoi-a.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Q.<br /><br /><span>Todos los vocablos que comienzan con esta letra </span><a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-k.html" rel="nofollow">pueden buscarse en la K</a><span>.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">R.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ningún vocablo bascongado empieza con la letra R. “Estas voces compuestas, Recalde, Rentería, <a href="https://twitter.com/recacoechea?lang=es" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Recacoechea</a>, etc., están escritas con imperfección, y les falta la E, y debe decirse <a href="https://alvarezerrecalde.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Errecalde</a>, <a href="https://errenteria.eus/es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Errentería</a>, <a href="https://www.historia.com.bo/biografia/juan-de-recacoechea" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Errecacoechea</a>, etc. Los escritores han seguido el gusto castellano, los que a las voces arrabia, arratoia, erriberia, etc., que son todas bascongadas, las han querido desfigurar, quitando las precedentes vocales, para decir rabia, ratón, ribera. La descripción de estas voces está en el bascuence. (Moguel. - Peru Abarca).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sabel-a, g. b. l. s. bn. vientre, (ventre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sagar-ra, d. d. manzana, (pomme). (N. E. poma)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sagardo-a, g. b. sagarno-a, l. bn. sidra, (cidre). - Etim.: Sagar-ardo-a, vino de manzana. (N. E. Apfelwein en alemán, cider inglés)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sagardi-a, g. b. l. bn. sagardoi-a, bn. s. manzanal, (pommeraie). (N. E. pomeral, de pomeres, pomera, poma) - Sin.: sagasti-a, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sagu-a, g. b. l. s. bn. ratoncillo, (souris).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai-a, 1, say-a, d. d. salvado, (son).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sai-a, 2, g. l. sahi-a, bn. s. Zool. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-4T-zPDADo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">buitre</a>, (vautour). (N. E. <a href="https://www.voegel-im-garten.de/vogel-steckbriefe/geier-in-deutschland/#:~:text=Insgesamt%20gibt%20es%20zwei%20Geierarten,geh%C3%B6rt%20zur%20Familie%20der%20Aegypiinae." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Geier</a> /gáia/ en alemán; <a href="https://dcvb.iec.cat/results.asp?word=voltor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">voltor</a> català; <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/vulture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">volture</a> inglés) - Sin.: buzoka, g. b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saiatu, saiatzen, probar, ensayar, (essayer, éprouver). - El verbo castellano ensayar, procede, según Larramendi, del bascuence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saiets-a, sayets-a, g. b. saihets-a, l. sahex-a, s. bn. costado, (côte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salatu, salatzen, g. salatu, salatuten, b. salhatu, salhatzen, l. bn. denunciar, acusar, (dénoncer, déférer en justice).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salatzalle-a, g. b. salhazale-a, l. bn. s. salatari-a, b. salhatari-a, l. s. bn. acusador, delator, (dénonciateur, délateur). (N. E. Véase Salles, francés) - Sin.: gaizgerle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Salazino-a, b. salaketa, salakera, g. acusación, (délation, accusation). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: gaitz-gertamen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saldu, saltzen, g. b. l. bn. s. saldu, salduten, b. vender, (vendre). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. <a href="https://ayuda.modo.com.ar/support/solutions/articles/66000517308--qu%C3%A9-pasa-si-no-tengo-saldo-en-la-cuenta-el-d%C3%ADa-del-pago-de-la-cuota-" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">No tengo saldo en la cuenta</a> para <a href="https://programoweb.com/comprar-saldo-paypal-en-chile/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">comprar este saldo</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.euskadibonodenda.eus/es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sal-erosi-a</a>, g. l. bn. comercio, tráfico, (commerce). Etim.: Sal-erosi-a, “compra y venta”. (N. E. <a href="https://economipedia.com/definiciones/compraventa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">compraventa</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saltzalle-a, g. saltzale-a, b. saltzaille-a, l. bn. s. vendedor, (vendeur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Same-a, b. garganta, paladar, (gorge, gosier). - Sinónimos: eztarri-a, gubio-a, zintzur-ra, gangar-ra. (N. E. ¿Las “<a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2016/07/parrizal-estrechos-gubies-ruta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gúbies</a>” del <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2016/07/parrizal-estrechos-gubies-ruta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Parrissal de Beceite, Beseit</a>, son las “<a href="https://es.123rf.com/photo_54433808_parque-nacional-bryce-canyon-reserva-natural-en-el-suroeste-de-utah-en-los-estados-unidos-formaci%C3%B3n-geo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">formaciones rocosas en forma de aguja</a>” o bien el canal, gorja, garganta, <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2016/07/parrizal-estrechos-gubies-ruta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">estret, estrets del río Matarraña</a>?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Samindu, samintzen, g. b. l. - Sinónimo de Mindu. V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Samiñ-a, g. l. samin-a, b. l. s. bn. amargo, acre, (amer). Agudo, tratándose del dolor, (aigu). - Negar saminakin, b. con amargo llanto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Samur-ra, d. d. blando, tierno, sensible, (tendre). Fig. cariñoso, afectuoso, de buen corazón.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Samurtu, samurtzen, d. d. ablandarse, (amollir; fig. apaiser la colère).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinón.: beeratu, bigundu, ematu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sandia, g. b. l. zutano, (un tel).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanga, saunka, g, sainga, saunke-a, b. sainga, l. bn. s. ladrido del perro, (aboiement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sangurru-a, d. d. cangrejo, (<a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/cancre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cancre</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89crevisse" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">écrevisse</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebstiere" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Krebs</a> alemán, cancer, cáncer, <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/10/glosario-c.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cranc</a>, <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/10/glosario-c.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cranch</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/08/lo-aguelo-y-lo-mar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sare-a</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/08/lo-aguelo-y-lo-mar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">saria</a>, d. d. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/08/lo-aguelo-y-lo-mar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">red</a>, (<a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/08/lo-aguelo-y-lo-mar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">filet</a>). (N. E. la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">xarxa</a> de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">xarxes</a> de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ignacio Sorolla Amela</a> de <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/penarroya-de-tastavins.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Penarroija de Tastavins</a>. En <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/08/lo-aguelo-y-lo-mar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chapurriau, ret</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sari-a, d. d. recompensa, premio, sueldo, estipendio, (récompense).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sariztatu, saristatzen, d. d. premiar, recompensar, (recompenser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sargori-a, g. bochorno, (chaleur suffocante).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sarjiñ-a, g. sargin-a, b. jardín, huerto, (jardin). - Sin.: loretoki-a, baratz-a. (N. E. Garten; garden; <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/06/jornada-cuarta-novela-septima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jardí</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/11/la-belle-dame-sans-merci-alain-chartier.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">verger</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/10/tersera-jornada-novela-primera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hort</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saroi-a, saroy-a, g. b. bosque, selva, floresta, (forêt, bois, bocage). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin.: baso-a, oihan-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sar, sartu, sartzen, d. d. sartu, sartuten, b. entrar, penetrar, (entrer, penetrer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sar-arazi, sar-arazten, d. d. sar-arazi, sar-erazo, g. b. formas pasivas, hacer entrar, (faire entrer). (N. E. Consultar <a href="https://glosario-etimologico.blogspot.com/2020/09/x.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sarraceno</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sarrera, d. d. sarkura, bn. entrada, (entrée).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sarri, d. d. pronto, al punto, enseguida, inmediatamente, en breve, (tantôt). Sin.: laster, bereala, fite. (N. E. <a href="https://arainfo.org/os-treballos-fito-fito-la-pedra-y-un-final-despanto-ganadors-do-concurso-de-relatos-curtos-nogara-30/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fito fito</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sarri-arte, d. d. hasta luego, (à tantôt).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sarritan, g. b. sarricho, frecuentemente, a menudo, (souvent). - Sinónimos: maiz, askotan, anitzetan, usu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saski-a, d. d. cesta, (corbeille).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sasi-a, d. d. zarza, breña, zarzal, (buisson, broussaille). (N. E. <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2021/01/jornada-novena-novela-septima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">brosquill</a>.) - Sin.: zapar-ra, l. (N. E. <a href="https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/mariano-jose-larra-tragico-final-uno-grandes-autores-literatura-espanola_17817" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">larra</a>, lartz-a, lahar-ra, nahar-ra : zarza, rosal silvestre)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sasikume-a, g. b. lit. “hijo de zarza”, hijo ilegítimo, (no) natural o bastardo, (bâtard). Sinón.: lotezkume-a, saltoko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sasilar-ra, g. b, saparlarra, l. abrojo, (tribule, herse). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sasizozo-a, g. b. l. Ornitología, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD1Zp4HfWXs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mirlo</a>, (mirle). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/11/dicsionari-chapurriau-castella-m.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">merla</a>) – Fig. sagaz, astuto, (fin, rusé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Satai-a, b. palo, (bâton). Sin. de makill-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sator-ra, g. b. l. sathorra, bn. s. topo, (taupe). (N. E. tau, top.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinónimo: satsuri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seaska, g. cuna, (berceau). (N. E. bressol.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Segur, segurki, seguramente, sin duda, (surement). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sei, d. d. seis, (six). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-xvii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sis</a>; <a href="https://www.fernsehserien.de/nummer-6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sechs</a>; <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/six" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">six también inglés</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seigarren-a, sexto, (sixiéme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sei-a, g. b. sehi-a, l. s. bn. siervo, sirviente, criado, (domestique).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sein-a, b. l. señ-a, g. recién nacido, (enfant qui vient de naître). - Sin.: jaio-berri-a, g.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sekulan, d. d. jamás, nunca, (jamais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seme-a, d. d. hijo, (fils). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senar-ra, g. b. senaharra, l. s. bn. marido (mari). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-xxix-carta-lo-rey-darago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">marit</a>, marito)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Senartu, senartzen, g. b. casarse la mujer, enmaridarse, (se marier la femme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sendatu, sendatzen, g. sendatu, sendatuten, b. curar, sanar, (guérir). - Etimología: Sendatu, o sendotu, fortificarse. (N. E. sanitas, sano &c.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sendagai-a, sendakai-a, g. sendagarri-a, b. sendakari-a, l. sendogarri-a, s. remedio, medicina, (remède).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sendo-a, d. d. sano, fuerte, robusto, (sain, fort). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">català sa i fort</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sendoki, sendoró, d. d. adv. fuertemente, (fortement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sendotasun-a, d. d. fortaleza, vigor, firmeza, (force, vigueur, fermeté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sentiera, d. d. sentido, (sens). Voz bascongada que procede de senti-a, señal. (N. E. <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/03/xx-resolutio-sententiae-martini-perez.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sensu</a>; <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/11/xi-fundatio-monasterii-mariae-gualter-mlxxxiii-1083.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">signum</a>; <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/rerum-apud-maioricas-gestarum-anno-1372-1408.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">seny</a>, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/orden-militar-grifo-griu-jarra-gerres-estola-banda-fernando-infante-antequera-1403.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">senyal</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/01/francesc-franc-b.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">senyera</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sentsu-a, senzu-a, l. s. juicio, (jugement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Señide-a, g. senide-a, b. pariente, consanguíneo, (consanguin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sermoi-a, d. d. sermón, (sermon). - Del latín sermo, sermonis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seta, g. b. sepa, l. obstinación, porfía, tenacidad, terquedad, (tenacité, obstination, opiniâtrete). - Sin.: burkoide-a, hisi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seurki. V. Segurki. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sin-a, g. b. muy poco usado, zin-a, l. s. bn. juramento, (serment).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sin-egin, sin-egiten, g. b. zinein, zineiten, l. s. bn. jurar, afirmar bajo <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/11/xxxiv-deliberatio-capituli-gerundensis-super-prosecutione-fabricae-ecclesiae-cathedralis-anno-mcccxvii-1317.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">juramento</a>, (affirmer par <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/06/4-3-authorite-serment.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">serment</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/04/concluye-catalogo-obispos-mallorca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sacrament</a>, <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/blog-post.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sacrement</a>, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/03/censura-antonii-augustini-canones-sacramento.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sacramento</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sinisezkor-ra, g. b. sinetsgogor-ra, l. sinhexgogor-ra, bn. s. incrédulo, (incrédule). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sinisgaitz-a, siniskaitz-a, difícil de creer, inverosímil, (invraisemblable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sinisgarri-a, g. b. testimonio, (témoignage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Siniskor-ra, g. b. zinetskor-ra, l. sinhexkor-ra, bn. s. crédulo, (crédule).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sinismen-a, sinispen-a, d. d. crédito, fé, (foi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sinistu, sinisten, g. sinistu, sinistuten, b. zinetzi, zinetsten, l. sinhex, sinhexi, sinhexten, bn. s. creer, (croire).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soill-a, g. b. soll-a, b. soil-a, l. bn. s. estéril, desnudo, despojado, (stérile, nu, dépouillé). Buru soilla, calvo, (chauve).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?soga#:~:text=La%20palabra%20soga%20(cuerda)%20viene,del%20repertorio%20del%20lat%C3%ADn%20cl%C3%A1sico." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Soka</a>, g. b. l. <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?soga#:~:text=La%20palabra%20soga%20(cuerda)%20viene,del%20repertorio%20del%20lat%C3%ADn%20cl%C3%A1sico." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cuerda</a> (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/10-12-troisiesme-cruaute-faussement-accuse-brunehaud.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">corde</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2020/08/jornada-septima-novela-cuarta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">corda</a>.) - De esta voz deriva, según Larramendi, la castellana <a href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?soga#:~:text=La%20palabra%20soga%20(cuerda)%20viene,del%20repertorio%20del%20lat%C3%ADn%20cl%C3%A1sico." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">soga</a>. (N. E. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariote" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Judas Iscariote</a> fue primero a Euskadi a preguntar cómo se llamaba <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/05/la-reconquista-de-daroca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">eso con lo que se quería colgar</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solas-a, l. s. bn. Véase Jolas-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Solo-a, b. V. Soro-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Somaketa, charada, (charade). - Sin.: Asmaketa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Somari-a, g. somarija, b. acertador, el que acierta. - Sinón.: asmari-a, asmatzalle-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Somatu, somatzen, g. b. acertar, adivinar, (déviner). Sin.: asmatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soñ-a, 1, guip., suñ-a, b. soin-a, l. bn. s. hombro, espalda, (dos, épaule). (N. E. espala; espatla, espatlla) - Soñean, g. suñan, b. soni-an, bn. s. a cuestas, (sur les épaules). (N. E. a costes, a <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/05/a-cascarrulles.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cascarrulles</a>, a les <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/fuentespalda.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">espales</a>, a la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/alforja-alforges.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">esquena</a>; <a href="https://traductor.lasprovincias.es/?valenciano=espatles&traducir-valenciano=Traduir" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">espatles</a>, <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempeus_sobre_espatlles_de_gegants" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">espatlles</a>.) - Sin.: solbarde-a, besaburu-a, bizkar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soñ-a, 2, guip. suñ-a, b. soin-a, l. bn. s. traje, (vêtement complet).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soñu-a, soñuba, g. b. soinu-a, l. bn. s. ruido, sonido, (son).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sorbalda, g. b. l. bn. s. sorbalde-a, g. b. hombro, espalda, (dos, épaule). Sorbaldan, a cuestas, (sur les épaules).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sorgiñ-a, g. b. sorgin-a, l. bn. s. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/guardian-valle-montoro-mezquita-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bruja</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-5-sommaire-proces-jeanne-pucelle-darc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sorcier</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-5-sommaire-proces-jeanne-pucelle-darc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sorciere</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Soro-a, g. solo-a, solu-a, b. sorho-a, l. s. bn. tierra sembradía, campo cultivado, prado, (prairie, champ cultivé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sorra, g. b. insensible, absorto, (insensible), l. estúpido, (stupide), bn., sordo, (sourd).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sorrera, 1, g. b. concepción, (conception). - Derivado del verbo sortu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sorrera, 2, g. b. adormecimiento, entorpecimiento de brazo, pierna, o de un miembro cualquiera, (engourdissement). - Sin.: Ildura.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sorta, guip. chorta, b. haz, fajo, puñado, racimo, (fagot, poignée, paquet).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sortacho-a, g. chortachua, b. sortachuba, b. Marq., diminutivo de sorta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sortaldea, g. b. Oriente (Orient). Etim. sortalde-a. - Sin.: Iruzki-aldea, l. ekialdia, s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sor, sortu, sortzen, 1, y también sortuzen, d. d. sortu, sortuten, b. concebir, engendrar, germinar, dar origen a... (germer, engendrer). Figurado: Inventar, forjar (inventer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sortzez, g. de nacimiento, de origen, (de naissance, d' origine).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sortu, sortzen, 2. g. b. adormecerse una pierna, un brazo, u otro miembro cualquiera, (s' endormir, s' engourdir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sortu, sortzen, 3, guip. b. hacerse insensible, quedar absorto o estupefacto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sotill-a, g. b. astuto, malicioso, (rusé).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Su-a, d. d. fuego, (feu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Su-arri-a g. b. suharri-a, l. s. bn. pedernal, (pierre à feu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suakartu, suakartzen, g. l. sukartu, sukartzen, g. b. prender fuego, (prendre feu). (N. E. <a href="https://pueblosdelmatarrana.blogspot.com/2017/02/monroyo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">socarrar</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/ginestra-chinastra-chinestra-ginestrera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sucarrá</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sudur-ra, g. l. bn. s. sur-ra, b. nariz, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-26-fy-physicien-medecin.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nez</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/05/mon-pare-no-te-nas-ma-mare-es-chata.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nas</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suertatu, suertatzen, d. d. acaecer, acontecer, suceder, (arriver, survenir). - Sin.: gertatu, azertadu, jasó.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sugarra, div. dial. llama, (flamme). - Etim.: su-garra, llama de fuego.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sugea, g. b. sughe-a, sughia, l. s. bn. <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/temps-franja-2010-ou-de-serp-codonera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">serpiente</a>, <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2017/06/vibora-hocicuda-puertos-beceite.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">culebra</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/10-18-quel-jugement-nous-pouvons-faire-vie-brunehaud-livre-abbe-jonas-qui-escrivit-vie-sainct-colombain.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">serpent</a>). Sinónimo: Erruga b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sui-a, suy-a, g. b. suhi-a, l. bn. s. yerno, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/05/2-10-douze-pairs-france.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gendre</a>). (N. E. ¿<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/search?q=gendre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cómo se llamará el yerno en catalán</a>?)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sukalde-a, g. b. l. sukhalde-a, bn. s. cocina, (cuisine). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/09/lo-decameron-en-chapurriau.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cuina</a>; su : fuego; ¿kalde, kaldea, khalde, khaldea? <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/30-de-mayo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">caldes</a>, calor de fuego, hogar.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Su-leiza, su-lezea, suleza, d. d. lit. ígneo abismo, infierno, (enfer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sustrai-a, g. sustraija, b. sustar-ra, b. surtzai-a, l. raíz, (racine). Fig. origen, fuente, (source, origine). - Sin. Erro-a, zañ-a, betarra, funts-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sutegi-a, g. b. l. sutei-a, bn. fragua, fogón, (foyer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sutu, sutzen, arder, inflamar, (brûler). - Fig. encolerizarse, incomodarse, irritarse, (se fâcher, se mettre en colère).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sutu-a, quemado, (brulé). Fig.: Incomodado, colérico, (colérique). Sutumpada, g. b. detonación, cañonazo, (coup de canon, détonation, bruit éclatante). (N. E. como <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patum_de_Berga" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">patum</a>, <a href="https://www.antena3.com/programas/boom/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">boom</a>, suena a <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopeya#/media/Archivo:Boom_Pyramd_(7241830716)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">onomatopeya</a>.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Suzko-a, d. d. de fuego, (de feu).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">T.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ta</a>, <a href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/bildu-ein-instrument-der-eta-100.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contracción de eta</a>, conjunción, <a href="https://delenguayliteratura.com/La_conjuncion_%22y%22__usos_o_valores,_explicacion_y_ejemplos.html#:~:text=La%20conjunci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Cy%E2%80%9D%20es%20la,y%20galop%C3%B3%20hacia%20el%20pueblo." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">y</a>, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/08/8-39-fievre-sainct-valier-autres-exemples.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">et</a>).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Talde-a, g. rebaño, montón, (troupeau, assemblage). - Sin.: Aldre-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Taloa, d. d. torta de pan de maíz, (galette de mais).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tantai-a, dandai-a, d. d. árbol joven y delgado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/05/05/5aed7933268e3ece638b460d.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tchacur-ra</a>, s. V. Zakur-ra. (N. E. <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/search?q=chakurra" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chakurra</a>, <a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandeko_ardi_txakurra" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">txakurra del batúa</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tema, g. b. thema, l. s. bn. porfía, apuesta, (<a href="https://dictionnaire.lerobert.com/definition/entetement" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">entetement</a>, pari, gageure).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tinkatu, tinkatzen, d. d. apretar, oprimir, (presser). Eskuak tinkatu, estrechar las manos, (presser les mains).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tint, b. signo del superlativo, muy, (très.) = Tint ona, muy bueno (N. E. superlativo de bueno, óptimo). - Sinón.: chit, guztiz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tipula, dial. div. cebolla, (oignon). (N. E. <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2020/08/jornada-sexta-novela-dessima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cipolla</a>; <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">seba o seva o ceba o ceva</a>; <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/onion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">onion inglés</a>; <a href="https://es.langenscheidt.com/aleman-espanol/zwiebel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Zwiebel alemán</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/guardia-castillo-la-fresneda-matarranya-teruel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tiruztai-a</a>, g. arco, arma de guerra y caza. (<a href="https://encres-vagabondes.com/magazine6/roger_almeras.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arc à tirer des flèches</a>). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. el <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalanoparlante</a> diría “<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_(arma)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arc per a tirar les fletxes</a>”. Se parece bastante al francés, pero mucho más al <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">occitan</a>, <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">occitano</a>, <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/08/hoc_15.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua de Oc</a>.) Titi-a, g. b. dithi-a, l. bn. s. teta, pecho, mama, (teton, mammelle). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2020/03/jornada-quinta-novela-tersera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mamella</a>, <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2020/12/jornada-octava-novela-septima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mamelles</a>, mame ella, mamen elles.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toki-a, d. d. sitio, lugar, paraje, (lieu, endroit). Sinón.: lekua, aurkintza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolesgabe-a, d. d. lit. sin pliegues, sin doblez, cándido, sincero, (sincére). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toleskor-ra, toleskoi-a, d. d. flexible, (flexible). - Sin.: zimel-a, biurkor-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tolestu, tolestutzen, d. d. plegar, doblar, (plier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tontor-ra, g. b. cumbre, cima, (sommet).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tontotzar-ra, tontuelo, tontazo, tontillo, (grand sot).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Topatu, topatzen, g. topau, topatuten, b. hallar, encontrar, (chercher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Topos - topo egin, topo egin, g. encontrarse frente a frente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tratu-a, d. d. tráfico (trafic). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tratulari-a, d. d. mercader, traficante, (marchand). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trebe-a, g. b. l., diestro, hábil, (adroit, habile).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tresna, d. d. útil, instrumento, (outil, instrument). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Triku-a, g. (Zool.) erizo, (hérisson). (N. E. arissó; Otatu-a, kirikio-a, kirikino-a, sagarroi-a, sagarraio-a.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trinko-a, g. tinko-a, l. s. comprimido, apretado, (presée, comprimée). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sinón.: trimendua, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trinkotu, trinkotzen, g. tinkotu, tinkotzen, l. s. trimendu, trimenduten, b., comprimir (comprimer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tripa, d. d. vientre (ventre). - Sin. sabela.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tripontzi-a, g. b. comilón, glotón, (glouton).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Triskantza, g. b. matanza, despedazamiento.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Triskatu, triskatzen, g. triskatuten, b. despedazar, hacer añicos o trizas, (dépecer). - Sin.: apurtu, zatitu, trimindu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trosa, g. b. trocha, l., envoltura (maillot).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trosatu, trosatzen, g. trochatu, trochatzen, empañar a los niños (N. E. poner paños, pañal, pañales), (enmailloter). - Sin. oialdu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trufa egin, l. burlarse, (se moquer). (N. E. trufarse.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trukatu, trukatzen, d. d. cambiar, (troquer). (N. E. trueque; trocar.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trumoi-a, turmoi-a, d. d. trueno, (tonnerre). Sin.: ostotsa, ostia, iurtzuria. (N. E. Sturm, tormenta, Donner, trueno; storm, thunder inglés)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ts, como letra doble denota, según Astarloa, abundancia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tsu, su, terminación que entra en la formación de los adjetivos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ttiki, ttipia, l. V. chiki.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Turmoia, V. trumoia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tzat, sufija que corresponde a por (pour).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">U.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ubal-a, ual-a, g. correa, (courroie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ubalarri-a, guip. honda, (fronde à lancer des pierres). - Sin.: abaila, aballa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ubela, ubeldu-a, d. d., mancha que dejan en la piel las heridas o fuertes contusiones, (noiceurs que causent les meutrissures).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ubeltasun-a, palidez, mancha que dejan las contusiones.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ubeldu, ubeltzen, d. d., abultarse, hincharse a consecuencia de algún golpe, (meurtrir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uda, d. d. estío, verano, (eté). (N. E. <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2020/08/jornada-sexta-novela-quinta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">estiu</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uda-azkena, d. d. otoño, (automne).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Udaberri-a, d. d. udabarria, b. primavera, (<a href="https://dict.leo.org/franz%C3%B6sisch-deutsch/printemps" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">printemps</a>). Sin.: <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/guernicaco-arbola-iparraguirre-roble-paz-himno.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">eralora</a>, bedatx-a. (N. E. <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/guernicaco-arbola-iparraguirre-roble-paz-himno.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">primadera</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Udail-a, l., el mes de <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/08/segunda-serie-tomo-iii-cantos-historicos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">junio</a>, (<a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/08/gabriel-maura-lespigolera-avant.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">le mois de Juin</a>). Etim. Uda-ila, mes del verano. - Sin.: Garagar-illa, g. bagill-a, b. erearoa, ekhaina, l. s. bn.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Udare-a, udaria, d. d., pera, (<a href="https://www.wordreference.com/esfr/pera" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poire</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-m.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">madari</a>, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-m.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">madaria</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ugari, g. b. abundante, (abondant). - Sin.: zori, naro, opa, ainitz.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ugariró, g. b. abundantemente, (abondamment). - Sin.: zoriró, naroró, oparó.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ugaritasun-a, g. b. abundancia, (abondance). - Sin.: zoritasun-a, askotza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ugaritu, ugaritzen, g. b., abundar, fecundar, aumentar, (abonder, féconder, augmenter).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ugarte-a, g. b. l. isla (île). (N. E. <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/07/xii-deya.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">illa</a>; <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/05/lxxvi-reg-1437-8-jul-1377.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">insula</a>) Etim.: Ur-arte (pues la g es simplemente eufónica), "entre o en medio de las aguas”. - Sin.: urbitarte-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ugolde-a, g. ubelde-a, g. b., uholde-a, l. hurolde-a, bn., aguacero, torrente, avenida de aguas, diluvio, (averse, torrent, déluge.) - Sin. idola, ujola, uraldia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ujolde-a, g. b. - Sin. de Ugolde-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ujoldetu, ujoldetzen, g. b. convertirse en torrente, en diluvio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ukatu, ukatzen, g. b. l. ukha, ukhatu, bn. s. negar (nier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ukabilla, g. b. l., puño, (poing).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ukitu, ukitzen, g. l. ukutu, ukututen, b. hunki, hunkitu, bn., tocar, (toucher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ukullu-a, g. cuadra, corral para el ganado (ecurie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ule-a, ulia, b. V. Ille-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ume-a, g. b. hume-a, l. s. bn., cría, criatura, (créature). Se aplica indistintamente a todos los seres, y es más general que la voz aurra, que expresa ya determinadamente "criatura racional".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umekeri-a, g. b. umekerija, b. niñería, acción pueril, (puerilité, enfantillage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umetasuna, g. b., niñez, cosa propia de la infancia, (le propre de l' infance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umetu, umetzen, g. umetuten, b. aniñarse, (se conduire en enfant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umezurtz-a, g. b. l. bn., umezurra, b. huérfano (orphelin). - De ume y zurtza abandonado. - Sin.: gurasogabe-a, zurtz-a, g. b. churtch-a, bn., emazurtz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umill-a, g. umil-a, b. l. a.° n.° s. humilde (humble). Etim.: esta voz, de la que, según Larramendi, han derivado sus equivalentes, tanto el latín como el castellano, procede de "ume-illa, criatura apagada, y es lo que oportunamente se dice del humilde." Sin.: Ochan-a, otzar-ra, b., etorkor-ra, g. manugiñ-a. (Larr.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umoa, g. b. l. sazonado, maduro, blando, (mûr, mou).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Umotu, umotzen, g. l., umutu, umutzen, b. umautu, umautzen, b. l. madurarse la fruta después de cogida y tendida, sazonarse (mûrir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unai-a, g. boyerizo (bourier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Une-a, g. b. l. gune-a, bn. momento, lugar, paraje, sitio, (moment, lieu, endroit). - Eriotzako unera, al momento, al trance de la muerte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Unghi, l. V. Ongi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Untz-a, g. b. huntz-a, l. bn. s. hontz-a, l. hiedra, (lierre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Untzurri-a, g. b. hoja de hiedra, (feuille de lierre). - Etim.: de untz-a y orri-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ura, 1, g. b. . hura, houra, s. bn. agua, (eau). Ure-ra, al agua.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ura, 2, se escribe comúnmente con h inicial para evitar su confusión con la voz anterior, pron. dem.° aquel, aquello, aquella, (lui, il, elle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uraldi-a, g. diluvio, aguacero, torrente. - Sin.: ujola, ugoldea.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urbildu, urbiltzen, g. b., hurbildu, hurbiltzen, l. s. bn. acercarse, aproximarse, (approcher).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urdai-a, d. d. tocino, (lard).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urdai-azpia, jamón, (jambon).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urdall-a, g. b. urdail-a, l. ourdai-a, bn. s. estómago (estomac).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urde-a, g. l. bn. ourdia, s. cerdo (cochon). - Sinón.: cherri-a, g., charri-ja, b., belarluze-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urdiñ-a, g. urdin-a, b. l. s. bn., <a href="https://construccionesginer.blogspot.com/2018/08/azulejo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">azul</a>, (<a href="https://construccionesginer.blogspot.com/2018/08/azulejo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">bleu</a>). (N. E. <a href="https://construccionesginer.blogspot.com/2018/08/azulejo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">blau</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_moon" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">blue</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urgullu-a, g. orgullo, vanidad, (orgueil, vanité). - Etim.: viene de origen bascongado, de ur, agua, y golo-a, hinchazón, que es lo que constituye la hidropesía, y es así el orgulloso, hinchado de corazón.” Larramendi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urgullutsu-a, g. soberbio, vano, orgulloso, (orgueilleux, vain). Sin.: antustedun-a, ponpatsu-a, koipatsu-a. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urgun-a, g. b. cojo (boiteux). - Sin.: erren-a, maki-a, maingu-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrats-a, g. b. urhats-a, l. urhatx-a, s. bn. paso (pas). - Hoghei urhatxez, a veinte pasos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uri-a, 1, iri-a, g. b. hiri-a, l. bn. s. ciudad (ville). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uri-a, 2, g. b. l. a.° n.° V. Euria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urka, g. b. l. horca (fourche). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/lleidata-catala.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">forca</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/05/tu-no-eres-de-fornols-si.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">forcó</a>) Urkabean, urkapean, urkapian, en o bajo la horca, (dans le fourche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urkatu, urkatzen, g. b. l. urkhatu, urkhatzen, bizc., ahorcarse (pendre, faire pendre.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urki-a, g. b. urkija, b. Arb. abedul, (bouleau).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ur-ra, g. b. uur-ra, b. hurra, l. s. bn., avellana, (noisette).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urratu, urratzen, d. d. romperse, rasgarse, destrozarse, (déchirer, rompre). Sin.: autsi, puskatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urre-a, g. b. l. urri-a, g. b. urhe-a, bn. s. oro. (or).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrean, urrian, g. b. hurren, hurrean, l. s. bn. cerca, próximo, (près de, dans la proximité).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrengoa, lo siguiente, lo que sigue, lo que está próximo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urreratu, urreratzen, g. urreratuten, b. hurreratu, hurreratzen, l. s. bn. acercarse, aproximarse, (approcher, s' approcher). Sin.: urbildu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urretsu-a, dorado, (doré). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrezkoa, de oro (d' or). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrezuri-a, b. plata (argent). Sin. zillar-ra, g. (N. E. “oro blanco”.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrezigor-ra, g. b. cetro (sceptre). - Etim. Urre-zigorra, palo o bastón de oro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urria, 1, g. b. V. urrea. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urri-a, 2, g. urrija, b. escaso, raro, (rare). Sinón.: bakan-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urri-a, 3, urrilla, g. b. l. el mes de octubre, (Octobre). Etim.: mes escaso. - Sin.: bildilla.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrikaltu, urrikaltzen, l. s. bn. V. urrikitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrikari-a, b. l. urrikarija, b. que excita compasión, que apiada, (qui fait pitié). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urriki-a, g. b. V. Errukia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrikitu, urrikitzen, g. b. errukitu, errukitzen, g. errukiten, b. urrikaltu, urrikaltzen, l. s. bn. compadecerse, tener compasión, (avoir compassion). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrikitu-a, g. errukitu-a, g. b. compadecido. - Sin.: kupidatu-a, gupidetsi-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urritu, urritzen g. mermar, disminuir, decrecer, (décroitre, diminuer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urritza, g. l. bn. s. urrech-a, b. avellano (noisetier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrun, b. l. bn. urruti, g. urriñ, b. hurrun, l. urruiti, l. lejos (loin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrundik, l. urrutitik, g. de lejos, (de loin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrundu, g. b. hurrundu l. s. bn. alejarse, (èloigner). Sin. urrutiratu, aztandu, asagotu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrunga, g. arrullo (N. E. del pichón) (roncoulement du pigeon). Sin.: urru-a, g. b. kurruka, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urruti, g. V. Urrun.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urrutiko-a, g. urrungo-a, b. l. bn. s. lejano, (éloigné, lointain).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urtarra, d. d. acuático, (aquatique).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urtarill-a, g. b., urtharil-a, l. urthatsil-a, bn. s. el mes de enero, (le mois de Janvier). - Etim.: mes acuoso. - Sin.: il-beltza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urte-a, urti-a, g. b. urthea, l. s. bn. año, (année). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urten, urteten, b. V. irten. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urteró, urteoró, d. d. todos los años, cada año.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urtu, urtutzen, urtzen, g. b. l. hurtu, hurtzen, s. bn., derretirse, liquidarse (licuarse), fundirse, (fondre). Etim.: ur, agua; tu, term. verbal; lit. convertirse en agua.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ur-ujoldeak, corrientes de las aguas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Urus-a, hurus-a, l. s. bn. feliz, dichoso, (heureux, heureuse). - Etim.: probablemente del francés. Sin.: dohatsua, zorioneko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usa-tortola, tórtola, (tourterelle). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/11/lo-llibre-dels-poetas-segle-xvii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tórdola</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usai-a, usaya, g. usain-a, b. l. s. bn. usaiñ-a, b. Marq. olor (odeur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usai-egin, g. usain-egin, b. l. s. bn. oler (sentir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usaindu, usaintzen, usandu, usantzen, g. b. oler, husmear, (sentir). - Hacerse olor a algo, comenzar a podrirse, (devenir puant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usakume-a, d. d. pichón, (pigeonneau).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uso-a, g. b. l. urzo-a, s. bn. <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/05/carta-9-penitencia-canonica-bendicion-ramos-monumentos-ritos-semana-santa-mujeres-publicas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">paloma</a>, (colombe). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/11/nosaltres-andreu-colom-franci-vilagut.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">colom</a>, <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/carta-cxxiii-prosigue-catalogo-obispos-barcelona.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">coloma</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uskeri-a, d. d. uskerija, b. cosa fútil.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uste-a, div. dial. opinión, creencia, esperanza, (opinion, espérance). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Bere uslean (ustean), en su sentir, en su opinión.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ustegabean, ustekabean, ustegabetanik, div. dial. sin pensarlo, sin creerlo, descuidadamente, casualmente (sans y penser, par inadvertance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ustekabe-a, acaso, casualidad, suceso imprevisto, (accident, évenement inopiné). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ustel-a, usteldu-a, d. d. podrido, corrompido, (pourrie). (N. E. <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-disenado-coches.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">podrit</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usteldu, usteltzen, d. d. podrirse, corromperse, (pourrir, se pourrir). Ustu-a, g. b. hustu-a, l. s. bn. vacío, (vide). (N. E. buit; <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=forro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">forro</a>.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uts-a, g. b. huts-a, l. hux-a, s. bn. vacío, (vide); y también sólo, como en gizon utsak, sólo hombres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Utsegin, utsegiten, g. b. hutsegin, hutsegiten, l. bn. huxegin, huxegiten, s. b. faltar, (manquer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Utsegite-a, guip. b. falta, (faute).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Utzi, uzten, g. utzi, utziten, b. utzi, utziten, uzten, l. dejar, cesar, abandonar, (laisser, cesser, abandonner). - Sin.: laja.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Utzerazi, utzerarazo, utzi-arazi, utzi-erazo, formas pasivas, hacer dejar, obligar a dejar, (faire laisser).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Utsune-a, g. utsunia, g. b. hutsgune-a, l. falta, errata, (manque, défaut).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uzta, g. b. l. s. bn. cosecha, (récolte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uztai-a, uztay-a, d. d. aro, (cercle).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uztaill-a, g. b. uztail-a, l. uztalta, bn. el mes de julio (le mois de Juillet). Etim.: mes de la cosecha, (le mois de la récolte).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uztarri-a, d. dial. <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/voluntaria-sujecion-obispos-catalunya-arzobispo-narbona-cautiverio-tarragona-metropolitano.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">yugo</a> (joug). (N. E. <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/05/sembra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jou</a>; <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/05/sembra.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chou a Vallchunquera</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uztartu, uztartzen, d. d. uztarritu, uztarritzen, guip. uncir, (attacher au joug). (N. E. chuñí, juñí.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esta letra es completamente superflua en bascuence, y aun de introducción muy moderna, pues en los escritores antiguos apenas se le encuentra si no en la voz verba derivada del latín <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/verbum" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">verbum</a>, palabra, y en sus compuestas verbeta, verbaldija; en virjiña y en una que otra de procedencia latina.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La x es completamente superflua en la lengua euskara, y aunque en los dialectos basco-franceses se encuentra alguna que otra vez para indicar el sonido especial que expresamos con la s (con rayita encima), nunca aparece como letra inicial de palabra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En los varios dialectos del bascuence, fuera del guipuzcoano, se ve generalmente sustituida esta letra en la escritura por la J, que como queda dicho en su lugar, tiene la pronunciación de la J latina, y no el de la j española, de importación árabe. En los dialectos basco-hispanos no se hace apenas uso de la y, sino en algunas eufonías, nacidas indudablemente del abuso, como en ogiya por ogi-a, zaldiya por zaldi-a, etc., que los bizcaínos, aunque pronuncian lo mismo, siguen escribiendo como antiguamente, ogija, zaldija. En los dialectos basco-franceses se ha introducido algo más la Y, en sustitución de la J, y así es muy común ver escrito Yangoiko-a, por Jangoiko-a, yarri por Jarri, yeiki por Jeiki. Cuando se halle pues, alguna de estas voces, es conveniente a los que manejen este vocabulario, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-j.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">acudir a la letra J</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p></span></div><div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Z.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La z como letra doble, denota abundancia. - Como sufija equivale a las preposiciones a, de, por. Ejemplos zaldi, caballo; zaldi-z, a caballo; urre, oro; urre-z, de oro; bide, camino, bide-z, de camino o de paso; bere, su, suyo, suya; bere-z, por sí o de por sí.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaar-ra, b. V. Zar-ra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zabal-a, d. d. abierto, ancho, dilatado, desplegado, (ouvert, large, deplié, dilaté). (N. E. lo contrario que los zulos que usaba.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zabaldu, zabaltzen, d. d. abrir, ensanchar, extender, dilatar, desplegar, (élargir, étendre, ouvrir). - Besoak zabalik, con los brazos abiertos, (avec les bras ouverts). - Erdi-zabaldurik, entreabierto, (entrouvert).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zagi-a, g. b. zahagi-a, l. bn. s., pellejo, odre, bota de cuero, (outre). Zahar-ra, l. s. bn. V. Zar-ra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zai-a, zaya, 1. g., zai-a, zaija, b., zahi-a, l. bn. s., salvado, (son).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zai-a, 2. g., zain-a, b. l. bn. s. guarda, guardián (garde, gardien). - Entra en la formación de muchas voces compuestas, como arzai-a, pastor, (guardador o guardián de ovejas), mandazaia, arriero, (guardador de mulas), etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaindu, zaintzen, g. l. zaitu, zaitzen, g. b. guardar, vigilar, cuidar, (garder, soigner, veiller à...) Fig.: defender, amparar, (défendre, proteger).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20211101/martin-alonso-covite-no-desnazificacion-desaparicion-eta/622438641_0.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Zakur-ra</a>, g. b. <a href="https://elpais.com/espana/2021-10-14/el-acoso-a-la-derecha-en-euskadi-resiste-a-la-caida-de-eta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chakur-ra</a>, g. b. l. <a href="https://www.eldebate.com/espana/20211021/ocho-palabras-mas-perversas-mundo-rodea-arnaldo-otegi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">zakhur-ra</a>, l. bn. s. perro, (chien). - </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La forma <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/lo-reguer.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chakur-ra se emplea más propiamente como diminutivo</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etim.: <a href="https://www.20minutos.es/opiniones/maite-pagazaurtundua-eta-terrorismo-3321753/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Zaukakorra</a> o <a href="https://es.ara.cat/media/eta-pantallas-rompecabezas-no-resuelto_130_4160191.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Zaukorra</a>, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ladrador</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zakur-kume-a, o chakurkume-a, lit. cría de perro, perrito, perro recién nacido (petit chien).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zala, zalui-a, b. flexible, (flexible). - "Emakumiak dagoz edia legez zalak maitetasunian.” (Azcue.) "Las mujeres, en cuestión de amor, son flexibles como las correas."</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zalants-a, zalanz-a, g., vacilación, duda, (vacilation, doute).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaldi-a, zaldiya, g. zaldia, zaldija, b. zaldi-a, l. bn. s., caballo, (cheval). Etim.: “Aficionado al grano”, según Moguel. - Oihen. en sus Proverbios escribe Saldi. - Sin.: Zamari-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zalduniote, domingo de carnaval, (dimanche gras.) Pouvreau escribe Zaldunihaute.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zale-a, zali-a, d. d. aficionado a, amante de algo, (porté à, qui aime une chose). - Equivale comúnmente a la terminación griega philos, tan en uso en todas las lenguas modernas. Broma zalia, amigo de bromas; eper-zalia, aficionado a perdices; euskera-zalea, bascófilo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaletu, zaletzen, g. b., acompañado de las terminaciones auxiliares, aficionarse a algo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zama, d. d. zama, zamia, b. carga, fardo, haz, manojo, (charge, fardeau, botte, fagot). Egur-zama, carga o haz de leña).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zamari-a, d. d. zamarija, b., cabalgadura, acémila, bestia de carga, (bette de somme). - Etim.: zama-aria, cargador, conductor de cargas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. en búlgaro, el zamar o samar es como un fieltro, feltre, como una zamarra para una bestia de carga.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zanga, zaunka, g. zanga, zainga, b. ladrido, (aboiement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zangar-ra, Anat. g. b. l. tibia, canilla, (tibia, l' os de la jambe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zanko-a, div. d. pierna, (<a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/2023/07/6-18-traict-memorable-chevalerie-courtoisie-liberalite-chevalier-bayard.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jambe</a>); pantorrilla, (mollet) (N. E. <a href="https://dle.rae.es/zanca" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">zanca</a>, <a href="https://dle.rae.es/zancada" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">zancada</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancas_de_rana" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">anca, de rana</a>, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-i.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ihel-a</a>, <a href="https://euskara-euskera.blogspot.com/2023/09/vocabulario-basco-castellano-frances-i.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">igel-a</a>, por ejemplo). En el dial. lab. úsase también a veces con la significación de pie, (pied).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zantzu-a, g. traza, vestigio, (trace). - Sin.: Aztarran-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zanzo-a, zanzu-a. Esta palabra expresa la vocería gutural inarticulada de que se valían los bascongados, ya para desafiar, ya para cantar la victoria; gritería, vocería, grito de guerra, (clameur, confusión de voix, chant de guerre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zañ-a, g. b., zain-a, l. bn. s., raíz, vena, (racine, nerf.) (N. E. nervio.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zanpatu, zanpatzen, d. d. aplastar, chafar, estrujar, espachurrar, écrasser). - Sin. Lerdatu, estanderazo. (N. E. empastrar.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zapaldu, zapaltzen, g. b. - Sin. de Zanpatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zapi-a, g. b. zapiya, g. zapija, b. lienzo, trapo, (chiffon, linge).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zarika, guip. b. l. sauce (saule). - Sariketan, en los sauces, (dans les saules). Sin. zunzi-a, g. sagatx-a, sahats-a, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zar-ra, g. zaar-ra, b. zahar-ra, l. s. bn., viejo, anciano, antiguo, (vieux, ancienne); usado, de poco valor, (usé, de peu de valeur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zartasun-a, zartze-a, g., zartza, b. vejez, senectud, (vieillesse). (N. E. vellea; vellesa)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zartatu, zartatzen, g. b., zarthatu, zarthatzen, l. desgarrarse, rajarse, estallar, reventar, (fendre, se briser, éclater, déchirer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zartu, zartzen, g. zaartu, zaartuten, b. zahartu, zahartzen, l. s. bn. envejecerse, (vieillir, se vieillir).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zartze-a, g. b. vejez, (vieillesse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zatar-ra, 1. subst. trapo viejo, (chiffon). - 2. adj., feo, sucio, (laid).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaletu, zaletzen, g. b., (acompañado de las terminaciones auxiliares), aficionarse a algo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zama, d. d. zama, zamia, b. carga, fardo, haz, manojo, (charge, fardeau, botte, fagot). Egur-zama, carga o haz de leña).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zati-a, zatiya, g. zati-a, zatija, b. zathi-a, l. s. bn. pedazo, parte, fragmento, (morceau, pièce). Sin. puska.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zatitu, zatitzen, g. b. zathitu, zathitzen, zathikatu, zathikatzen, l. s. bn. (como derivado de zatia, significa literalmente hacer pedazos, fraccionar, partir, romper, (mettre en morçeaux, partager, diviser). Empléase también en la acepción de zurrar, golpear, (châtier à coups de fouet, battre), y como sinónimo de zeatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zauri-a, g. b. l. bn. s., zaurija, b., herida, llaga, (plaie, blessure).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaz, g. b. bn. s., tzaz, g. taz, l., sufija que corresponde a de; Nitzaz, de mí, (de moi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zazpi, d. d. siete, (sept). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zazpigarren-a, d. d. séptimo, (septième).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zear-ra, g. b. zeihar-ra, l. bn. s., oblicuo, torcido, desviado, (oblique, de travers). - Zearka, de través, (de travers).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeartu, zeartzen, g. b., zeiharkatu, zeihakartzen, l. bn. s., torcer, desviar, (dévier). - Zeartuaz, torciendo, desviándose. - Sin.: okertu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeatu, zeatzen, g. b. zehatu, zehatzen, l. s. bn., aplastar a uno a golpes, castigarlo duramente, (châtier à coups, battre). - Sin.: Zatitu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zein, zeñ, g. b. zein, l. s. bn., quien, el cual, (quel, lequel). - Zeintzuek, g. b. quienes, los cuales, (qui, lesquels). - Zein, empleado como adverbio se traduce por cuán, (cuánto) (comme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelai-a, g. b., zelay-a, g. zelaija, b., zelhai-a, l. s. bn. llano, llanura, sembrado, prado o herbal, tierra sembradía, (plaine, lieu abondant en herbe).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelaitu, zelaitzen, g. b., zelhaitu, zelhaitzen l., allanar, aplanar las tierras, (aplanir). - Sin.: berdindu, lautu, plaundu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelan, zelatan, b. cómo, (comment). - Sin. de Nola, nolatan. - Zelan bada, pues cómo. Sin.: Nola bada, nola arren.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelata, g. b. l. acecho, emboscada (N. E. celada.) (guet, embûche).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelatatu, zelatatzen, g. b. l. acechar, espionar (espiar), (espionner). - Zelataka egon, g. b. estar en acecho. - Sinón. Bearkatu, begietsi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelatari-a, g. b. l. zelatariya, g. zelatarija, b. espía, (espïon). - Sin. Bearkari-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zelhaina, l. s. bn. V. Zelai-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zemendi-a, zemendija, b. el mes de noviembre, (Novembre). Sin. Azilla, azaroa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zenbat, zembat, zenbait, d. d. cuantos, (combien). - ¡Zenbait ta zenbait ninfa..! ¡Cuántas y cuántas ninfas! zenbat bider, cuantas veces. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zentoi-a, zentoy-a, g. gigante (géant). (N. E. como el centollo, centolla, cangrejo gigante) Sin.: goiante-a, g. erraldoi-a, b. (N. E. Véase andia, handia.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zentzu-a, g. b. zenzu-a, b. juicio, buen sentido, (jugement, sens).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zepo-a, g. b. zepho-a, l. s. trampa para coger lobos u otros animales, (traquenard). Sin.: Zurarta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zer, zerk, d. d. ze, b. que, quien, (quoi, que, quel).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerba, g. b. bn., acelga, (bette, poirée). (N. E. bleda.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerbait, d. d. algo, (quelque chose).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerden-a, g. b., alto, erguido, recto, (levé, dressé). Sin. de Zuzen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeren, d. d. (genit. de zer) porque, (parce que).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zergatik, g. l. zegati, zergaitik, b. porque (pourquoi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeronek, g. b. l., zerorrek, g., tú mismo, (vous même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeroni, g. b. l. zerorri, g. a ti mismo, (à vous même).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerri-a, g. cherri-a, g. l. bn. s., charrija, b., cerdo, cochino, (cochon). Sin.: urde-a, g., belarluze-a, b.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zertako, g. l., zertarako, g., zetako, bizc. para que, (pourquoi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zertan, guip. zetan, b. en que, (en quoi).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeru-a, g. b. l. a.° n.°, zelu-a, zelui-a, b. l. zeri-a, bn. zeuri-a, s.° ronc., zeli-a, s.° lit.°, serue, b. Ochand.°, el cielo, (le ciel). Hé aquí la curiosa etimología que de esta voz da Sorreguieta: (Semana hisp. basc., I., 191.) Es "voz compuesta de zer, causa, principio, fundamento, y el mutilado ua, cabo de agua, atmósfera: de forma que de zer-egua, que era originariamente, se convirtió con el síncope de eg en zerua, que significa literalmente "cosa ambiente", esto es, principio, causa, firmamento, ambiente o atmósfera”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerugoien-a, empíreo, cielo, (empyrée, le ciel). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeruko-a, zerutar-ra, d. d. celeste, celestial, (céleste).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerurontz, g. b. al cielo, hacia el cielo, (au ciel, vers le ciel).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeruratu, zeruratzen, d. d. ascender, subir al cielo, (s' elevé sur les ciels). (N. E. s' élever.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zerutar-ra, V. Zerukoa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeu, b. V. Zu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zeure, b. V. Zure. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zezeill-a, bizc. el mes de febrero, (Février). - Etim. Zezen-illa, mes de los toros. - Sin.: Otsaill-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zezen-a, d. d. toro, (taureau). - Etimol. según Moguel "el erguido". (Probablemente de la voz zuzena). (N. E. cuernos erguidos)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zigor-ra, g. b. zihor-ra, l. vara, pértiga, (gaule, verge).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zikiñ-a, g. b. zikin-a, b. l. zikhin-a, bn. s. Como sust. basura, inmundicia, (ordure). - Como adjetivo, sucio, repugnante, asqueroso, mugriento, (sale, crasse).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zikindu, zikintzen, g. b. l. zikindu, zikinten, b. zikhin, zikhindu, zikhintzen, bn. s., ensuciarse, emporcarse, mancharse, (salir). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zikinkeri-a, g. b. l. zikinkerija, b. zikhinkeri-a, b. s. acción inmunda, porquería, suciedad, (saleté).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zikiro-a, g. b. zikhiro-a, l. s. bn, carnero, (mouton). Sin.: Ari-a, - Etim.: Contracción de zikiratua, castrado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zikotz-a, g. b. l. tacaño, mezquino, cicatero, avaro, (chiche, taquin).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zillar-ra, g. zidar-ra, b.° Marq. zilhar-ra, l. s. bn., plata, (argent). - Sin.: Urrezuri-a, b. (N. E. oro blanco, urre, zuri, zuria.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zillargille-a, g. zirargiñ-a, b. zillargiñ-a, platero, (orfèvre). (N. E: orfebre.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zillarrezko-a, g. b. l., argentino, de plata, (argentine, d' argent).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zimaur-ra, g., fiemo, estiércol, (fumier). (N. E. fem.) - Sin.: Ongarri-a, basara, iñaurkin-a, gorotz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zimaurtu, zimaurtzen, g. abonar, estercolar la tierra, (fumer la terre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zimur-ra, g. b. simur-ra, g. chimur-ra, b. bn. arruga, (ride).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zimurtu, zimurtzen, g. l. chimurtu, chimurtzen, b. bn. arrugar, fruncir, (rider, preciable, chiffoner, froncer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zinez, sinez, d. d. verdaderamente, ciertamente, en efecto, (vraiment, en effet). Etim. de Zin-a, juramento.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zingira, g. b. zingiri-a, b, laguna, estanque, pantano, (lac, étang, bourbier). - Sin. Aintzira, g. b. l. loskoua, zulanpo-a, b. umanzi-a, ugoitz-a, lokarda, lupetz-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zintzo-a, g. b. hábil, diestro, capaz, apto, (apte, capable). - Tómase también esta palabra en la acepción de recto, probo, (integre, equitable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zintzur-ra, g. b. zinzurra, l. bn. s. garganta, gaznate, (gorge, gosier). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin. Eztarri-a, same-a, gubio-a, gangarra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zinzilik, zinzilika, zinzilikan, g. b. l. colgado, suspendido, (suspendu, ballant).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ziri-a, g. b. astilla (éclat). Fig. embuste, petardo, burla, (ruse, fourberie). Ez ziok ziri charra sartu, no le ha metido mal embuste, no le ha dado mal petardo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ziri-bersoa, b. epigrama, (épigramme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zirikatu, zirikatzen, g. b. aguijonear, pinchar, punzar, acosar, (aiguillonner, pousser). - Figurado excitar, animar, (exciter, animer).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ziririkoa, g. zizirikoa, b. cohete, (fusée d' artifice). - Etim.: De zi o zu, fuego y ziri-a vara, "fuego de vara”.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zital-a, g. b. zithal-a, l. s. bn., canalla, villano, despreciable,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(sale, vilain, méprisable). (N. E. mespreuable.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ziur, b. seguro, cierto, (sûr, certain). (N. E. segur; sure; sicher) Ziur eztakit, no sé a punto fijo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ziur-ra, g. b. recto, derecho, justo, (droit, juste).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zizare-a, g. b. zizari-a, b. s. chicharea, g. lombriz, (ver). (N. E. papaterra.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zizku-a, zizku-ba, b. la bolsa, (bourse). Gizon zizku estuba, hombre codicioso, avariento.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zizpuru-a, zizpiro-a, g. b. suspiro, (soupir). (N. E. suspir) Sin.: Auhen-a, asbera, asterapen-a, asperen-a, hasgorapen-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoaz, zuaz, g. b. l. 2.a pers. del sing. del imp.° de joan, en el trato cortés, sustituido en el ordinario, o en ik, por oa, ua, vete, (alléz, sing.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoazte, zuazte, id. del plural, marchaos, idos, (allez).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoko-a, g. b. zokho-a, l. s. bn., rincón, (coin). - Choko-a, g. b., chokho-a, l., diminutivo de zoko-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zokon-a, g. chokon-a, g. b., sakon-a, bizc. cóncavo, (creux).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoli-a, g. b. l. despierto, vivo, activo, listo, (vif, perspicace). Sin.: Ernai-a, irazarri-a. En el dial. bizc. empléase también la voz zolija en las acepciones de fino, fuerte, valiente, etc. - Begi zolijak, ojos vivos, perspicaces. Belarri zur ta zolijak, oído delicado o de mucha percepción.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorabiatu, zorabiatzen, g. b. s. zorabiotu, zorabiotzen, enloquecerse, atolondrarse, (devenir fou, étourdir, s' étourdir). Etim. prob. de zoro biurtu, volverse loco.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorabio-a, g. b. zorabiua, g., zorabiju-a, b. chorabiyoa, g., atolondramiento, (étonnement, étourdivement). - Sin.: Burukoa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorakeria, zorokeria, g. b. l. zorakerija, b. chorakeri-a, g. b. locura, tontería, extravagancia, (folie, extravagance).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoragarria, d. d. enloquecedor, admirable, (admirable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoramen-a, g. l. zoramendija, b. enloquecimiento, (folie).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoratu, zoratzen, g. l. zoratu, zoratuten, b. zorotu, zorotzen, g. b. l. zorobilatu, zorobilatzen, s., choratu, choratzen, chorotu, chorotzen, g. volverse loco, enloquecerse, chiflarse, (devenir fou). - Fig. Admirar,(admirer). - Sin.: Zorabiatu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zori-a, d. d. suerte, destino (sort, succés). Va siempre seguido de uno de los adjetivos, on-a, gaizto-a, etc.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorigaitza, g. l. bn. zorikaitz-a, g. zorigacha, b. desgracia, (malheur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorogaiztoko-a, d. d., infeliz, desdichado, desgraciado, (malheureux). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Sin. Doakabea.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorion-a, d. d. zorijon-a, b. dicha, felicidad, bienestar, (bonheur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoriongabe-a, g. b. l., desdichado (malheureux). Sin. Zorigaiztoko-a, doakabe-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoriontasun-a, g. b. dicha, bienaventuranza (bonheur).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zoro-a, g. b. simple, tonto, bobalicón, inocente, idiota, (simple, niais). En guip. zoro y choro úsanse indistintamente, siendo este en realidad una especie de diminutivo de aquel. Sin.: Ergel-a, lele-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorotasun-a, g. locura, enfermedad mental, (folie, maladie mentale). Distínguese de zorakerija, en que ésta expresa ya la locura de vicio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zor-ra, d. d. deuda, (det). Con las terminaciones, det, dezu, du, etc. equivale a deber. - Zor diol, le debo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorrez bete, zorreztatu, llenarse de deudas, entramparse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorrak egin, contraer deudas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorri-a, g. b. l. bn. s. zorrija, b. piojo, (pou). - Etim.: Según Moguel equivale esta voz a “tributo o deuda.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorrotz-a, d. d. agudo, afilado, puntiagudo, penetrante, (aigu, tranchant) . - Fig. recto, inflexible.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorroztu, zorrozten, g. l. zorroztu, zorroztuten, bizc. zorrotzi, zorroztu, s. bn. chorrostu, chorrozten, g. aguzar, afilar, (aiguiser)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorta, g. b. chorta, g. b. haz, manojo, (botte, fagot). En los dialectos bn. y sul. se ve usado frecuentemente en la acepción de gota, (goutte). - Ur chorta, bn. s. gota de agua, (goutte d' eau).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zorte-a, süerte-a, g. b. zorthe-a, l. bn. s. suerte, (sort).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zortzi, d. d. ocho, (huit).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zortziyan bein, una vez a la semana, (une fois en huit jours).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zortzigarren-a, octavo, (huitiéme).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zortziko-a, lit. de a ocho. Canto y baile popular del país.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zotiñ-a, g. zotin-a, g. b. l. zopiñ-a, g. b. hipo, (hoquet). (N. E. sanglot, singlot.) Sin.: Otiñ-a, g. b. chotin-a, l. bn. hokin-a, l.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zotz-a, d. d. canilla, clavija, pequeño palo, (cheville, morceau de bois en forme de clou).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zozo-a, d. d. tordo zorzal, (merle). Fig. tonto, simple, bobalicón, sinón. de zoro-a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zu, zuk, g. b. l. bn. s. zeu, zeuk, b. Es el pron. personal tu, (vous).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zuaitz-a, g. b. zugatz-a, b. zuhaitz-a, l. bn. zuhain-a, s. árbol, (arbre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zubi-a, d. d. puente. (pont). - Etim.: De zur-bi, dos maderas o troncos, que era lo que constituía los primitivos puentes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zuen-a, g. b. l. bn. zeuben-a, b. bn. (genit.° de zu), nuestro, nuestra, (vos).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zuhur-ra, l. V. Zur-ra. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zulatu, zulatzen, g. zulatu, zulatuten, b. zilhatu, zilhatzen, l. chilatu, chilatzen, s. agujerear, pinchar, picar, acribillar, (trouer, percer). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. perforar; pierce, piercing) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zulo-a, g. b. zilho-a, zillo-a, l. zilo-a, zulho-a, bn. s. chulo-a, g. bn. agujero, hoyo, (trou). - Empléase también esta voz en el sentido de “rincón". Taberna zulo batian, denda zulo batian, en el rincón de una taberna o tienda, en un lugar retirado...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zumar-ra, d. d. (Bot.), olmo, (orme). (N. E. ulmus; olm, om.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zume-a, zumia, g. b. l. bn. mimbre, (osier). (N. E. vime, vímec.) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Etim.: Zur-me, arbusto delgado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zure-a, g. b. l. bn. s. zuria, g. b. zeure-a, b. zere-a, g. b. genit. de zu, tu, tuyo, tuya, (tou, votre).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zuri-a, g. b. l. s. zurija, b. churi-a, d. d. blanco, (blanc).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zur-ra, g. b. zuhur-ra, l. chuhur-ra, bn. sobrio, económico, avaro, (sobre, économique, avare). - En los dial. basco-franceses úsase frecuentemente esta voz con la significación de “sabio, prudente, previsor”, (sage).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zurrunga, g. b. l. bn. ronquido, (ronflement).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zurtz-a, bn. aislado, abandonado, (isolé, abandonné). De donde se ha derivado la voz umezurtz-a, huérfano.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zut, zutik, g. b. l. chut, chutik, g. b. l. s. bn. derecho, recto, en pie, (droit, raide).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zuzen-a, d. d. chusen-a, g. bn. s. recto, justo, (droit, equitable).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zuzendu, zuzentzen, g. b. l. chusendu, chusentzen, g. bn. s. enderezar, rectificar, arreglar una cosa, dirigir, (rendre droit, régler, corriger, adresser).</span></p></div>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-81583288496979134952023-09-04T01:22:00.006-07:002023-09-04T01:22:37.387-07:00¿Es una lengua el ribagorzano?<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">¿</span><a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/2023/08/31/linguistica-lengua-ribagorzano-aragon-1674960.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;" target="_blank">Es una lengua el ribagorzano</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/2023/08/31/linguistica-lengua-ribagorzano-aragon-1674960.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gabriel Sanz Casasnovas y Javier Castel Pérez</a> han publicado un artículo científico en el que plantean que tiene entidad propia, que no es dialecto del <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/05/aragones.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">aragonés</a> o del <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalán</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza/2023/07/06/la-universidad-de-zaragoza-desarrolla-un-sistema-de-ia-para-la-traduccion-de-las-lenguas-con-menos-hablantes-1663376.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">La Universidad de Zaragoza desarrolla un sistema de IA para traducir las lenguas con menos hablantes</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CONTENIDO EXCLUSIVO</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/2023/08/31/linguistica-lengua-ribagorzano-aragon-1674960.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">MARIANO GARCÍA</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/2023/08/31/linguistica-lengua-ribagorzano-aragon-1674960.html" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="¿Es una lengua el ribagorzano?" border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="990" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6-amojRAtX5vmO8U3Buk6nhtlxpfhAmyw6ymzr9WCHECdzIeIfYCmt1maznwnvaZhcnAllYjmC95lHpLYl2xCVJW0D8HxiqMXQhoeEd9wDPPy6ehqAZZre3OQRsu8fk8b7U-7tcXFB4D--Ej9WHybuCiFpU_KA5NlPDFJYRNBbmmc4lxN1PYoOFGRWU/w640-h360/ribagorzano.jpg" title="¿Es una lengua el ribagorzano?" width="640" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entre 4.000 y 5.000 personas <b>hablan el ribagorzano</b> actualmente. <a href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/2023/08/31/linguistica-lengua-ribagorzano-aragon-1674960.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">S.L.A./HERALDO</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El artículo se publicó hace unos meses en el último número de ‘<a href="https://www.revistahapax.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hápax</a>’, <a href="https://www.revistahapax.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">revista de Salamanca especializada en Lengua y Literatura</a>, y ha suscitado interés y controversia en los círculos dedicados al estudio y difusión del <a href="https://lenguasdearagon.org/aragones-patrimonio-comun/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">patrimonio lingüístico de Aragón</a>. <a href="https://unizar.academia.edu/GabrielSanzCasasnovas" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">‘Enta una individualizacion del domínio lingüístico ribagorçano</a>’ reivindica la independencia lingüística del ribagorzano, defendiendo que <b>no es ni dialecto del aragonés ni del catalán</b>, que se trata de una lengua propia. Lo firman Gabriel Sanz Casasnovas y <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/sociedat/directiva" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Javier Castel Pérez</a>, de la <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/sociedat/estatutos" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa</a>, ambos estudiosos del tema.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://espaciopirineos.com/2022/09/21/presentacion-libro-quan-els-animal-ragonavan-de-gabriel-sanz/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gabriel Sanz</a> (<a href="https://www.fonz.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fonz</a>, 1992) es doctor en Historia y empezó a <b>hablar ribagorzano</b> de niño. Desde el año 2016 realiza encuestas a hablantes de avanzada edad, y en ellas ha encontrado razones <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sociolingüísticas </a>para defender su tesis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Las lenguas son patrimonio de quienes las usan. Por eso las encuestas nos ofrecen valiosa información acerca de las percepciones que los usuarios poseen sobre su lengua materna –señala–. Y lo que hemos constatado entre los <b>hablantes de ribagorzano</b> de mayor edad es que tienen una percepción lingüística propia. Cuando les preguntas qué hablan, nadie dice “aragonés” o “catalán”. Ellos tienen sus etiquetas, te dicen que hablan <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/09/patues-toni-babia-jaume-marfany.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">patués</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/origen-terme-chapurriau.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">chapurreao</a>... A veces también recurren a etiquetas localistas como <a href="https://www.comarcas.es/pub/documentos/documentos_HABLA_0d4e9387.PDF" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">foncense</a> u otras. Y hay una minoría que dice, con rotundidad: “Hablo <b>ribagorzano</b>”. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanz apunta que "esta última etiqueta no es nueva. Se puede rastrear hasta 1840, y es la utilizada por autores clásicos como <a href="https://puebladecastro.blogspot.com/2012/05/en-recuerdo-de-cleto-torrodellas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cleto Torrodellas</a>. De ahí que en 1904 se demandara ya la confección de un <b>diccionario ribagorzano</b>. Por otro lado, nuestra hipótesis tampoco es en absoluto novedosa: ya ha habido quien, desde mediados del siglo XX, considera <b>idioma al ribagorzano</b>. Nos hemos sumado a la línea interpretativa defendida por filólogos como <a href="https://dialectus.es/antonio-viudas-camarasa/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Viudas Camarasa</a> o <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/extaut?codigo=25940" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Saura Rami</a>".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cien rasgos distintivos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El artículo, de 76 páginas, se centra sobre todo en los aspectos <b>lingüísticos </b>y en él se analizan en profundidad 20 <b>rasgos estructurales </b>del <b>ribagorzano</b>. Algunos de ellos son compartidos por las modalidades vecinas (aragonés y pallarés), mientras que otros son exclusivos del ribagorzano y todos deben verse como integrantes de él. Los autores destacan, además, que han considerado un listado preliminar cercano al centenar de <b>rasgos lingüísticos</b>, tanto <u>fonéticos </u>como <u>morfosintácticos</u>, rasgos que <b>individualizan al ribagorzano</b> frente al aragonés y el pallarés.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"El rasgo más emblemático es la <b>palatalización </b>de la l en cualquier posición –subraya Gabriel Sanz–. Es un rasgo que no existe en aragonés y que tampoco puede achacarse a la influencia del catalán, porque se documenta desde finales del siglo X, cuando no existía ni el <a href="http://www.anubar.com/colal/pdf/ALC%2001%20La%20formacion%20de%20Aragon.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">reino de Aragón</a> ni el <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/23-de-junio-capitulos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">principado de Cataluña</a>, pero sí el <a href="https://ifc.dpz.es/webs/ubieto/fichasubieto/64.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">condado de Ribagorza</a>".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hay, también, diferencias léxicas. El adverbio ‘entonces’ castellano y ‘<a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/09/12-de-julio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">llavors</a>’ catalán es ‘<b>alavegada</b>’ en ribagorzano, y su uso está documentado ya en el siglo XIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y es que los autores del artículo no solo han basado su hipótesis en los cientos de encuestas realizadas, sino que han analizado toda la <b>documentación medieval</b> disponible que se produjo en Ribagorza, incluyendo el llamado ‘<a href="https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/33/91/_ebook.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pleito del guiaje ganadero de Ribagorza</a>’ (1316-1319), el manuscrito que recoge un litigio entre los canónigos y vecinos de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/san-ramon-cura-joven-desahuciada-roda-isabena.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Roda de Isábena</a> y los representantes del <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/pedro-iii-justas-burdeos-contra-carlos-anjou.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rey de Aragón</a> por un impuesto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Hay documentación medieval con rasgos ribagorzanos –destaca Gabriel Sanz–. Y también una humilde literatura, que va desde las <a href="https://pastorada.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pastoradas</a> de fines del siglo XVIII hasta la actualidad, pasando por la obra del estadillano <a href="https://rondasomontano.com/revista/2023/rescatados-manuscritos-del-poeta-estadillano-bernabe-romeo-y-belloc/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bernabé Romeo</a>".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Un <a href="https://lafranjadelmeucul.blogspot.com/2022/08/carta-lxxxi-continua-el-episcopologio.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">territorio de frontera</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La Ribagorza ha sido territorio de <a href="https://lafranjadelmeucul.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">frontera</a> durante siete siglos, y ello ha hecho que muchos especialistas, al acercarse al <b>habla</b>, la hayan asociado al <u>aragonés </u>o al <u>catalán</u>, o la adscriban a las distintas ‘<b>modalidades de transición</b>’, etiqueta que los autores del artículo rechazan. "La noción de <b>transición </b>es ajena a los usuarios. El <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/04/el-conde-bernardo-de-ribagorza.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ribagorzano</a> </b>debe considerarse una <b>lengua </b>distinta. Con él ha ocurrido un poco lo que ha pasado con el catalán <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/20-de-febrero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pallarés</a> o con las <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">modalidades del catalán</a> de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/09/johan-nicholau-canonge-urgell.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Urgell</a> o <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Andorra</a>. ¿Por qué se consideran <b>dialectos</b>? Porque en <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/12-de-mayo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barcelona</a> ha existido una <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/12/fuster-jordi-pujol.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">burguesía</a> que ha operado con una perspectiva muy concreta de <b>lo que debe ser el catalán</b>".<br /><br /><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="autres dialèctes occitans, catalan comprés," border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="490" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxHClYylrar9Yn4mNxkvvJB3iLB83mT-os3l5A9Z2J0dfwg5w7iOy0GBcXaQpejXNsqRWbl6NLH5-gz4mCBRNR9OSg5ps30ZXI8_biEGLalDM11nOk1HUw3cUBX2dTOaFH_6DcJ_-hCuyfNcH5CxQQKow5KXx1oqb0mHP0dRLz-5VbNaearg94XC4NXw/w608-h640/dialectes-occitans-catalan-compres-alibert-gramatica-occitana.jpg" title="autres dialèctes occitans, catalan comprés," width="608" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No existe un censo fiable del número de hablantes del <b>ribagorzano</b>. "Calculamos que pueden ser entre 4.000 y 5.000 personas, cifra similar a la de los que hablan hoy <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/02/aranes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">aranés</a>, pero la distribución de esos hablantes no es uniforme. Se habla obviamente en la <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/san-pedro-tabernas-primer-nucleo-resistencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ribagorza</a></b>; en algunas poblaciones del <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/pedro-arnal-cavero.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Somontano</a>, como <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-x-rey-martin-carta-conde-urgel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Estada </a>y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/muerte-sancho-ramirez-saeta-flecha-huesca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Estadilla</a>; en otras del Cinca Medio, como <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=Fonz" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fonz</a>; en algunas de la <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/conde-bernardo-ribagorza-reconquistador-calasanz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Litera</a>, como <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/san-sebastian-detiene-peste-azanuy.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Azanuy</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/conde-bernardo-ribagorza-reconquistador-calasanz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Calasanz</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/11/santistebe-de-llitere.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">San Esteban de Litera</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/mozarabes-peralta-sal-siglo-viii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peralta de la Sal</a> y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/conde-bernardo-ribagorza-reconquistador-calasanz.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gabasa</a> –relata Gabriel Sanz–. La investigación de <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ne7OHRitrA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Xavier Tomás Arias</a> revela que hace 150 años se hablaba en toda la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/05/un-detalle-de-la-batalla-de-fraga-1134.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ribera del Cinca</a> hasta <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/motes-de-pobles-de-arago.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ballobar</a>".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sanz aclara que "se ha perdido mucho, incluso en su dominio actual. En <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/amores-roderico-de-mur-zulima-graus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Graus</a>, por ejemplo, está prácticamente extinto, y en <a href="http://www.casasantorroman.net/campo-huesca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Campo</a> ‘muy tocado’. En general, lo hablan mayoritariamente <b>personas de más de 50 años</b> y la <b>trasmisión generacional se ha roto</b>. En los últimos años se ha hecho un esfuerzo desde las instituciones para enseñarlo en las escuelas pero en muchos sitios sigue siendo asignatura extraescolar. Y, aún enseñándola en los colegios, el único modo de que una <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/origen-terme-chapurriau.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lengua minorizada</a> </b>perdure en el tiempo es que la comunidad que la usa esté decidida a seguir hablándola".</span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.com22430 Graus, Huesca, España42.190723 0.337776813.880489163821153 -34.8184732 70.500956836178844 35.4940268tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-55833812850337378062023-05-31T03:58:00.003-07:002023-05-31T03:58:37.676-07:00La maña de la mañica. Sainete de costumbres aragonesas. Chapurriau, retacía.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">ARNICHES, ABATI Y G.a MARÍN</span></p><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La maña de la mañica</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SAINETE</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">de costumbres aragonesas, </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">en un acto, original y en prosa.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">COPYRIGHT, BY C. ARNICHES Y J. ABATI, 1921</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E. Carlos Arniches Barrera, 1866 - 16-04-1943. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El 16-04-2023 se cumplen 80 años de su muerte.</span></div><div><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arniches" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arniches</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arniches" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="La maña de la mañica SAINETE de costumbres aragonesas, en un acto, original y en prosa." border="0" data-original-height="905" data-original-width="643" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkilNGotb3RfexDu99p_Bt_vXLAAIV_o5syXXtYroUx9ATfpNbGJ6Vh4PNMQuRH3jsKqk4jNxLQRvXZCb3IsD2Bx80BeVcKiHkLC5ky0qUu--0iVx2AJyvLRT1L8LbGBXq76XZqDvJ3agbI03ZgeheJmv84PMdLeuIDpzIuB9oWfulBs0h0vMCJ48/w284-h400/Carlos_Arniches,_Tovar.jpg" title="La maña de la mañica SAINETE de costumbres aragonesas, en un acto, original y en prosa." width="284" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arniches" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Carlos Arniches Barrera, 1866 - 16-04-1943" border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="327" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-tVtiGbXlVkghWee3ifPyeb14WOprg2dIr3jxRkx-roZWuuITUu5iE5J6aW0oiu3UOuDheQ2hXt7HnGtwtZmWV0iEIocqHtXGGAiJJHZv8FDcDCPXUJhD-44Xj9DkVQYgW_PWCTaoXBa-OU9BUZ85fKJKGRcGPd4aTljZPdeF93jSzVUErRJoVyM/w374-h400/Carlos_Arniches_2.jpg" title="Carlos Arniches Barrera, 1866 - 16-04-1943" width="374" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Joaquín Abati Díaz, 1865 - 30/7/1936</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Abati" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Abati</a> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Abati#/media/Archivo:1917-03-11,_La_Novela_Teatral,_Antonio_Paso_y_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Abati,Tovar_(cropped)_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Abati.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Joaquín Abati Díaz, 1865 - 30/7/1936" border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="336" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilxao-w-9AEYuvUoxaLoG9MSGEk7hn8dGFD7j6wt-yXlfjhdL1TkzEZ4S-6F-1lDgg2at0tvNungNgIC4YgTPgVrFAo6GX-dWPpyiImBS_FbDhtlt-SrRJQteDqS9Vq7mTyUVoGqQ1Dw5XwkvghrWo_RtOcdO3r_jbHQh-S26cG3liecDm0s_Y_ms/w281-h400/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Abati,Tovar.jpg" title="Joaquín Abati Díaz, 1865 - 30/7/1936" width="281" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SOCIEDAD DE AUTORES ESPAÑOLES </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Calle del Prado, núm. 24. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1921</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">JUNTA DELEGADA DEL TESORO ARTÍSTICO </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Libros depositados en la Biblioteca Nacional </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Procedencia</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N.° de la procedencia </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LA MAÑA DE LA MAÑICA </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esta obra es propiedad de sus autores, y nadie podrá, sin su permiso, reimprimirla ni representarla en España ni en los países con los cuales se hayan celebrado, o se celebren en adelante, tratados internacionales de propiedad literaria.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los autores se reservan el derecho de traducción.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los comisionados y representantes de la Sociedad de Autores Españoles son los encargados exclusivamente de conceder o negar el permiso de representación y del cobro de los derechos de propiedad. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">__</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Droits de representation, de traduction et de reproduction réservés pour tous les pays, y compris la Suede, la Norvège et la Hollande.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La maña de la mañica </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SAINETE</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DE COSTUMBRES ARAGONESAS </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EN UN ACTO Y EN PROSA</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ORIGINAL DE</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Arniches, Abati y G.a Marín </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">__</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estrenado en el teatro Reina Victoria Eugenia de San Sebastián el día 11 de Septiembre de 1920. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Reestrenado en el teatro Eslava de Madrid el día 10 de Febrero de 1921.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MADRID</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IMPRENTA DE LA CORRESPONDENCIA MILITAR</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pasaje de la Alhambra, 1</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TELÉFONO 18-40</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">1921 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">REPARTO</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">_</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EN MADRID</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PERSONAJES<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ACTORES</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA. <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Catalina Bárcena.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MARÍA.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ana. M. Quijada.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PILARA.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rafaela Satorres.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANTÓN.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Manuel Collado.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EL TÍO CAVILA.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Luis Pérez de León.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SERAFÍN.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Manuel París.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">GALÁN.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Florián Rey.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MOSEN JACINTO. <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Juan Martínez Baena.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EN SAN SEBASTIÁN</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA. <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Catalina Bárcena.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MARÍA.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ana. M. Quijada.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PILARA.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rafaela Satorres.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANTÓN.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Manuel Collado.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EL TÍO CAVILA.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Luis Pérez de León.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">SERAFÍN.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Manuel París.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">GALÁN.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Luis Peña.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">MOSEN JACINTO. <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Juan Martínez Baena.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">–</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lugar de la acción, un pueblo de la provincia de Zaragoza. Época actual. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Derecha e izquierda, del actor.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ACTO ÚNICO</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">__</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Decoración. Habitación en casa de labradores, con hogar bajo de pueblo. Muebles adecuados. Al foro, una reja y puerta de entrada. Ambas dan a la calle. A la derecha, puerta que conduce al corral. A la izquierda y a los lados del hogar, dos puertas de habitaciones. Es de día. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena primera </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA y MARÍA. La primera atiza y avienta con un soplillo la lumbre del hogar. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(N. E: Se sustituye Valent. por Valentina)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Impaciente.) ¡Pos hija... esta leñica!... ¡Bendito, qué leña! Por supuesto, que ella podrá no arder, pero lo que es quemar la sangre... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si así hubiá sido la de San Lorenzo, aún estaría el probe en las parrillas. (Sopla y zarandea en enfadada.) ¡Vaya una fogata!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. A la leña verde le pasa lo que a vusotras las mozas, que en tomando una terquedá hay que atizaros mucho pa que deis chispas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Dándole trastazos a la lumbre.) ¡Ya me carga a mí esto hasta el cogote!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡Amos, no seas así! ¡Sacas el mesmo genio que tu padre!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Pos qué genio quié usté que saque...? Y luego, que el que a los suyos parece... (Avienta la lumbre con furia.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. A más, que con esas ventoleras no se alanta na... En este mundo endiablao, pa lograr cualquier cosa tié que ser a pizcas... soplico a soplico... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Algo ha dicho usté ahora, madre... ¡Es verdad!... Por eso dicen aquello de "poco a poco hilaba la vieja el copo"... ¡Soplico a soplico!... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Se pué armar un incendio. ¿Pos no lo ves, tonta? Al echale el soplo s’ agacha la llama, pero a seguida revive con más juerza. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Sí, sí... es la verdá... (Avienta la llama pausadamente.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mire usté... poquico a poquico... al prencipio s’ agacha mortecina y a seguida salta y revive con más juerza... ¡Algo s’ aprende!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡Algo s’ aprende! ¿Qué quiés decir con eso? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Naa... naa... Yo ya me entiendo. Pué que esto me sirva a mí pa lo de... y pa lograr que... en cuanto vean que...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Tú ya ti intenderás, pero el diablo que ti intienda (Vase por la izquierda.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena II </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA, en seguida PILARA por el fondo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Y bien que me entenderá!... ¡Miá aquí estas flores!... ¡Vaya una ocurrencia que tuvo el padre! ¡Cuánto mejor estaban con la Virgen! ¡Y tan majicas que son! Así juntas, entre el clavel, la rosa y las violetas, paicen una familia encariñadica. (Sacando un cardo de entre las flores.) ¡Pero miá este cardo, que s’ ha metido entremedias!... ¿Quién habrá </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">puesto aquí esto?... ¡Cardos a mí!... Sí, sí... ¡Hala... a punchar a la calle! (Va a tirarlo por la ventana a tiempo que entra Pilara.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. (Entrando.) Chacha, ¿qué haces? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Qué tengo d’ hacer? Tirando a la calle un sinvergüenza de cardo que he encontrao entre las flores.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Y mu rebién hecho que está. Pero anda, que otro cardo que s’ ha metido entre vusotros, quisiá yo que echaras más lejos aún que ese.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Déjate, que lo hi de echar... que ya ti intiendo... soplico a soplico... güeno, ¿y tú a qué vienes, si no es mal preguntao?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Pos yo venía a ver si tu madre me prestaba media librica d’ aceite del fino, pa hacele a mi Robustiano una (unas) sopicas d’ ajo, que hoy es </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">el primer día que se levanta de las calenturas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Aceite no sé si quedará, pero si te es lo mismo vinagre...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. No: a hacele gazpacho no mi atrevo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Güeno, pos déjate, que ya escurriremos. (Busca entre unas botellas.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Y dime, chacha, aunque no he venido de preguntona, ni muchismo menos, no te fegures... me acaban de contar que hoy viene el tío Cavila a pedir tu mano pa su pupilo Serafín. ¿Es verdá eso?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Así paice.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. ¿Y tú qué vas a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_aXv1zBncM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">icir</a>?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Y qué quiés que diga? Ya conoces a mi padre, que en diciendo que dice que mete la cabeza por un lao, aunque sea en una colmena.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Ya lo sé, ya... Pero entonces, ¿qué vas a hacer de Galán, que está el probe que se estozuela por tus piazos?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. No lo sé; pero yo lo que es dejar a Galán, te digo que no lo dejo, porque mi padre tendrá la cabeza dura, pero esto (Indicando la suya.) es puro adoquín.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. ¿Y tiés pensada alguna cosa pa...? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Tengo, tengo pensau... entre lo que sale de mi natural celebro y algo que mi madre m’ ha dicho hace un momento... ¡Vaya, que yo me</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">salgo con la mía! Y ese matraco de Serafín se va a tener que marchar más corriendo que una liebre.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. ¡Miá que tú casada con ese tontainazo!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Primero mi aspan! A Galán me tengo aficionada de güena inclinación, y ya puen venir padres... y ya puen venir madres... que ni el Moncayo que me se echara encima.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Mu bien hecho. ¡Tú eres una mujer!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Eso me creo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Pos si de algo te sirvo...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Agradecida. Y aquí tiés el aceite que he podido escurrir. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(Se lo da.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Dios te lo pague; y que sea lo tuyo, chacha.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Déjate, que con maña... y soplico a soplico...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pilara. Adiós. (Vase por el foro.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Abriendo una alhacena.) Con una miaja de calma y dos miajas de habilidá... ¡Ya verás! ¡Yo pa ese piazo e queso!... Ni en soñación... ¡Calla, mi madre!... (Canta y saca de la alhacena una botella de anís, una copa y una torta.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena III.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA y MARÍA. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. (Entrando.) ¿Mi hi dejao po aquí las tijeras?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. No las hi visto. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Pero tú, ¿qué estás sacando de ahí?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Qué tengo de sacar? ¿No lo ve? Preparale el aguardiente al padre. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡Pero maña! ¿No sabes lo que dijo anoche el médico, que el aguardiente le quemaba los higádos y que no bebiera ni gota?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos por eso mesmamente, pa que no lo beba se lo pongo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Amos, no digas tontadas y quita eso d’ ahí. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Yo ya sé lo qui mi hago con el padre. Verá usté como ni lo preba.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena IV </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS y ANTÓN por la izquierda. Sale con una faja muy larga en la mano. Se dispone a arrollársela al cuerpo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (A María.) ¿Quiés teneme un poquico pa la faja? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Dame el cabo y a rodar.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Dando vueltas y liándose la faja.) Gracias, maña. (Al acabar el enrollado se abraza a su mujer.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Hombre... que está la chica...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Si es que mi hi mareau con las güeltas. (A Valentina.) ¿Y tú qué haces, mañica? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos servile a usté el anís pa que se lo beba ahora mesmo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Ahora mesmo?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Ahora mesmo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Y yo le hicía que maldita la falta que te hace el aguardiente, que ya oíste anoche a don Fabián, que a tú el aguardiente, alcanforao y en friegas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos eso sí que no me convence a mí, porque mira, las friegas ¿pa qué son? Pa que entre el aguardiente por drento de la piel... pos mejor entra de un trago y te ahorras el fregau... que luego, el aguardiente ya se irá onde haga falta.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos claro; hala, hala, sópleselo usté y menos parloteos. Hala. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Güeno, güeno, no lo digas tan juerte, que a mí con humos, ¡ni la gloria! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Hala, hala! ¿Qué humos ni qué berenjenas? Beba y rematau.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Ah, sí?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Sí, señor. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Y si no me da la gana?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Hale, hale; déjese de tontadas y a bebelo, que dispués que m’ hi tomao yo el trebajo... no se va a quedar ahí.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos ya has dicho lo bastante pa que no te salgas con la tuya, ea... Y ahura no me lo bebo, sólo pa date en la cabeza. (Valentina mira a su madre con picardía.) ¡Vaya con la cría! ¡A güen lau vienes!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Hija, tamién, qué genio.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Como que aquí no hay más genio que el mío! Ya lo sabes. Y a llevase el aguardiente... y hemos callau. ¡Pos hombre!... ¡No rispetar ni a los padres!... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pero, ¿ni un sorbico?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Ni lamer el corcho... ¡A llevate eso!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Voy, voy. (Lo guarda rápidamente y como asustada.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. (¡Lo que sabe esta mañica!) (Antón enciende un cigarrillo, que saca hecho, cebando la mecha con un pedrusco y un eslabón de a libra, </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">a bárbaros golpes.) ¡Virgen! ¡Qué mal güele esa mecha!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Ya, ya... ¡Qué peste!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos a goler aprisica.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¿Pa qué?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pa que se gaste antes la ulor, porque yo no la cambio, y me queda vara y media. (Enseñando la yesca. Al fumar tose fuertemente.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¡Dios con la tosecica!... Maña, sácame una pildóra.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Las pastillas del médico, verdá?... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. No, siñor; una pildóra de esas que mandó el veterinario.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Pero Antón...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Que te digo que mi intiende mejor que don Fabián. Acordase del año pasau, cuando caímos malos el burro y yo de la mesma enfermedá y seguimos el mesmo tratamiento. Pos el burro se murió el angelico, y yo tan tieso. Y es que mi naturaleza me la intienden mejor los veterinarios.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pero tome usté la pastilla, que sabe más bien.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. La pildóra, recontra, y no me repliques, que te has güelto más porfiada que mosca en coronilla e calvo</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos anda, que usté!... ¡Hay que ver lo tozudo! (Le da la píldora.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (A María) ¿Onde anda Celipe?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. A regar el panicico se ha ido ahora mesmo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Ya sabes que hoy nos toca el agua.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Es verdá (.) Pos yo no puedo ayudale, que tengo que ir a la zuquerería a encargar unas confituras. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¿Pero no t’ acuerdas que tién que venir el tío Cavila y Serafín a pedite la mano de la chica drento de un ratico?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Miá, pos es verdá! ¿Y qué hora es?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Tú sabrás.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Onde está el reló?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¿Onde te lo dejaste anoche? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Toma, si supiera onde se lo dejó, no le calía buscalo mucho.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Callar!... Por aquí si oye... (Escuchando.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Pos no se ve.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Que aguzando el oído escucha en otro sitio.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contra ... Pos agora se oye por aquí... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Idiós!... ¿Pos qué brujería es ésta?... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Callase, que me paice que me lo oigo en el cuerpo!... ¿No oís un tacatá, tacatá?... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿A ver?... (Le ausculta. De pronto le da un palmotazo en la panza.) ¡Aquí está el condenau! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Claro! ¿Y cómo lo iba yo a encontrar, llevándolo encima? (Sacándolo del bolsillo.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Güeno, ¿y qué hora es? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Consultando el reloj que ha sacado.) Las ocho y media... y un cachico.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Pero cuánto cacho?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos... como de un tamaño... que ya no me da tiempo de salir de casa. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Fingiendo alegría.) Eso, eso... no se vaya, padre, no sea que venga el tío Cavila con Serafín y no lo encuentre a usté.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Qué! ¿Estás mu enamoraíca de ese esastrau?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Fingiendo entusiasmo.) ¡Lo quiero, que ni usté ni naide me podrían quitar este querer del corazón!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Picado.) Mujer... ¡eso!... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Ni usté ni naide!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Ni naide, güeno; pero en lo que a mí toca... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Hombre, más vale que sea así, porque al fin y al cabo va a ser su marido... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Sí, sí... pero es que lo ice con una altanería...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Qué altanería ni qué cachiporra! Como le sale a una de adrento y na más.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Escucha. Antón; ¿a quién buscaría yo pa que partiera una miajica e leña pal horno, no me se vaya a enfriar la masada?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Echale una voz po el corral al tío Roque, que te mande al mozo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Más valdrá. (Vase por la puerta del corral.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena V</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA y ANTÓN </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Güeno, y tú, mañica, a ver cómo te portas ahura cuando venga el tío Cavila con tu novio. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Cómo voy a portame si ya l' hi dicho a usté que ciego por Serafín? Y no es que me se importe que sea mozo rico, y tenga el bolso bien recatau, no siñor; es que limosna que tuviá qu ’ir a pedir con él, m’ iba a pedila por esos caminos de Dios... Que yo no sé qué m’ ha dao ese mozo pa trastorname de esta manera.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Chacha, me dejas como de estuco!... Que en jamás de la vida podía yo pensame que el puñalico te hubiá llegao tan adrento, porque, vamos... el mozo... como guapo no es pa denguna isposición.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pero es tan salau, que hace usté así y da sed: (Acción de pasarle el dedo y chuparlo.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Sí; pero tiene unos ojos que paicen dos pirdigones de pequeñicos. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pero los dispara con una puntería, que aquí tengo clavaos los dos pirdigoncicos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Chacha! Cómo me alegras, porque yo estaba en que no lo querías cuasi cuasi.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Los güenos quereres, cuanto más callaicos, más firmes son. ¡Vaya si lo quiero, padre! ¡Tanto lo quiero, que ya le icía yo a usté antes... que usté, con ser usté, que es mi padre, que es lo más grande y lo más pesao que hay... pos me había usté de icir que no lo quisiera, y con él me tenía que casar, por encima de usté y de to el mundo...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Mujer... eso... (Casi gritando y golpeando el suelo con el pie.) ¡Repacho! Porque me lo ices de una manera... que yo quiero... pero, ¡amos!... que si yo no quisiera...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Si usté quiere, de Serafín tengo que ser, y si usté no quiere, de Serafín mesmamente. Esto no tiene remedio, padre, y s’ ha rematau,</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">que siendo gustosos los dos, ¿a qué peleanos?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Dirás gustosos los tres... porque yo... claro que quiero, pero amos... (Ridiez, que me carga a mí tanta cabezonería ... y que aunque yo no quisiera... aunque yo no quiera... ¡Pos si yo no quisiera!...)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena VI</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS y MARÍA por la izquierda. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. (Entrando.) Ice el tío Roque que a seguida va a venir un mozo a partime la leña.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Pero no te ha dicho cuál? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. No mi ha dicho. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡A ver si se encaja aquí Galán con esa excusa!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡No lo quiá Dios!... ¡Vaya un piazo e bruto!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Hija, ¡tú tamién! ¡Qué palabricas gastas!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Pos pa qué me echaba encima la mula en la fuente antiayer, que estuvo cerca e media hora que no me dejaba llenar la botija?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Ah, pero ¿te juguetiaba?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Me juguetiaba y me icía unas cosas... porque ese es más bruto que el cospillo. ¡Con dicile a usté que cuando va a la iglesia se persina de abajo arriba!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. A tanto no hi llegao yo. Yo empiezo en la barbilla y acabo onde puedo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Cómo será de bruto, que estornuda y se le vuela el pañuelo!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡El retrato de su padre! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos no me paicía a mí tan mal mozo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Aquí que no ponga los pies, porque lo estozuelo!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Oye, oye... esta es mi casa, ¿estamos?; y a más, lo ha llamau tu madre... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Aquí que no ponga los pies ese cigüeño disecau, ea!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Mira, maña; aquí mando yo, ¿estamos?... y aquí, cuando yo mande que alguno... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena VII</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS y GALÁN por el foro.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. (Entrando.) ¡Ave María Purisma!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¿Tú vienes?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. (Apocado.) Como s’ han ido los demás mozos a entrecavar las patatas y no había otro que viniera...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos anda, anda, largo, que aquí no haces nenguna falta.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Y quién eres tú pa espachar a naide?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Soy lo que soy. ¡A la calle!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Excitándose.) ¿Es que mandas tú aquí?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Soy lo que soy. ¡A la calle! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. El pegote de la cría.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Es que pa echar a éste no es menester ser mucha presona. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¡A la calle! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos ahora digo que se queda. ¡Pa que veas!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Es que yo... no quisiera... (Va a marcharse.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Deteniéndole.) Tú te quedas, y se ha rematau. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Yo... no siendo del agrado de toos... (Va a marcharse otra vez.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Que te quedas hi dicho, ridiez! (Le sujeta.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Güeno, güeno.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡Hala, hala, pasa al corral, a lo tuyo!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Ya voy... pero yo no sé qué le tengo hecho a Valentina, que se pone con mí que paice un fajo de aliagas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Calla, calla, que eres más tonto que el chorro de las canaleras. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Qué matica e cardos! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos miá que tú... Se pué hacer corcho de tu pellejo, conque miá que arbolico serás.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¿Pero no está usté oyendo, tío Antón?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. No le hagas caso. Esta es como su madre, que el único piropo que m’ ha dicho en su vida ha sido llamarme riumático, que no sé lo que es.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Pos es pa dale una contestación de a vara.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. De a cuarta se la dí yo. Amos, amos al corral. Gracias que con mi genio las tengo asustaícas, y aquí no s’ hace más que lo que yo quiero, que si no... (Vanse Antón y Galán por el corral.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena VIII </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA y MARÍA </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Hijica, me tiés asombrada, que no me s’ alcanza la mira que te llevas pa icir lo que no sientes.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos hacer lo que me paizca, que caa caminico, madre, hay que andalo con sus pasos calculaos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Sí, güeno; pero...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Usté no me icía que con maña se enciende el fuego? Pos con maña se logra el deseo de un buen querer. Le va usté a mi padre por las malas y salimos escalabazaus... pos con maña ya me las compondré yo pa enzarzar a unos con otros, que se deshaga lo de Serafín y arreglame con Galán, que es el que es de mi agrado.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¿Tanto lo quieres?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Lo quiero; pero tampoco se lo digo a las claras. A cada campanica, su son.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡Bendito, lo que sabís las mozas de hoy en día, que talmente paice que nacís enseñadas!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Yo estoy en que pa las mañas del querer toas las mujeres nacemos catredáticas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¡Bendito, bendito! (Vase por la derecha.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Mirando hacia el corral.) ¡El sale! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena IX </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA y GALÁN</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. (Entrando.) Chacha, venía a icite...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Hale... a partir leña...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Es que venía a icite que qué oronda estarás porque vienen a hacete la petición...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Mucho que te se importará a tú. (Se ríe.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Anda, que estarás más güeca que una lenteja con cuco.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Tampoco es pa menos; ¡hale, a partir leña!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Claro, con un novio tan boyante que paice un almú con patas! (Se ríe.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pa valer más que tú, cualquiera es güeno; que a tú, si te ponen unos alambricos, sirves pal tiligrafo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Te llevas un maño pa lucilo en las fiestas del Pilar.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Con las onzas de oro que le sobran, se puen comprar vainte moñacos como tú. ¡Hale al corral!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. No, si tú... ya sé que tiés de corazón una hucha de hurta-ineros.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Yo tengo lo que me paice, y Serafín tié posibles, y no tú, que eres un espellejau.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Oye, mal astral, lo que soy yo...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Güeno, ¡a partir leña!... (Mirando a la calle.) Que ya le tengo aquí... ¡Míralo po ande viene!... ¡Con to ringorrango! No me dirás que no está hecho un jaque... y hoy viene hasta guapo... ¡ay, cómo lo quiero!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. (¿Pero será verdá que lo quiere?... ¡Idiós!... Y si lo quiere a él, ¿por qué me busca a mí pa pelease conmigo?)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Mialo que resalao!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Pero si a ese lo escalzas y es una tenaja!... ¡Miá que icime eso!... ¡Maldita sea!... (Vase por el corral.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena X</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VALENTINA, SERAFÍN y el TÍO CAVILA por el foro.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. (Feísimo, abotijado, vestido de fiesta.) ¡A la güena e Dios!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (Que le sigue.) ¡Güenos y regüenos por esta casa!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Alante!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Hola, mañica. ¿Onde anda tu padre?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Por ahí trajina.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. ¿Y tu madre?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Güena. ¿Y la tía Sinforosa? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Güena. ¿Y tú? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Güena. (A Serafín.) ¿Y tú? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. Güeno.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Güeno... pos amos a sentanos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. Güeno. (Se sientan.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Güeno... ¿y qué te paice el maño?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Pos qué va a paiceme? (Baja la cabeza fingiendo rubor, después de mirarle y sonreír.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¡Je!... (Riendo por cortesía después de mirarla y sonreír con una sonrisa idiota.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (A Serafín.) ¿Entiendes?... Cuando una moza no sabe lo que le paice un mozo y se mira los zapaticos... ¡Güena siñal!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¡Je!... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Je!... (Imitándole con sorna.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Me paice, me paice que vals a hacer una parejica que va a ser la envidia del pueblo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Je!... (En otro tono más guasón.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. ¡Ya has visto cómo s’ ha puesto de majico, naa más que pa venir a vete!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Es un fegurín luminao. Está pa recortalo y pegalo a la paré.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (A Serafín.) Pos anda que ella, tampoco está pa tirala.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. Está pa tirala... pa tirala a lo alto y ponese debajo a recogela...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (Riendo.) ¡Miá el alicortau éste!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Je!... (Indignada.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena XI</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS, MARÍA y ANTÓN por la izquierda. Después GALÁN (oculto).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Hola, maño!... Tanto güeno po esta casa.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Hola, Antoñejo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Adiós, tío Cavila.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (A Serafín.) ¿Y tú tan reondico?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¡Je!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Sentaros, sentaros.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (A Valentina.) Chacha; sácate la <a href="https://www.salmorrejo.com/2012/10/como-hacer-retacia-bebida-espirituosa.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">retacía</a> y el <b><i><u>chapurriau</u></i></b>, que tomen una copica.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Voy.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Que no se incomode. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. No es incomodo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Que saca lo pedido y sirve.) ¡Qué va a ser! (Al tío Cavila.) ¿De cualo?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. De éste. (Le sirve Valentina.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (A Serafín.) ¿Y tú, salao?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. Metá y metá. Más metá de éste que del otro.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Tiés güen gusto. (Le sirve.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¿Ti tiembla el pulso?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡De vete a tú!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Bebiendo. A Cavila.) ¿Qué te paice?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. ¡Qué güeno es!... ¡Y qué juerza tié el ladrón!... Yo tamién hago un <b><a href="https://www.chunta.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cha</a>purriau</b> que no tié parecido.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Que no?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Este lleva <a href="https://raicesdeperaleda.com/diccionario/meta/p-887" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">metá</a> de <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2018/11/los-quintos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">anís</a> y metá de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrope" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">arrope</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Hombre, tamién hago yo un arrope que no hay otro que se le iguale. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Que no?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Mirando a su padre.) ¡Dice que no! Nosotros lo hacemos del <a href="http://www.repavalde.com/Publicaciones/Articulos/99-GilLopez.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mosto mejor</a>. Este es de la <a href="http://sensals.blogspot.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">viña</a> <a href="https://aguelosebeta.blogspot.com/2017/09/la-brema.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">moscatel</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Pos no será tan majo como el de la mía del Pizarral.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Que no? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Padre, dice que no... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Miá tú que da un <a href="https://masdetorubio.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vinico</a> <a href="https://reader.digitalbooks.pro/book/preview/10540/id_Vascos_en_peligro_de_expansion_0004_0001" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">claretico</a>, claretico como <a href="https://beceite.blogspot.com/2018/12/estimacion-escorrentia-superficial-acuiferos-maciyo-karstico-ports-beseit.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">agüica</a> dorada; pero anda, anda, metete con él, que no tendrás frío, no.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Irónico y molesto.) ¡Tú siempre tiés de lo mejor en to!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Se lo fegura él.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Es que se pué prebar. Díselo a unos franceses que vinieron por vinos esta Sanmiguelada, que al pronto paicía que lo tomaban a broma, y luego no hacían más que icir, le li, le li... que creo que es que pedían la cama.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos a un inglés que prebó del nuestro tuvieron que llévaselo en una pollera, pa que no se matara po el camino.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Conque compara.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Güeno, güeno; dejase de peleas y no metamos la burra en las coles, y amos a lo que estamos, que es lo e los chicos, ¿no sus paice?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. Mejor será.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Eso digo yo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Por mí!... El es el que tié que escomenzar. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Güeno, pos ya sabís que yo soy el tutor de éste... Y como tú m’ has dicho que no verías con malos ojos que tu chica... amos... y éste... me dijo que viniera a iciros... pos... pos vusotros diráis...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Yo por mí no digo na; pero sí digo que a ver lo que icen ellos, que son los interesaos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Claro... por más que mi chica, lo que yo le diga... Pero amos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Pos éste, cuando m’ ha hecho dar este paso...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¡Je!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (A Serafín.) ¿Quié icirse que tú... quiés a la Valentina? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¡Más que el enterraor a las pestes!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. (A Valentina.) ¿Y tú qué ices a esto?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos eso tamién... que yo... pos... al preguntale a una... no sé si me esplico... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Repacho!... Como esplicate... no creas que mucho... ¿Quié icise que tú quiés casate con éste... no?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Yo querer... amos... una cosa es querer... y otra... pero amos... ¿qué va a icir una?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Güeno... en resumidas cuentas... ¿Tú lo quiés pa marido?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Hombre, yo... como querelo pa marido... no es que vayamos a icir una cosa ni otra... pero ustés s’ harán cargo...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Idiós!... ¡Esvanza d’ una vez a ver si te entendemos, porque yo... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Pos me paice que hablo bien claro!... Y como yo tengo palabra, pos digo, lo dicho y na más.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Güeno, pero ¿qué es lo que has dicho?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos eso... porque claro... una no sabe hablar de estas cosas... y una... ustés s’ harán cargo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Güeno, pos en vista de lo satisfatorio del resultao... ahí sus quedáis. (Vase.). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Hasta dispués. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena XII</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS menos MARÍA</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (A Serafín.) Amos, ¿estás contento? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. ¡Je!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Tanto que viniera, que viniera... pos ya he venido. ¡Too llega, menos la nariz al chato! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. El mocico tenía prisa, ¿eh? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Este, onde le ves, tan encogido, es como un reló de paré; por juera paice parao, y por drento no le escansa un menuto la maquenaria.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Himos d’ hacer una boda que deje memoria! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Eso de mi cuenta corre.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón (Ofendiéndose.) ¡Como que nesecito yo a naide! ¡Aún ha e nacer el que mi haiga de ganar a hacer las cosas con rumbo cuando me pongo!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Eso de seguro, que pa hacer las cosas como mi padre...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Pos lo mismo digo, porque miá que yo, en diciendo esta casa se echa po la ventana, no queda ni el solar.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos cuando lo ice mi padre, echa la suya y la de al lau.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Di que sí... Aunque no tuviá otra y tuviese que agarrame a un perro jornal... ¡Rejudas!... ¿Se habrá visto alboroque más juerte que cuando se me casó la entenada?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Que aún se está haciendo lenguas to el pueblo, y va pa cinco años. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Amos, Antón, que cuando la boda de mi hermana, me paice a mí que naa tuvo que envidiar a la de tu entená ni a nenguna.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Pero qué va usté a comparar una con otra! ¡Valía más el aguardiente que tiramos nosotros por los suelos pa que goliera...!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Y yo merqué una de pasteles que se empachó hasta la bandeja. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. No, si pa tú, ya se sabe que no hay na como lo tuyo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Es que se pué prebar, ridiós.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Y tamién se pué prebar lo de mi padre.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. No te metas tú ahura.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Se mete porque puede, ¿entiendes?... Y a cualquier hora te puedo prebar yo a tú...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. ¿Pero qué me vas a icir tú a mí?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Pero es que usté se lo quié icir to!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. (Interviniendo.) Güeno, hombre, güeno... no custionar... s’ ha rematau y a beber... que si esto se enreda, estoy viendo que queamos malicamente.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Tiés razón, porque éste...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos miá que tú... (Valentina les sirve vino y beben.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Conque golviendo a la cosa, aquí lo prencipal es que los chicos se quieran. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. De mi chica, yo respondo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Y yo de éste, porque ya ves tú, si no la quisiera, con lo que hereda este chico de sus padres... Pos si se le hubiá antojao casase en </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zaragoza con una señorita e sombrero y faldica d’ esas hasta la rodillera... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. No te lo niego, pero tamién te digo que mi chica no ha nesecitao sombrero pa tener güen recau de pretendientes.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Y si a cortar la falda vamos, el día que yo quiera me dejo ésta en la metá... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pretendientes que, no dispreciando a naide, paleaban las onzas de oro. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Hombre, éste, tanto como palear las onzas, no las palea, pero a tu corto conocimiento comprenderás que igual por igual, siempre se casa mejor un mozo que una moza. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Pero usté oye, padre? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos mira, Cavila; basta que tú ices eso, te vu a icir yo a tú, que si habís venido en el entender de que mi ibais a hacer un favor con llevaros la chica, sus podíais haber escusao el viaje.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Porque han de saber ustés que a mi padre no le hago yo ni miaja de estorbo en casa, y mientras él viva y tenga puños pa trebajar, y vainte duros pa comprar simientes, no nesecito yo a naide.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. No, hombre, no... si estorbo ya lo sabemos que no le haces, pero como paice que quieres dar a entender que ha tenido otros pretendientes de más categoría... ¡caa uno defiende su parte! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Si no hubiás dicho tú primero que podía haberse casao mejor con una señorita de sombrero, naide te hubiera puesto las peras a cuarto.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pero, tío Cavila, el que ice lo que no debe, oye lo que no quiere, y yo ciego por Serafín, pero disprecios tampoco puedo aguantalos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Porque dispreciala a la chica, es dispreciame a mí.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Pos si empezamos de esa manera, vamos a rematar pronto, porque pa mi genio...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Pos no te reprimas, no, que pal mío!... ¡Y vaya!... Ya se ha rematau... ¡Qué gibar! ¡Yo no aguanto esto!... Conque hacer cuenta que no habís venido. (Todos se levantan.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Con mal disimulada alegría.) Pero padre, ¡que estoy loca por él!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Aunque revientes! ¡Pos güenas tripicas tengo yo! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. ¡Repacho, pues las mías no se quedan atrás! ¿Estamos? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. (Aterrado.) ¡Tío Cavila!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Caa uno con su caa una. (Indican el mutis.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Así mesmo. Casualmente m’ has ido a tocar un punto...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (Indicando.) Ya verás como no es tan fácil que encuentres con quien casala. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Se casará con decisáis, si me da la gana!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. ¡Ya lo veremos! ¡A quear con Dios! (A Serafín.) Hale, a la calle.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. (Aterrado.) ¡Pero tío Cavila!... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. (Llevándole a empujones.) A la calle hi dicho, ridiós, que a mí no me pisa naide...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín. Pero si es que... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cavila. Ajuera... (Vase empujando a Serafín.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena XIII</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ANTÓN y VALENTINA </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Ay, padre, que se lo lleva!... (Fingiendo dolor.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Déjalo que se lo lleve y lo rife a cachos, si quiere...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Si es que m’ ha quitao el corazón.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Ya te compraré otro! Nos han gibao los escalfecidos esos. Gracias a Dios aún no peinas canas, ni te corre por ná miaja e prisa.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Llorando amargamente.) ¡Lo que más hi sintido es lo que han dicho que no encontraré con quien casame!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Tamién me ha molestao a mí eso, no creas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Y que lo irán diciendo por to el pueblo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos ya verá to el pueblo que no es verdá, porque como yo pueda, te caso mañana mesmo, aunque no sea más que pa dales en la morrera a esos muciégalos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Sí, eso es fácil decilo, pero no hacelo... porque ¿con quién me caso, padre, con quién me caso?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Qué sé yo, ricontra!... Con uno... con cualisquiera... ¡con el primero que venga!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Corriendo rapidísima hacia la puerta del corral, donde se oye ruido de partir leña.) ¡Galán! ¿Pero aún estás partiendo leña?... (Gritando bastante.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena XIV</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS y GALÁN</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. (Sudando, con el hacha en la mano. Cara de asombro.) Ya estaba acabando. ¿Me nesecitan pa alguna cosa?... (Pausa. Se miran todos.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Pensativo.) ¡Ridiez!... Oye, Galán...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Mande usté. (Se acerca.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Los majuelos de Capuchinos son de tu padre, y dispensa la curiosidá?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Y los de al lau, que se los dejó mi tía.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Contra!... ¿Y el pradico del Soto el Cura, no era de tu madre? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Es mío. Y el de al lau, que lo compré al tío Mingo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Y aceite habráis cogido mucho.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Doscientas arrobicas y la prensa trebajando...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Repacho!... Ven aquí, Galán... ¿Te gusta mi chica y la de al lau... digo, mi chica sola?, y dispensa la pregunta.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. (Pudoroso.) ¡Que si me gusta!... ¡Más que un rial de salchichón! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos asiéntate aquí y aguarda. (Lo sienta y va a buscar a Valentina, que está en otra silla, fingiendo que llora.) Oye, mañica... (Valentina levanta la cabeza.) ¿Qué te paice de Galán?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Fingiendo asombro.) ¿Cómo que qué me paice?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Amos, ¿que si haríais güenas migas tú y él?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Haciéndose la tonta.) ¿Cómo migas?... ¿Migas pa qué?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Amos, que... en resumidas cuentas, ¿que si haríais güen marido y mujer él y tú? ¿Mi intiendes ahura?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Como aterrada.) ¿Quién? ¡Casame yo con ese espellejau!... Con cualquiera antes que con ese; ¡primero me meto en un convento!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Tú no te metes en denguna parte.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos con ese no me caso, padre... ni que quiera usté, ni que quiera naide. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Mira, Valentina, no escomiences con cabezonerías, que ya me conoces.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡Pero si no puedo velo ni en pentura!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos si yo te lo mando, ya te guardarás mu bien de espanturrialo. Es un mozo honrau a carta cabal, y miá que le va la hacienda e sus padres. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Y la de al lau.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Aunque palee las onzas no lo quiero. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¿Ah, sí? Pos ya mi hi hartau yo; ¡hale!... Y ahura te casas con él a la juerza. (A voces.) Galán... ¿estará conforme tu padre con lo que sea de tu gusto?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Más contento que yo!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Pos te casas con ésta. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Pero si ella no me quiere!... Si no tié pa mí palabra güena. No me deja caer de zopenco y de zaburdo y de too lo pior.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Y tú, pa qué me ices desgarbada y pisaburros cuando tropiezo con tú?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¿Y tú, pa qué me hacías comparanzas con mi cabeza y el bolo del barandau?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Vaya, a callase, que me da a mí la gana de que éste sea mi yerno, y no hay más.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pues no lo quiero y no lo quiero, aunque mi hagan la juerza que mi hagan; eso es. (Hasta el final de la escena, todo a grandes voces.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Aquí no se ha dicho naa de juerza. Conque decide ahura mesmo u te escrismo. (Coge un garrote de un rincón.) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Que no, y que no, y que no.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. (Amenazador.) ¡Maldita sea!... (Blandiendo el palo.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Escena final</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DICHOS y MOSEN JACINTO vestido de sacerdote, pero cubierto con un gorrito en vez del sombrero de teja. Luego MARÍA.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. (Entrando.) ¿Pero qué es esto?... ¿Qué ocurre en esta casa para esos lloros y esas voces? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Naa, Mosén Jacinto; esta cría que mi ha tomao a mí po’ el palillo e la gaita. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. ¿Pues qué ha hecho? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Pos que mi padre me quiere casar contra mi gusto, y yo no quiero. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. ¿Eso es verdad?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. No lo es.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. (Saliendo.) Sí que lo es, señor cura, y en el fondo la chica tié razón. A mí me gusta mucho Galán, pero si ella no lo quiere...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. Si ella no me quiere...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Pero te quiero yo y basta!... ¿Es que le propongo yo algún desaliñau u algún malhechor?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. Hija mía, ten reflexión y no te dejes llevar de los ciegos impulsos de tu testarudez.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Sí?... (Con ingenuidad llena de malicia.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. ¿Qué puede querer un padre para sus hijos sino el bien y la felicidad en este mundo?... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Sí?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. Quieren que te cases con Galán, que es honrado y bueno; pues confórmate. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¿Sí?...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. Sí, hija mía, sí, y es preciso que lo aceptes. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Mirándole y lloriqueando.) ¡Si no hay otro remedio!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. Si hoy no estas encariñada con él, ya verás luego cómo el tiempo y la bondad de los dos conciertan vuestras voluntades haciendo nacer un cariño que será como la bendición del cielo, por haber sido sumisa y obediente al mandato paterno.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. Pero si no se quieren.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. Tú te callas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Con mucha violencia, como temiendo que su madre le estropee la combinación.) ¡Usté se calla, madre!... ¡Calle!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. Conque dadme las manos. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los dos. ¿Pa qué?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mosén. (Juntándoselas.) Para que os prometáis el uno al otro un amor honesto y grande y os queráis siempre con fidelidad y constancia.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¡Estréchale la mano, Valentina! </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Si no hay otro remedio... (Obedece.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Ay!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María. ¿Qué es eso?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Cómo mi ha apretau, ridiez!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Lo que no hace un sacerdote...!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Galán. ¡Yo reviento de gozo! Valentina, ¿me querrás siempre?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. Si no hay otro remedio... ¡Hasta que me muera!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/search?q=mossen" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mosén</a>. Conque disponeos a formar aquí vuestra casita para fundar una familia. Ahí tenéis añosa y emparrada la cepa que plantaron vuestros padres. A su sombra celebraron los felices acontecimientos de sus sencillas vidas. Sed dichosos y honrados como ellos para que hagáis honor a vuestra fe y a vuestra sangre. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. ¡¡Si no hay otro remedio!!...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antón. ¡Mi hi salido con la mía! (Muy satisfecho.)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Valentina. (Abrazándose a Galán.) (¡Que se cree usté eso!) </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Telón. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">FIN DE LA OBRA </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OBRAS DE CARLOS ARNICHES</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Casa editorial. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La verdad desnuda. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las manías. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ortografía. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El fuego de San Telmo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Panorama nacional. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sociedad secreta. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las guardillas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Candidato independiente. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La leyenda del monje. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Calderón. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nuestra Señora. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Victoria. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los aparecidos. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los secuestradores. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las campanadas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vía libre.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los descamisados. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El brazo derecho. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El reclamo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los Mostenses. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los Puritanos. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El pie izquierdo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las amapolas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tabardillo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El cabo primero. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El otro mundo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El príncipe heredero. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El coche correo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las malas lenguas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La banda de trompetas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los bandidos. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los conejos. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los camarones. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La guardia amarilla. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El santo de la Isidra. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La fiesta de San Antón. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Instantáneas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El último chulo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La Cara de Dios. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El escalo. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">María de los Ángeles. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sandías y melones. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El tío de Alcalá. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doloretes.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los niños llorones. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La muerte de Agripina. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La divisa.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gazpacho andaluz. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">San Juan de Luz.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El puñao de rosas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los granujas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La canción del náufrago. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El terrible Pérez. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Colorín colorao... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los chicos de la escuela. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eos pícaros celos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El pobre Valbuena. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las estrellas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los guapos.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El perro chico. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La reja de la Dolores.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El iluso Cañizares.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El maldito dinero.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El pollo Tejada. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La pena negra.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El distinguido Sportman.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La noche de Reyes.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La edad de hierro. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La gente seria.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La suerte loca. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alma de Dios.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La carne flaca. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El hurón. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Felipe segundo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La alegría del batallón. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El método Górritz.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mi papá. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La primera conquista. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El amo de la calle. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Genio y figura.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El trust de los Tenorios.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gente menuda. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El género alegre. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El príncipe Casto. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El fresco de Goya. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El cuarteto Pons.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La pobre niña. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El premio Nobel. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La gentuza. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La corte de Risalia.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El amigo Melquiades. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La sombra del molino. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La sobrina del cura.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las aventuras de Max y Mino.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El chico de las Peñuelas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La casa de Quirós.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La estrella de Olympia.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Café solo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Serafín el Pinturero.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La señorita de Trevélez.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La venganza de la Petra. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¡Que viene mi marido!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El agua del Manzanares. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las lágrimas de la Trini.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las grandes Fortunas. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La mujer artificial.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El conde de Lavapiés. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La maña de la mañica. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los caciques.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No te ofendas Beatriz... </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OBRAS DE JOAQUÍN ABATI</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monólogos </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Causa criminal (de actor). - La buena crianza o Tratado de urbanidad (ídem). - Un hospital (ídem). - Las cien doncellas (ídem). - La cocinera (de actriz) *. - El Himeneo (ídem). - El Conde Sisebuto (ídem) *. - El debut de la chica (ídem). - La pata de gallo (ídem). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comedias en un acto</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entre Doctores. - Azucena. - Ciertos son los toros . - Condenado en costas *. - El otro mundo. - La conquista de Méjico. - Los litigantes. - La enredadera. - De la China. - Aquilino Primero *. - El intérprete. - El aire. - Los vecinos. - Café solo. - La maña de la mañica. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comedias en dos actos</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Doña Juanita. - Los niños. - Tortosa y Soler (R.). - El 30 de Infantería (R.). - El Paraíso. - La mar salada. - La gallina de los huevos de oro (magia). - La bendición de Dios. - Mi querido Pepe. - La gentil Mariana. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Jesús, María y José. - Las lágrimas de la Trini.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Comedias en tres o más actos</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tortosa y Soler. - Los hijos artificiales. - Fuente tónica *. - Alsina y Ripoll. - El 30 de Infantería. - Los reyes del tocino (firmada con pseudónimo). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- El gran tacaño. - Los perros de presa. - Genio y figura. - La alegría de vivir. - La divina providencia. - El premio Nobel. - El orgullo de Albacete. - El cabeza de familia. - La piqueta. - El tren rápido. - El infierno. - El río de oro. - El viaje del rey. - Ramuncho. - Las grandes fortunas. - No te ofendas, Beatriz. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zarzuelas en un acto</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Los besugos. - Los amarillos. - El tesoro del estómago. Lucha de clases. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">- Las venecianas (la música). - Tierra por medio. - El Código penal. - Tres estrellas *. - EL trébol. - La taza de the. - El aire (R.). - La hostería del laurel. - Mayo florido. - Los hombres alegres. - ¡Mea culpa! La partida de la porra. - El verbo amar. - El potro salvaje. - España Nueva. - El dichoso verano. - Sierra Morena. - Las alegres colegialas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zarzuelas en dos actos</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El asombro de Damasco. - Baldomero Pachón. - La corte de Risalia. - El conde de Lavapiés. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Zarzuelas y operetas en tres o más actos</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La mulata. - La Marcha Real *. - Los viajes de Gulliver. El sueño de un vals. - La viuda alegre *. - El velón de Lucena. - La mujer artificial.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Las obras marcadas con asterisco, o no se han impreso, o están agotadas. - Las marcadas con (R.) son refundiciones.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Precio: DOS pesetas.</span></div>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-47132341805038975702023-05-21T10:37:00.004-07:002023-05-21T10:40:45.616-07:00La Crusca Provenzale di Antonio Bastero. Volume Primo.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>La Crusca </span><b>Provenzale </b><span>di Antonio Bastero</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Volume Primo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.amazon.es/Crusca-Provenzale-Primo-Antonio-Bastero/dp/B0C5P5JR9Q/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1684689143&sr=1-1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="La Crusca Provenzale di Antonio Bastero" border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="333" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqc98uBOlItxw8vUuWLP_icJsDWgn_0K5IYXCNo-QhBcitwmvOs_1-yMYGOv8HnFxiU7t32UGOnkcfCe8gIwMiERtbR9jxxDg0patsOYYv53ySscxBhN3Omy6-LNtYwCweo8kOBjOYay40HL58a3TlFVjpDaFv07ykVEas33njoUbkH97PKhR1ZfgG/w268-h400/crusca-provenzale-tapa-blanda-amazon.jpg" title="La Crusca Provenzale di Antonio Bastero" width="268" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://books.google.de/books/about/La_Crusca_provenzale_ovvero_Le_voci_fras.html?id=Nrf6-eWExjUC&redir_esc=y" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://books.google.de/books/about/La_Crusca_provenzale_ovvero_Le_voci_fras.html?id=Nrf6-eWExjUC&redir_esc=y</a><br /><br />(Editor: <a href="https://moncho.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ramón Guimerá Lorente</a>. Notas al pie al final.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Che l' antico <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>Provenzale</b></a>, per lo più sia scurissimo, &c. lo dico per prova, avendoci fatti studi non ordinari nella Libreria de MSS. di S. Lorenzo del Serenissimo Gran Duca mio Signore, nella quale se ne conservano due Raccolte, e una di queste antichissima in carta pecora; e ho veduto, che non ostante questa difficultà d' intendere, e in alcuni Autori di loro impossibilità, sarebbe cosa utilissima per le origini, e proprietà della <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetti_toscani" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lingua Toscana</a>, il dargli fuora tali quali egli sono, con farvi attorno quelle osservazioni, che si potessero. ANTON MAR. SALVIN. Nelle sue Considerazioni Critiche intorno al Trattato Della Perfetta Poesia Italiana ristampato in Venezia nel presente Anno 1724. insieme colle suddette Considerazioni, Lib. 2. Cap. 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LA </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CRUSCA <b>PROVENZALE</b>, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OVVERO, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LE VOCI, FRASI, FORME, E MANIERE DI DIRE, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">che la gentilissima, e celebre <b>lingua toscana</b> ha </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">preso dalla <b>Provenzale</b>; arricchite, e illustrate, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">e difese con motivi, con autorità, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">e con esempi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">AGGIUNTEVI </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">alcune memorie, o notizie istoriche intorno agli antichi Poeti </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Provenzali</b> Padri della <b>Poesia Volgare</b>, particolarmente </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">circa alcuni di quelli, tra gli altri molti, che furono </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">di <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2020/09/och-hoc-oc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nazione Catalana</a>, cavate da' MSS. <a href="https://www.vaticanlibrary.va/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vaticani</a>, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laurenziani, e altronde. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">OPERA</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">DI DON <b>ANTONIO <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/carta-cxxiii-prosigue-catalogo-obispos-barcelona.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">BASTERO</a></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nobile <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barcellonese</a>, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dottor</a> in Filosofia, e nell' una, e l' altra Legge, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Canonico, e Sagrestano Maggiore della <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/02/carta-cxxiii-prosigue-catalogo-obispos-barcelona.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cattedrale</a> di <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/9-de-diciembre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Girona</a>,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ed esaminatore Sinodale della medesima Diocesi, detto</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">fra gli Arcadi IPERIDE BACCHICO. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VOLUME PRIMO.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IN ROMA, MDCCXXIV.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nella Stamperia di Antonio de' Rossi, nella Strada del Seminario Romano,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">vicino alla Rotonda.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CON LIZENZA DE SUPERIORE. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Noi infrascritti spezialmente Deputati, avendo a tenore delle Leggi d' Arcadia riveduta un' Opera del Sig. Don <b>Antonio Bastero</b>, detto tra gli Arcadi Iperide Bacchico, intitolata La Crusca Provenzale &c. giudichiamo, che l' Autore nell' impressione di essa possa valersi del Nome Pastorale, e dell' Insegna del nostro Comune.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Semiro Acidonio P. A. Deputato. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mireo Rofeatico P. A. Deputato. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eugildo Scilleo P. A. Deputato. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Attesa la suddetta Relazione, in vigor delle facoltà comunicate alla nostra Adunanza dal Reverendiss. P. Maestro del Sac. Palazzo Apostolico, si concede licenza al suddetto Iperide Bacchico di valersi nell' Impressione della mentovata sua Opera del Nome, e dell' Insegna suddetti. Dato in Collegio d' Arcadia &c. Al 1. dopo il xx. di Posideone Cadente, l' Anno III. dell' Olimpiade DCXXV. ab A. I. Olimp. IX. Anno II.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alfesibeo Cario Custode Generale d' Arcadia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Loco + del Sigillo Cust.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/65646550/Els_inicis_de_la_filologia_catalana_moderna_estudi_biogr%C3%A0fic_dAntoni_de_Bastero_i_Lled%C3%B3_canonge_de_Girona_1675_1737_" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nisalgo Diagoneo</a> Sottocustode.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IMPRIMATUR,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si videbitur Reverendissimo Patri Magistro Sacri Palatii Apostolici.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">N. Baccarius Episc. Bojanen. Vicesgerens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Librum, cui Titulus: La Crusca Provenzale &c. Auctore D. D. Antonio Bastero Patritio <b>Barcinonense</b>, integrè, & accuratè perlegi, nihilque in eo inveni, quod vel <a href="https://lopapaparlechapurriau.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sanctae Fidei Catholicae</a> puritati, vel bonis moribus adversetur: quinimò illum utpote rarâ, ac singulari eruditione refertum, & Litterariae Reipublicae non modicè utilem, ac proficuum, publicâ luce dignissimum censeo hac die 28. Decembris 1723. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Philippus Hortentius de Fabris Eminentissimi D. <a href="https://lopapaparlechapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/08/esglesia-plural-denuncia-menyspreu-cardenal-omella-autoritats-catalanes-mossos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cardinalis</a> Salerni à Secretis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IMPRIMATUR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fr. Gregorius Selleri Ordinis Praedicatorum Sac. Palatii Apostolici Magister.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PREFAZIONE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo stesso animo, e la medesima mente, che nel compilare il Vocabolario Toscano ebbe l' Accademia della Crusca, la quale fino dal principio della sua erezione, altro non ha avuto per fine, che l' universal beneficio, e la gloria, e l' eternità del suo gentilissimo Idioma, secondochè ella manifestamente dichiara nel Proemio di quella incomparabile Opera, e fece palese a tutto ' l Mondo, il dottissimo Bastiano de' Rossi (1: Nella sua Lettera Dedicatoria del primo Vocabolario della Crusca stampato in Venezia 1612.) cognominato l' Inferigno; quella appunto in riguardo alla mia Lingua Provenzale, ho avuta io nella presente Compilazione delle voci, frasi, e forme di dire, che la Toscana ha tolto dalla stessa Provenzale: Imperocchè essendom' indirizzato nell' anno 1710. verso l' alma Città, ù siede il Successor del maggior Piero, per difendere ' l dritto d' una certa fondazione nominata la limosina del pane della Chiesa di Girona; stabilita sotto la protezione, e dipendenza del Sagrestano Maggiore di quella Cattedrale; e avendo quivi a poco a poco gustata la dolcezza della Italiana favella, ed intese le sue belle locuzioni, ne rimasi talmente invaghito, che proccurai di ricercare, e diligentemente osservare tutte le sue proprietà, e fattezze, e d' introdurmi per entro i fuoi più ricchi gabinetti, col pensiero di farne alcun registro, non solo per mio genio, ed ammaestramento, ma per per darne particolarmente un faggio a' miei Compatriotti, col mezzo d' una Gramatica, e d' un Dizionario per uso de' medesimi: E tanto più me se ne accese il desiderio, quanto che rifletteva, che noi <b>Catalani</b> non abbiamo alcuna Gramatica, o <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15499888-diccionario-latin-catalan-y-catalan-latin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dizionario di questa Lingua</a>, spiegata nel nostro <b>Volgare</b>; ma in questa materia, vaglia il vero, confesso, che siamo stati troppo trascurati, imperciocchè (quel che è peggio) nè pure abbiamo alcuna sorte di libri, o Autori, che per via di <b>regole gramaticali</b>, o altramenti ci ' nsegnino a ben <b>parlare</b> la nostra propia, e naturale, se non se ' l <b>Donatus Provincialis</b>, o chiunque sotto tal nome, e titolo, alludendo a quel Donato, ch' alla prim' arte degnò poner mano scrisse la breve, ed antica <b>Gramatica <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/09/ramon-lull-obras-rimadas-introduccion.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provenzale, o Catalana</a></b>, <u><a href="http://langueoccitane.blogspot.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ch' è tutt' uno</a></u>, che <b>manoscritta</b> si conserva nella Libreria <a href="https://www.bmlonline.it/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Medicea Laurenziana</a>, e in <a href="https://www.florence-museum.com/es/duomo-de-florencia-catedral-de-santa-maria-del-fiore.php" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> di <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/12/jornada-tersera-novela-septima.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Firenze</a>, della quale fanno menzione, e si vagliono della sua autorità i primi Letterati d' Italia (2). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">II. Non così certamente addiviene egli appresso quasi tutte l' altre Nazioni del Mondo. Qual Nazione si troverà, che non proccuri di conservare, ed abbellire la sua natía favella, siccome ognuno per diritto di Patria è obbligato, con prescriverne le regole, e i precetti, e registrarne per alfabeto tutte le voci, e maniere di dire? E che non proccuri altresì, che non le manchi delle Gramatiche opportune, e proprie per apprendere le forastiere più nobili, ed erudite? Forse non se ne troverà alcuna eccettuatane la <b>Catalogna</b>. E per non allontanarmi dalla medesima Lingua Italiana, o per meglio dire Toscana, fra le Nazioni, e i popoli più riguardevoli dell' Europa, ci dovrebbono servire di stimolo i Castigliani, e tutti quegli Spagnuoli, che sin dalle fascie cominciano ad apparare la Castigliana, succhiandola, come suol dirsi, col latte materno, i quali, per questo fine di apprendere l' idioma Toscano anno un Lorenzo Franciosini Fiorentino; siccome anche i Francesi, i quali pel fine medesimo anno Cesare Odini, e il Veneroni; tralasciando di far menzione degli Autori, che ne anno scritte latinamente le regole, come sono il Lapini, stampato in Firenze appresso i Giunti, nel 1574., Gio. Battista Coiro impresso in Colonia, nel 1642., il soprammentovato Franciosini, nel suo compendio facis linguae Italicae, pubblicato in Roma; ed altri.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>III. In seguito poi delle sopraccennate diligenze, incominciai a far le mie osservazioni dall' abbicì delle sopraddette Gramatiche, e di altre della medesima Lingua, spiegate nella Franzese, intorno alla quale aveva io già fatto particolare studio, alcuni anni prima. Ed essendomi avveduto dopo averle lette, e ben considerate, che elleno altro non erano, ch' embrioni, per così dire, senza capo, e senza coda, ed in molte cose mancanti, fatte per lo più da persone solite a girare per le Corti, e Cittadi grandi, col titolo di Maestri di Lingue, per procacciarsi così il vitto, benchè per altro, di non poco utile sieno, posciachè colle loro gramaticali lezioni ci aprono la strada da pervenirne poi mediante lo studio alla più perfetta cognizione: Alzai però la vela della mia navicella per prendere di nuovo lingua, e pratica ne' banchi, e nelle scanzie de' Librai a Pasquino, ove incontrai alcuni de' più esperti nocchieri per la ' ntrapresa navigazione, come il Buommattei, il Pergamini, il Cinonio, il Salviati, ed altri; e per isfuggire gli scogli degli errori, mi prevalsi incontinente de' loro avvertimenti, e trattati, e del Ragionamento, e Catalogo delle opere più eccellenti, che intorno alle principali arti, e facoltà sono state scritte in Toscano, l' uno, e l' altro composto dal dottissimo Monsignor Giusto Fontanini. Ed in fatti colla guida de' suddetti Autori, e veri Maestri, cominciai a disegnare la premeditata Gramatica per uso della mia Nazione, e degl' intendenti della <b>Lingua Catalana</b>, e tutto ' l tempo che avanzava alle mie importanti occupazioni attenenti alla lite allora vertente nella Sagra Romana Ruota sopra l' accennata elemosina di Girona, l' impiegava nel lavoro dell' opera medesima; nella quale poi, dopo averne abbozzati alquanti capitoli, volendo anche discorrere, e trattare dell' origine della stessa Italiana favella; e perciò desiderando scoprire, e accumulare altre notizie, oltre a quelle da' suddetti Autori dimostrate, rivolsi l' occhio al mentovato Catalogo, e presa nota degli Scrittori, che anno trattato della materia, andai alla Libreria Casanattense; e per mezzo delle Prose del Cardinal Bembo, e coll' Ercolano di Benedetto Varchi, che furono i primi libri, che lessi in quella Libreria, vidi, ed intesi, come la Lingua Toscana era in gran parte composta della Provenzale (3), e quasi di due Madri figliuola, cioè della Latina, e di essa Provenzale </span><span>(4); e che gli antichi Provenzali Poeti, altrimenti con più acconcio nome Trovatori appellati, dal trovare il tropo, o la maniera del canto, furono i Padri delle Rime volgari, ei Maestri, che insegnarono il poetare agl' Italiani (5): Il che anche più chiaramente compresi nel progresso de' miei studi, da altri non men autorevoli Scrittori sì Spagnuoli (6), che Provenzali (7), e Franzesi (8); oltre alla famosa schiera degl' Italiani, che dall' eruditissimo Crescimbeni furono annoverati, ed illustrati nella sua Istoria, ed Origine della Volgar Poesia (9), per maggiormente autenticare la verissima opinione del </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cardinal Bembo</a><span>, e di tanti altri valentuomini circa la medesima Origine, e per rintuzzar la soverchia libertà di quelli, che portati più dalla volontà di contraddire, che dalla ragione, si lusingano di mantenere opinione contraria, come altamente prorompe parlando di simili contraddittori, esso Crescimbeni ne' suoi gravissimi, e celebri Comentari della detta sua Istoria (10: Nella Introduzione del Volum. 2. part. I.).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IV. E riflettendo, che la <b>Lingua Provenzale</b>, è la stessa appunto, che <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la mia materna Catalana</a></b>, come attestano parecchi Autori (11); e può conoscere ognuno, confrontando le parole, le maniere, i modi di dire, e lo stile delle nostre antiche Costituzioni di Catalogna, esistenti nella Biblioteca Barberina, cogli antichi Statuti di <b>Provenza</b>, che si trovano nella Libreria <u>Casanattense</u>; e come anche più agevolmente riconoscerà il Lettore dalla lettera, che per questo effetto ho estratta dalla Storia, e Cronica di Provenza di Cesare di Nostradama (12: Part. 6. fogl. 606. e 626.), scritta da Renato d' Angiò Re di Napoli il decimosesto, e Conte di Provenza il ventunesimo nell' anno 1468. en son bon, & <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2022/01/francesc-franc-b.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">franc</a> <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/search?q=provenzal" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>Catalan</b> Provenzal</a>, come dice l' istesso Nostradama (13: Nel luogo citat. car. 626.), a Giovanni d' Angiò intitolato Duca di Calavria suo figlio primogenito, e Generale dell' Armata Franzese, e Provenzale, che allora si trovava ne' confini di <b>Catalogna</b>; (benchè nel detto anno, anzi ventisei anni prima, fosse già il suddetto Conte scaduto dalla Reggia di <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/03/a-la-ciutat-de-napols-hi-ha-una-preso.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Napoli</a>, avendo prevaluto il partito, e il valore delle armi de i <b>Catalani</b>, e degli Aragonesi contro degli Angioini, ed essendo in essa rimasto trionfante, e coronato sino dal 1442. il Re Alfonso il II (N. E: <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/alfonso-v-nace-entre-terremotos-espanto-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">V</a>), d' Aragona, e <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/01/x-constitutio-alphonsi-v-aragon-regis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">il I. di Napoli</a> (14 - Scipione Mazzella nel suo Catalogo de' Re di Napoli, Angioini, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/eleccion-ramiro-ii-rey-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aragonesi</a>, Castigliani, ed Austriaci. -, cognominato il <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2023/01/x-constitutio-alphonsi-v-aragon-regis.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Magnanimo</a>) la qual lettera ho qui trascritta con la medesima ortografia, che nella predetta Istoria si legge del seguente tenore; Illustrissimo, e <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/apendice-parlamento-cataluna-compromiso-caspe.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">carissimo</a> Duch, primogenit, Governador, e Loctenent general nostre: Nos com saben (sabeu) en los dies passats avens consideratiò als bons servicis, e merits del noble, e amat conseiller nostre Mossen Barthomeu Gary, l' y donam perpetualment en feu honorat segon costum de <b>Cathalunia</b>, per à el, e à sos fils emperò mascles de legitim matrimoni procreadòs lo <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/xxxii-reg-8-fol-67-15-marzo-1260-cervaria-cervera.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Viscomtat de Bas</a>, que ez prop las montanyas de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/6-de-mayo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ampurdà</a>, e certs <b>castels</b>, e altres coses que tenia en las parts de Ozona Joan de Cabrera, à nos inobedient, e rebelle, segon aquestes, e altres coses largament poreu veure en unas lettras patens à vous, e à altres dressades lou dia present dades. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E perque ez nostra ferma volontat, e intentiò, que lod. Moss. Borthomeu dè, aya, e consequesca la possessiò libera del dit Viscomtat, Castelz, e altres coses per nos à el donades, axi prest com vinguen à nostra obediensa, vos encarregam que axi ho façau executar per effecte, e per res non aya falla, com axi proceesca de nostra pensa: E sia illustrissimo, e carissimo Primogenit, e Loctenent general nostre la Santa Trinitat vostra garda. Dadas en lo nostre Castel de Bauge à xxix. del mes d' Abril de l' ani Mcccclxviij. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E trasportandola poi in Franzese il medesimo Cesare di Nostradama vi fa la seguente riflessione: Çette lettre de ce bon pere a son cher fils, qui ne têmoigne moins l' amitié grande qu' il luy portoit, que l' antiquité, & l' excellence de nôtre Vulgaire voire la conformité qu' il a avec le langage qu' on usoit du temps de Charles le Chauve, pour preuve que les Provençaux ont êté les premiers qui ont donné langue au reste des Gaules &c. sonne en François ces mêmes paroles &c.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">V. Il che anche attesta il mio Salvin, che ha tante lingue in bocca, Lettore di Lettere Greche nello Studio di Fiorenza, ed intendentissimo di tutte le lingue nobili, e principali, sì vive, che morte; imperocchè, essendo stato interrogato dal Crescimbeni, intorno ' l valore, o significato della nobilissima, ed antichissima particella Provenzale En, che si trova accanto i nomi propi, come lo Rey en Jacme, lo Rey en Pere; o della N in sua vece, e per accorciamento, attaccata co i nomi, che da vocale incominciano, come lo Rey Nanfos, Narnald, Naymeric, Nug, e simili, per confermazione della sua risposta, la quale fu, che non vale altro, che Don, e che tanto era in Provenzale il dire Narnald, Naimeric, Nug, quanto Don Arnaldo, Don Amerigo, e Don Ugo: siccome a i nomi propri femminili si aggiungeva la particella Na, come Namaria, Donna Maria, e simili, come si noterà appieno alla voce Nabisso; si prevalse de' nostri libri Catalani, e spezialmente d' un prezioso manoscritto, che si conserva appo ' l medesimo accennato Abate Anton Maria Salvini, intitolato: Istories, e conquestes del Reyalme d' Aragò, e Principat de Cathalunya compilades per lo honorable Mossen Pere Thomich Cavaller, les quals tramet al Reverent Archabisbe de Zaragoça (15: Presso il Crescimben. Comentar. Istor. Volgar. Poes. Volum. 2. par. I. car. 28. e 61.). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VI. E riflettendo inoltre, che la <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/07/capitulo-xlv-sunyer-segundo-conde-urgel.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Contea di Catalogna</a></b>, ha dato più tosto questa nostra lingua alla Provenza, che da essa Provenza ricevutala, siccome l' ha donata a i Regni di Valenza, Majorca, Minorca, Sardigna (16), Murzia (17), ed altri (18): Si perchè i nostri Conti di Barzellona furono per lungo tempo sovrani del Contado di Provenza (19), sotto ' l comando de' quali cominciarono in essa Contea a fiorire i Poeti (20), e nel medesimo tempo, quei popoli, colla pratica, e soggiorno della Corte Catalana pulirono il lor dialetto, e di nobili, e cortigiani abbigliamenti a uso di Barcellona, il resero molto vago, e dovizioso (21); ed all' incontro finita in quella Contea la descendenza de l' alta stirpe d' <b>Aragone</b> antica, ovvero de' Serenissimi <b>Conti Catalani</b>, per morte del quinto, ed ultimo <b>Ramondo Beringhieri</b>, e succeduti ad essi gli Angioini, cominciò a declinare in quelle parti la poesia (22); anzi la stessa lingua, estinto che fu in Provenza il Real sangue di Catalogna, e sottratto per così dire, il latte, che la nutriva, venne a poco a poco mancando, e dileguandosi da quelle Contrade, come affermano Filippo, e Jacopo Giunti (23). E come anche per l' autorità del sopra nominato Cesare di Nostradama, il quale parlando nella sua citata Istoria di Provenza (24: Part. 5. fogl. 540.), della carica di Veguer (cioè Bargello) della Città di Marsiglia, la qual carica, come egli dice, se souloit donner par grand honneur à des plus êlevez Gentilommes & mieux qualifiez du païs, che così pure si praticava in Barcellona mia Patria, e nell' altre Città del Principato negli andati secoli; dopo aver addotta la formula del giuramento, che in <b>Lingua Provenzale, o vero Catalana</b> prestava esso Veguer nel suo nuovo ingresso in detto posto, in presenza de i Consoli della Città costringendolo ad osservare gli antichi loro statuti, e privilegi, la qual formula trascrive à fin qu' on voye (dice egli) avec quelles protestations, & ceremonies ils estoient anciennement receus en cête charge, soggiunge immediatamente queste parole: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ce sont les sermens, & les protestations &c. & le ramage (il linguaggio, o dialetto) demi <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cathelan</a></b> (è tutto Catalano bello, e buono; ma scorretto, ed infranzesito) & paradvanture celuy-là même dont nos premiers Gaulois ont puisé leurs langues, locutions, & vocables. E per quest' altra di Antonio Ruffi nella sua Storia della Città di <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/10/leonor-alburquerque-alfonso-v-aragon-cartas-.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marsiglia</a> (25: Lib. 10. cap. 4. fogl. 445. ediz. 1642., e tom. 2. lib. 13. cap. 4. fogl. 331. ediz. 1696.), ove riferisce, che au commencement du douzieme siécle les Marseillois commencerent d' abâtardir leur idiome (a pulire, più tosto, non a imbastardire) par le commerce qu' ils eurent avec les peuples maritimes, si bien, qu' il se fit un grand mélange des mots Catalans. Quindi è, che determinai di andare raccogliendo, giusta ogni mia possa, tutte le voci Provenzali che potessi rintracciare usate dagl' Italiani, e di farne un alfabeto per inferirlo nella Gramatica.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VII. Per la qual cosa poi, tenendo ben a mente quello, ch' aveva letto nelle mentovate Prose del Bembo, cioè, che de' Rimatori Provenzali se ne leggono per chi vuole molti, da' quali si vede, che anno apparate, e tolte molte cose gli antichi Toscani, e appresso: Fu adunque la Provenzale favella estimata, e operata grandemente, siccome tuttavia veder si può, che più di cento suoi Poeti si leggono, ed hogli già letti io, adoperai ogni diligenza per leggere, e scoprire dalle tenebre dell' obblivione i componimenti di questi antichi Maestri, e Padri della Volgar Poesia; e il primo passo, che perciò diedi, fu alla Libreria Angelica, ove avendo domandato al dottissimo P. Fr. Basilio Resseghieri, Custode di essa, se per ventura vi fossero alcune Rime in Provenzale, mi rispose, che in uno de' Volumi de i Comentari del Crescimbeni intorno alla Istoria della Poesia Volgare, ce n' erano alcune; e conseguentemente dopo aver egli guardato l' Indice de' libri, mi porse in mano il prezioso Volume delle Vite de' più celebri Poeti Provenzali, altrimente intitolato: Comentari del Canonico (ora Arciprete) Gio. Mario Crescimbeni Custode d' Arcadia intorno alla sua Istoria della Volgar Poesia. Volume secondo, contenente l' ampliazione del secondo libro dell' Istoria, mediante le Vite, i giudizi, e i faggi de' Poeti Provenzali, che furono PADRI DELLA DETTA POESIA VOLGARE, e pubblicato d' ordine della Generale Adunanza d' Arcadia in Roma 1710. e dappoi nel 1722. ristampato con varie correzioni, e molte ampliazioni fattevi dal medesimo Autore; ed immediatamente dopo, che ' l suddetto P. Resseghieri ebbe fatto ' l solito segno da serrare la libreria, feci diligenza per provvedermi del detto libro, del quale mi favorì lo stesso Autore mio riveritissimo Padrone Gio. Mario Crescimbeni Arciprete dignissimo della Basilica di S. Maria in Cosmedin, Accademico Intronato, e della Crusca, e di tutti i Collegi letterari Italiani, e di molti di là da' monti degnamente laureato (26) Custode, ed uno de' primi Padri d' Arcadia, per la cui fondazione, propagamento, e difesa, siccome della più insigne Compagnia di Letterati, che da più secoli siasi raccolta, e per l' immortalità, che ha data a tanti illustri nomi d' Arti liberali, di Scienze, e di Scienziati, merita, che al suo infaticabile ingegno sia alzato in ogni Città aperta al commercio dell' Italiane lettere un monumento. Cavata, ch' ebbi da questa ricca miniera del mentovato, e non mai abbastanza lodato Crescimbeni, tutta la sostanza; e presa nota de' Codici manoscritti delle Rime Provenzali in detto Volume allegati; e degli Autori parimente in esso citati; ed indi poi fatto lo spoglio delle Considerazioni del Tassoni sopra le Rime del Petrarca, del Vocabolario, o della Tavola dell' Ubaldini al Barberino, e delle Annotazioni del Redi al suo Bacco in Toscana, vidi, che la raccolta delle Voci Provenzali cresceva, e di giorno in giorno notabilmente aumentavasi, e perciò altro luogo, e sito da quello, dove io aveva determinato collocarla, richiedeva. Laonde mi risolsi a farne un libro distinto, e di per se, con addurre sotto ciascheduna delle voci Provenzali, uno, o più esempli, sì de' suddetti Maestri, e Padri della Poesia Volgare, che de' Prosatori antichi, e tutte l' autorità, che a mio uopo potessi ritrovare, con ribattere quelle, che mi fossero contrarie; onde sin d' allora, che feci la nuova scoperta del suddetto tesoro, abbandonai la principiata Gramatica, di cui è rimasto un embrione, non senza speranza però, che possa un giorno uscire alla luce.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">VIII. Così dunque, sull' accennato progetto, e coll' istesso motivo che ebbe l' Accademia della Crusca nel porre nel suo Vocabolario al rincontro di alcuni vocaboli le voci greche, il qual motivo, altro non fu, che per agevolare con queste la dichiarazione di quelli, come avvertono gli Accademici (27); incominciai di bel nuovo ad operare con somma applicazione, e con acceso desiderio di giungerne a fine, colla speranza, che ciò farebbe caro alla mia Patria, e che me ne saperebbero grado non solo tutti quegli, che s' interessano nella gloria della lingua Provenzale, ma eziandio gl' Italiani, posciachè questi col mezzo degli esempli de' Poeti, e scrittori Provenzali, posti accanto de' Toscani, verrebbero più agevolmente in conoscimento della loro sonora, e per tutto ' l mondo rinomata favella; siccome in un certo modo considerarono gli stessi Accademici nell' ultima compilazione del loro Vocabolario, dove tra le molte voci, che non furono registrate nelle antecedenti edizioni, vi aggiunsero questa: Plusori, col Provenzale accanto, che è Pluzors (28); e siccome altresì pubblicamente ammonisce alla suddetta Accademia, il dottissimo Abate Anton Maria Salvini nella sua Lezione fatta Per l' apertura della generale Adunanza dell' anno 1704., in parlando della nuova Crusca, che è per istamparsi, in questa guisa (29): Come tutte le lingue figliuole sono dell' umano intelletto, e che queste secondano certi comuni movimenti dell' animo, il confronto della nostra colle erudite lingue, e colle volgari vicine, di quanto avvantaggio non riuscirebbe egli per internarsi nella cognizione delle cose medesime, delle quali le parole sono immagini vive, ed impronte? E in quella Sopra la nuova edizione del Vocabolario (30): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il confronto di nostra Lingua coll' erudite lingue, e co i volgari d' Europa infinitamente cresce il diletto, e ' l frutto insieme. Soggiungendo (31): Non obbliai (dice egli) i Poeti Provenzali, che dallo inventare le parole, e la musica, Trovatori con acconcio nome chiamavano, i quali, come de' Poeti Greci dice appresso Cicerone Antonio, sembrano con altro linguaggio aver parlato; così è egli strano, e a intendersi oggi duro, e malagevole. E per quelli in alcuna guisa intendere, il vecchio Gaulese, o Francesco idioma, curiosamente investigai, tutto per accattar lume, onde la nostra cara favella ne' suoi principii, e progressi si rimirasse, ed illustrasse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">IX. E tanto più il sopraddetto motivo, che ebbero quegli Accademici di accoppiare le voci volgari, con le greche, m' indusse a far l' istesso del Toscano col Provenzale, quanto che la Lingua Toscana non si può ben intendere, senza l' intelligenza della Provenzale, come lasciò scritto il sopra citato Benedetto Varchi in parlando del Cardinal Bembo (32): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E perciò la bella, ed egregia Città di Firenze, donde presero le lor leggiadre maniere gli Scrittori di primo grido, de' quali tutti ella fu Madre, o nudrice (33), intenta sempre a far lume agli studiosi della Toscana favella, insegnando il suo stesso Fiorentino parlare all' Italia, che così, cioè Lingua Fiorentina, innanzi alle celebri controversie di nome su questo affare, dicevasi, conserva sino da' tempi antichi nelle sue pubbliche, e private librerie, fra gli altri preziosi manoscritti, non solo la Gramatica Provenzale altra volta mentovata, ma eziandio il Glossario, l' Onomastico, e ' l Rimario della medesima Lingua, de' quali mss. si sono prevaluti l' Ubaldini per dichiarazione delle voci del suo Vocabolario alle Rime di Francesco Barberini (34), il Redi per intelligenza, e comento del suo famoso Ditirambo titolato Bacco in Toscana (35), e il Salvini nelle sue Sposizioni sopra ' l Petrarca (36).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">X. In questo stato, che quasi posso dire, che non avea fatto altro, che ' l solo disegno della macchina, fui costretto ad interromperne, e tralasciarne il lavoro, perciocchè s' aveva da risolvere in Ruota la sopraccennata mia causa della elemosina del pane di Girona; ma all' incontro poi, ottenuta in essa Causa, Sentenza, e Decreto favorevole, secondo 'l tenore delle Sacre Ruotali Decisioni nella medesima pubblicate, e così difinita, e con somma mia quiete, e contentezza gloriosamente del tutto terminata; nel mentre che stava attendendo un' altro decreto, cioè, quello della, molt' anni, (a: Qui diu desiderata, spiega, e comenta il Vocabolario in questo passo di Dant. Purg. 10. alla voce Lacrimato) lacrimata pace, ebbi più agio di ripigliare, tutto lieto, e vittorioso l' incominciato lavoro, e di spogliare le più famose librerie di Roma, ed altre d' Italia, con tanto mio genio, e soddisfazione, che la dolcezza, che sentiva nel cavare dalle inesauste miniere di nostra Lingua le più fine, e le più riposte ricchezze per arricchirne, ed illustrarne quella de' Toscani sua cara sorella, e quasi figliuola, e rendere per così fatto modo la medesima nostra diletta la Provenzale, gloriosissima, ed immortale, mi fece gittar dietro le spalle ogni altra cosa, che potesse cagionarmi disgusto, ed amarezza. Laonde dopo molti anni di studio, e d' una inestimabile fatica, ecco finalmente, che ho ridotta l' Opera a quel segno, che per me si è potuto il migliore, col mio Libro, che oggi con questo primo Volume (giacchè non ho tutto 'l comodo per dar fuori a un tratto gli altri Volumi che seguono) incomincio ad esporre alla pubblica censura delle Accademie, e Letterarie Radunanze d' Italia, e spezialmente di quella della Crusca, la quale, in questa materia di Lingua, ne ha sopra tutte l' altre la sovranità, e suprema giurisdizione; e lo presento ai discreti, ed amorevoli Lettori in particolare, che supplico a voler degnarsi d' accoglierlo sotto la loro protezione, e difesa; il che tanto più mi riprometto, quanto che trattandosi qui dell' eccellenze, e qualità della Lingua Provenzale, e della Italiana, o di quella di Oc, e di quella di Sì, che così sono ottimamente appellate dall' incomparabile <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dante</a> (37), onde prese la Gaule Narbonese il nome di Lenga d' oc (38), che i Franzesi appellano malamente coll' articolo maschile, le Languedoc; sotto le quali viene compresa la maggiore, e più bella parte d' Europa, per conseguenza essendovi quasi tutti generalmente interessati, (potendo io dire, e in verità affermare, che non vi ho cosa particolare di mio, che ugualmente non sia loro) tocca a tutti e per obbligo, e per giustizia il difenderlo, come cosa propria, e naturale, e ritenerne perpetua, e generosa protezione, sì per quello che appartiene al Provenzale, come al Toscano, in quella maniera appunto, che sollecita, ed amorosa madre, ricca di doppia prole, con vie maggior cura, e tenero affetto l' alimenta, e nodrisce.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XI. Quasi tutte le voci, e forme di dire, che per entro 'l Libro ho annoverate, e registrate le ho cavate dal Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, il quale in tutto 'l corso del mio lavoro, ho avuto sempre davanti agli occhi, e non me lo son tolto mai di mano; riportando la sua medesima spiegazione, e dichiarazione de' significati, e così anche 'l Latino, come si legge in esso Vocabolario; e il medesimo ho fatto pure intorno al Greco, allorchè ho conosciuto, che la voce Provenzale sia dalla Greca originata, o che n' abbia dependenza. Vi ho inseriti, o posti ancora molti degli esempli Toscani, acciocchè il Lettore possa più comodamente confrontargli con quelli dei Provenzali; e si veda, che da questi anno anche spesse fiate tolti i Rimatori, e Prosatori Toscani molti concetti, e molte invenzioni, come osservarono in parte il Bembo (39), l' Equicola (40), il Bouche (41), il Paschieri (42), il Pittoni (43) i Nostradami (44), ed in particolare Gasparo Scuolano colle seguenti parole (45): “No se puede dexar entre renglones, que se pagaron tanto los Italianos de esta poetica invenzion y estilo de los Lemosines, que no solo les cogieron el arte, y metro, però aun las mesmas rimas traduzian en su lengua Italiana. Cien años antes que floreciesse el Petrarca, es à saber, el año mil doscientos y cinquenta, viviò en nuestra Ciudad un Cavallero famoso Poeta llamado Mossen Jordi, criado en la Corte del Rey Don Jayme el Conquistador; el qual con mucha gala usò de Sonetos, Sextiles, Terceroles, y Octavas rimas en Lengua Valenciana Lemosina. Y viniendo despues al Mundo el Petrarca, en el año de mil trescientos, y ventisiete, que se enamorò de madama Laura, llamandole su estrella al mayor lauro que Poeta vulgar ha podido conseguir, se valiò de las Obras deste insigne Valenciano, vendiendolas al Mundo por suyas en lengua Italiana. Pudiera dar por testigos à muchas de ellas, però contentareme con sola esta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El Petrarca dice:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pace non trovo, e non ho da far guerra;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E volo sopra 'l Cielo, e giaccio in terra;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E nulla stringo, e tutto 'l Mondo abbraccio;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ed ho in odio me stesso, ed amo altrui:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">S' amor non è, che dunque è quel, ch' io sento?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mossen Jordi dixo:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E non he pau, e no tinc quim' querreig;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vol sobre l' Cel, e nom' movi de terra, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E no estrench res, e tot lo Mon abràs;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Oy he de mi, e vull a altri gran be:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si no es Amor, donchs açò que serà?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">que traduzidos en Castellano quieren dezir: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No tengo paz, y nadie me haze guerra;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Voy por los Cielos, sin dexar el suelo; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nada recojo, y todo el Mundo abraço;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A mi mesmo aborrezco, y amo a otri:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Y si esto no es Amor, que es lo que siento? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El modo como pudieron llegar las Obras de Mossen Jordi Cavallero Valenciano a las manos del Petrarca, lo escrive nuestro Antonio Beuter en la Epistola proemial de su Coronica; donde dize, que hallandose en Gascuña con Don Jayme Colona Obispo de Lumbierri, en tiempo del Papa Juan XXIII. como llegasse à las rayzes de los Pyrineos (segun se comprehende de los Comentarios de Alexandro Vellutello en la Vida que escriviò del Petrarca) pudieron venir a sus codiciosos ojos, como tentados de aquel manjar, las rimas del dicho Cavallero, que ya entonces corrian por Cataluña, y Gascuña con grande renombre de su Autor; y entonces le desentrañò el estilo, las agudezas, ternuras, y conceptos, passandolo todo a su proposito, y Lengua.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">XII. E qui di passaggio mi sia permesso il soggiugnere, e avvertire, che i primi tre versi de i cinque sopra trascritti del Petrarca sono del primo quadernario del Sonetto 103. part. I., che appunto incomincia Pace non trovo, ec. del qual Sonetto confessa Alessandro Tassoni nelle sue Considerazioni sopra le Rime di esso Petrarca, non ostante 'l suo genio sempremai critico, ed alla censura inclinato, che non senza ragione vien lodato, ed ammirato da' begli 'ngegni; e il quarto, cioè Ed ho in odio me stesso ec. è del primo ternario del medesimo Sonetto; e il quinto S' Amor non è ec. è principio del Sonetto 101. della suddetta parte prima, intorno al quale attesta parimente l' istesso Tassoni, che senza alcun dubbio è ottimo. E di quì, allo 'ncontro, può avvertire il Lettore, come ingiustamente, ed a gran torto dice esso Tassoni nella Prefazione delle predette sue Considerazioni, che ha proccurato liberar, </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">sopra tutto l' Autore da varie opposizioni, e calunnie di Scrittori diversi, tra le quali questa è la prima: Ch' egli rubasse molte invenzioni, e concetti ad altri Poeti Toscani, e Provenzali, ch' erano stati prima di lui; e che avendo lette la maggior parte dell' Opere de' Poeti Provenzali, nè solamente furto alcuno di rilievo non ho trovato: ma nè anche (son per dire) cosa degna, che un' ingegno, come quello del Petrarca se n' invaghisse; così son elle per lo più scarse al peso, e di quà dal segno della mediocrità. Giacchè egli voleva liberar il Petrarca, come dice di simili opposizioni, potea prevalersi per la difesa, ed apologia, senza biasimare l' Opere di quei nostri Maestri, e Padri della Poesia volgare, dell' autorità del Bembo, il quale intorno a questo nostro proposito così lasciò scritto (46): Ne solamente molte voci, come si vede, o pure alquanti modi del dire presero dalla Provenza i Toscani; anzi essi ancora molte figure del parlare, molte sentenze, molti argomenti di Canzoni, molti versi medesimi le furarono; e più ne furaron quelli, che' maggiori stati sono, e miglior Poeti reputati. Il che agevolmente vederà, chiunque le Provenzali rime piglierà fatica di leggere. Ed indi l' eruditissimo Abate Anton Maria Salvini, allorachè dimostrando, che per arrivare alla perfezione, ed all' eccellenza nell' arti, e nelle scienze, niuna strada vi ha più facile, nè più spedita, che l' imitazione degli ottimi autori, che è quella, che vi conduce dirittamente, disse in lode dello stesso Petrarca (47): Non pure la Latina Lingua affatto perduta, ricondusse a novella vigorosa vita, ma nel Toscano Idioma molto osservò, e molto prese dagli antichi rimatori Provenzali.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIII. In somma ritornando al Testo del suddetto Vocabolario, egli è stato il primo fondamento, e la principale base del mio Libro; e perciò solamente, l' ho intitolato col nome della Crusca Provenzale; protestandomi però, che non pretendo con simil titolo, arrogarmi nella mia Lingua, il singolar privilegio, che intorno all' Idioma Toscano gode l' Accademia della Crusca, più d' un secolo fa, cioè di abburattare, e cernere dalla crusca la farina degli Autori, che a questo fine di mano in mano se le presentano innanzi, posciachè, se ciò mi fosse lecito, (benchè col solo nome della Crusca, così assolutamente detto, s' intenda in materia di Lingua, l' istesso Vocabolario; e quasi si può dire, che questo suo metaforico significato, abbia usurpato il primo luogo al proprio) allora poi, il più bel fiore della Toscana Favella, in vece della Crusca Provenzale l' avrei intitolato; per essere tutti i vocaboli, e parlari, che dal medesimo Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca ho cavati, e che gli Scrittori Toscani del buon secolo con finissima scelta presero dall' Idioma Provenzale, il più bel fiore cogliendone, come fece, tra gli altri, qual' ape ingegnosa (48), il Barberino; de' più leggiadri, e de' più sonori, e de' più belli, ch' abbia la Lingua Toscana, come ci avvertisce il Salviati (49); co i quali, gli stessi Toscani Scrittori, la favella loro, ancora in alcuna parte manchevole, di nuovi abbellimenti, e di nuove preziose ricchezze adornarono, come afferma Tommaso Bonavventuri (50); avendo così ingegnosamente la loro Poesia altresì renduta vaga molto, e ricca, e splendiente, come pubblica lo spesso (stesso) mentovato Anton Maria Salvini nelle sue eloquentissime Toscane Prose (51). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIV. Base, e fondamento in secondo luogo, di questo Libro, non meno che chiara fontana della nostra Provenzale Favella, sono stati quegli Autori, che scrissero con ogni purezza, e proprietà di Lingua, come sono comunemente quegli, che scrissero nell' età d' oro, che così chiamerò io il tempo in cui ella fioriva, siccome anno fatto alcuni Scrittori Latini, appellando così il tempo della lingua Latina, quando era in fiore (52); e i Toscani, respettivamente, il buon secolo del Volgar loro, quel tempo dal 1300. al 1400., nel quale veramente e si parlò, e si scrisse in Firenze con intera schiettezza, è senza quella varietà, e barbarie, che indusse poi il rimescolamento cogli altri dialetti, e lo studio posto nella Lingua Latina, che indusse per cotal guisa trascuranza della materna, come attestano gli Accademici della Crusca nella Prefazione del predetto Vocabolario.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XV. Questa età d' oro, o questo tempo della purità, e bellezza del nostro Provenzal Idioma, si debbe contare, incominciando dal principio del Secolo XI., o in quel torno, fino all' anno 1479., o poco dopo, nel qual' anno s' unì la Corona d' Aragona con quella di Castiglia, per mezzo del parentado del Re d' Aragona Don Ferdinando II., colla Regina di Castiglia Donna Isabella; imperciocchè in tutto detto spazio, e corso di tempo, e si parlò, e si scrisse in Catalogna (e in Valenza ancora fino dal tempo della sua conquista fatta dal Re Don Giacomo minato Lo Conquistador) senza quella varietà, per non dir barbarie, che introdusse poi a poco a poco il rimescolamento con altre lingue, ed in ispeziale lo studio posto nella Castigliana, che indusse per così fatto modo trascuranza della materna, benchè nel Tuddetto anno dell' unione, ed alleanza delle due Corone, ancora fosse essa Castigliana rozza molto, e povera, e incolta, come vederemo appresso; onde alcuni, perduto l' amore alla natural favella, di nuove, e straniere forme di parlare, ed al genio di essa non punto convenevoli la infettarono, ed altri, non istimando se non quel che è forestiero, a scrivere si posero in Castigliano, mettendo in non cale la propria, il che fu chiaramente accennato dal sopraccitato Gasparo Scuolano Annalista del Regno di Valenza con queste parole (53): “Con su hermosura natural se hallava tan adelantada, &c. que si como sus hijos con la agudeza de sus picos la fueron puliendo, y realçando hasta los años de mil quinientos y cinquenta, durára en el passo que llevava, llegára à los quilates mayores que puede la que mas tiene, com (como) lo ha hecho la Castellana de cien años a esta parte, teniendo en los de atràs tan grosseros principios. Però como el Imperio de la Corona de Aragon se passò à la de Castilla, incorporandose las Coronas, parece, que tambien se han querido incorporar las lenguas; tanto, que entrandose la Castellana por los mojones de Valencia, se ha enseñoreado de suerte del gusto de todos, que la natural Valenciana ha ydo afloxando de su vigor, y dexado de passar adelante en la nobleza, à que nuestros passados con tanta gloria suya la havian subido.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVI. E poichè ho toccata questa materia attenente all' Istoria della nostra lingua, voglio far avvertiti i Lettori, particolarmente gl' Italiani, che sebbene nell' accennato tempo, cominciò essa ne' suddetti Stati di Catalogna, e di Valenza, a declinare, e scemar di pregio; ma non coll' istesso passo che nella Provenza, allora che in essa Contea s' estinse la <b>regia stirpe Catalana de' Beringhieri</b>, e in lor vece succederono, o per dir meglio vi si intrussero i Conti Angioini. In Provenza però nel tempo che' l Cardinal Bembo scrisse le sue Prose, e che' l Contado era unito col Regno de' Franzesi, il che addivenne nel 1481. per morte del Conte Carlo d' Angiò, che ne lasciò erede il Re Luigi XI., già quei popoli in gran parte corrottamente parlavano, come dice lo steso Bembo (54); e poi andò talmente in quelle contrade peggiorando, e di secolo in secolo perdendo il buon linguaggio nativo, che oggidì quasi sicuramente affermare fi può, che sia morto, non che corrotto in bocca de i medesimi popoli, ed altri dell' <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Occitania</a>, ed Aquitania: Ma in bocca de i popoli del Principato di Catalogna, e de' Regni di Valenza, Majorica, Minorica, ed Iviza, sempre si è conservato vivo, e poco meno, che nel suo intero essere, fuorchè in alcuni vocaboli de' più antichi, a cui ne sono stati sostituiti altri di nuovi, siccome sogliono far sempre tutte le lingue viventi; onde vedemo nelle Città d' Italia, se ben volemo guardare, da cinquanta anni in quà molti vocaboli essere spenti, e nati, e variati, <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">come disse Dante</a> (55);</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">----- e ciò conviene (56): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Che l' uso de' mortali è, come fronda </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">In ramo, che sen va, ed altra viene. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onde Orazio parlando de' vocaboli antichi, e moderni (57):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Multa renascentur, quae jam cecidere, cadentque </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que penes arbitriú est, & vis, & norma loquendi: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">e al medesimo proposito Terenzio Varrone (58): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Consuetudinem loquendi esse in motu, itaque solere fieri ex meliore deteriorem: Vetustas enim, non pauca depravat, multa tollit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVII. Anzi nel Principato di Catalogna sul principio dell' ultimo trascorso secolo, il nostro rinomatissimo Poeta il Dottor Vincenzio Garzia, e con esso lui Lo Regalo (delizia) de las Musas Don Joan de Boxadòs, e Lo esglay (spavento) d' Apolo Cordellas, oltre agli altri molti, che in quel tempo fiorirono, come Don Francisco de Ayguaviva, Don Felip de Guimerà, e cento più, de' quali fa egli menzione (59: Vincenzio Garzia nelle sue Rime a c. 121., e 122.), gli fecero mirabilmente rialzar il volo; onde lo stesso Garzia tra i suoi Sonetti (60: Il Garzia suddetto a car. 3.): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gaste (adoperi) qui de las flors de Poesia </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Toyas (mazzi di fiori) vol consagrar als ulls, (occhi) que adora,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del ric aljofar (piccola perla; ma quì per metaf., Rugiada) que plora l' Aurora, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quant li convinga dir, ques' fa de dia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Si de Abril parla, pinte l' alegria</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ab que desplega sas catifas (tappeti) Flora, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O a Filomena, mentre cantant plora, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De ram en ram, la llengua, que tenia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A qui s' diu Isabel, digali Isbella;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sol, y Estelas als ulls; als llavis (a' labbri) grana;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Llocs comuns de las Musas de Castella:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que jo, peraquè sapia Tecla, o Joana, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Qu' estic perdut, per tot quant veig en ella, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prou tinc (mi basta) de la llanesa (schiettezza, purità) Catalana.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">e nelle Cobbole (61: Luogo citato fogl. 122.):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No diu lo Senyor (b) Heredia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Que (c) gongorejo, y sò sol</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lo qui nostra axuta llengua </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La destrempo ab ayguarròs? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Non dice il Signor Eredia,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Che gongorreggio? e ch' io solo sono</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Colui, che nostra asciutta lingua</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Stempero con acqua rosa? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(b) Heredia: Don Giuseppe Heredia famoso Poeta Castigliano coetaneo del Garzia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(c) Gongorejo cioè, che scrivo alla maniera di Don Luigi di Gongora, che è il Principe de' Poeti Castigliani, si per l' invenzione, come per la purità, e finezza di linguaggio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E oggi giorno col mezzo della moderna Accademia dels Desconfiats (de' Diffidati) eretta in Barcellona nel 1700., sotto la protezione di NOSTRA DONNA DI MONSERRATO, per far argine, e difesa alle inondazioni di stravolte locuzioni, che sovrastavano, opponendosi a così precipitoso torrente di nuovi barbari, e stranieri vocaboli, ei suoi legittimi, che dolcissimi, e belli sono, con franco cuore valorosamente riparando, farebbe forse la Lingua Provenzale salita altra volta a quel grado d' onore, e di gloria, in cui ella salì nell' età d' oro, o del gay saber (cioè del gajo savere, o della gaja scienza, che così chiamavano i nostri antichi l' arte del rimare (62) se non fossero sopraggiunti i travagli, e flagelli delle guerre, che misero il Principato sottosopra, ed in particolare la sua Capitale mia Patria, come è ben noto, ed espresse il letteratissimo Annibale Marchese ne' due ultimi versi della seguente ottava (63):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E solo immota <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/indice-tomo-iv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barcellona</a> resta </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Incontr' al campo de l' irato Ispano: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sì sprezza in nostro mar lieve tempesta</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gran nave usa al furor de l' Oceano: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ma scende il Gallo numeroso, e infesta </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sue mura sì, ch' ogni contrasto è vano.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onde al fin, pria che vinta, assorta cade </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Da tempestoso mar di fiamme, e spade. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XVIII. Circa la qualità degli Scrittori Provenzali, e de i loro componimenti per entro il Libro allegati, avverto, che se ne dà contezza nelle Tavole de' medesimi, che faranno poste appresso, ove si dà ragguaglio ancora, di vari Codici antichi MSS. Provenzali, massimamente di quelli, che della medesima Lingua ho incontrati nella Biblioteca Vaticana, avendo avuto il bel comodo di spogliarli, per singolar favore compartitomi dal dottissimo Monsignor Michelangelo Majella primo Custode di essa; i quali Codici Vaticani sono i più ricchi arnesi, per così dire, che abbia la guardaroba della nostra Lingua; oltre a quelli preziosi avanzi, che se ne conservano nella Real Libreria Medicea Laurenziana, che, quando mi ritruovava (ritrovava) in Firenze, ebbi parimente il comodo di smidollare, mercè alla gentilezza del suo Bibliotecario l' eruditissimo Dottor Anton Maria Biscioni. Avverto in oltre, che siccome nel Vocabolario della Crusca non si è osservato di metter sempre nel primo luogo l' esemplo dello Scrittore, o più autorevole, o più nobile, ma sovente si è collocato per primo, il più acconcio alla dichiarazion della voce, come avvertono gli Accademici nella citata loro Prefazione; così anch' io ho praticato, seguitando l' orme impresse da quei valentuomini, senza badare a simile osservazione di nobiltà, e precedenza. Questo bene è stato da me esattamente osservato, di allegar prima i Poeti antichi, che gli Scrittori, o i Poeti moderni; ed in particolare ho posta ogni diligenza in proccurare, che sotto ciascheduna delle voci vi fosse almeno un' esempio di Scrittore Provenzale più antico de i Toscani citati nel Vocabolario. Egli è però ben vero, che in alcune poche voci mi sono dispensato di usare simile diligenza, o sia, perchè il Vocabolario non vi rinvenga alcun esemplo; o perchè sono già d' altra parte difese, e per Provenzali autenticate da alcuno degli Scrittori, e letterati di primo grido, e della Lingua Provenzale pratichissimi, come dal gran Bembo, il quale colle sue regole in fiorito stile dettate, alzò primo l' insegna al bel Toscano parlare; e successivamente da quei gloriosi seguaci, che dietro alla bandiera da esso lui inalborata con bella mostra di mano in mano schierati si vedono, cioè il Varchi, il Tassoni, l' Ubaldini, il Redi, il Salvini, e il Crescimbeni: o sia pure, perchè sono già per tali confermate dall' uso, essendomi perciò prevaluto talora di alcuni nobili Scrittori de' tempi bassi, come del Garzia, e del Fontanella, che così respettivamente anno fatto ancora i mentovati Accademici.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XIX. Sul principio della mia fatica aveva fatto pensiero di trasportare in Toscano tutti gli esempi, o passi degli antichi Poeti Provenzali, che per entro' l Libro s' allegano; ma considerando poi, che ciò farebbe soverchia macchina, ho tradotti solamente i più difficili, come, tra gli altri passi, e componimenti, la Sestina, che fece Arnaldo Daniello, il quale fu l' inventore di questa spezie di Poesia, che ho trascritta sotto la medesima voce Sestina; e così le Cobbole in forma di Dialogo tra Giovanni d' Albuzon, e Niccoletto di Turino, che ho trasportate alla voce Cobbola; e la Tenzone fra Salvarico di Malleone, Anselmo Faidit, e Ugo della Bacalaria, che parimente ho riportata alla voce Tenzone ec. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ma non mi sono obbligato di tradurli in versi, se non dove è tornato bene, acciocchè meglio si conosca la qualità de' sentimenti passati dalla Provenza, e Catalogna nella Toscana. Quando poi per entro i passi, ed esempli allegati, che non sono stati tradotti, vi ho trovato alcune parole difficili, ed oscure, non ho mancato di spiegarle, con farvi la chiosa Toscana.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XX. Quelle voci, che dalla ingiuria de' tempi sono state spente, e sbandite della nostra Contea, e che non si trovano, che ne i libri antichi, le ho talora contrasegnate con notarle dopo gli esempli Provenzali, per voci disusate, o vero antiche, e vi ho contrapposte, e rinvergate le moderne. Ma non per tanto pretendo confermare il loro sbandimento; anzi vorrei commendarne l' uso agli studiosi, ed amatori della nostra Lingua, usandole però con giudizio, e con parsimonia; ben avvertito dal Maestro della Toscana, e Greca eloquenza, e di tutte le principali lingue, allorachè in uno de' suoi pubblici, e gravissimi Ragionamenti Accademici disse (64): In primo luogo antica dovrebbe essere la favella; nè ciò vi paja crudo, o strano, o Signori, che ben so, che quell' antico sapientissimamente disse; usa costumi antichi, ma parole del secolo; e Salustio principale Autore della Storia Romana, per le parole, e frasi sue, fu tacciato come affettatore d' antichità. E Giulio Cesare una disusata parola, e dismessa, disse essere da schifare come scoglio. Voglio dire antica, cioè pura, semplice, monda, netta; quale nel loro tempo usavano i buoni antichi, de' quali eran proprie virtù, la forza dell' espressione, la nuda, e schietta proprietà, la breviloquenza; gli arcaismi ancora, o vogliam (vogliamo) dire, l' antiche voci, e maniere troppo usate, facendo il parlare enimmatico, ma con parca, e sospesa mano, e a tempo, e luogo impiegate, dando maestà al discorso, ed efficacia, in cui all' antico ben collocato, suole andar dietro un non so che di pellegrino, e di grazioso. E ottimamente i maggiori nostri Accademici ci proposero per idea del parlare gli antichi; poichè essi parlavano col linguaggio del cuore, e i moderni Componimenti possono essere bene più sublimi in parte, e più adorni, ma non già per ventura in universale più toccanti: e altrove (65): tutte le parole si poson dire in suo luogo, e tempo, e col senno; e dagli Accademici della Crusca (66) altresì, che tutte le parole a' loro luoghi ottimamente si adoperano, e tornan bene, come sovente egli avviene d' alcuna pittura, che fuori del suo lume non rilieva, e tale ora si mostra sproporzionata, che poi collocata al suo luogo, dà altrui negli occhi, e nella aggiustata veduta non che si mostri, e ben proporzionata, e ben condotta, ma spicca a maraviglia, e campeggia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXI. Diversamente usò <b>Pietro di Corbiacco</b>, uno de' Padri, e Maestri della <b>Poesia volgare</b>, allora che delle più alte materie, e scienze prese altamente a trattare in quel suo veramente aureo Poema titolato il Tesoro, detto <b>Provenzalmente</b> <u>Lo Tresor</u> de Maestre Peire (o Pere) de <b>Corbiac</b>, esistente nella Biblioteca Vaticana (67), che quando a diporto della sua Donna vaghe <b>canzonette</b> compose. Altre voci adoperò Ramondo della Torre da <b>Marsiglia</b>, descrivendo l' eccellenze della bella, sopra tutte le belle Città Dels Florentins, qu' om appella Florenza (68), che quando si mise a discorrere delle guerre, che correvano tra i Principi del suo tempo. Con altre frasi, molti de' nostri Maestri, e Padri della volgar Poesia si misero divinamente a cantare le lodi della BEATISSIMA VERGINE, e fra essi Pietro Guglielmo, e Lanfranco Cicala, che quando i vizi di quella età ne' loro famosissimi Serventesi presero a rimproverare. Nella Storia di <b>Tirant lo Blanc</b>, che si conserva nella <a href="https://www.librerialasapienza.it/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Libreria della Sapienza</a> di Roma, composta dal Cavalier Pietro Giovanni <b>Martorell</b>, uno de' più chiari lumi della nostra Lingua, con altre forme risponde esso Tirante al Cavalier delle Ville-Erme, suo rivale (69); e con diverso stile scrive alla sua bella ugualmente, e costante Principessa Carmesina (70). Lo stesso Martorelli, non in persona d' altri, ma per se proprio, con altri modi scrive dalla nobilissima Città di Valenza sua Patria, alla Maestà del Re di Portogallo Don Fernando, dedicandole la suddetta Storia; e con altra maniera parla co' Lettori nel Proemio della medesima. Laonde, il buon giudicio dello Scrittore, come soggiungono i mentovati Accademici, può solamente scieglier le voci, adattar le locuzioni, accomodar le maniere, all' occasioni, alle materie, a' tempi, alle persone; nè vi ha regola si presissa, che possa servir d' istruzione alle Scritture.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><span>XXII. L' <b>ortografia</b> degli <b>antichi </b>era pessima, e confusissima, imperocchè, oltre che non adoperavano nè l' <b>apostrofo</b>, nè la <b>virgola</b>, nè l' <b>accento</b>, e le lettere maggiori, o <b>majuscole</b> solamente le usavano ne' capi versi, attaccavano per lo più gli <b>articoli</b> co i <b>nomi</b>, e di due, e tre, e più <b>vocaboli</b> alle volte non ne facevano altro, che uno, unendogli in una sola figura, ed all' incontro, in due, e tre figure qualche volta un sol <b>vocabolo</b> dividevano; il che reca non poca confusione a chiunque non abbia cognizione dello sregolato scrivere di quei tempi, o <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">che non sia pratico in materia di Lingua</a>; ed è stato cagione di molti sbagli, come appieno dimostrano le Annotazioni, e gli Avvertimenti di tutti coloro, che nel secolo XVI. furono Deputati in Firenze dal Serenissimo Granduca alla correzione del <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Boccaccio</a>, per ridurlo alla sua vera, ed intera lezione. Onde per agevolare al Lettore l' intelligenza degli esempi, e de' passi antichi Provenzali, ho proccurato di ridurli alla più chiara, e distinta ortografia; circa la quale mi sono per lo più conformato con quella, che ritennero gli Accademici Barcellonesi nella impressione delle Rime del nostro Garzia: Ma non per ciò si credano gli amatori della sempremai veneranda antichità, ch' io abbia voluto in parte alcuna derogare alla fedeltà, e legalità de' Codici, e <b>testi</b> antichi, perchè altro non vi ho fatto, che aggiungervi le virgole, gli accenti, gli apostrofi, e distaccare gli articoli da i nomi, e cose simili, come si può vedere col rincontro degli stessi originali, mentre che di tutti cito puntualmente i numeri, le carte, le colonne, o altre somiglianti individuazioni, e in ciò mi sono affaticato viepiù, che non anno fatto altri molti in simili allegazioni: Anzi talora ne ho riportati alcuni nell' istesso modo, che sono scritti ne i testi, senza aggiugnervi (aggiungervi) una virgola, e senza alterarvi la minima cosa, acciocchè </span><span>possa vedere il curioso Lettore l' ortografia di quei tempi, come ho fatto nel Componimento di Giuffredo Rudello, che nel presente primo </span></span><span>Volume ho trascritto, e tradotto in Toscano, sul principio de i Preliminari toccanti la natura, e qualità delle Lettere dell' Abbiccì Toscano, e Provenzale; siccome anche nella mentovata Sestina di Arnaldo, e nelle sopraddette Gobbole (</span><b>Cobbole</b><span>) di Giovanni d' Albuzon, ed in altri. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIII. Per entro le Storie, e Croniche di Francia stampate in Franzese si truovano molti atti, e frammenti di <b>Scritti Provenzali antichi</b>, i quali sono per lo più storpi, e monstruosi anzi che nò, poichè sembra, che in due lingue dettati, e formati sieno, cioè in Provenzale, e in Franzese, e non già in Provenzale schietto, per essere, come in vero sono la maggior parte malamente infranzesiti, come lo sono altresì quei versi Provenzali di Dante nel <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Canto XXVI. del Purgatorio</a>, ove introduce il suddetto Daniello a parlare in suo linguaggio Provenzale, come osservarono il Varchi (71), e il Castelvetro (72), e ultimamente l' eruditissimo Abate Anton Maria Salvini riferito dal Crescimbeni nella seguente Annotazione (73). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Ed in questo proposito notisi, che nel Dante della Crusca, come ci ha avvertito il dottissimo <b>Anton Maria Salvini</b>, è posto Jeu suis, per <b>Eu soi</b>, e nella Stampa de' Giunti di Firenze dell' anno 1506. questo Provenzale è infranzesito a proposito, con dire cortois in vece di <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cortès</a>: joyeulx in luogo di <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jausen</a>; ore in cambio di <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ara</a>: pleure per <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plor</a>, e simili. E lo avvertì poi egli stesso nelle sue <b>Prose Toscane</b> (74) così: “Di questi <b>Trovatori</b>, o <b>Poeti </b>(Provenzali) il più famoso fu <b><a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaldo Daniello</a></b> fatto parlare in sua lingua da Dante nel Purgatorio: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eu soi Arnaut qi plor e vai cantan</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaldo io son</a>, <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">che piango, e vo cantando</a>, che alcuni malamente riformano nel Franzese, dicendo in vece di <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eu soi</a>, <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Je suis</a>. "E di quì è, </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">che' l Landino, nel suo Comento sopra esso Dante, parlando de' medesimi <b>versi</b>, nell' accennato modo <b>infranzesiti</b> (come anno quasi tutti i testi stampati) senza aver egli consultato i buoni, e più sicuri <b>manoscritti</b>, disse: Scrisse questi versi il Poeta (Dante) parte in <b>Lingua Franzese, e parte in Catalana</b>, perchè <a href="https://textos-dante-alighieri.blogspot.com/2020/08/purgatorio-canto-xxvi.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Arnaldo</a> era dotto nell' una, e nell' altra Lingua. Laonde, quando nell' adoperare i passi, o esempi di simili scritture, vi ho trovate delle parole infranzesite, gli ho ridotti al loro vero <b>dialetto Provenzale</b>, senza renderne conto, nè ragione al Lettore, per altro ben avvertito da quel che intorno a questo proposito lasciò scritto Raimondo Vidal, più secoli sono, nel suo Libro del poetar <b>volgare</b> (75), que tuyt aquel, qe dizon amis per amics, e moi per me &c. tut fallon, qe paraulas son <b>franzesas</b>, e no las deu hom mesclar ab <b>lemosinas</b> cioè: che tutti quelli, che dicono amis per amics, e moi per me &c. tutti fallano, per essere parole della <b>Lingua Franzese</b>, le quali non si debbono mescolare col <b>Provenzale, o Limosino</b>, <u>ch' è il medesimo</u>. Quando però mi è convenuto rassettare qualche parola de' <b>Codici MSS.</b> storpia da' <b>trascrittori</b>, e <b>copiatori</b> di quell' età, i quali badavano assai più alla bellezza, ed apparenza de' caratteri, che all' arte di rettamente scrivere; e che la differenza sia sì notabile, che ne faccia variare il senso, o il significato, o che malagevolmente s' intenda che cosa voglia dire, in cotal caso ne rendo la ragione, come nel passo del Monaco di Montaudone, che allego alla voce Sonetto, il qual passo, o esempio, per leggersi scorretto ne' testi, fece prendere sbaglio all' Ubaldini nella parola Lombarda Mo della sua Tavola al Barberino.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">XXIV. Alcuni degli Autori, o Vocabolistari, e comunemente tutti quelli, che non anno avuta molta cognizione della nostra Lingua, si sono creduti, che fosse la medesima, che la Franzese, ed anno scambievolmente presa l' una per l' altra, senza farvi differenza; come abbiamo da' Deputati del 73. i quali parlando nel Proemio delle loro Annotazioni, d' un certo libretto scritto nel buon secolo della Lingua Toscana, contenente alcuni miracoli della SANTISSIMA VERGINE, dicono così: Per la maggior parte ha sapore essere cavato dal Provenzale, o dal Francesco, che dir si debbia: Che quantunque fra queste lingue fino allora avesse alcuna differenzia (molta, e non alcuna, anzi sono elleno del tutto differenti, come avverte il Salvini </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">(76), e Fazio Uberti lo mostri manifestamente, nondimeno secondo l' uso comune di que' tempi, abbiamo indifferentemente preso, ed usato questo nome, ed a questa occasione non è stato male avvertirne il Lettore. Onde non rechi maraviglia, se in cotali Vocabolistari, e Glosatori, vi si troveranno alcune voci allegate per Provenzali, che non sono registrate, nè annoverate nel mio Libro, perchè a bella posta le ho rigettate, ed escluse per non essere nostrali.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXV. E se bene, all' incontro, ve ne sieno registrate di quelle, che alcuni di tali Autori anno annoverate per Francesche, le quali col Franzese veramente gran somiglianza, ed affinità si vede, che anno, verbigrazia coraggio, naverare ec., e che per conseguenza parrà a più d' uno, che da quell' Idioma vago, e leggiadro sieno state tolte piuttosto, che dal Provenzale; Debbo quì generalmente avvertire, che non è cotale somiglianza sì perfetta, e sì uniforme, com' è quella, che anno col Provenzale, come si dimostrerà a' loro luoghi: Ed in oltre, che i Franzesi non possono allegare degli esempli, così antichi, come sono quelli de' nostri Provenzali, giacchè era, come dice il Bembo (77), per tutto il Ponente la favella Provenzale ne' tempi, ne' quali ella fiorì, in prezzo, e in istima molta, e tra tutti gli altri idiomi di quelle parti di gran lunga primiera: conciossiacosachè ciascuno o Francese, o Fiamingo, o Guascone, o Borgognone, o altramente di quelle Nazioni, che egli si fosse, il quale bene scrivere, e spezialmente verseggiar volesse; quantunque egli Provenzale non fosse, lo faceva <b>Provenzalmente</b>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>XXVI. Anzi tutte le nostre voci, che anno uniformità, e amistanza col Franzese, le anno certamente i Franzesi tolte dal Provenzale, come afferma Cesare di Nostradama colle sue autorità, che ad altro effetto si sono dedotte, e trascritte di sopra ne' numeri IV. e VI. E ciò si conferma col riflettere, che nella Corte de i Re di Francia, e generalmente in tutto quel Regno, e si usasse, e si parlasse questa nostra dolce, e gentil favella molti anni prima, che la Franzese, come attestano parecchi Autori di varie Nazioni, particolarmente il Presidente <a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10164135?page=,1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Claudio Fauchet</a> Franzese (78), e dopo di lui il celebre Carlo Du-Fresne della medesima Nazione (abbiano pazienza i Franzesi, se non seguo la moda, per citare, e trascrivere così spesso le loro autorità) ne' numeri 34. 35. e 36. della Prefazione del suo Glossario agli Scrittori della mezzana, e bassa latinità, col seguente discorso. “At quam <b>Romanam</b> nostri, <b>Limosinam</b> appellavere non modò <b>Itali</b>, sed & <b>Hispani</b> praesertim, apud quos diu in usu fuerit. Ex quo enim exacti ab Hispania Mauri, redactum est potissimum <b>vulgare</b> Idioma ad tres Linguas, <b>Vasconicam</b>, seu <b>Biscainam</b>, quae in <b>Biscaia</b>, Navarra, Guipuscoa, & Alva (Álava, Araba) obtinuit: <b>Castellanam</b> alteram, quae rarioris fuit usus, utpotè barbaris aspersa vocabulis, à quibus tum demùm est purgata, cum ad unicum Principem tota <b>Hispaniarum</b> potestas rediit. Hac autem Lingua usi praesertim <b>Castellani</b>, Toletani, Leonenses, Asturienses, Extremadurenses, & Granatenses. Sed & viguit in Gallicia, Andalucia, Lusitania, ac Aragonia, exteris subinde <b>vocabulis</b>, Arabicis, Francicis, aliisque intermixta. Tertia denique fuit <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2019/12/ecrire-occitan-essai-presentation-synthese.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Limosina</a></b>, cujus usus fuit in <b>Catalania</b>, in Comitatibus <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/08/geroni-rossello.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ruscinonensi</a>, & <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/23-de-junio-capitulos.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ceritanensi</a>, in Aquitania, & Occitania, atque adeò, ut Scriptores Hispani volunt IN IPSA REGUM NOSTRORUM AULA. A Catalania in Valentiae, Maioricae, & Minoricae Regna postea transiit, quod ea ad Barcinonenses Principes perinde spectarint &c. EA QUIPPE LINGUA NITIDA ADEO, FLORIDA, CULTA, AC POLITA HABITA EST, UT NULLA FERE' EXTITERIT REGIO, IN QUAM NON IMMISSA FUERIT, cum maximè in Principum aulis magno in pretio haberentur Poetae Provinciales, eorumque poemata, ut genio quasi dotata singulari, ubique ferè legerentur. Escolanus, & Boschus de hac Lingua scribentes, ajunt, quod fuit. Tant graciosa, sentenciosa, y dolça, que noy ha llengua que ab mes breus (d) <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-x-rey-deputados-deputatis-regni-aragonum.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">paraulas</a> diga mes alts, y millors conceptes tenint en tot una viva semblança ab sa Mare <b>Llatina</b>. Ella fonc la que donà principi als Versos, y Rimas que s' usan en Roma (leggi en <b>Romanz</b>, cioè in <b>Romanze</b>, in <b>Volgare</b>) cantant ab ellas ab so </span><span>de consonancias las dissonancias de las passions ab aguts, y dolços pensamens &c.” Subdunt deinde hujus Idiomatis vocabulis crebriùs poëmata sua aspersisse Petrarcham, quod observarunt etiam ejus Interpretes. <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/jaime-ii-elige-esposa-1314.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raymundus Montanerius</a> qui vixit circa annum 1300. Historiam suam hac Lingua exaravit: & <a href="https://pere-miquel-carbonell.blogspot.com/2022/11/indice-tomos-27-y-28.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Carbonellus</a> in Chronico, ejusdem <b>Idiomatis</b> Tabulas, variaque acta descripsit. Certè <b>Linguam</b> hanc, <b>Provincialem</b> scilicet, IN REGUM NOSTRORUM PALATIIS PRIMITUS USITATAM, evincunt que (e con rabito) ex ea delibavit Nithardus lib. 3. à quo <b>Romana </b>appellatur, quae haud omnino diversa ab ea, qua utuntur <b>Provinciales</b> nostri: quod facile erit assequi utramque comparanti. Undè rectè, opinor, dixit Vadianus l. de Monast. </span><span>Germ. Salicam Legem <b>Romanos</b>, hoc est, <b>Provinciales </b>vocare, qui Romana, id est, <b>Provinciali</b> <b>lingua </b>utebantur: Cum <b>Provincialium</b> </span><span>nomine omnes de Alvernia, & Vasconia, & <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gothos Provinciales</a></b> appellatos autor sit <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimundo_de_Aguilers" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raymundus de Agiles</a> in Histor. Hierosol. Ut verò res plana fiat, placet Sacramentum Ludovici Regis, cujus meminimus, <b>Romana Lingua</b> descriptum à Nithardo hic proponere. - Cumque Karolus, (inquit) haec eadem verba <b>Romana Lingua</b> perorasset, Lodhuvicus, quoniam major natu erat, prior haec deinde se servaturum testatus est: Pro Deo amor, & pro Christian poblo, & nostro comun salvament dist di en avant, in quant Deus savir, & podir me dunat, si </span><span>salvare jo cist meon fradre Karlo, & in adjudha, & in cadhuna cosa, si cum om per dreit son fradre salvar dist in ò quid il mi altre si fazed, & ab <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/08/restauratio-dotatio-monasterii-pino-sancto-dcccclxvii-967.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ludher</a> nul plaid nunquam prindrai, qui meon vol cist meon fradre Karle in dano sit.” Quae sic <b>Latinis</b> istius saeculi sonant: Pro Dei amore, & pro Christiano populo, & nostro communi salvamento inantea (seu deinceps) in quantum Deus sapere, & posse mihi dederit, salvabo (seu salvum, & incolumen praestabo) hunc meum fratrem Karolum, & in auxilio, & in unaquaque causa (i. re Gall. chose) ut homo per drictum (seu jus) suum fratrem salvare debet, in eo quod ille mihi alter faceret, & cum <a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/11/catalogo-obispos-gerona-tomo-xiii-carta-xcv-95.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lothario</a> nullum placitum unquam capiam, quod mea voluntate huic meo fratri Karolo in damno sit. Sacramentum verò populi Romana pariter Lingua, sic describit idem Nithardus: Si Lodvuigs Sagrament que son fradre Karlo jurat conservat, & Karlus meo sender de sua part non los tanit, si jo returnar non lint pois, ne jo ne nuls cui eo returnar int pois in nulla adjudha contra Lodhuvig nun li juer.” Id est Lingua ejusce aevi Latina, quantum licet assequi: Si Ludovicus sacramentum quod suo fratri Karolo jurat, conservat, & Karolus meus senior ex sua parte non illud tenet, si ego retornare non possim, vel nolim ad eum retornare, in nullo ei auxilio ero contra Ludovicum &c. Atque haec quidem Romana Nithardi, licèt mendis utcumque carere non dubitem, velim Lector conferat cum veteri charta </span><b>vernacula</b><span> in Ruthenensi Comitatu, ubi </span><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2019/12/ecrire-occitan-essai-presentation-synthese.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lingua Lemovicina</a><span> perinde usurpata sub </span><a href="https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/4052/Luis%20VI%20el%20Gordo%20-%20Luis%20VI%20de%20Francia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ludovico VI</a><span>. hoc est circa annum 1100. exarata, quam descripsimus ex Tabulario </span><a href="https://www.smrcuenca.com/programa-smr/intimo-y-espiritual/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Abbatiae Conchensis</a><span>, ch. 566., ut </span><b>Idioma </b><span>ejusce aevi cum </span><b>Idiomate</b><span> aevi </span><b>Carolini </b><span>comparet. Ego in Dei nomine, ego Hector, & Pontius de Cambolas, & ego Falcas, daquesta hora ad enant en la Villa de Pradis, home ni femena de las crodes enins non y pendren, ni ly feren, ni ly queeyren, ni son aver no ly tolran, ni fac nou lo faren, ni deforas los crous home, ny femena que sien en la villa sia esta dehors, se per forfactura que faran aquez no no faxian, & aquo no faran tro al Abat, & al Prior, quella villa tenria clamat ò acsem una vice vel duas. Et se els reddezer nos o fazio, que non pressen sobre nostre dreich, & senescian, & o efrangrian fers XIII. dias al so moniment del Abbat, ò de so messatge, ò del Monge, que la vila tenria, o de so messatge, o emenderan aissi o tenren, & o atendren per fe, & senes engan per eis Sants Evangelis. Authores Ademarus Ruthenensis Episcopus, & Odolricus Archidiaconus, & Guillelmus & Azemarus Dauriat, Bac de Petra bruna, Folquenis de Segur, Bernardus qui vocatur Graecus, Bernarz Guirals della Salas, Bernarz de Cannet, Deusdet de Caunat, & Peire de la Vallada, Rainalz lo Monges, & altre molt que ouiro, & que audiro. Regnante </span><a href="https://viaje-literario-iglesias-espana.blogspot.com/2022/12/judicium-favorem-monasterii-balneolensis-latum-dccclxxx-990.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ludovico Rege</a><span>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">XXVII. Ma contuttociò non creda il lettore, ch' io sia d' opinione, che l' Idioma Toscano non abbia tolte delle parole al Franzese; anzi se non fosse che' l riferirle farebbe fuori dell' intenzione del mio Libro, ne potrei annoverare per verità più d' una cinquantina, come agio per età; a fusone, cioè abondantemente; approccio, arresto per sentenza, o decreto; arrolare, arrolato, barulè, bicocca, ciamberlano, congedo, e congio, convoitoso, usato dagli antichi per cupido, avido; damigella, dilajare, che vuol dir prolungare; fa niente, cioè ozioso; furbo, furbetto, furberia, furbescamente, furbesco, furiere, giovedì, lunedì, martedì, mercoledì, venerdì, e venardì, giubbetto, grè, onde il giuoco della lumagrè, come osservò il Redi (79: Annot. Ditir. a c. 77. ediz. 1691.), insembre, lacchè, lungo per rasente, o accosto; marrone, per una spezie di castagna; mignone, cioè il cucco, il favorito; morso per </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">boccone; morsura, pastone, pennacchio, peri, prenze, e prence, prete, rasojo, riso, per una sorte di biada; <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/09/jornada-segona-novela-quinta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ruga</a>, per <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/09/jornada-segona-novela-quinta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">istrada</a>; ruolo, saggio, per sabio; soja, sugliardo, sur, tabì, toeletta, tusanti, villa per città come in quel verso: Sopra' l gran fiume d' Arno, alla gran Villa &c. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXVIII. Lo stesso che ho detto in ordine a quelle voci, che anno similitudine, o affinità col Franzese, si debbe parimente intendere rispetto a quelle, che l' anno col Castigliano, che parimente ho prodotte ne' loro luoghi dell' alfabeto, e che parranno più tosto Castigliane, o dalla Lingua Castigliana esser prese, che dalla Provenzale, come cominciare, battaglia, cortesia, cambiare, galoppo, peso, aggradare, riposo, e cento più, le quali anno pure i Castigliani cavate dal fonte Provenzale, come affermò il dottissimo Onorato Bouche nella sua sopra citata Istoria di</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Provenza con le seguenti parole (80: Tom. I. lib. 2, cap. 6. fogl. 95.). “Voire c' est le commun sentiment de plusieurs grands personnages Italiens, comme j' ay oüi dire à quelques uns d' iceux en Italie, que la Langue Provençale êtoit la Mere de la Langue Italienne du jourd'huy. Ce que nous pourrions ausi bien dire de la Langue Espagnole de ce tems, qu' elle soit une fille de la Provençale, d' où l' on peut en quelque façon conclurre, que tous les mots qui sont en usage entre ces trois peuples, & qui ne peuvent pas être derivez de quelque racine Grecque, ou Latine ne sont pas tant Espagnols ou Italiens, que Provençaux, comme ceux-cy Italiens Badar, Engagnar, Escarecar, Pulit, Far escomessa &c. & ceux-cy Espagnols Borrar, Despedaçar, Desamparar, Escupir, Flaqueza, Embud (Entonnoir) & plusieurs autres, qu' on peut remarquer en la lecture des livres composez en ces langues.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXIX. Nè serve, che per parte della gentilissima, e fortunata Lingua Castigliana, s' alleghi l' asserzione del sempre con lode mentovato Gio. Mario Crescimbeni, il quale in una delle sue annotazioni sopra la Vita d' Ugo di Lobieri Poeta Provenzale, appellato da Gio. di Nostradama alla Franzese Hugues de Lobieres, asserisce, che (81): “Il cognome di Lobieres è preso da un luogo così detto denominato da i lupi, che in Ispagnuolo, da cui molto prende il Provenzale, si dicono Lobos: così Lobieres, Lupaja, come Cabreres, e Vacqueres, luoghi parimente Provenzali, che vagliono in Italiano Capraja, e Vaccara, dalle Capre, e dalle Vacche.” “Perchè, tralasciando, che sino da' tempi antichi si dice nella nostra Lingua Lob, e Lop al Lupo, onde l' Autore del Trattato de' Peccati Mortali (82): E quant degran esser pastors, els son lobs, e Pietro Tomic (83): Lo Rey (d' Aragona Don Giovanni) retornant sen en Barcelona caçava davant lo Castel d' Orriols en lo bosc de Foxà e corrent una loba lo dit Rey morì, e nel Trattato delle Virtù (84): Trobat es estat sovent, que las lobas noirisson los enfans, que trobon gitatz, e los deffendon de las altras bestias, & assò fai sola natura, e nella Vita di Raimondo di Miravalle (85): La Dompna de Carcassès, qe avia nom la loba; così Lobera, e Lobeira (cognome pure di Famiglia esistente nella Città di Girona) che i Toscani chiamano lupaja, onde Buonafede antico Poeta Provenzale appellato Bonafè in una sua Tenzone con Blancasso (86):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seigner Blancatz, de nuoit à la lumeira</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Es plus temsutz, que laire, ne lobeira. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Signor Blancasso, di notte alla lumiera</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sei più temuto, che ladro, né lupaja.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">i Franzesi Louviere; e i Castigliani poi, non avendo vocabolo proprio, ed acconcio, con che appellarla, essendo in questa parte la loro lingua manchevole la esprimono colla parafrasi Guarida de lobos, cioè rifugio, e ricettacolo de' lupi: Tralasciando dunque, com' io dissi, queste cose, ed altre, che tornerebbono bene, come farebbe l' affermare, che l' accennata voce Guarida l' anno presa per certo i Castigliani dalla nostra Lingua, onde il Sordello Mantovano, che scrisse in Provenzale (87: Nel citato Codic. Vatican. 3204. a c. 109. terg. colonn. I.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">--- car non trob à l' essida</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ni riba, ni port, ni pont, ni garida.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">--- poichè non trovo all' escita</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nè riva, nè porto, nè ponte, nè rifugio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E l' Autore del citato Trattato de i Peccati (88: Cod. Vat. 4799. a c. 241.): La quinta branca d' avaricia es sacrilegi &c. Altra maneira es, quant hom ars, o crema Gleisas, e Moncstiers, o masons de religion; o quant hom trai de Gleisas, o cementeris aquels que i venon a garida: Lasciando dunque tutto questo da parte: Chi poi non vede, che ciò, che nella trascritta annotazione s' asserisce a favor della Lingua Castigliana, è detto incidentemente? Oltre, che se si tratta de' tempi bassi della nostra Lingua, ne' quali, avendosi unite le Corone di <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/12/28-de-marzo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Castiglia</a>, e d' <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/eleccion-ramiro-ii-rey-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aragona</a>, parece que tambien se han querido incorporar las lenguas Castigliana, e Catalana, come dice lo Scuolano (89: Nel luogo sopra trascritto al num. XV.), con molto fondamento asseverare si può, che la Provenzale, o vero Catalana prende dalla Castigliana.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">XXX. Ben noto è per altro, a tutti i Letterati, che la nostra Lingua, è più antica assai, della Castigliana, poichè fu per tutto il Ponente, tra tutti gli altri Idiomi di quelle parti di gran lunga primiera (90), e così florida, culta, ac polita, ut nulla ferò extiterit Regio, in quam immissa non fuerit (91); e la Castigliana al contrario, mentre fino al 1479. nel quale ad unicum Principem tota Hispaniarum potestas rediit, come dice il Du-Fresne (92) rarioris fuit usus, utpotè barbaris spersa vocabulis. Anzi lo stesso Crescimbeni, parlando sopra questa materia di precedenza, ed antichità fra le lingue volgari, mi disse aver letto in un certo Autore straniero, che in Catalogna incominciò a corrompersi il dialetto latino, che correva in tempo dell' Imperio de' Goti. Ed a questo proposito è cosa degna d' osservare, che in Catalogna pure s' incominciò l' uso di trattare le Leggi, e Costituzioni, e tutti gli atti giudiziali in lingua volgare; anzi nel 1412. D. Ferdinando I. Infante di Castiglia, che fu eletto, e dichiarato Re d' Aragona, e Conte di Barcellona dagli Stati di Catalogna, Aragona, e Valenza congregati in Caspe, per esser morto intestato, e senza successione il Re Don Martino, che fu l' ultimo Re, e Conte della stirpe de' Beringhieri; fece in Catalogna una Legge, tra l' altre, insieme co i tre Stati generali del Principato, cioè l' Ecclesiastico, il Nobile, e' l Borghese, o Cittadino, comandando espressamente, che tutte le suddette cose fossero fatte, e trattate nel nostro volgar Catalano, e non in latino, nè in altro straniero linguaggio, come apparisce dal Volume delle nostre Costituzioni esistente nella Biblioteca Barberina, e così fu sempre praticato fino al 1714.; la qual legge, per dirlo di passaggio, pare che indirettamente, e in alcun modo sia stata confermata dalla SANTISSIMA VERGINE NOSTRA DONNA, coll' occasione d' un miracolo, che a intercession sua, fece il Beato Fra Salvadore d' Orta Francescano, di far parlare in Lingua Catalana una Donzella muta di otto anni di Nazione Navarrese, come raccontano i compilatori della Vita di esso Beato Fr. Salvatore, e riferisce il Bollando negli Atti de i Santi (93). E simile uso poi negli altri Stati, e Regni dell' Europa, non che di Castiglia solo, non incominciò, che cento cinquant' anni dopo, nella propia lingua naturale di ciascun paese (94). Ma non occorre, che sopra ciò mi affatichi, nè perda più tempo in addurre dell' altre autorità, e memorie, che mi sono rimase nel Zibaldone, e fra l' altre, che (95) L' an 1613. on imprimà à Paris un gros livre in quarto en langue Françoise, qui contient 1030. pages, ayant pour tître: Thresor des Langues de cet univers, contenant les origines, beautez, perfections, decadences, mutations, & ruines des langues, où l' Autheur Monsieur Claude Duret Bourbonnois en compte jusqu' à 56. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">& parmy les autres il place la Cathalanne avant l' Espagnole, & plusieurs autres: mentre che dalle Tavole degli Autori, e de i libri in Provenzale, poste in fronte del mio Vocabolario può il Lettore abbastanza soddisfarsi; conciossiachè i più antichi, che la Castigliana Lingua in questo, od altro giudizio possa produrre, faranno di gran lunga posteriori a molti di quei, che in esse Tavole oggidì compariscono.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXI. Ben noto è altresì a tutta la letteraria Repubblica, che i Poeti Provenzali Padri della Poesia Volgare, i quali anno insegnato a tutti il poetar volgare (96), appellati perciò onorevolmente da' Toscani col titolo di Maestri (97), sono più antichi assai, e di gran lunga primieri, che i Castigliani, come rinvergò Don Niccolò Antonio nella sua famosa Biblioteca degli Autori, e Scrittori Spagnuoli (98); trovandosi, che la Poesia, e Musica Provenzale, la quale, come dice il sopraddetto Salvini (99), fu negli antichi tempi una generale magia, e un' incanto soavissimo, e affascinamento, per così dire, degli orecchi, e degli animi costumati virtuosi, e gentili, era già in fiore nel Secolo XII. in tempo dell' Imperadore Federigo I., come abbiamo dalle Storie, e dalle Vite de' medesimi nella seguente guisa (100); Dappoichè &c. ebbe egli (il suddetto Imperadore Federico I.) ritornata all' ubbidienza la Città di Milano, che gli si era ribellata &c. ritrovandosi in Turino l' illustre Ramondo Beringhieri detto il Giovane, Conte di Barcellona, e di Provenza &c. accompagnato da una gran turba di Oratori, e di Poeti Provenzali, e di Gentiluomini della sua Corte, andò a visitarlo &c. Grande accoglienza gli fece l' Imperadore per la fama, che correva di lui, e de' suoi fatti &c. il che addivenne l' anno 1162. &c. Il Conte Ramondo fece da i suoi Poeti recitare molte belle Canzoni in Lingua Provenzale alla presenza dell' Imperadore, il quale per lo piacere, che ne prese, restando maravigliato delle loro belle, e piacevoli invenzioni, e delle maniere del rimare, fece loro di ricchi doni, e compose a loro imitazione un Madrigale nella stessa Lingua Provenzale. E notò l' eruditissimo Anton Domenico Norcia con le seguenti parole (101: Ne' suoi Congres. Litterar. a c. 210. ): Andò poi di tal maniera colà crescendo la fama, e la gloria della Poesia Provenzale, che lo stesso Imperadore Federigo I. non isdegnò d' applicarvi, e fra i diversi componimenti, che egli fece, trovasi ancora a' tempi nostri un suo gentilissimo Madrigale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">All' incontro la Castigliana cominciò solamente a nascere nel principio del secolo XV. con le Rime di Juan de Mena Cordovese, che morì nell' anno 1456., e dell' età sua 45.; e con quelle di Garzilaso de la Vega Toledano, e di Juan Boscan Barzellonese, che ebbe genio di rimare in Castigliano (forse perchè già nel suo tempo erano unite le Corone d' Aragona, e di Castiglia) i quali furono coetani, e fiorirono in tempo dell' Imperadore Carlo V., e il nostro Boscano fu il primo, che fece Sonetti, ed altri versi interi, o perfetti d' undeci sillabe nel medesimo Idioma Castigliano, come notarono Hernando de Hozes (102), e il Redi (103), e si raccoglie da i Proemi, e dall' Epistole dedicatorie, che si leggono in fronte delle sue Rime. E se bene molti anni prima che fiorisse Giovanni di Mena, cioè nel declinare del secolo XIII., in tempo del Re Alfonso X. di Castiglia cognominato el Sabio, che morì nel 1284. s' incominciò in quelle parti di Castiglia a verseggiare in volgare, non fu però in volgar Castigliano, come attesta Gonzalo Argote de Molina, Poeta Castigliano anche esso, e celebre antiquario (104): Y si à alguno (por causa de las Coplas de Macias referidas) le pareciere (dice egli) que Macias era Portuguès, estè advertido, que hasta los tiempos del Rey Enrique el Tercero todas las Coplas que se hazian comunemente por la mayor parte, eran en aquella lengua, hasta que despues en tiempo del Rey Don Juan (il II., il quale morì nell' anno 1454. e del suo regnare, 47.) con la comunicacion de las naciones estrangeras se tratò de este genero de letras con mas curiosidad: Benchè il detto Autore in ciò prenda sbaglio, credendo, che fosse in Portoghese, quando, a dire il vero, il loro poetare era nel dialetto antico di Galizia (simile per altro a quello de' Portoghesi) il quale è quasi un puro Provenzalismo, come si può vedere, ed osservare in leggendo i faggi delle Rime del sapientissimo ugualmente, ed infelice Re Don Alfonso X. soprammentovato, che si trovano per entro alcuni libri Storici Spagnuoli, ed in particolare presso il suddetto Gonzalo Argote (105: Luog citat. fogl. 136.), e appo i Bollandisti (106: Nel tom. 7. del Mese di Maggio fogl. 310.); i quali Bollandisti, per quello, che appartiene al linguaggio nel verseggiare, non discordan dal mio sentimento, ma sbagliano per altro, nel credere, che la cagione, per la quale il suddetto Re scrisse in quell' Idioma, e non in Castigliano, fosse, perchè tutto' l tempo della sua fanciullezza stette, ed abitò in Galizia (107); non sapendo essi, che quel dialetto, quasi Provenzale, era allora in uso nella Corte Castigliana: E si vederebbe, ed osserverebbe assai meglio, e senza scorrezioni, nè stroppiature, dal prezioso, e vagamente miniato Codice in cartapecora delle Rime dello stesso Monarca, che si conserva a S. Lorenzo nello Scoriale nella famosissima Biblioteca del nostro invittissimo Re, e Sovrano FILIPPO V., che Iddio conservi; ove le Poesie vi sono trascritte insieme colla Musica, incominciando a guisa di titolo: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don Alfonso de Castela</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De Toledo, e de Leon, ec. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fezo cantares, e sones</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Saborosos de cantar,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Todos de (e) sennas razones,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com y podedes achar. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don Alfonso di Castiglia</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Di Toledo, e di Leone, ec. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fece canzoni, e suoni</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Savorosi da cantare, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tutti di serie, e savie ragioni, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Come quì potete vedere. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">come si legge presso il suddetto Gonzalo. Sicchè fa d' uopo concludere, come io dissi, che tutte le voci, che nel Provenzale, e nel Castigliano sono le medesime, o anno fra di loro stretta parentela (trattene alcune poche originate dall' Arabico, e le prette latine, che sono comuni ad ambedue le lingue, ed alcune di moderne, che s' incominciarono d' introdurre a poco a poco nel nostro Contado, dopo che ad unicum Principem tota Hispaniarum potestas rediit, come era in tempo de' Re Gotti) le anno ricevute i Castigliani dalla nostra lingua Provenzale, ovvero Catalana; o per lo meno così si debbe credere, come ci ammonisce l' eruditissimo Benedetto Varchi Lettor di Lingua Toscana, nel suo Dialogo delle Lingue intitolato l' Ercolano, dove parlando delle nostre voci, che passarono alla Toscana, e ricercando il Conte Cesare, se farebbe possibile, che i Toscani avessero alcune di coteste stesse voci, non da' Provenzali preso, ma da quelle medesime Lingue, dalle quali le pigliarono i Provenzali; risponde esso Varchi, che farebbe, e anco, che la Provenza n' avesse prese alcune dalla Toscana; ma perchè i Rimatori Provenzali furono prima de' Toscani, perciò si pensa, che essi abbiano dato, e non ricevuto cotali voci.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ma giacchè di sopra ho annoverato, ancora che di passaggio, una buona parte delle voci Franzesi usate da' Toscani; parmi, che troppo torto farei alla mia Nazione Spagnuola, se prima di passare ad altri preliminari avvertimenti, lasciassi quì di mentovare le voci Castigliane adoperate parimente da' Toscani, benchè la ricerca, e difesa di queste aspetti propriamente ai Castigliani, siccome a' Franzesi delle loro. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sono elleno dunque le seguenti. Accatarrare, acciacco per iscusa, ovvero malattia finta; aloscia, aorcare, attizzamento, attizzare, avvogado, baja, bizzarro, bizzarria, catarro, catarrale, catarroso, cavo, chicchera, chitarra, e chitarriglia suo diminutivo usato dal Tassoni nella Secchia rapita:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cantando a l' improvviso a note grosse </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sopra una chitarriglia discordata: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">cianceare, cianciatore, ciancioso, ciancione, ciancia, ed indi ciancetta, ciancerella, ciancerulla, e cianciolina; ciccia, cioccolate, cunzia, cunziera, dentro, donde, donno, ovvero don per titolo di onore, Provenzal. en; garbo, cioè avvenenza, o leggiadria, onde garbato, garbatezza, e garbatamente; garretto, incatarrare, lindo, lindezza, majorasco, majorana, molenda, mozzo di camera, pastiglia, piccatiglio, polviglio, puntiglio, raso, per una spezie di drappo di seta; rocca pronunziata coll' o stretto, scarabattola, scoffina, sgarratare, sussiego, torrione, vainiglia, valigia, valigiato, ed indi svaligiare, e svaligiato; vicino, per cittadino; vigliacco, vigliaccheria, zappa, onde zappare, zappatore, zappatorello, zappetta, e zappettare</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIV. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molti sono poi gli Autori, che si sono affaticati in ricercare le origini, ed etimologie della Lingua Italiana, o vero delle sue voci, tra i quali si possono annoverare per ordine cronologico, Pierfrancesco Giambullari, Ascanio Persio, Angiolo Monosini, Celso Cittadini, Ottavio Ferrari, ed ultimamente Egidio Menagio; ma io debbo avvertire, che intorno a questa sorte di studio, poco, o nulla mi sono affaticato; perchè il mio scopo solamente è stato di far vedere, e provare, che tutte le voci, che nel mio Libro ho compilate, le anno prese immediatamente gl' Italiani dalla nostra Lingua Provenzale, o sieno elleno per altro originate dalla Greca, o dalla Latina favella, come veramente sono quasi la maggior parte, o da qualunque altra più antica Lingua. E anche perchè siccome confesso, che in tutte le Lingue, e più nella Toscana che in nessuna dell' altre, si trovano vocaboli di diversi Idiomi, così niego, che si debbia dar piena fede a cotali Autori; (sono parole del Varchi nel suo Dialogo delle Lingue al quesito VII. parlando di simili etimologici, ed originatori) Prima perchè per una etimologia, la quale sia certa, e vera, se ne ritrovano molte incerte, e false: Poi, perchè coloro, i quali fanno professione di trovare a ciascun nome la sua etimologia, sono bene spesso, non pure agli altri etimologici, ma ancora a se stessi contrari: oltra che egli non si ritruova voce nessuna in veruna lingua; la quale, o aggiugnendovi, o levandone, o mutandovi, o trasponendovi lettere, come fanno, non possa didursi, o dirivarsi da una qualche voce d' alcuna lingua: Senza che egli non si può veramente affermare, che un vocabolo, tutto che sia d' origine greca, e s' usi in Toscana, sia stato preso da Greci, verbigrazia questa parola Orgoglio è posta tra quelle dagli Autori, che avete nominati, le quali dirivano dal Greco, e nondimeno i Toscani (per quanto giudicare si può) non da i Greci la presero, ma da' Provenzali. Similmente Parlare, e Bravare, che io dissi di sopra esser venuti di Provenza, anno secondo cotesti medesimi Autori l' origine greca, e con tutto ciò i Toscani, non dalla Greca lingua, ma dalla Provenzale è verisimile, che gli pigliassero.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXV. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Vero è però, che non per questo ho tralasciato di leggere, e considerare tutte l' Opere, e le Origini, che da' suddetti Autori sono state con tanto studio, ed apparato d' erudizione compilate; sapendo bene, per altro, quanto importi il rintracciare la fonte, e l' origine delle voci, per bene, e saviamente, a suo proposito impiegarle, come magistralmente m' insegna il letteratissimo Salvini (108: Anton Mar. Salvin. Pros. Toscan. a c. 215. ); Anzi avendo osservato, che tutti, salvo il Monosini, che rispetto agli altri è il più sicuro, e dall' Accademia della Crusca in molte delle voci accettato; benchè, per altro, non lasci d' esser con ragione ripreso da chi ne sa più di lui (109), s' oppongono alla verissima opinione del Bembo, e del Varchi, e di tanti altri autorevoli Scrittori, intorno alle voci, che la Toscana ha tolte da' Provenzali; ho stimato essere mio obbligo il raccogliere quì gli argomenti, e le obbiezioni in generale, che fanno i suddetti contraddittori, e dar loro preliminarmente la dovuta soddisfazione, oltre alle risposte, che per entro il mio Libro sotto alcune delle voci si danno, contro alle particolari opposizioni, secondo l' occorrenza de' casi. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il Menagio dunque, al quale (benchè sia stato l' ultimo, che in simile materia abbia scritto) pare, che il primo luogo sia dovuto, così discorre alla voce Augello: Il Bembo nelle Prose, e ' l Varchi nell' Ercolano, vogliono, che sia della Lingua Provenzale. Che che ne sia, chiara cosa è, che s' origina dal Latino avicellus, diminutivo di avis; siccome uccello, voce, come dicono, antica Toscana. Avis, avicus, avicellus, aucellus, UCCELLO: augellus, AUGELLO. Le Glose antiche: aucellus *. Così da avica fecero oca gli Italiani; pigliando, come far si suole in cotali materie, il genere per la spezie. Avica, auca, oca, oa, Gall. oye. L' istesse Glose: auca *. Quelle d' Isidoro: aucella, ortygometra. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Il Glossario Arabico-Latino - auca anser. S' inganna il Castelvetro, (che che ne dica egli) il quale nel suo Discorso intitolato: Ragione d' alcune cose segnate nella Canzone del Caro; ed in quell' altro intitolato Correzione d' alcune cose del Dialogo del Varchi, come ancora ne' suoi Comentari sopra la Poetica d' Aristotele; conforme all' opinione di Jacopo Silvio, fa venir la detta voce Italiana oca dalla Greca *, che val l' istesso; congiungendosi l' articolo Greco * con quel nome. Ben s' avvide il Varchi di quest' errore: (nel qual pure inciampò il Vossio nel Trattato de Vit. Sermonis) ma non seppe già l' origine di questa voce </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">oca. Or, derivando ella indubitatamente dal Latino auca, come s' è veduto, è più verisimile, che gl' Italiani l' abbiano presa da' Latini immediatamente, che da' Provenzali. Il che s' intenda parimente per infinite altre voci Italiane, originate altresì dal Latino: le quali pure, e il detto Bembo nelle sue Prose, e il detto Varchi nel suo Ercolano, e i Deputati sopra la correzione del Boccaccio nelle loro Osservazioni sopra il Decamerone, ed il Tassoni nelle sue Considerazioni sopra il Petrarca, voglion, che siano Provenzali. Nè vale il dire; come fanno il Bembo, e' l Varchi; che i Rimatori Provenzali furono prima de' Toscani; e che perciò sia da credere, ch' essi abbiano date, e non ricevute, cotali voci; potendo anche sussistere una lingua, senza che vi sieno de' Rimatori. Oltre a ciò, cominciò a formarsi la Favella Italiana dalla Latina, gran tempo avanti a que' Rimatori Provenzali; cioè, circa il tempo dell' Imperador Giustiniano, come l' osservò bene Claudio Salmasio al capo quinto delle sue Osservazioni, intorno alla Giurisprudenza de' Greci, e de' Romani. Eccovi le sue parole: Scriptae sunt eo tempore Pandectae, quo Lingua Latina, jam in Italicam, quae nunc in usu est, desciverat. Cujus rei fidem facere potest Instrumentum Securitatis Plenariae, conscriptum quintodecimo anno Justinianei Imperii, Ravennae (lo fece stampare in Roma Gabriello Naudeo) in quo pro recto casu, & quarto, passim sextum reperire est. In Itinerario Antonini omnes Urbium appellationes sexto casu enuntiatae leguntur” con quel, che segue. Quasi lo stesso dice il Lipsio al capo 3. del suo Dialogo de recta pronunciatione: là dove intende di provare, che la Favella Italiana abbia più di mille anni: Argumentum mihi ex narratione, quae in Historia Miscella, de rebus sub Mauricio Imperatore gestis ait Paulus Diaconus, in exercitu cùm animans cecidisset, clamante quadam, torna, torna, frater, universas copias in fugam versas ambigua illius vocis: Agnoscis clarè Italicismum in his verbis. Et alterum firmius ab Instrumento, quod Luteciae in Bibliotheca Regis observatur. Transactio eo continetur Stephani Tutoris, cum Gratiano Pupillo, scripta anno Justinianei Imperatoris trigesimo octavo: & scripta hac vulgare Lingua.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A questa sì fatta obbiezione soddisfacendo, dico: che le suddette autorità del Salmasio, e del Lipsio fondate ne' citati strumenti nulla conchiudono contro il mio assunto: Imperocchè, dal leggersi in essi sovente il sesto caso in vece del retto, e del quarto; e dal trovarsi ne' medesimi, delle parole barbare, altro non si può inferire, se non, che nel tempo dell' Imperadore Giustiniano, ovvero nel Secolo VI. allora quando in Costantinopoli verso l' anno 533. fece egli compilare le Leggi Romane in quella forma, che si vedono ne' Digesti, nel Codice, e nell' Autentica, era l' Idioma Latino già alla declinazion traboccante. Posciachè, sebbene in detto tempo è verisimile, che incominciassero a formarsi, o a nascere, per così dire, alcuni Vocaboli della nuova Lingua Italiana, questa però non si formò, o vero non *s*resse comune, ed idiomatica, che fino alla metà del Secolo XIII., o in quel torno, come confiderò bene il Muratori quando disse (110): Nasceva allora, (in tempo del Petrarca) per così dire la Lingua, e la Poesia volgare Italiana, e il celebre Abate Salvini, nella sua eloquentissima Orazione in lode di S. Zanobi Protettore dell' Accademia della Crusca, nella seguente guisa (111: Pros. Toscan. fogl. 3.): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ma per avere a dare un Santo Protettore a una Lingua, che quantunque novellamente nata, pure nell' origine sua è antichissima, e nel tempo di San Zanobi, era, per così dire, in corpo alla latina, che appresso ben lungo tempo partorire la doveva; il maggior nostro antico Santo parea, che si convenisse; avendo l' antichità in se, ancor puramente considerata, non so che dell' autorevole, e del reverendo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXVIII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il che si compruova dall' osservare, che fino alla declinazione del mentovato secolo XIII., fu ancora in uso nell' Italia la Lingua Latina, benchè fosse già spirante, e semimorta, come accenna il Buommattei (112: Benedetto Buommat. trat. *7 cap. 3.): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Questa (cioè la Lingua Toscana, dice egli) sino che durarono le potenze straniere, e grandi, fu sempre in poca stima, nè mai potette salire in alcun grado d' onore. Ma quando l' Italia restò liberata da' barbari, molte Città di essa, scosso il giogo de' particolari potentati, cominciarono a reggersi a popolo: e perciò dovendosi spesse volte parlare a' popoli per le comuni bisogne delle Repubbliche: s' allargò la frequenza de' parlamenti pubblici: i quali dovendosi fare in quella Lingua, e con que' vocaboli, che da' medesimi popoli, a cui si parla, s' intendono; perchè i Popoli d' Italia non intendevan più nè la pura Latina, nè la pura barbara, bisognava ch' e' si facessero in questa nuova Volgare. Ond' ella per questo cominciò a uscir delle tenebre, a pigliar piede, e avanzarsi. Perchè dal vedersi, che que' dicitori, che più regolatamente, e più acconciamente parlavano, eran di tutti gli altri più grati a' popoli, che gli ascoltavano, e sempre eran da quelli più volentieri esauditi; molti cominciaron con grande studio a considerar le sue Leggi, a distinguer le sue vaghezze, a imparar le sue regole. E il Signor Du-Cange (113: Prefaz. Glossar. Lat. Barbar. num. 37.): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Inter haec tamen non extincta omninò Latina Lingua, licet in senium quodammodo obierit, con quel, che segue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XXXIX. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E più chiaramente lo spiega l' Autore della Difesa della Lingua Italiana, o vero del Discorso in forma di risposta a una lettera d' un virtuoso amico; che sia lodevole il trattare le leggi, e le altre facoltà nella Lingua Volgare, in occasione dell' Opera del Dottor Volgare: con le seguenti parole (114: Num. 20., e 21. fogl. parimente 20., e 21. ediz. Roma 1675.): “Ma perchè in quei tempi (ne' secoli XII., e XIII.) non era totalmente morta nell' uso comune; e volgare nell' Italia la suddetta Lingua Latina, ancorchè fosse spirante, e semimorta, come in gran parte corrotta, e confusa da tante diverse lingue barbare, e forestiere; Ma non erasi ancora resa comune, ed idiomatica la moderna, e corrente Lingua Italiana, la quale fu raffinata dipoi da quel gran miscuglio di tante varie lingue, che in questa Provincia si scorgea: Quindi seguì, che così i primi Glossatori, ed Interpreti delle suddette leggi, come ancora gli altri letterati, i quali in questo medesimo tempo cominciarono a ridurre la Filosofia, e la Teologia, e le altre scienze a forma di facoltà disputativa, e di proposizioni scuolastiche, si valessero di quell' istessa lingua, nella quale ritrovarono, che fossero le suddette opere antiche, continuandone l' uso, ancorchè in una forma più corrotta, e più barbara, perchè così richiedea la condizione di quei tempi, ne' quali quella era la migliore, e la più culta, ed elegante lingua, che vi fusse, conforme si è accennato ancora nel principio dell' Operetta dello stile. E da ciò apparisce chiaramente, che non fusse un' </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">accurata, ed una misteriosa elezione, il trattare le leggi, e le altre scienze, ed anche gli atti giudiziali, ed i convenzionali, ovvero le ultime volontà nella Lingua Latina, come contradistinta dall' Italiana, ma che ciò seguì, perchè così portasse la condizione di quei tempi, ne' quali non era ancora ben ripolita, e fermata la corrente Lingua Italiana, che però fu creduto di parlare tuttavia con la Lingua Latina, ancorchè in qualche parte corrotta; E per conseguenza cessando oggidì questa ragione, non vi si scorge necessità, o ragione alcuna, la quale precisamente obblighi a continuar questo stile. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XL. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La Provenzale, all' incontro, che assai frequente era in Italia, come dice Monsignor Panigarola (115), e particolarmente in Toscana, dove alcuni si posero a scriver Provenzalmente, come rinverga l' eruditissimo Tommaso Bonavventuri (116); e poco meno che per tutta l' Europa si sparse, e come si sa fu da' Toscani studiosamente ne' primi tempi adoperata, e poi lungamente imitata, secondo attestano Filippo, e Jacopo Giunti (117), e il moderno gran Prosatore Toscano (118), essendo all' ora (ne' tempi de i Re di Sicilia) amata, e pregiata, come oggi sono la Greca, e la Latina da noi, conforme afferma Monsignor Vincenzio Borghini (119), era già stabilita, e idiomatica ne' secoli VIII., e IX., e spezialmente ne' tempi degl' Imperadori, Carlo Magno, e Lodovico Pio, e fioriva già ne' secoli XI., e XII., come si manifesterà appresso, e si vederà appieno dalle sopraccennate Tavole de' libri, e degli Autori citati per entro l' Opera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLI. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ben conobbe però lo stesso Menagio la forza, e l' autorità incontrastabile del Bembo, e degli altri sopra nominati, poichè dopo il suo discorso, ed argomento nella maniera sopra trascritta, così egli immediatamente, e quasi correggendosi di ciò, che prima avea affermato, seguita, e prende a dire: “Non nego però, che non si trovino delle voci Italiane, originate dal Latino, le quali cavarono gl' Italiani da' Provenzali. Ed in questo proposito parmi molto ragionevole il sentimento de i detti Deputati sopra la correzione del Boccaccio, di cui tali sono le parole. E poichè siamo in questa materia, aggiungiamo, che Monsignor Bembo confiderò questa dimestichezza della Lingua nostra con la Provenzale molto bene, e come volentieri i Nostri presero delle lor voci, e nominonne alcune: E colui, che in questi ultimi tempi ha cerco di abbattere questa sua verissima opinione (intendono del Castelvetro) ha avuto il torto. Nè vale a dire, per dare esempio di una, che il Dottare sia preso dal Dubitare Latino, che, a ristringersi al vero, è una sofisticheria; e non impedisce quel, che dice il Bembo; perchè dal Latino cavarono i nostri Dubitare, e Dubbiare, e non Dottare: e Dubbio, e non Dotto, o Dotta; e così gli altri di questo verbo; Ma quello presero i Provenzali da' Latini accomodandolo all' uso loro, e da loro poi i nostri; e vennero queste voci nella nostra Lingua, come forestiere di Francia (cioè dalla Provenza) e non da Roma, e sebbene ci furono in que' tempi volentier vedute, se ne son pur poi tornate a casa loro (cioè le suddette, dottare, dotto, e dotta, come antiche, e disusate) dove quell' altre, (cioè dubitare, dubbiare, e dubbio) venute da luogo più vicino, ci sono oggi, per la lunghezza del tempo divenute Cittadine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLII.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onde conchiuderò, che dello stesso modo, che i suddetti Deputati nelle loro eruditissime Annotazioni sopra alcuni luoghi del Decamerone di M. Giovanni Boccacci, confutarono, e ribattettero la Giunta fatta da Lodovico Castelvetro alle dette Prose del Bembo, in ordine a questo affare delle Voci Provenzali; confermando, ed autenticando colla suddetta loro autorità, che si legge a car. 110. di esse Annotazioni stampate in Firenze nel 1574., la verissima oppinione di quel celebre Porporato, con espressa dichiarazione, che colui, che in questi ultimi tempi ha cerco di abbatterla, ha avuto il torto, come dimostrano coll' esempio della suddetta voce Dottare, senza molte altre tali, che, come dicono appresso a car. III., ne potremmo addurre a confermazione del vero; ed in difesa, se bisognasse, del considerato discorso di quel Signore, che è troppo più, che non si credette costui, in tutto quel, che egli scrisse, sentito, ed accorto, e degno per la sua bontà, e per li favori fatti da lui alle lettere, di restar sempre nelle menti degli Studiosi, con santa, ed amorevolissima memoria: Così parimente l' Accademia della Crusca coll' esemplo della voce Gente, addiettivo, rintuzzò il Menagio intorno ad alcune voci, che questo Originario Franzese, contraddicendo alla verissima openione del Cardinal Bembo, e del Varchi, e del Redi, e di tanti altri, non voleva, che fossero state prese dal Provenzale: Imperocchè se bene esso Menagio nelle sue Origini, alla voce Gentile in significato di Nobile, dopo aver riferita una bellissima, ed eruditissima osservazione del mentovato Redi, colla quale si dimostra, che essa Gentil voce, è la suddetta Gente furono tolte da' Provenzali, disse: "Io quant' a me credo di certo, che gl' Italiani, e i Francesi, siccome i Provenzali, abbiano presa direttamente da' Latini, e questa voce Gente, e quella di Gentile. Veggansi le nostre Origini della Lingua Francese, alla voce gentilhomme. Trovasi gens, per nobiltà di sangue, appresso Orazio lib. 2. Satira 5. &c." </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E sebbene, altresì, nella lettera dedicatoria, che da Parigi in data de' 20. Febbraio 1669. scrisse alla predetta Accademia, posta in fronte delle medesime sue Origini ristampate in Genevra nel 1685., disse: “Preso dall' Accademia due anni sono lo stesso disegno (di comporre un Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana) scrissero le SS. VV. Illustrissime al Signor Alessandro Segni lor degnissimo Accademico, che allora si trovava in Parigi, mi domandasse da parte di essa le mie Origini Italiane, acciocchè ella ne registrasse nella sua Raccolta quelle, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">che le ne paressero degne. Per ubbidirle, subito le compilai. E per risparmiare alle SS.VV. Illustrissime la fatica di leggere il mio carattere, ne feci stampare a mie spese un centinaio d' esemplari; la maggior parte de' quali mando all' Accademia &c. Mi fo a credere, che le SS. VV. Illustrissime incontreranno in questa mia Opera alcune cose dotte, erudite, e recondite. Anzi son sicuro, che ne troveranno assaissime, imperciocchè oltre all' Etimologie de' più pregiati Scrittori Italiani da me in essa in gran numero riferite, dopo aver l' Accademia vostra, ad altro occupata, lasciato il pensiero dell' Etimologico; i Signori Carlo Dati, Francesco Redi, e Valerio Chimentelli, tre suoi valorosi Accademici, con somma cortesia me ne participarono quante ne avevano &c.” “Le quali origini furono lette, e considerate dall' Accademia, come appare dalla risposta di Carlo Dati fatta all' istesso Menagio, posta parimente al principio di esse: Contuttociò la suddetta Accademia della Crusca, sommo Tribunale della Toscana Favella, nell' ultima compilazione del suo Vocabolario nuovamente corretto, ed accresciuto, stampato nel 1691., fra le molte voci, che non furono registrate nella compilazione del 1612., nè in quella del 1623., vi aggiunse, e vi registrò la sopraddetta di Gente. Add. col Rescritto di esser Voce venuta dal Provenzale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIII. Con la medesima autorità de' suddetti Deputati, si può rispondere ad Ottavio Ferrari, la cui obbiezione consiste nel dire, che essendo le Lingue Italiana, e Provenzale nate dalla Latina, ed essendo altresì la Provenza, o vero la Gallia Narbonese la prima Provincia della Francia, che i Romani fecero tributaria, chiamandosi perciò col nome di Provenza, non si debbe credere, che l' Idioma Italiano abbia tolte delle parole dal Provenzale; come si legge nella Prefazione delle sue Origini impresse in Padova nel 1676. Ma gli rispose già Carlo Du-Fresne Signor Du-Cange col seguente Discorso (120: Prefaz. Glossar. Lat. Barbar. num. 16.): "Quot denique Catalonia, ac Aragonensis tractus, ipsaque Italia à Provincialibus nostris voces accepit? Tametsi non desunt, in quibus est Octavius Ferrarius vir plurimùm eruditus, qui Bembum carpant, quod voces, quarum origo, ajunt illi, acumen ejus effugerat, Gallis Provincialibus adscripserit, cùm tamen nemo ignoret eam Galliae partem, idest Narbonensem, ideò Provincialem appellatam, quod prima ex Gallicis Imperio Romano subjecta, & in Provinciam redacta fuerit. Quod sanè, etsi verum sit, non ideò tamen sequitur Provincialia Idiomata non accepisse Catalanos, & Italos, cùm quae hodie servant, non pro Hispanicis, vel Italicis à probatis Scriptoribus habeantur, tametsi Hispanica, & Italica Lingua, perinde ac Provincialis, Latinae origines suas debeat, cum, ut ait S. Hieronymus in Math. Cap. 26. unaquaeque Provincia, & Regio habeat proprietates suas." Con quel, che segue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIV. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avvertendo però, che io non concorro con esso Du-Fresne allorchè dice, che la Catalogna abbia dalla Provenza ricevuto il Linguaggio, perchè più tosto il contrario si debbe credere, ed affermare, come ho dimostrato di sopra nel numero VI. Nè meno concorro nell' affermare, che per essere stato il Nerbonese (Narbonese) il primo Paese, che i Romani conquistarono nella Francia, sia stato perciò appellato col nome generale, ed assoluto di Provincia senza aggiunta d' altra parola, talmentechè, in dicendo Provincia s' intendeva sempre la Provinzia, o il Paese Narbonese; onde è rimasto il nome di Provenza in cambio di Provinzia, si come voce di quel fine, che amato era molto dalla Provenza (121: Bemb. Pros. I.); ma bensì parce qu' il a êté le plus considerable, & le plus chery, pour sa dignité, & pour les raretez qui s' y trouvent, êtant reputé, & estimé par les Romains, une vraye Italie, comme dit Pline au livre 3. chap. 4. - agrorum cultu, virorum, morumque dignatione, amplitudine opum, nulli Provinciarum postferenda, breviterque Italia veriùs, quàm Provincia -- parlant de la Gaule Narbonoise, à la difference de la Gaule citerieure, en la Lombardie, qui joüissoit du droit de Latium, come rinvergò il dottissimo Onorato Bouche (122: Nella Istor. di Provenz. tom. I. lib. I. §.7.).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Del restante, alla trascritta autorità di S. Girolamo di cui si prevale esso Du-Fresne, si può aggiungere la seguente di Francesco di Mezeray Istoriografo del Regno di Francia, la quale è più acconcia, e torna meglio (123) La langue naturelle des François estoit la Tudesque, ou Germanique: les Austrasiens, au moins les plus proches du Rhin, la garderent tousjours, & l' ont encore, mais fort alterée. Les plus êloignez de ce fleuve en deçà, & les Neustriens la quisterent peu à peu pour prendre celle du peuple Gaulois, qui estoit la Romanique, ou Romanciere, autrement appellée la Latine rustique, laquelle s' êtoit engendrée de la rouïlle, & de la corruption de la Langue Romane, ou Latine, diversement torduë, & contournée selon le genie des nations, & selon les idiomes des diverses provinces, tant pour l' inflexion, & pour la signification des mots, que pour l' air, & pour la phrase. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLV. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il Persio poi nel suo Discorso, intorno alla conformità della Lingua Italiana con le più nobili antiche lingue, e principalmente con la Greca, stampato in Venezia, e in Bologna nel 1592., avvegnachè espressamente non contraddica al sentimento del Bembo, del Varchi, che scrissero prima di lui; ben si riconosce però la sua contraria opinione dal seguente ragionamento (124: A cart. 8., c. 9)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“Siccome chiara cosa è, che la nostra Lingua Italiana per la più parte trae l' origine sua dalla Latina, così quanto al rimanente onde ella si derivi, cioè da quante lingue, e quali riconoscer debba tante sue voci, e maniere di parlare con molti accidenti, che dalla Latina grandemente si allontanano, egli non apparisce ancora ben manifesto. Tuttavia si sono </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">molti ingegnati di farci credere, che quanto di lei non ha del Latino, sia quasi tutto o Longobardo, o d' altro barbaro idioma. Alcuni de' quali a me non porgono gran fatto maraviglia, perciocchè non avendo essi d' altre Lingue notizia, che della materna, e della Latina, somigliano alcun tale geografo, il quale nella descrizione ch' ei facesse della terra, parti di essa più remote, e meno da lui conosciute ce le rappresentasse per salvatiche, e solo da fiere abitate, assicurato dalla lontananza di quelle, di non potere essere così agevolmente d' error convinto: </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ma ben mi maraviglio io di coloro, li quali facendo professione di bene intendere la Greca favella, anno nondimeno voluto aver per ricevute quasi tutte le parole, ed altre particolarità di questa Lingua, che a loro non parevano Latine, da ogni altra men nobile, e più nuova, che dalla Greca ec. E pure essendo essi Italiani pareva, che dovessero ingegnarsi di trovare, e presso che fingere alla nostra Lingua più nobile origine, che si potesse, per non traviare dal loro proprio, anzi dal comune costume degli Uomini d' innalzare le lor proprie cose, siccome </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">a ciascuno suol dettare l' amor di se stesso.” </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Contuttociò non annoverando egli nell' accennato discorso, che quaranta parole originate dalla Lingua Greca; ed alcune, dalla Latina; </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">e due, o tre dall' Ebrea, senza far menzione in verun conto de' Provenzali; e per conseguenza non essendovi cosa, che meriti risposta, lo lasciamo da parte, senza ricercar altro, essendo questa tutta la sostanza del contenuto sotto quel vago, e spazioso titolo della Conformità della Lingua Italiana con le più nobili antiche lingue.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVI. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il Giambullari poi, Accademico Fiorentino, nel libro, che nell' anno 1549. diede in Firenze alla luce, intitolato. Origine della Lingua Fiorentina, altrimenti il Gello, composto in forma di dialogo, vuole primieramente far credere altrui, che la suddetta Lingua abbia più dependenza, o sia più tosto originata, e formata dall' Aramea, o Ebrea, che da qualsivoglia dell' altre; e poi niega, che la medesima Toscana favella, o Fiorentina come allora dicevasi, abbia tolte delle parole alla Provenzale, con questo argomento (125: A cart. 127.): E si come ci addussero questi soldati (intende de i Tedeschi, e Goti) la lingua, o per dir meglio, le voci Todesche (: tedesche), così ci vennero ancora le Franzesi dagli Angioini, per que' tanti Carli, e Roberti di Napoli, che impoverirono questa Città. E se voi forse mi diceste, che la Provenzale non è la Lingua Franzese, vi risponderò io, non solamente che costoro farono Franzesi, e non Provenzali: Ma che, o la Provenza, come vera Provincia Romana, donde ella si acquistò quel nome, parlava Latino, ma corrottamente; ed in questo caso non ci bisogna, come si dice, andare in oringa, per quello che abbiamo in casa: o ella parlava, come il resto della Francia, da alcune poche voci infuora, che per se stesse non fanno lingua; e così la possiamo giustamente chiamar Franzese più tosto, che Provenzale: o ella parlava un mescuglio sì fatto, che vi si riconosceva il Latino, e 'l Franzese: e in qualunque di questi modi, se e' si rende a ciascuno il suo, piglieremo il Latino di Roma, e di Francia tutto il resto.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per soddisfare a questo argomento di Messer Giambullari, concederò volentieri, che nella nostra Lingua Provenzale vi si riconosca la Latina, anzi affermerò, che tenint en tot una viva semblanza ab sa Mare Llatina, come osservano i nostri Autori (126: Presso il Signor Du Cange Prefaz. Glossar. Lat. Barbar. num. 35.), sia ella veramente la figlia primogenita di essa Latina: Ma non per ciò ne segue, che la Toscana, che è la figliuola più picciola, sì, ma (sia detto con buona pace e de' Castigliani, e de' Franzesi) la più bella, e leggiadra di tutte l' altre sue sorelle, non abbia infinite parole tolte alla suddetta primogenita sua cara Maestra, e sorella maggiore, benchè dal Latino molte di cotali parole sieno originate, avendole prima i Provenzali prese, ed accommodate all' uso loro, e da essi poi derivate ne i Toscani, come ottimamente rispondono al Castelvetro quei del 73. coll' esempio del verbo Dottare, accennato di sopra ne' numeri XLI., e XLII. in risponendo al Menagio. Che poi nella Lingua Provenzale vi si riconosca la Franzese, è falso, anzi al contrario la Francese è quella, in cui si riconosce la Provenzale, per esser questa più antica di quella; conciossiachè molto prima si parlò per tutt' l Regno di Francia la Provenzale, che la Franzese, come si è dimostrato ne i numeri XXV., e XXVI., e si manifesterà ancora appresso colla autorità del Presidente Claudio Fauchet Franzese</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLVIII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nega in oltre questo Fiorentino Accademico, che i nostri Provenzali Poeti sieno stati prima degl' Italiani, col seguente discorso (127: A cart. 132.): Come può la Provenza aver trovato i versi, è le rime? che quando ben non si fossero vedute prima ne' Greci, e ne' Latini, (non si tratta delle rime o vero della Poesia Greca, nè Latina, ma della Volgare) dove oggi ancora le veggiamo; elle erano pure in Italia nella Corte de' Re di Napoli, se non prima, nel medesimo tempo almeno, che in Provenza. Conciossia che Arnaldo, e gli altri famosi dicitori Provenzali furono col Conte Ramondo Beringhieri suocero di quel Carlo d' Angiò, che occupando il Regno di Napoli, uccise il buon Re Manfredi figliuolo di Federigo II. Per lo che agevolmente pare da conchiudere, che Federigo predetto, fosse più tosto più antico del Conte Ramondo, che più moderno: E di Federigo ci sono pure stampate alcune Canzoni, non Provenzali già, ma Siciliane, o Italiane; come sono quelle ancora di Jacopo da Lentino, di Guido Giudice Messinese, del Re Enzo, di Pietro delle Vigne, di Bindo Bonichi da Siena, e del nostro Lapo Gianni; le quali tutte, se non sono più antiche, sono almeno della medesima età che le Provenzali.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">XLIX. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Intorno a così fatto ragionamento, debbo avvertire, che vi furono cinque Conti di Provenza dello stesso real cognome de i Beringhieri, e del medesimo nome di Ramondo; e questo Raimondo di cui parla il Giambullari, coetaneo dell' Imperatore Federigo II. fu il quinto, ed ultimo, il quale morì nel 1245. come apparisce dalle Vite de' Poeti Provenzali, cioè dalla XXVIII., che è quella appunto di esso Conte Raimondo; e meglio assai dalla Storia della Città di Aix, composta dal Dottor Giovanni Scolastico Pittoni, sotto' l Capitolo intitolato (128): Raimond Berenguier V. du nom, dernier de la Maison de Barcellone, & ses quatre filles; onde l' impareggiabile Dante (129): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quattro figlie ebbe, e ciascuna Reina</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ramondo Berlinghieri, e ciò gli fece </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Romeo persona umile, e peregrina: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ma però Arnaldo Daniello, e gli altri famosi dicitori Provenzali, come Giuffredo Rudello, appellato dal Petrarca Provenzalmente Giaufre Rudel, Piero di Vernigo, Elia di Bargiolo, Guglielmo di San Desiderio, Guglielmo Adimaro, ed altri, fiorirono più di cent' anni prima del suddetto Ramondo suocero di Carlo d' Angiò Re di Napoli, e Conte di Provenza; cioè, nel tempo, e prima ancora, dell' Imperatore Federigo I., Poeta Provenzale anche esso, e di Ramondo Beringhieri il III. rispetto alla Contea di Provenza, e il IV. rispetto a quella di Barzellona, che fu padre d' Alfonso I. Re d' Aragona (N. E. el II como rey de Aragón, el I como conde de Barcelona), e morì nel 1162., come si è veduto di sopra nel num. xxxj., ed apparisce dalla predetta Istoria della Città d' Aix (130), e dall' epitome della genealogia de i Conti di Barzellona posto in fronte de i Volumi delle Costituzioni, e Leggi di Catalogna.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">L. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Nel rimanente, il voler provare, che la Lingua Toscana, o qualunque altra delle volgari, sia composta ed originata dall' Aramea, ovvero Ebrea, è una temerità, per non dir pazzia, ed è lo stesso che 'l voler fabbricar castella nell' aria, come dice appunto l' eruditissimo Atanasio</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chirchieri della celebre Compagnia di Gesù nella sua famosissima Torre di Babelle, il quale essendo stato interrogato dall' Imperatore Ferdinando III. Utrum radices linguarum reperiri queant ad universalem quamdam linguam constituendam, siccome alcuni begli spiriti del suo tempo, si persuadettero, così rispose, e lasciò scritto (131: Lib. 3. part. 3. cap. 7. fogl. 218.) “Utique Caesareo perculsus imperio, ut laudabilis Caesaris curiositati quovis modo satisfacerem, à primis principiis propositum mihi dubium, singulari studio, & diligentia adhibita enodandum censui. Sed vix dum coeperam, cum ecce, ut verum fatear, idem mihi accidisse videtur, quod typothetae, qui plura librorum folia, compositione peracta, jam typis praelo destinata in promptu habet. Verùm nescio quo casu dissolutis ligaminibus typi sparsim per terram dissipati, nullum prorsus veri sensus vestigium relinquunt, neque ad pristinam formam prototypi jam perditi reduci queunt. Pari prorsus modo accidit in infinita illa propè linguarum, & idiomatum multitudine, & varietate, quae ab origine mundi hucusque ob inaccessam antiquitatis vetustatem, ob tot imperiorum mutationes, tot populorum diversorum commixtionem, inter tot denique rerum humanarum vicissitudines, & corruptelas expositae fuerunt, ut proindè minimè fieri posse existimem, aut fundamentum omnibus linguis commune reperiri posse, credam. Quot enim in lingua Chaldaïca, Syriaca, Arabica, & AEthiopica verba occurrunt, quae nullam prorsus ad primariam linguam, quam nos Hebraeam esse determinamus, (exceptis iis, quae ab ea demanarunt) similitudinem obtinentem totoque, ut ajunt coelo differunt? Quis rogo vel unicum verbum in lingua Hebraea ceterisque reperiet, quod ad linguam Graecam, ne dicam Latinam aliquam affinitatem habeat? Si verò nonnullae voces occurrerint, quae tametsi quoad sonum quamdam similitudinem polliceantur, illae significatione tamen prorsus contrarium exhibeant. Hacitaque diligentia praemissa, & combinatoriae artis amussi applicata, dico temerarium, ne dicam stolidum corum esse tentamentum, qui in hoc negotio adeò arduo, & viribus humanis superiori aliquid se praestare posse praesumptuosius credunt. Desinant itaque hujusmodi imperiti rerum indagatores piscari in aëre ranas, quae sine alis volare censent. Sisyphi saxum volvant, atque inutili labore revolvant, omnemque humanam in hisce explorandis industriam, vanam, irritamque se comperturos certò sibi persuadeant. Horum numero jungi possunt omnes ii, qui linguam Germanicam, aut quamvis aliam ex Hebraicis verbis, vocibusque constitutam demonstrare se posse existimant. Quos inter meritò primum locum obtinet Goropius Becanus, qui Belgicam linguam libro integro primaevam illam, veramque Hebraeorum linguam, aut saltem mediatè ab ea derivatam conatur demonstrare; miratus sum equidem </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">virum caeteroquin eruditissimum, in re adeò ludicra, tot bonos dies, horasque consumpsisse. Quis enim nescit, in omnibus penè linguis nonnullas voces, Hebraeis quoad sonum similes reperiri, quarum tamen genuinam significationem ut exprimat, dici vix potest, quàm violenter, quàm coactè, ut quoad sensum Hebraeae respondeant, detorquere conetur. Et certè mihi persuadeo virum judicio pollentem </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">difficultates occurrentes non potuisse non praevidisse. Ut proinde ne ejus existimationi nonnullo praejudicio esse videar, eum non tam veritate convictum, id sensisse, quàm ingenii luxuriantis aestu abreptum ad sagacitatem, subtilitatemque ingenii ostentandum, similia </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">effutiisse arbitrer.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LI. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Resta per ultimo Celso Cittadini, il quale scrisse tra gli altri, e diede alla luce due Trattati; l' uno intitolato: Della vera Origine, e del Processo, e Nome della Volgar Lingua; e l' altro: Dell' Origine della Toscana Favella; a' quali aggiunse le Note sopra le Prose di Pietro Bembo. Nel primo vuol dar ad intendere, che essa volgar Lingua Toscana, colla quale si parlò nel suo tempo, e si parla oggi, sia stata sempre da antico tempo adoperata in Italia, e spezialmente nel Lazio, sino da' suoi primi abitatori sotto Jano, e Saturno; con quelle parole (132: Cap. 2.): che per ogni tempo, e prima, e poi, furono in Roma due sorte di lingue. L' una rozza, e mezzo barbara, la quale era propria del volgo, cioè de' Romani, e de' Forestieri idioti, o vogliamo dir, della gente bassa, e de' contadini senza lettere; i cui modi di dire, e le cui voci erano rifiutate dagli Scrittori, e da' dicitori nobili; e fuor che le passioni di esse principalmente, e per la maggior parte sono rimaste nelle bocche degl' Italiani Uomini senza distinzione di viltà, o di nobiltà: laonde ancor' al presente linguaggio è rimasto il nome antico, cioè volgare, siccome convenevolissimo; poichè principalmente la Lingua Latina antica del volgo s' è conservata fra noi; e di questa sorte di Lingua non avemo esempio alcuno di rilievo in iscritto, ma solamente se ne trovano così fatte reliquie in alcune iscrizioni, o titoli di statue, o di edifizi, e in alcuni epitaffi di sepolcri di que' tempi; ed oltre a ciò v' è la testimonianza di più Autori, che ella ci fosse, come a' suoi luoghi verrem mostrando. E l' altra coltivata dall' arte, e pura Latina, la quale era propria degli scrittori, e de' dicitori nobili, e letterati.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Fra le inscrizioni da lui accennate, e in esso suo Processo della vera origine della Volgar Lingua prodotte, per provare, che con la Lingua, che si parla oggi in Roma, si parlava già in tempo degli antichi Romani, la principale, e di più rilievo si è la seguente della Colonna, che fu nel Romano Foro innalzata a Cajo Duillio Console nell' anno 496. dopo l' edificazione di detta Città, per la vittoria, che riportò dell' Armata navale de' Cartaginesi, come si legge nel Campidoglio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EXEMET. LECIONES. MACISTRATOS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">EXFOCIONT.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PUCNANDOD. CEPET. NAVEBOS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CONSOL. PRIMOS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ORNAVET. DICTADORED. OLOROM.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ALTOD. MARID.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">TRIRESMOS. CAPTOM. NAVALED.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">PRAEDAD. POPLOM.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">CARTACINIENSIS. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">La testimonianza de più Autori, che pel medesimo fine egli allega, è questa (133: Cap. 19.): “Nel Concilio Turonense celebrato sotto Carlo Magno si trova scritto, fra l' altre cose: Visum est unanimitati nostrae, ut quilibet Episcopus habeat homilias continentes necessarias admonitiones, quibus subjecti erudiantur, id est, fide catholica, prout capere possint de perpetua retributione bonorum, & de aeterna damnatione malorum, de resurrectione quoque futura, & ultimo judicio, & quibus operibus possit promereri beata vita, quibusve excludi: & ut easdem homilias quisque apertè transferre studeat in rusticam, & idioticam Romanam Linguam, qua faciliùs cuncti possint intelligere, quae dicuntur.” Ove si vede, che quel Concilio intende espressamente della Lingua Volgare, la qual chiama, non barbara, per esser tutti Cittadini Romani, e Cristiani; ma chiamala, rustica, come la chiamavano anco i Romani fino al tempo d' Augusto: onde appo Varrone, lib. I. de Lin. Lat. si legge: In pluribus verbeis A ante E alii ponunt, alii non, ut quod partim dicunt, Scaeptrum, partim dicunt Sceptrum, alii faenus, alii fenus: sic faenisicia, & fenisicia, à quo rustici, Pappum Mesum, non Maesum, à quo Lucilius scribit: Caecilius praetor ne rusticu sias. Onde Festo dice: Orata genus piscis à colore auri dicta, quod rustici aurum, orum: ut auriculas, oriculas:” come diciam noi ora volgarmente, oro, ed orecchie ec.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIII. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Il motivo fondato nelle iscrizioni antiche de' Romani, non merita risposta, lasciando al giudizio del Lettore, il risolvere, se il Linguaggio, che si parla oggi, sia il medesimo che quello della suddetta inscrizione della Colonna, che fu dirizzata a Cajo. Quello però, ch' io ho letto, ed osservato in Roma intorno a questo proposito si è, che la iscrizione, che si suol mettere alle porte delle case, che sono da affittare, è in Lingua Latina pura, che, in vece di dire Appigionasi, come si vede, e s' usa in Firenze, dice a lettere di scatola, e di carattere gotico, Est locanda: onde da simile memoria, o anticaglia, che per succession di tempo, e di mano in mano ivi è rimasta, chiaramente apparisce, che essa Latina Lingua, avvegnachè non tutti i Romani la usassero colla medesima purità, ed energia di Cicerone, e di altri nobili dicitori, e letterati, era la unica, e la volgare, che gli stessi Romani, nel</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">comun parlare, ed in tutte le loro bisogne adoperavano; siccome ancora oggigiorno l' inclito Senato, e Popolo Romano, o vero l' Eccellentissimo suo Magistrato, ne' suoi pubblici ragionamenti l' adopera, e a tutto suo podere, e per amore, e per diritto di patria la mantiene, e conserva.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIV. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Circa poi alla prodotta testimonianza di più Autori, debbo giustamente avvertire, che la lingua di cui intende parlare quel Concilio celebrato in Francia in tempo di Carlo Magno, è appunto la nostra Provenzale, la quale fu in quei tempi appellata Romana rustica; onde il nostro Giaufre Rudel, ch' usò la vela, e il remo </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cercar la sua morte (134: Petrarc. Trionf. Amor cap. 4.),</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">antichissimo Poeta Provenzale, che fioriva circa l' anno 1100., disse in uno de i suoi leggiadrissimi Componimenti (135: Cod. Vatic. 3205. a c. 102. terg.):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En es breu de pergamina. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tramet lovers qe cantam.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">En plana lengua Romana. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anugo l brun ec. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">In questo Breve di pergamena</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Trametto il Verso, che cantiamo</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">In piana Lingua Romana </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A Don Ugo il Bruno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E ciò si comprova colla testimonianza di parecchi Autori, ed in particolare del Bouche (136), che dice così: Les originaires du Païs (intende della Provenza) ont puis apres introduit un nouveau langage different du Celtique ancien; lequel nouveau langage n' êtoit point vraysemblablement d' autre sorte, que Nithard au livre 3. parlant du mutuel serment que les Enfans de l' Empereur Louis le Debonnaire firent au siecle IX. environ l' an 842. nomme Romain, que quelques uns disent, qu' il êtoit le vray langage Provenzal de ce siecle là, pour la grande conformité de paroles, qui se trouve en l' un, & en l' autre; c' est ainsi que parle Nithard, qui vivoit en ce temps, qui êtoit parent de ces Rois, con quel che segue. E del Paschieri nelle sue Ricerche della Francia (benchè egli sbagli, prendendo la Lingua Franzese, per la Romana Rustica, poichè in tempo di Carlo Magno non era ancora nata essa Franzese, come si raccoglie da quel che è stato didotto di sopra nel numero XXVI., e si vederà appieno coll' autorità del Fouchet, che s' addurrà in appresso; essendo allora la sola Provenzale, ovvero la suddetta Romana Rustica, quella, che si usava per tutto 'l Regno di Francia) il quale così lasciò scritto (137): "Sous ce mot de Romanus, on entend parler du Gaulois. De là vint aussi qu' on apella Roman nôtre nouveau langage. Vray que pource qu' il êtoit corrompu du vray Romain, je trouve un passage où on l' appelle Rustique Roman. Au Concile tenu en la Ville d' Arles (Arlés) l' an 851. article dixseptiéme l' on comand aux Ecclesiastiques de faire Homilies contenans toutes instructions qui appartienent à l' edification de nôtre Foy. Et easdem Homilias quisque transferre studeat in Rusticam Romanam, aut Theodoscam, quò faciliùs cuncti possint intelligere quae dicuntur.” C' estoit qu' il vouloit qu' on translatast ces Homilies en la Langue Franzoise, ou Germanique, que les Italiens apellent encores aujourd'huy Tudesque; par ce que nous commandions lors à l' Allemagne, ainsi qu' à la France. Depuis par un long succez de tems parler Roman n' estoit autre chose que ce que nous disons parler François.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LV. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E meglio assai, e più concludentemente si convince con l' autorità di Claudio Fauchet, che fiorì, e scrisse nel secolo decimosesto (138): </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Vray è, que nos Roys ayans leur Royaume estendu jusque dans la Germanie, & Pepin êtant venu des Ducs d' Austrasie; la Cour de France êtoit durant les deux premieres familles hantée de deux sortes de gens parlans divers langages; à sçavoir ceux de deçà la riviere de Meuse, Gaulois-Romain, ceux de delà (vers, & outre le Rhin) Theusch, ou si voulez parler plus modernement, Thiois. &c. Qui peut être la cause pourquoy ceux qui du temps de cest Empereur vivoyent de là la Meuse estoyent estimez parler Theutonic, ou François Thiois; & ceux de deçà Romain, pource qu' on appelloit ce quartier où nous demeurons, France-Romaine. Et suivant celà au Concile tenu à Tours l' an 812. il est porté par le xvij. article, Quilibet Episcopus habeat Homilias &c. Et easdem quisque apertè traducere studeat in <b>Rusticam </b></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Romanam Linguam</b>, & Theotiscam” c' est à dire, en Langue Romande, & Thioise. Ceste Langue Romande n' estoit pas la pure Latine, ains Gauloise corrompue par la longue possession, & seigneurie des Romains; que la plus part des hommes abitans de puis la dicte riviere de Meuse jusques aux monts des Alpes, & des Pyrenées parloient. ec. Et qu' ainsi ne soit, qu' on entendoit il y a DCCC. ans, que parler Rustic Romain fut le langage commun des abitans de deçà Meuse; il ne faut que lire ce qu' a escrit Nitard en son Histoire de la discorde des Enfans de l' Empereur Louis le Debonnaire, advenue en l' an Dcccxlj. Car faisant mention de Louis Roi de Germanie; & de Charles le Chauve son frere Roi de France Westrienne ou Occidentale (c' est à dire de ce qui est entre Meuse, & Loire) il dit, que les deux Rois voulans asseurer ceux qui les avoient suivis, que cête alliance seroit perpetuelle, ils parlent chacun aux gens de son pair (c' est le mot don le dit Nitard use) à sçavoir Louis Roi de Germanie aux François Westriens, qui suivoient le dit Charles, en Langue Romaine, c' est à dire, la Rustique; & Charles à ceux de Louis, qui estoient Austrasiens, Alemans, Saxons, & autres abitans delà le Rhin, en Langue Theutonique, qui est la Theotisque du dit Concile de Tours; ou comme j' ay dit, Thioise. Les paroles du Serment que Louis fit en Langue Romaine furent telles, ainsi que je les ay prises d' un livre êcrit il y a plus de cinq cens ans. Pro don amor & pro xpian poblo & nostro commun salvament dist di en anant inquant Deus savir & podir me dunat si salvareio cist meon fradre Karlo & in adiudha in cadhuna cosa si com hom per dreit son fradre salvar distino quid il un altre si faret. Et abludher (ab Ludher : Luther : Lotario) nul plaid nunquam prindrai que meon vol cist meon fradre Karle in danno fit.”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Et le peuple de Westrie respond en mesme langage. Si Loduvigs sagrament que son frade (fradre) Karle jurat conservat & Karlus meo sendr' de sua part ñ lo stanit: Si io returnar non lint pois ne io ne nuls cui co returnar int pois in nulla adiudha contra Lodhuvig non li iuer.” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Or ne peut-on dire que la langue de ces sermens, laquelle Nitard appelle Romaine, soit vrayement Romaine, (j' entens Latine) MAIS PLUTOT PAREILLE A' CELLE DONT USENT A' PRESENT LES PROVENZAUX, CATALANS, ET CEUX DE LANGUEDOC. Et il appert par les livres composés en Langue Latine du temps de Charles le Chauve, qu' il y a grande difference entre ce serment, & ce qu' ils tenoient lors pour Latin. Il faut donc necessairement conclurre, que cête Langue Romaine entendue par les soldats du Roi Charles le Chauve, estoit cête rustique Romaine en laquelle Charles le Grand vouloit que les Omelies prêchées aux Eglises fussent translatées, à fin d' être entendues par les simples gens, comme leur langue maternelle, aux sermons; ainsi qu' il est aisé à deviner, ou juger. Il reste maintenant sçavoir, pourquoy cête Langue Romaine Rustique a êté chassée outre Loire, delà le Rône, & la Garonne? Ce que je librement ne pouvoir asseurer par têmoignages certains: Car qui seroit cêlui-la tant hardi, de seulement promettre pouvoir tiré la verité d' un si profond abisme que celui où l' ignorance, & nonchalance de sept ou huit cens ans l' a precipitée? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVI. Nell' altro Trattato poi, che fa il sopraddetto Celso Cittadini dell' Origini della Toscana favella, oltre che egli già confessa sul bel principio, cioè nel capitolo primo, che la nostra Lingua concorsse alla formazione di quella; altro in quest' opera non ha egli preteso di fare, che l' ordinare alcuni precetti pel regolamento della pronunzia larga, e stretta, così nella E, come nell' O; cioè per conoscere dove queste vocali vanno pronunziate aperte, e dove chiuse: Ma cotali precetti sono si sregolati, e confusi, che ha piuttosto illaqueate le coscienze de' buoni Gramatici, osservatori scrupolosi del ben parlare, come disse, e criticò mirabilmente il suo concittadino Gigli (139); dell' istesso modo per l' appunto, che pretesero di fare, quei, che sul principio del secolo XVI., i caratteri Greci co i nostri pel medesimo fine mescolarono; ed in questi giorni volle fare altresì, il mentovato Gigli (140), senza badare agli avvertimenti, che il letteratissimo Abate Anton Maria Salvini, Maestro del ben parlare diede alcuni anni prima, su questo affare medesimo, agli amatori della Toscana pronunzia nella seguente guisa (141) “Il Signor Ottaviano Parissi Volterrano affezionatissimo tra gli altri agli studi di Lingua Toscana, mi diceva, che facilmente si potean distinguere nella scrittura i diversi suoni delle vocali; facendo per esempio, che l' E significasse l' e aperta: l' e significasse l' e stretta: l' o con un punto in mezzo fusse l' o aperto: senza, l' o stretto. Già l' v consonante si è posta in uso distinta dall' u vocale. E così con poco, e senza far novità di caratteri si arricchiva la lingua di queste distinzioni. I caratteri Greci, mescolati co' nostri, come voleva introdurre il Trissino, scordano nell' architettura, e non fanno buona mischianza; oltre che l' e (e más pequeña) per l' e aperta non fu bene appropriata, essendo per altro, più nel valore all' e stretta somigliante. Ci è lo Spatafora Siciliano, che ha fatto un Vocabolario come di Prosodia, co' suoi accenti, e distinzioni di suoni; ma nè egli, nè il Trissino Vicentino per tutto sono sicuri, e non rappresentano sempre la legittima Toscana pronunzia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Le Note poi, che ' l medesimo Cittadini scrisse sopra le Prose del Bembo, le quali il suddetto Gigli fece stampar in Roma presso Antonio de' Rossi nel 1721., sono insussistenti, e derisorie come può vedere ognuno in leggendole; e quì ne darò un saggio. Parlando il Bembo nel primo libro, della stima, che per tutto il Ponente ebbe la Lingua Provenzale ne' tempi ne' quali ella fiorì; là dove dice: Anzi ella tant' oltre passò in riputazione, e fama, che non solamente Catalani ec. o pure Spagnuoli più addentro (tra' quali fu uno il Re Alfonso di Aragona figliuolo di Ramondo Beringhieri) ma oltre a ciò eziandio alquanti Italiani si truova, che scrissero Provenzalmente: vi fa la seguente annotazione. Nota: Catalani senza articolo è reputato essere barbarismo. E appresso: Nota: Alfonso Re di Aragona figliuolo di Ramondo Beringhieri: Erra credo in Istoria, che Genero suo fu, non figliuolo. Ora, se questo Cittadino Sanese avesse fatta riflessione, che il gran Bembo allora che colle sue regole in fiorito stile dettate, incominciò in quel luogo, ad alzar l' insegna al bel Toscano parlare, parlò indeterminatamente, cioè senza annoverare chenti, nè quanti fossero i Poeti Provenzali di Nazione Catalana, che in quei tempi mirabilmente fiorirono; e che l' articolo, sì in Toscano, che in Provenzale ha forza di determinare, e distinguere la cosa accennata, come insegnano i Gramatici, e doveva egli sapere, per essere Lettor pubblico di Lingua Toscana nello Studio di Siena; credo certamente che non avrebbe rinvergato, che Catalani senza articolo nel citato luogo fosse reputato per barbarismo. Oltrechè non è cosa nuova appresso gli scrittori nobili l' adoperare più nomi nella Toscana favella, ora con articolo, or senza, secondo che vien loro più in acconcio, come dice magistralmente il Buommattei (142) pubblico Lettore di essa nello Studio Pisano, e Fiorentino.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LVIII. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per quello che riguarda all' accennata Storia, doveva egli prima, per non errare, consultar le Croniche, e le Genealogie de i Conti di Barcellona, e de i Re d' Aragona; o almeno nello stesso tempo, che s' intrattenne in Roma ricercando nel Campidoglio, e altrove le iscrizioni antiche delle colonne, e degli epitaffi per tessere, e formare il processo della Lingua Toscana, potea vedere anche i Codici delle Rime Provenzali esistenti nel Vaticano, ove avrebbe trovato, che <b>Lo Rei d' Aragò</b> aquel que <b>trobet</b> si ac nom <b>Amfos</b>, e fo lo premiers Rei que fo en <b>Aragon </b>fils den <b>Ramon Berenguer</b> que fo <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/ramon-berenguer-iv-conde-barcelona-vasallo-hispaniarum-rex.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Coms de Barsalona</a></b>: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">cioè, il <b>Re d' Aragona</b>, quegli, che trovò (poetò) fi ebbe nome <b>Alfonso</b>, e fu il primiero Re, che fu in <b>Aragona </b>(cioè il primo della stirpe de' Beringhieri) figliuolo di Don Ramondo Beringhieri che fu <b>Conte di Barzellona</b>: come si legge a lettere rosse, e belle in uno di essi Codici Vaticani (143), col seguente ritratto del medesimo Re a cavallo, che ivi è dipinto, e vagamente miniato (siccome vi sono altresì, e nella istessa guisa dipinti quasi tutti i ritratti degli altri Trovatori, o Poeti in esso Codice contenuti, e ognuno colla sua divisa, come fra gli altri quello del Vescovo Folchetto di Marsiglia, che è abbellito co i Pontificali vestimenti) ove si vede armato con lancia, ed elmo, e collo scudo della insegna del suo antichissimo, e <b>Real Casato</b>, consistente in quattro liste rosse in campo d' oro, la quale <b>insegna</b> usa non solo il nostro supremo, e Real <b>Senato</b> di <b>Catalogna</b>, ma l' <b>Aragonese</b> ancora sin da che il mentovato Raimondo Padre di esso <b>Alfonso </b>sposò la <b>Regina d' Aragona</b> chiamata <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/eleccion-ramiro-ii-rey-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Petronilla</a></b>, e prese il titolo di <b>Principe</b>, il che addivenne nel 1137.; e l' adopera altresì la Città d' Aix Capitale della Provenza, per privilegio concedutole da' medesimi <b>Conti Barzellonesi</b> <u>Sovrani</u> di quella <b>Provincia</b>, particolarmente dal suddetto <u>Alfonso I</u> (<b>Alfonso II de Aragón</b>, I como conde de Barcelona). (144).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdm4pOCFddDUrrjLOMMH2bi_UnQyyHpk9XQh64K4gv7lB_6FtEhfj8amMlJ0DIPkKD1pF4HNP1-vDsxVB8T84aASX95nFVXrdFX4UFy-lh5YGU47xn_X194Z_EObETtLGOLL3UqSKnw0AkZMhr82WFzHyYj0TiwGw7L7bbKsF8oAjiSq7ceUl6iBYh/s953/rey-alfonso-ii-aragon-caballo-lanza-escudo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Lo Rei d' Aragò aquel que trobet si ac nom Amfos, e fo lo premiers Rei que fo en Aragon fils den Ramon Berenguer que fo Coms de Barsalona" border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="953" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdm4pOCFddDUrrjLOMMH2bi_UnQyyHpk9XQh64K4gv7lB_6FtEhfj8amMlJ0DIPkKD1pF4HNP1-vDsxVB8T84aASX95nFVXrdFX4UFy-lh5YGU47xn_X194Z_EObETtLGOLL3UqSKnw0AkZMhr82WFzHyYj0TiwGw7L7bbKsF8oAjiSq7ceUl6iBYh/w640-h444/rey-alfonso-ii-aragon-caballo-lanza-escudo.jpg" title="Lo Rei d' Aragò aquel que trobet si ac nom Amfos, e fo lo premiers Rei que fo en Aragon fils den Ramon Berenguer que fo Coms de Barsalona" width="640" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LIX. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Di tanto finalmente (per terminare colle stesse parole con le quali gli Accademici della Crusca finiscono la Prefazione del loro Vocabolario) ho stimato dover far avvertito il benigno Lettore, rimettendo il rimanente al discreto giudizio suo, e pregandolo a riconoscere in ogni parte di questa Opera, non meno la sincerità dell' animo mio, che la mia faticosa applicazione nel cooperare a tutto potere al vantaggio non meno della Provenzale, che della Toscana Favella; Solo soggiugnerò per fine, che se talora vi faranno per entro 'l Libro trascorsi alcuni barbarismi, o altri somiglianti errori di lingua; non lo faranno già tutti quei vocaboli, e modi di dire, che forse qualcheduno de' Lettori poco pratico de' MSS., e degli antichi testi di lingua, crederà, che sieno tali, o che gli parrà esser corrozioni; mentre si possono salvare con qualche esempio degli autorevoli Prosatori, e Poeti del buon secolo, conforme in simil proposito nota il sopraccitato Gigli nelle sue Regole sopra la Lingua Toscana (145: Il sopraddetto Gigli Reg. Tosc. Favell. a c. 56.); avvegnachè non sieno registrati nel Vocabolario della Crusca, la quale ne tralasciò molti contuttochè sembrino o corrozioni, o barbarismi; avendone io rinvergati alcuni, che per entro 'l Libro ne' loro posti dell' alfabeto ho tratti fuora, come affaitare, cioè raffazzonare, agenzare, che vale abbellire, aigua per acqua, aire in cambio d' aria, arma in vece d' anima, cara per volto, oglio, cioè occhio, ed altri; non dubitando, che nella nuova edizione del Vocabolario, che si prepara, farà dato anche a questi il loro luogo, siccome pare, che ce ne dieno speranza gli Accademici (146); acciocchè a dispetto e dell' obblivione, e dell' ingiuria de' tempi, onorata memoria se ne conservi, preservandogli da que' pregiudici, e da que' pericoli a' quali i molti accidenti, portati necessariamente dal tempo fanno soggetti tutti i linguaggi (come osservano gl' istessi Accademici (147), avendo mostrato la sperienza, che eglino o in tutto, od in parte si perdono, o s' infettono, e si corrompono; de' quali pregiudici già cominciava la nostra Lingua a sentirne parte, ed era in procinto di maggiormente sentirgli, essendo venuti, e venendo tutta via meno i libri manuscritti di buoni Autori, ne' quali una grande, e forse la miglior parte di voci, e di locuzioni si conservava: ed acciocchè non possa mai loro accadere la disgrazia, che anno avuta le voci: andare zacconato, gattuccia, ed altre trasandate, delle quali non che l' uso la significanza stessa si è perduta (148). Oltrechè per essere comunemente simili vocaboli, e modi di dire antichi Provenzali, radici, ed origini del purgato dialetto, che ora corre, come attesta il dottissimo Crescimbeni (149), sembra che per giustizia, non che per elezione sia loro dovuto decoroso stallo fra gli altri, che per entro il Vocabolario leggiadramente schierati si vedono, che non sono sì riguardevoli, e che nulla rappresentano, come chicchi bichiacchi, artagoticamente, ed altri così fatti. Anzi per l' accennata ragione di essere eglino della Lingua Provenzale, e per conseguenza radici, ed origini dell' Italiana, avvegnachè antichi, o corrotti sembrino, a bello studio si dovrebbono adoperare, non che registrare, come ci ammonisce magistralmente il Varchi (150).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">LX. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Laonde, per difendere, e salvare i miei errori, che per entro 'l Libro possono essere trascorsi, conchiudo, che più tosto che errori dovrebbero con più proprietà chiamarsi Provenzalismi, de' quali abbondano le scritture Toscane del buon secolo, e maggiormente quelle tratte da i testi Provenzali (151), che sono molte (152). E molto più si rende ciò manifesto, se si considera, come ho toccato di sopra, che la medesima nostra Lingua Provenzale pura, e schietta, che per tutta l' Europa si sparse, fu ella da' Toscani studiosamente ne' primi tempi adoperata, e poi, lungamente imitata (153), siccome da tutta la Francia, dall' Inghilterra, e dalla Germania (154), essendo allora amata, e pregiata come la Greca, e la Latina (155), e fu ai più delicati ingegni comune, ed universale; anzi tant' oltre passò in riputazione, e fama, che ella sola fu in istima tra le lingue (156). Egli è ben vero però, che non per questo ho usato a bella posta modi, e parlari <b>Provenzaleschi</b>, ed altri, che da' più esatti scrittori, e dal Comune delle Accademie oggi giorno si rifiutano; anzi mi protesto, che se talora n' averò adoperati alcuni, ne farà stata la cagione la forza del natio parlare, che è assai efficace; e non mica già, perchè non abbia proccurato col mio studio, per quanto ho potuto, conformarmi all' uso corrente, ed approvato dalla nostra Arcadia di Roma. Prego pertanto in ogni modo, il benigno, e cortese Lettore a voler compatirmi, se nel ragionare con questa moderna Favella, anzi per me nuova affatto, e straniera, in un' Opera, per altro, di così vasto, e lungo lavoro, e d' una smisurata ampiezza d' Autori, e di Libri, averò talora sbagliato nella più stretta osservanza dell' arte del ben parlare Toscano; posciachè, se io ho scritto in questa moderna Lingua del bel paese, che l' Apennin parte, e 'l Mar circonda, e l' Alpe, ciò solo è stato per far risorgere, ed innalzare colla medesima quel puro, semplice, netto, e dolce Provenzale Idioma, in cui sono stato allevato, a quell' antico grado di onore a cui era egli salito prima che ne cadesse, siccome per legge di natura sono obbligato, e giusta mia possa ho fatto per mezzo di essa sua cara Fiorentina sorella, e quasi figliuola, ove alzato per se non fora mai: Idioma Maestro, per altro, e Padre d' una gran turba di Poeti, come Amerigo, Bernardo, Ugo, ed Anselmo, ed altri infiniti tutti dolcissimi, e Musici insieme, come erano gli antichi Lirici Greci; e Melici ancora, cioè compositori del Melos, o dell' aria musicale, a i quali egli solo, lancia, e spada fu sempre, e scudo, ed elmo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/05/tavola-poeti-provenzali-eta-oro-secolo-xi-secolo-xv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Continúa aquí (Tavola, taula)</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />NOTAS AL PIE:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(2) Federigo Ubaldini Tavol. Docum. Amor. Barberin. alle voci Bigordare, e Ostare, e nel Catalogo degli Autori Provenzali prefisso a detta Tavola.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Francesco Redi Annot. Ditir. terza ediz. accresciut. in Firenze 1691, fogl. 63. 140. 194. 195. 196. 198., e 203.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gio. Mario, Arciprete Crescimbeni Custode d' Arcadia Comentar. Istor. Volgar. Poes. volum. 2. part. I. fogl. 28., e 75.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(3) Benedetto Varchi nel suo Dialogo titolato l' Ercolano a car. 155. ediz. Firenze 1570. Conte. E venendo al primo intendimento nostro, ditemi, di quante, e quali lingue voi pensate, che sia composta la Volgare? Varchi. Di due, della Latina, e della Provenzale. E car. 172.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onde conchiudendo dico, che la Lingua Volgare, se bene ha di molti vocaboli, e di molte locuzioni d' altri idiomi, è però composta principalmente della Latina, e secondariamente della Provenzale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(4) Lo stesso Varchi nel citat. Ercol. a c. 115. Conciossiacosa che come la Latina si può dire d' essere discesa dalla Greca, essendosi arricchita di molte parole, e di molti ornamenti di lei, così, anzi molto più la Toscana dalla Latina, benchè la Toscana quasi di due Madri figliuola è molto obbligata ancora alla Provenzale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(5) Il Bembo Prof. 1. Perchè errare non si può a credere, che il rimare primieramente per noi da quella nazione (Provenzale) più che da altra si sia preso. ec. Il che se mi si concede, non sarà da dubitare, che la <b>Fiorentina Lingua</b> da' Provenzali Poeti, più che da altri, le rime pigliate si abbia, ed essi avuti per Maestri; quando medesimamente si vede, che al presente più antiche rime delle Toscane altra lingua gran fatto non ha, levatone la Provenzale. Senzachè molte cose, come io dissi, anno i suoi Poeti prese da quelli, siccome sogliono far sempre i discepoli da' loro Maestri ec. Per le quali cose, quello estimare si può, che il verseggiare, e rimare da quella nazione, più che da altra si è preso.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(6) La Proclamazione Cattolica, al §. XV. Y quando faltára otra prueva en recomendacion de las buenas letras de los <b>Catalanes</b>, basta por todos aver sido un <b>Catalan </b>maestro de Vuestra Mag. siendo Principe, que aclamado en ceñir la Corona por grande, resulta en el maestro competencias con Aristoteles, pues no tuvo mayor dicipulo (discípulo) este en Alexandro, que Don <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galcer%C3%A1n_Albanell" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Galceran de Albanell</a></b> en Vuestra Mag. ec. Però Señor, como el aborrecimiento pone estorvos a la aficion de V. M. notifican sus prendas, y las refieren, con desabrimentos y ultrages, escarneciendo hasta la <b>lengua</b>, que fué tan preziosa a los Señores <b>Reyes de Aragon</b>. Y assi disse Zurita, que era tan general la aficion de los Reyes, que desde que sucedieron al Conde de Barcelona, siempre tuvieron por su naturaleza, y antiquissima patria a <b>Cataluña</b>, y en todo conformaron con sus leyes, y costumbres, y la lengua de que usavan era la <b>Catalana</b>, y de ella fue toda la cortesania, de que se preziavan en aquellos tiempos. Todas las ordinaciones assi de la casa real, como otras eran en Catalan: las proposiciones que hazian los Señores Reyes en las Cortes, o Parlamentos, aunque se hiziessen a los <b>tres Reynos</b>, eran en <b>Catalan</b>. Las historias, que escrivieron de si mismos, como el Rey Don Pedro el Tercero, y el <b>Rey Don Jayme el Conquistador</b>, las compusieron en <b>Lengua Catalana</b>. Todos los poemas, que componian assi los Señores <b>Reyes</b>, como los <b>cortesanos</b>, eran en <b>Catalan</b>. Esta <b>Lengua </b>fuè la que diò principio a los <b>versos</b>, y <b>rimas </b>que se usan en <b>Romance</b>, cantando con ellas a consonancia, la dissonancia de las passiones. Los primeros padres de la <b>Poesia Vulgar</b>, fueron los <b>Catalanes</b>: Passando despues esta arte a Italia, Aragon, y Sicilia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">El Petrarca con las obras de George Valenciano, compuestas en <b>Catalan</b>, diò propriedad, y dulçura al <b>lenguage</b>: florecieron muchos en esta arte, como el Cavallero Ausias Marc, Ramon Montaner, Jayme Roig, y otros muchos. En nuestros tiempos, floreciò en la Poesia Catalana el Dotor <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesch_Vicens_Garc%C3%ADa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vicente Garzia</a></b> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesch_Vicens_Garc%C3%ADa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rector de Vallfogona</a>, cuyos poemas son celebrados por insignes en la agudeza, dulçura, y propriedad de pensamientos, y los admirò por raros el fenix de la Castellana <a href="https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/v/vega.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lope de Vega Carpio</a>. Los Reyes de Aragon, y mas en particular el <b>Rey Don Juan el I</b>. hizieron tanta estimacion de la <b>Poesia Catalana</b>, que llamavan el <b>Gay saber</b>, o <b>sciencia gaya</b>, que para alentar los ingenios al trabajo con el premio, concedieron muchos privilegios a los que se esmeravan en esto, como consta en muchas provisiones reales. Ay en esta Lengua compuestos libros de todas facultades, y <b>traduzidos</b> en ella los <b>Poetas</b> mas graves, y mas insignes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gasparo Scuolano nella sua Istoria della Città, e del Regno di Valenza part. I. lib. I. cap. 14., ed altri.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(7) Giovanni di Nostradama Vit. Poet. Provenzal. nel Proemio:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cesare di Nostradama nipote del suddetto Giovanni, in più luoghi della sua Istoria, e Cronica di Provenza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onorato Bouche nella Storia della medesima Provenza tom. I. lib. 2. Cap. 6.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Giovanni Scolastico Pittoni nella Istoria della Città d' Aix lib. 2. cap. 5. fogl. 104., e lib. 6. cap. 15. fogl. 612.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pietro Gassendi nella Vita di Claudio Peirese a car. 312., ed altri molti.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(8) Stefano Paschieri nelle sue Ricerche della Francia lib. 7. cap. 4. cart. 603. ediz. Parigi 1665.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Carlo Du-Fresne Signor Du-Cange alla Prefaz. del suo Glossario Latino Barbaro num. 35.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(9) L' Arciprete Gio. Mario Crescimbeni Comentar. Istor. Volgar. Poes. volum. I. lib. I. cap. 3., e volum. 3. fogl. 120.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(11) <b>Ramondo Vidal</b> nel suo Libro titolato: La dreita maniera de <b>trobar </b>(la diritta maniera di <b>trovare</b>, cioè poetare) antico MS. della Libreria Medicea Laurenziana al Banco 41. Totz hom qe vol trobar ni entendre deu primierament saber qe neguna <b>parladura</b> non es naturals ni dreta del nostre <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lengatge</a></b> mas aquela de <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2019/12/ecrire-occitan-essai-presentation-synthese.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lemosi</a></b> e de <b>Proenza </b>e <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/auvernhat-q-r.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dalvergna</a></b> e de <b>Caersin</b>. Per que eu vos dic qe quant ren <b>parlarai</b> de <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2019/12/ecrire-occitan-essai-presentation-synthese.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lemosin</a> </b>que totas estas terras entendats e totas lor vezinas e totas cellas que son entre ellas e tot lome qe en aqellas terras son nat ni norit an la parladura natural e dreta: cioè Tutt' uomo, che vuole trovare, (poetare) ed intendere, debbe primieramente savere, che niuna parlatura è naturale, e dritta del nostro <b>Linguaggio</b>, se non quella del <b>Limosino</b>, e di <b>Provenza</b>, e d' <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2018/05/auvernhat-q-r.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alvernia</a></b>, e di <b>Caorsa</b>: Perchè vi dico, che quando parlerò alcuna cosa di <b><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2019/12/ecrire-occitan-essai-presentation-synthese.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Limosino</a></b>, che per esso <b>Limosino </b>intendiate tutte le suddette terre, e tutte le loro vicine, e tutte quelle che sono poste tra loro: E tutti gli uomini, che in quelle terre sono nati, e nodriti anno la <b>parlatura</b> naturale, e dritta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gasparo Scuolano nella sua Istoria di <b>Valenza</b> part. I. lib. I. cap. 14. num. I. La tercera, y ultima Lengua Maestra de las de España, es la <b>Lemosina</b>, mas general que todas ec. por ser la que se hablava en <b>Proenza</b>, y toda la <b>Guiayna</b>, y la <b>Francia Gotica</b>; y la que agora se habla en el <b>Principado de Cataluña</b>, <b>Reyno de Valencia</b>, Islas de Mallorca, Menorca, Yviça, y Sardeña.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Niccolò Antonio Bibliothec. Hispan. vet. tom. I. alla Prefaz. num. 26. vers. Ut enim veteres Provincialis Linguae, seu Valentinae Poëtas. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E tom. 2. fogl. 49. num 144. Elucubravit ipse Jacobus I. Aragonie Rex, vernaculâ gentis, hoc est Provinciali, ut vocant <b>linguâ</b> (quae tam in <b>Cataloniae</b>, quàm in Valentiae, necnon in <b>Montis-Pesulani</b>, unde Maria fuit Regis mater, ditionibus usu fuit) rerum tempore suo gestarum historiam ec. Prodiit ea Valentiae cum hac vernaculâ inscriptione, quam retinere placuit, venerationem ut habeamus antiquitati.” Chronica o Comentari del gloriosissim, e invictissim <b>Rey en Jacme Rey d' Aragò</b>, de Mallorques, de Valencia, Comte de Barcelona, e de Urgell, e de <b>Montpeiller</b>, feita, e escrita per aquell en sa lengua natural, e treita del archiu del molt magnific Rational de la insigne Ciutat de Valencia, hon estava custodita. Valentiae apud <a href="https://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Guias/MujeresImpresoras/Siglos_XVI-XVII/Seleccion_de_Impresoras/Siglo_XVI/Valencia/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">viduam Joannis Mey</a> 1557. E num. 149. Floruere hoc ipso Regis clarissimi tempore duo viri poëtica facultate ad posteros clari. Mossen (ita pro Domino meo Valentini usurpant) Jordi, hoc est Georgius; & Mossen Febrer, qui vernaculâ gentis linguâ, quae eadem est cum <b>Provinciali, & Catalana</b>, magna cum laude <b>versificati</b> sunt. E fogl. 80. num. 66. Circa eadem tempora Fr. <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/02/cartas-eruditas-gregorio-mayans-siscar-jose-nebot-sans-jose-villarroya.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Petrus Marsilius</a> ejusdem Ordinis Praedicatorum domus S. Catherinae Martyris, Barcinonensis Urbis, in <b>Latinum </b>ex <b>vernaculâ</b> Provincialium, sive Catalanâ lingua convertit historiam quam de rebus sui temporis Jacobus Rex Aragoniae primus superiore saeculo conscripserat. E cart. 105. num. 246. Sed honesto ut Francisci Petrarchae, nostro tamen (parla del nostro Poeta <a href="https://librosmoncho.blogspot.com/2022/01/falsificacion-eugenio-estevez-francisco-ribalta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ausias March</a>) inferioris exemplo contenditur, amore Theresiae cujusdam de Bou Valentinae captus, <b>vernaculi</b>, hoc est <b>Provincialis</b>, seu <b>Lemosini</b> pangendi carminis omnem facultatem &c.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cesare di Nostradama Istor. Provenz. part. 5. fogl. 540., e part. 6. fogl. 606., e 626.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/search/?dtab=m&search_type=simple&search_help=detail&display_mode=detail&wf_step=init&show_hidden=0&number=1&keep_number=10&cclterm1=explicantur&cclterm2=&cclterm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&cclterm6=&cclterm7=&cclterm8=&cclfield1=term&cclfield2=&cclfield3=&cclfield4=&cclfield5=&cclfield6=&cclfield7=&cclfield8=&cclop1=&cclop2=&cclop3=&cclop4=&cclop5=&cclop6=&cclop7=&isp=&search_coll%5Bmetadata%5D=1&&stored_cclquery=&skin=&rss=0&offset=1&srfile=/metadata/f/4/b/metadata-01-0000493.tkl" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Carlo Du-Fresne</a> Prefaz. Glossar. Latin. Barbar. num. 34. 35., e 36.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Filippo Briezzi della celebre <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_di_Ges%C3%B9" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Compagnia di Gesù</a> ne' suoi Parallel. Geograph. vet., & nov. tom. I. part. 2. lib. 5 §. 6.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(16) <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Juan_Escolano" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gasparo Scuolano</a> Istor. Valenz. part. I. lib. I. cap. 14. num. 5. Estendieron sus limites los <b>Catalanes </b>poco a poco a las Islas de Mallorca, Menorca, e Yviça, a sus passos fue su lengua estendiendo los suyos. Tambien la passaron a <b>Cerdeña</b>, porque aunque es verdad, que los <b>Sardos </b>desde ab initio tuvieron <b>lengua natural</b>, que despues se fuè mudando de mil colores, y con las avenidas de los <u>Romanos</u>, <b>Godos</b>, <u>Moros</u>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/08/capitulo-lx.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pisanos</a>, y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/num-54-legajo-cartas-reales-num-85-ano-1367-DCCXLV-hegira.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Genoveses</a> de las de todas una confusa pepitoria, que hoy en dia se habla en la Isla: però es cierto, que corre parejas en ella <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2021/07/amazon-vita-christi-isabel-villena.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la <b>Valenciana</b></a>, siendo esta la mas pulida, y corttesana dellos, y la que se entiende en los pueblos mayores, y Ciudades. En suma en aquellos siglos antiguos vino a tener la <b>Lengua Lemosina</b> tan grande credito, que como à muy <b>cortesana</b> se hablava en la <b>Corte </b>de los <b>Condes de Barcelona</b>, y en la de los de <b>Monpeler</b>. De aqui es, que como nuestro venturoso <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Conquistador el Rey Don Jayme</a> se huviesse criado con ella, y tetadola en los pechos de su Madre ec. hizo tanto esfuerzo la Lengua en el, y en su Casa, que conquistada Valencia de poder de los Moros, y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/repartimiento-de-valencia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poblada de la mejor</a>, y mas bellicosa gente, que tenia el Mundo, quiso que tuviesse parte su <b>lengua</b> en la Conquista, y que los nuevos pobladores huviessen de usar el <b>Lemosin</b>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Il Dottor <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheneo_de_grandesa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Giuseppe Romaghiera</a> nella Introduzione del suo <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheneo_de_grandesa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Atheneo de grandesa</a> sobre eminencias cultas; <b>Catalana </b>facundia ab emblemmas illustrada ec. stampato in Barcellona del 1681. “Sim' vituperas lo aver escrit en <b>Català</b>, not' temo, perque murmurant la Llengua ab que parlas, fentla insturment de sas ignominias, los mateixos ecos de vituperi, ressonan calumnias a ta vil censura. A se, que no la ultrajavan aquells antics Eroes Catalans, que feren sentir los clamors de sas victorias a <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/contra-manipulacion-historia-corona-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Atenas</a>, y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/05/de-exequiis-sepultura-et-infirmitate.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Neopatria</a>, y los que ab los preziosos rubins de sas venas la imprimiren en <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-xxix-carta-lo-rey-darago-sicilia-reyna-sicilia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sardenya</a>, <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mallorca</a>, y <a href="https://llengua-valenciana.blogspot.com/2022/07/carta-jurats-valencia-emperador-carlos-v-joan-salaya-juan-celaya.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Valencia</a>; però escusarè lo panegiric de sos aplausos, per no fer paraliponen, que exageràs ab sa grandesa la injuria, ab que l' oblit sepulta lo augusto de sas proesas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monsignor Angelo Rocca nelle sue Opere ultimamente ristampate in Roma, tom. 2. fogl. 329. Sunt autem duae precipuae in ea Insulâ (nella <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-xliv-pere-torrelles-carta-rey-martin-darago-sicilia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sardigna</a>) linguae, una qua in Civitatibus, & altera, qua extra Civitates utuntur: sed oppidani loquuntur ferè <b>Hispanicâ lingua Tarraconensi, vel Catalanâ</b>, quam didicerunt ab <b>Hispanis</b>, qui tamdiù Magistratum in eisdem Civitatibus gerunt: alii verò genuinam retinent <a href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/italico/romance/sardo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sardorum <b>linguam</b></a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Attestazione, o Bulletta fatta dal Magistrato, e da i Deputati della sanità della Città di Caglieri capitale del <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/17-de-diciembre.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Regno di Sardigna</a></b> nell' anno 1718. in <b>Lingua Catalana</b>; la quale ho voluto qui inserire, acciocchè ognuno sappia, che anche a' tempi nostri adoperano quei popoli nelle loro pubbliche scritture la nostra Lingua “A universas singles Guardas de morbo de qualsevol Ciutats Vilas y Llocs axi del present Regne, com fora de aquell, y en qualsevol altra part. Los illustres <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/lxxxii-reg-1890-fol-131-20-mar-1387.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Consellers</a>, y <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/10-de-abril.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Deputats</a> per la custodia del <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/cxvi-reg-4879-fol-22-30-jun-1599.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">morbo</a> de la present Ciutat, y <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Castell</a> de Caller primaria del present Regne, salut, y dilecsiò. Sertificamvos, y cascù de vos, com d' esta present Ciutat se parteix Don Joseph Sunyer, y <b>Bastero </b>natural de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/indice-tomo-iv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Barcelona</a> de edat de 19. ains, estatura bona, <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cabell castain</a> per Roma, al qual, com en esta Ciutat per la gratia de Nostre Señor Deu Omnipotent hi y a bona sanitat sens dupte, ni suspiciò de morbo, ni altre mal contagiòs, lo podreu acullir, y donar pratica, y comerci sens impediment: en testimoni de las quals cosas se li despaccian las presents per lo Secretari de la Ciutat de val escrit, y sogelladas ab lo sogell de aquell. Dat en <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/parlamento-tortosa-parte-iii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Caller</a> a 29. de Juin Ain 1718. D. Juan Gaspar de Carnicer Segretario de su Magestad, y desta illustre Ciudad.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(17) <b>Raimondo Montaner</b> nella sua Storia intitolata: Cronica, o descripsiò dels fets e hazanyas del <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">inclyt Rey en Jacme primer Rey Daragò</a>, de <b>Mallorques</b>, e de <b>Valencia</b>, <u>Comte de Barcelona</u>, e de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/jaime-i-concebido-gracias-treta-estratagema.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Muntspeler</a>; e de molts de sos descendents: Feita per lo Magnific en <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/05/pedro-miguel-carbonell.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ramon Muntaner</a>, lo qual servì axi al dit <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">inclyt Rey en Jacme</a>, com a sos fills, e descendents, e s' trobà present en las cosas en la present Istoria: stampata in Barcellona nel 1562, esistente nella <a href="https://casanatense.beniculturali.it/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Biblioteca Casanattense</a>, e in quella della Sapienza; Cap. 16. E axi la dita Ciutat de Murcia fo presa per lo Senyor <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rey en Jacme Daragò</a> en lany que hom comptava M. CC. XXXVIII. E com (incomincia il Cap. 17. titolato: Com fon poblada Murcia de Catalans, e com <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">lo Senyor Rey en Jacme</a> delliurà la sua part al <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/2019/03/libro-decimo-sexto.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rey de Castella son gendre</a>). E com la dita Ciutat hac presa, e poblada de Catalans, e axi mateix Oriola, e <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/coleccion-documentos-ineditos-corona-aragon-tomo-iii.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Elx</a>, e Guardamar, e Alacant, e Carthagenia, e los altres locs: si que siats certs, que tots aquels qui en la dita Ciutat de Murcia, o els (cioè en los ne' ) devant dits locs son poblats, son vers Catalans, e parlan del bel <b>Catalanesc</b> del Mon, e son tots bons homens d' armas, e de tots feits ec. E com lo dit Senyor Rey hac la Ciutat de Murcia poblada, e los altres locs, ell lliurà la sua part al Rey de Castella son gendre. Vedi Francesco Cascales ne' suoi Discorsi storici de la muy noble, e muy leal Ciudad de Murcia, discors. 2. cap. 4. 7. e 8., e discors. 19. fogl. 335., e 366., e discors. 20. cap. 4. fogl. 432., e cap. 5. fogl. 442.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(18) Il Rettor di Bellosguardo nella Epistola dedicatoria agli Accademici Barzellonesi, delle Rime di Vincenzio Garzia stampate in Barcellona l' anno 1703. presso il Figuerò. E tinc per cert, que la <b>Llengua Catalana</b> (a be que tant dejectada per qui ni la usa, ni la enten, ensenyant las demes en <b>Catalunya</b>) si vestida al tall, y fortuna ha tingut la Castellana, de una centuria a esta part, no li deuria cosa. Y crec, ni menos li deu vuy; <u>pues es la Llengua Catalana propria <b>Espanyola</b> llengua</u>, y no tan arisca com l' antigua Castellana, y en centurias atràs no menos estesa; puix per nostras gloriosas conquistas passà a las Islas del vehì mar, com tambè a altras Islas, y de ellas a las de Egeo, y a la difusa Assia; esplayantse per nostron continent desde Murcia a Narbona, (anzi infino a Nizza di Provenza distante da Murzia nove cento miglia) y encara cerca de esta se conserva una poblaciò, dita Barceloneta, (altra collo stesso nome di Barzellona ve n' è in Provenza fondata dal <b>Conte Ramondo Beringhieri</b> sul principio del secolo XIII., ed altra pure nel Regno di Sicilia) y en <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/03/a-la-ciutat-de-napols-hi-ha-una-preso.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Napols</a> lo <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/09/jornada-segona-novela-quinta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">carrer</a>, y portal de Barcelona guanyaren los <b>Catalans</b> (il Boccac. Nov. 15. Su per una via chiamata la <a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2018/09/jornada-segona-novela-quinta.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ruga Catalana</a>) y en temps dels gloriosos Serenissims Comtes de Barcelona <a href="https://jaime-i-conquistador.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Reys de Aragò</a> era la <b>Llengua de la Cort</b>; y en las poesias de aquellas edats beatas, ditas sas Trobas: lo gay saber, que significa alegra, jocòs, y grat als mes melindrosos oídos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/11/pergamino-origina-fuero-jaca-ricardo-del-arco.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Girolamo Zurita</a> ne' suoi Annali de i <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Re d' Aragona</a> part. I. lib. 8. cap. 18. Partiò el Rey (Don Pietro il IIII., e della stirpe de' <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/07/eleccion-ramiro-ii-rey-aragon.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Beringhieri</a> il III.) el otro dia de Pina, y fuesse a dormir a Candasnos, y el siguiente a <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/05/detalle-batalla-fraga-1134.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fraga</a>, y quando fuè a vista de aquella Villa, diziendole Don Bernaldo de Cabrera que se alegrasse por que aquella Villa era de <b>Cataluña</b>, començò a bendezirla, y dezir grandes alabanças della; (di <b>Catalogna</b>) por que los Reyes que sucedieron al Conde de Barcelona, siempre la tuvieron por su naturaleza, y propria Patria; y en todo se conformaron con sus leyes, y costumbres y <b>la Lengua de que usavan era la Catalana</b>, y della fue toda la cortesania de que se preziavan en aquellos tiempos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(19) Cesare di Nostradama Istor. <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provenz</a>. part. 2. sotto questo titolo: Seconde partie de l' Histoire de Provence: sous les Comtes de Barcellone, & <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rois d' Aragon</a> qui l' ont possedée depuis l' an. 1080, jusques en l' an 1245. dal fogl. 91. al 209. Et pourtant que ce sont les Comtes de Barcellone, qui doivent d' orênavant commander souverainement, & tenir le sceptre de <b>Provence</b>, il semble tres-expedient avant qu' entrer au fil d' une si longue materie, & aux courants de cête histoire, de voir en premier lieu, de quels insignes, & puissans ancêtres ces <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/indice-tomo-iv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Comtes</a>, & <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/xxiv-perg-86-11-agosto-1137.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Marquis</a> <b>Aragonois</b> sont descendus, & sortis &c. Fin de la seconde partie, & des Comtes du sang de Barcelone, & d' <b>Aragon</b>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Onorato Bouche nella sua Istoria della medesima <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provenza</a> </b>tom. 2. lib. 9. part. 2. col seguente titolo: Les Comtes proprietaires de <b><a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provence</a></b> de la deuxieme race des Comtes de <b>Catalogne</b>, de Barcelonne, & des Rois d' Aragon, durant l' espace de 145. ans, sçavoir depuis l' an 1100. jusques à l' an. 1245. E poi al cap. I. della stessa part. 2. car. 101. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quoy que ce ne soit point de nôtre tâche de traiter de l' origine de ces Etats de <b>Catalogne</b>, de Barcelonne, & d' Aragon; neantmoins parce que nous devons être gouvernez en Provence durant l' espace de 134. ans par des Princes de cête nation, il ne serà pas hors de propos, de dire un mot sur le temps, & le sujet de l' institution de ces Etats.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(20) Giovanni Scolastico Pittoni nella sua Histoire de la Ville d' <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/lou-tresor-dou-felibrige.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aix</a> Capitale de la Provence, lib. 2. cap. 5. fogl. 104. Parmy tant de belles, & rares qualités qui accompagnoient nos <b>Princes Catalans</b>, celle d' aimer les gens de lettres n' êtoit pas la moindre; nous leur devons cet avantage d' avoir remis l' étude de belles lettres: Ce fut sous eux que nos <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Provençaux</a> trouverent l' art de rimer, & donnerent au Parnasse une dixiéme compagne, qui fut en même tems bien recuë dans la Cour des Grands. Les Italiens qui loüent fort rarement ceux qui ne sont pas de leur nation, le disent; & les Espagnols toûjours enflés de vanité le confessent, comme nous prouverons à un autre endroit, lors que nous parlerons des Troubadours, ou Poëtes, que nous ferons voir leur principale Academie dans la Ville d' Aix.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Cesare di Nostradama Istor. Provenz. part. 2. Provence sous les Comtes de Barcellonne, a car. 132, Ce fut de ce tems que la <a href="https://tresorfelibrige.blogspot.com/2021/12/lou-tresor-dou-felibrige.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Poësie Provenzale</a> començà de se monstrer en honneur, & de resonner heroïquement sous les belles, & doctes rithmes d' infinits Gentilshommes, & personages de qualité, qui se mirent à vulgairement poëtiser ec. dont ils furent appellés <b>Troubadours</b>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Claudio Fauchet nel 2. volum. dell' Antichità della Gaule part. 2. car. 331. terg. Les Berangiers entretenoient en Languedoc, Provence, & Catalogne, des homes d' esprit, comme deçà les Comtes de Champagne les Trouvers, & Chanterres (car ainsi appelloit-on les Poëtes vulgaires) les quels au son de la vielle, ou violle chantoient des vers vulgaires finissans en unison, que depuis l' on appellà rhimes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Anton Domenico Norcia Congress. Litterar. Fogl. 210.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(21) Onorato Bouche nella detta sua Istoria di Provenza tom. I. lib. 2. cap. 6. fogl. 94. Finalement par l' arrivée des Aragonois ec. depuis l' an. 1110. au tems des Berenguiers Comtes de Barcelone ec. la Langue Provençal devint si nette, si polie, si embellie de toute sorte d' ornemens de belle locution, durant l' espace de trois cens ans, que communement elle êtoit preferée à toutes les autres de l' Europe, & plusieurs Etrangers s' efforcerent de l' apprendre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(22) Mario Equicola Natur. Amor. lib. 5. a c. 337. Tanto durarono quelli gentili spiriti (intende de' Poeti Provenzali) quanto la Corte fu in Provenza; ma poi che ' l predetto Conte Ramondo Berlinghieri maritò le figliuole ec. mancò quella nobile pianta, ec. e questa io istimo fusse la causa, che non si ampliò più oltra il dire Provenzale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pier Francesco Giambullari Orig. Ling. Fiorentin, a c. 139. Mancata quivi (in Provenza) la Corte per la morte del Conte Ramondo Berenghieri ec. non solamente mancarono i Poeti, e le Rime sì celebrate, ma la lingua stessa per sì fatta maniera vi vienne meno, e vi si annullò, che i Provenzali non la intendono già dugento anni.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(23) Filippo, e Jacopo Giunti nella Dedicatoria, che fanno al Serenissimo Gran Principe di Toscana, del Libro del Decamerone di Messer Giovanni Boccacci (Boccaccio) alla sua vera lezione ridotto da' Deputati l' anno 1573. Egli dunque, Serenissime Gran Principe, così racconcio, per nostra mano si rappresenta all' A. V., egli infinitamente la ringrazia col Serenissimo Gran Duca suo Padre, che da questo esilio sia stato ritornato nella Patria sua, ec. e quasi da morte a vita sia risuscitato: Ma specialmente ancora priega lei, che per sua bontà, e favore ne pigli, è ritenga perpetua protezione; non essendo cosa alcuna, che più mantenga il pregio delle lingue, che il favore de' Principi Grandi, per virtù de' quali elle fioriscono, e si mantengono onorate; di che può essere vivo esempio la Provenzale, al tempo de' nobili Conti di quella Provinzia, specialmente del buon Ramondo Beringhieri, tanto celebrato Signore, per cui ella salì in grandissimo onore, e poco meno che per tutta l' Europa si sparse, e come si sa, fu da' nostri studiosamente, ne' primi tempi adoperata, e poi lungamente imitata; e mancata quella Corte, e sottratto, come dire, il latte che la nutriva, venne a poco a poco mancando, ed oggi è poco meno che del tutto spenta. Pierfrancesco Giambullari luogo citat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(26) Sono parole di Girolamo Gigli nel suo Apparato all' Opere de S. Caterina da Siena, fogl. 177.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(27) Alla Prefazione del Vocabolario. Nella presente impressione ci siamo allargati assai più che nelle precedenti nel mettere al rincontro delle Toscane le voci greche: come che molte di quelle, dependano da queste, e che sovente ne servano alla dichiarazione, ed alla analogia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(28) Il Vocabolario. Plusori. V. A. che sente del Provenzale: e vale lo stesso, che Più. Lat. plures. Provenzale pluzors. Franzese plusieurs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(29) L' Abate Anton Maria Salvini Gentiluomo Fiorentino, nelle sue Pros. Toscan. Lez. 12. a c. 216.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(30) Il suddetto Salvini nelle citat. Pros. Lez. 53 a c. 557.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(31) Lo stesso Salvini, Lez. 36. fogl. 412.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(32) Benedetto Varchi nella Orazione funerale, che recitò nell' Accademia Fiorentina in morte del Cardinal Bembo, stampata presso la Raccolta delle Orazioni scritte da diversi Uomini illustri fatta da Francesco Sansovino lib. I. fogl. 53. A queste cose s' aggiugneva la riputazione, che gli arrecava assai maggiore, e da doversi via più stimare, che molti non pensano, l' essere egli stato il primo, che avesse dopo tanti anni, non solo conosciuta, ma contrafatta, e rassomigliata ne' versi la leggiadria del Petrarca, e nelle prose la purità del Boccaccio ec. E tanto più, che a lui fu necessario di porre quasi quel medesimo tempo, e fatica ad apprendere questa nostra Lingua Fiorentina, (che Fiorentina la chiama egli, e non Toscana) che ad apparar la Latina, e se a bene intendere la Latina, gli fu di bisogno apprender la Greca, A BENE INTENDER LA TOSCANA GLI BISOGNO' APPARAR LA PROVENZALE, poco meno che del tutto spenta ancora in quei tempi, dalla quale anno così i Prosatori Toscani, come gli Scrittori di versi, infiniti vocaboli, e modi di favellare tolti, e cavati, come ne dimostra egli nel principio de i tre dottissimi libri delle sue gravissime, ed ornatissime Prose.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(33) Gli Accademici della Crusca nella Lettera dedicatoria che del loro Vocabolario fanno al Serenissimo Granduca.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(34) Federigo Ubaldini Tavol. Docum. Amor. Barber. Alle voci accolte, a tiera, gautata, moscare, solci, tiera, e trovare.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(35) Francesco Redi Annot. Ditir. In più luoghi, come si manifesta dall' Indice alle lettere G, O, ed R in questa guisa: Glossario Provenzale. Manuscritto di Francesco Redi, car. 57. 63. Gramatica Provenzale. Manuscritto della Libreria di S. Lorenzo. 63. 140. 194. 195. 196. 198. Onomastico Provenzale. Testo a penna della Libreria di S. Lorenzo 195. 198. Rimario Provenzale. MS. della Libreria di S. Lorenzo. 59. 198. 204.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(36) Anton Maria Salvini nelle Pros. Toscan. Lez. 24. car. 312., ed in altre sue Opere. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(37) Dante nel I. lib. della Volgare Eloquenza (N. E. De Vulgari Eloquentia) cap. 8. 9. e 10. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(38) Guglielmo Catel nelle Memorie Storiche della Linguadoca lib. I. cap. I. fogl. 39. "Le Languedoc est appellé dans les anciens livres, qui sont aux archifs de la Ville de Tolose, la lenga d' oc; dans les quels est dit: & tramezeron lor per diversas partidas de la lenga d' oc ec. Mais communement, & le plus souvent il est nommé dans les anciens actes Patria Linguae Occitaniae ec. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Plusieurs ont estimé, que le Païs de Languedoc avoit pris son nom des Goths qui ont longues années tenu le dit païs, d' autant que Land en Alleman signifie Païs; & partant Languedoc semble être dit, Païs de Goths, même anciennement le Languedoc fut appellé Gothia. Mais je crois qu' ils n' ont pas bien rencontré; car ce mot de Languedoc vient plustost de la langue que les naturels parloient. Car comme ceux du païs de la langue Françoise son apellez de la langue d'Ouy; de mêmes ceux du païs son appellez du Languedoc, c' est à dire, comme nous avons remarqué ci dessus, Langue d' Oc: ce que Raymond Comte de Tolose monstre bien clairement dans un ancien acte de l' an 1220. dans lequel il distingue ceux de ce païs des autres par leurs langues, quand il dit: Quod quicumque homines nostri idiomatis, videlicet de lingua nostra. Guillaume de Puylaurens Chapelain de Raimond le jeune Comte de Tolose, voulant dire au Chap. 19. de son Histoire, que le Comte de Mont-fort ne se vouloit plus fier à ceux de Languedoc, il le dit en ces termes: Idem Comes ex tunc abhorrere coepit confortia militum nostrae linguae. Guiraud Riquier ancien Poëte de Narbone en un Poëme qu' il a fait en l' an 1270. sur la mort d' Amalric son Seigneur, & Vicomte de Narbone, voulant dire, qu' Amalric êtoit le plus noble du Languedoc, il dit, qu' il estoit le plus noble de sa langue en ces vers: Doncx perdut l' a Narbonès, & Narbona, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Don deu esser tot lo pobles ploròs, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Car elb era la plus noble persona</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Per dreg dever que dest lengatge fos: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(cioè Dunque l' ha perduto il Narbonese, e Narbona, Onde debbe essere tutto' l popolo lagrimoso Poichè egli era la più nobil (nobile) persona, Per dritto dovere, che fosse in questa Provincia)” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Je ne crois pas aussi, que ce qu' a remarqué <a href="https://recherchesfrance.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pasquier en ses Recherches</a> soit veritable qu' il ayt esté appellé <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Languedoc</a>, pour-ce que ceux de ce païs avoient aprins la <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue des Goths</a>, lesquels y avoient fait long sejour. Et n' ay point veu aucun ancien acte, dans lequel ce païs soit appellé en Latin <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">linguae Gothicae</a>, comme il dit que l' on lit dans les anciens actes: mais au contraire ce païs est toujours nommé dans les anciens livres, Patria <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">linguae Occitaniae</a>; ou <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Occitania</a>, ainsi que nous avons dit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Monsignor Pietro della Marca nella sua Istoria di Bearne lib. 8. cap. 2. fogl. 684. “Ce païs (della <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Linguadoca</a>) est nommé Septimaniae dans Sidonius, & Gregoire de Tours, à cause des compagnies de la septiéme legion, que les Romains tenoient en garnison dans la Ville de Besiers, pour l' asseurance de la <b>province</b>. Les Goths l' ayants retenuë , elle fut nomée <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gaule Gottique</a>, ou <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gothie</a> dans Isidore de Seville en sa Chronique. Ces deux noms de Septimaniae, & de Gothie lui ont esté continués indiferemment dans Fredegarius, Eginhart, & les Annales du moyen temps: Et enfin elle a pris celui de <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Languedoc</a>, ou <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue de oc</a>. Cête denomination est provenuë, de ce que les Rois distribuerent dans leurs Ordonnances, il y a trois cens cinquante ans, le Royaume de France en deux langues, sçavoir langue d' Oui, & langue d' Oc: Le païs de la province <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/sitio-barbastro-1064.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Narbonoise</a> ayant êté pour lors establi le chef de la <a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/2023/02/linga-occitana-cathalonia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">langue d' Oc</a>; & le Parlement ordonné en la Ville de Tolose, pour les peuples du Royaume qui avoient l' idiome semblable.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(39) Il Bembo Prof. I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(40) Mario Equicola Natur. Amor. lib. 5.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(41) Onorato Bouche Istor. Provenz. tom. I. lib. 2. cap. 6. fogl. 95.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(42) Stefano Paschieri Ricerc. Franz, lib. 7. cap. 4. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(43) Giovanni Scolastico Pittoni Istor. della Città d' Aix.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(44) Giovanni, e Cesare di Nostradama, Zio, e Nipote; quegli nelle Vit. Poet. Provenzal., questi nella Istor. Provenz. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(45) Gasparo Scuolano Istor. Valenz. lib. I. cap. 14. num. 2. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(46) Il Bembo Prof. I.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(47) Anton Maria Salvini nella Prefazione della 2. part. del I. Volum. della Raccolta di Prose Fiorentine.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(48) Il Conte Federigo Ubaldini nella Vita di Messer Francesco da Barberino. Come a grandissimo ornamento di tale facoltà (intende della Filosofia naturale) voltò parimente l' animo alle rime volgari, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">dando opera agli scritti de' Provenzali, che per ciò sono da lui appellati Maestri; e da essi il più bel fiore cogliendone, non tralasciò sorte di rima, in cui secondo l' uso di quella favella, Toscanamente non si esercitasse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(49) Il Cavalier Lionardo Salviati Avvertiment. Ling. Volum. I. lib. 2. cap. 8. Le parole, e i parlari, che nel nostro Linguaggio venner dal Provenzale, furono in vari tempi con finissima scelta eletti dagli Scrittori; da quegli Scrittori diciamo, che nel buon secolo la Toscana favella illustrarono, e sono de' più leggiadri, de' più sonori, e de' più belli, ch' abbia la lingua nostra, come per la raccolta fatta dal Bembo di non pochi di loro, senza molta fatica possiam certificarsi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(50) Tommaso Bonavventuri Gentiluomo Fiorentino nella Prefazione del 6. volum. delle Prose Fiorentine stampate in Firenze 1723., a car. xx. Da questa medesima sorgente di novità, da questo trasportamento di voci d' altri paesi, da questo dispregio nulla curante delle proprie ne è seguito altresì il mescolamento nel volgar nostro; perciocchè da principio molte parole, e locuzioni vi passarono tratte dall' idioma Provenzale, e Franzese; nel primo de' quali essendovi molte, e belle composizioni, ebbero elleno mirabil corso in Italia, e particolarmente in Toscana, dove alcuni si posero a scriver Provenzalmente ec. Il che però non riuscì peravventura in pregiudizio della lingua nostra, poichè la diligenza, e lo studio de' nostri Uomini seppe così bene adoperare, che molte parole, e molti modi tratti da quelle favelle alla maniera nostra acconciando, con essi la nostra, ancora in alcuna parte manchevole, di nuovi abbellimenti, e di nuove preziose ricchezze adornarono.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(51) Sopra la Canzone del Petrarca Amor se vuoi ch' io torni al giogo antico, Lezion. 17. a c. 252. della Stampa di Firenze.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(52) Jacopo Faciuolati Prefetto degli Studi del Seminario di Padova nel suo Trattato de ortu, & interitu Linguae Latinae. Gasparo Scioppio, ed altri.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(53) Gasparo Scuolano Istor. Valenz. part. I. lib. I. cap. 14. colona. 96, num. 11 (o 2).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(54) Bemb. Pros. I. a c. 75. ediz. Napoli 1714. Ma si come la Toscana lingua, da quelle stagioni a pigliare riputazione incominciando, crebbe in onore, e in prezzo, quanto si è veduto, di giorno in giorno; così la Provenzale è ita mancando, e perdendo di secolo in secolo: intanto che ora, non che i Poeti si truovino, che scrivano Provenzalmente; ma la lingua medesima è poco meno, che sparita, e dileguatasi della contrada. Perciocchè in gran parte altramente parlano quelle genti, e scrivono a tempo: nè senza molta cura, e diligenza, e fatica si possono ora bene intendere le loro antiche scritture. Senzachè eglino a nessuna qualità di studio meno intendono, che al rimare, e alla Poesia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(55) Dante Alighieri nel I. trattat. del Convivio cap. 5.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(56) Lo stesso Dante Parad. Cant. 26.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(57) Nella Epistola a Pisone.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(58) Nel lib. 8 de Ling. Lat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(62) L' Abate Vezio nel Trattato de' Romanzi a c. 124. E più diffusamente Germano La Faille ne' suoi Annali della Città di Tolosa. Vedi sopra, al num. 6. e in appresso alla Tavola de' Poeti alle lettere M, et T. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(63) Annibale Marchese nel Poema titolato Carlo Sesto il Grande, cant. 5 stanz. 35. a c. 142. stampat. In Napoli dal Mosca, 1720.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(64) Anton Maria Salvini nella Orazione in lode di S. Zanobi Protettore dell' Accademia della Crusca, presso le sue Prose Toscane a c. 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(65) Nelle Note marginali per entro i libri della Lingua Toscana di Benedetto Buommattei a car. 100.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(66): Nella Prefazione del Vocabolario della terza edizione §. Alcuna volta.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(67) Cod. MS. Vatic. num. 3206. dal fogl. 126. al 134.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(68) Cod. MS. Vatic. Num. 3205. a c. 164.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(69) Cap. 61.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(70) Cap. 392.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(71) Benedetto Varchi nell' Ercolano a c. 64. della Stampa de' Giunti in Firenze 1570.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(72) Lodovico Castelvetro nella Correzione d' alcune cose dell' Ercolano del Varchi a c. 99. Stampa di Basilea 1572.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(73) Comentar. Istor. Volgar. Poes. Volum. 2. part. I. a c. 193.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(74) A car. 253. Stampa di Firenze ann. 1715.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(75) Cod. MS. della Libreria Laurenziana al Pluteo 41. V. sopra, al num. 11 (o 2).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(76) Nelle Prose Toscane fogl. 191. Stamp. Di Firenze.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(77) Bemb. Pros. 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(78) Nella Origine de la Langue, & Poesie Françoise lib. I. cap. 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(d) Paraulas: La citata Prefazione ha paroles, che è puro Franzese: in Provenzale si dice paraulas nel numero del più, e paraula in quel del meno, come nota il dottissimo Ab. Anton Maria Salvini sopra il Buommart. Trattat. ling. Tosc. A cart. 37. ediz. Firenz. 1714. nella postil. marginal. così: Parola è detta da Parabola in Provenzale paraula, in Ispagnuolo palabra ec. Ma già m' aveddo, che ho detto di sopra al num. xxiij., che non voleva render ragione della correzione de' Franzesismi trascorsi poco a proposito nelle nostre Scritture per ignoranza de' copiatori; onde per l' avvenire non ne farò più parola. <br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/05/tavola-poeti-provenzali-eta-oro-secolo-xi-secolo-xv.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">tavola-poeti-provenzali-eta-oro-secolo-xi-secolo-xv</a></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/05/tavola-dell-abbreviature-la-crusca.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">tavola-dell-abbreviature</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/05/preliminari-la-crusca-provenzale.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">preliminari</span></a></p><p><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2023/05/catalogo-maggior-parte-voci-provenzali-usate-dagli-scrittori-toscani.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Catalogo</span></a></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-84706032129797398662021-09-20T02:50:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:52.440-07:00enero, febrero, 1465<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">1.° DE ENERO. (</span><i>1465</i><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">)</span></span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Honorable<br />senyer. Per altra que havem scrit e si per aquella fet nou haureu vos<br />tornam a dir per aquesta que de les peccunies de les generalitats de<br />aquexa <br />taula doneu e pagueu al egregi comte de Prades o a qui ell<br />volra trenta florins dor per ell convertidors en salaris de correus<br />spies e scoltes a salvament de la gent darmes de sa companya e a<br />ofensio dels enemichs. Del qual cobrareu <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/13-de-junio.html" target="_blank">apocha</a> o cautela. E meteu<br />los en vostre compte. E açous dehim e manam façau axi no<br />contrastant qualsevol seguretat per vos prestada de respondre al<br />general collector. La qual en quant tocha los dits XXX florins soltam<br />e conmutam. Com aço sie vist redundar a major necessitat e utilitat<br />de les generalitats ço que per nos potissimament fa attendre. Dada<br />en Terragona lo primer dia de janer any Mil <b>CCCCLXV.</b> - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Al honorable lo collidor de les generalitats en la<br />vila de Tarregua. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Honorable senyer. Per dues altres vos havem scrit que no<br />contrastant qualsevol seguretat per vos prestada de respondre an Joan<br />Berenguer Thora general receptor donasseu e paguasseu al egregi comte<br />de Prades trenta florins dor per lo dit comte convertidors en salaris<br />de correus scoltes e spies segons en les letres haureu vist. E per<br />quant los dits XXX florins no abasten a tot lo necessari per la dita<br />despesa vos dehim e manam per la present que ultra los dits XXX<br />florins doneu e pagueu al dit senyor comte de Prades setanta florins<br />dor axi que per tot sien cent florins dor e cobran dell apocha de<br />rebuda. Aço feu ens manam façau no contrastant la dita seguretat<br />per vos prestada de respondre al dit En Thora. La qual en aço vos<br />soltam e conmutam per la facultat e potestat que en nos es. Per que<br />nous hi detingau en res. Car donarieu als afers e servici del senyor<br />Rey molt destorb. E per tant vos tornam dir <u>noy</u> haja falla<br /><u>denguna.</u> Dada en Terragona a III de janer any MCCCCLXV. Si en<br />aço vos detenieu gens haurieu a altri proveir del ofici. Car sabeu<br />que a la persona havent de nos comissio haveu prestada la seguretat e<br />axi no es dupte no la puxau soltar e conmutar. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al<br />honorable lo collector de les generalitats en la vila de Tarregua.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />5 DE<br />ENERO. <br /><br />Honorable senyer. Apres les altres letres que ab la<br />present rebreu ço es una vostra e dues per als cartoxans les quals<br />han trigat alguns dies per falta de portador havem rebuda vostra<br />letra ab la qual nos dehiu com los homens de <u>Mora</u> (<i>de´Ebre;<br />de Ebro</i>) e de <u>Carcia</u> (<i>García, <a href="https://www.femturisme.cat/es/pueblos/garcia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Garcia</a></i>) se havien<br />mes al cap de no pagar. E mes nos dehiu tot lo que vos hi haveu fet.<br />A queus responem que no hi podeu haver tant fet com es necessari e<br />com plaura al senyor comte per quant aquexes peccunies han a servir a<br />son sou axi pensau si amara mes que la cosa vaja lesta que<br />embaraçada. Si vos vehieu les letres com venen spesses per esserli<br />tramesos diners veurieu la cuyta e necessitat que hi es. Hajau per<br />cert que ell trametra en bon viatge lo missatger que anat hi es.<br />Resta vos no flixeu en res e havem per bona la provisio que haveu<br />feta en los molins. E si algun moliner hi haura inobedient lo deveu<br />metre en preso e fer contra ell e altres persones tots rigorosos<br />enantaments. Feu vos atembre en la cosa per castich de algu que<br />altrament no fareu res. En lo fet de Cartoxa no si pot flixar. Feu<br />axi com per laltra letra vos dehim e per vos matex podeu fer totes<br />forces que noy cal anar porter. Lo senyor Rey los scriu. Si ells se<br />tenen per dit poder ho excusar vinguen al senyor Rey e veuran que<br />poran obtenir. Del pacte que volrien los de <u>Tiviça</u> no si pot<br />donar loch per quant molts volrien lo matex partit. Lo qual algu no<br />ha hagut fins aci. No es en facultat de poder se fer abans tot hom ha<br />a passar per lo tall que lo parlament ha ordenat. Informats som que<br />lo <u>Vallosell</u> e <u>Vallclara</u> son de la collecta del comdat<br />per que cove vos hi hajau provehit que altrament per ventura alguna<br />hi haurie attes e axi aquells lochs romandrien franchs. Vejau hi en<br />tot e com dit vos havem moltes vegades. Hajau per cert que aço son<br />afers del senyor comte los quals vos acostumau haver per recomenats<br />ultra que hi sou tengut per la seguretat que prestada haveu. Dada en<br />Terragona a V de janer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dirigitur Dalmacio de Tolosa<br />collectori comitatus de Prades. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi<br />Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honorable senyer. Vostra letra havem rebuda e<br />vist lo contengut en aquella havem feta paraula al senyor Rey del fet<br />del capita de <u>Biure.</u> Lo dit senyor Rey <br />li toma scriure<br />molt secretament. No es de creure lo dit capita se detenga pus en<br />aço. E si ho fa deveu donar orde que per part del collector dels<br />drets se faça<br />requesta a mossen Dalmau de Queralt e a tots<br />capitans e gents darmes qui sien aquen del sou que ab ma poderosa<br />vagen al dit loch de Biure per fer sforç de esser pagats los drets.<br />Axins son tenguts de fer ho los dits capitans e gent darmes en virtut<br />de la seguretat que han feta en lacte de la mostra e quant son stats<br />rebuts al dit sou. Feu hi tot lo degut per no flixar al dit loch ne<br />donar eximpli a altres. E del que succehira certificau nos ne. De<br />Terragona a VII de janer any Mil CCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en<br />Terragona. <br />Al honorable En Joan Rosanes deputat local en la vila<br />de Sancta Coloma de Queral. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /><br /><br />Per lo monestir de Poblet. <br />Nos En Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat de<br />Cathalunya resident en Terragona en qui es e recau tota la potestat<br />del ofici de <br />deputacio del dit General per la inobediencia e<br />rebelio per los olim condeputats vostres a la Magestat del senyor Rey<br />feta. <br />Com En Gabriel Maloll collector per nos posat e assignat en<br />la vila e vegueria de Monblanch als drets de generalitats antichs e<br />novament en virtut del parlament per lo dit senyor Rey celebrat en la<br />present ciutat de Terragona imposats ensemps ab micer Jacme Nicolau<br />companyo seu en aquestes coses en virtut de la comissio e potestat<br />quels havem dada hagen fets e exercits alguns actes en lo monestir de<br />Poblet e en alguns lochs de la sua honor. Los quals actes se dirien<br />prejudicials als dits monestir e lochs per quant se pretendria<br />aquells esser constituits e compresos en la vegueria de la ciutat de<br />Leyda e no de la dita vila de Monblanch e per conseguent no poder<br />esser exercits per los dits comissaris ço que no es stat fet ab<br />intencio de fer algun prejudici. Per tant ab la present en quant a<br />nos e nostre ofici se pertany volem consentim e atorgam a vos<br />reverend frare Miquel abbat del dit monestir e al <u>covent</u> de<br />aquell e lochs seus e universitats e singulars de aquells que per les<br />dites coses no sie fet algun prejudici novacio o derogacio al dit<br />monestir e sos lochs o algun dells o singulars seus. Abans les coses<br />sien e stiguen en aquell stament que eren abans de la dita comisio e<br />actes subseguits e axi com si aquells fets no fossen. En testimoni de<br />les quals coses havem manada la present esser feta signada de nostra<br />ma e del segell de nostre ofici en lo dors <br />sagellada. Dada en<br />Terragona a VII dies del mes de janer any MCCCCLXV. <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Al<br />deputat local de Tarregua. <br />Mossen Montros. Per quant En Ramon<br />Ferrero collector de aqui vol molt attendre en la seguretat que ha<br />prestada de respondre de les peccunies an Thora e per ço sta aturat<br />de pagar la quantitat que li havem scrit donas al senyor comte per<br />les missions de correus scoltes e spies e aço per quant non ha letra<br />del dit En Thora qui no pot fer tal letra per quant lo capitol qui<br />toqua a ell non fa alguna mencio. Pero es stat vist que nos ho podem<br />fer per lo carrech de nostre ofici e axi loy havem manat per nostra<br />letra si empero ell stava encara aturat per que ell puxa fer la cosa<br />a tota seguretat sua e no li sia donat carrech de esser hi mes altre<br />collector car de aço mes fa a laor que increpar com los qui guarden<br />la fe primerament donen de si bon senyal que stimen aquella. Fareu<br />donchs per proveir a tot en tal manera que revocareu de part nostra<br />lo dit En Ferrero e li cancellareu (<i>concellareu</i>) la seguretat<br />que ha feta. E un dia apres tornar leu a proveir ab seguretat que<br />prestara de respondre de les peccunies an Thora excepto de aquelles<br />que per letra nostra li sera dit convertescha en altres usos. E<br /><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/06/tomo-i-texto-lix-en-marti-jaume-comte-durgell.html" target="_blank">ladonchs</a> li manareu que complescha lo que scrit li havem e sera<br />proveit a tot en sera fora tot <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/01/escribidansia.html" target="_blank">scrupol</a>. Meteu ho en obra en tal<br />manera. De Tarragona a VII de janer any Mil CCCCLXV. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya<br />resident en Terragona. <br />Al molt honorable mossen Franci de Montros<br />deputat local en la vila e vegueria de Tarregua. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Per En Sancii Soler.<br /><br />Nos En Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del<br />Principat de Cathalunya resident en Terragona en qui es e recau tota<br />la potestat del ofici de <br />deputacio del dit General per la<br />inobediencia e rebellio per los olim condeputats nostres a la<br />Magestat del senyor Rey feta. <br />Confiant de la fe e probitat de vos<br />En Sancii Soler del loch de <u><a href="https://www.visitvaldaran.com/descubre-la-val-daran/pueblos/arties/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Artiez</a></u> en la <u><a href="https://www.visitarties.es/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vall Daran</a></u> ab<br />tenor de la present fem <u>constituhim deputam e assignam</u> a vos<br />en collector e rebedor dels <u>drets de generalitats</u> de <u>bolla<br />de plom segell de cera e intrades e exides</u> en <u>lo loch</u> e<br />pas de <u><a href="https://magicospirineos.com/vielha" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vella</a></u> (<i><a href="https://www.visitvaldaran.com/descubre-la-val-daran/pueblos/vielha/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vielha</a>; Vieja</i>) de la dita <u>vall Daran</u><br />e encara dels drets novellament imposats en virtut del parlament per<br />la Majestat del senyor Rey celebrat en la present ciutat de <u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/03/cxxxvi-reg-1906-fol-132-2-octubre-1392.html" target="_blank">Terregona</a></u><br />remogut qualsevol altre que fins aci tingues la dita collecta. Axi<br />que vos dit En Sancii Soler siau collidor e receptor de tots los dits<br />drets en lo dit loch e pas e tingau la taula de aquells e façau los<br />desempatxaments e totes coses per a la dita collecta necessaries en<br />la qual collecta e actes de aquella vos hajau be faelment e leyal<br />guardant tot profit del General e lo damnatge squivant. E siau tengut<br />totes les <br />peccunies que dels dits drets a mans vostres provendran<br />donar e desliurar al honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora receptor<br />general de les dites generalitats per lo present any assignat o a qui<br />ell volra e ordenara e donarli de aquelles bon compte e raho. E apres<br />lany a quis pertangue. E per aço axi fer e complir <br />volem siau<br />tengut prestar sagrament e homenatge en poder del batle del dit <u>loch<br />de Vella</u> abans que useu del dit ofici. Lo qual vos acomanam a<br />beneplacit nostre e de nostres successors en lo dit ofici de<br />deputacio e per aquell vos constituhim aquell salari que vostres<br />predecessors en aquell han acostumat haver e rebre. Mes vos donam<br />comissio e facultat de metre guardes de les dites generalitats en los<br />passos de la dita vall Daran en la forma e manera acostumades es a<br />saber aquelles persones que a vos seran vistes idonees. <br />De les<br />quals puxau rebre sagrament e homenatge de haver se leyalment e be en<br />los tals oficis. Adonchs ab aquesta dehim e manam al deputat local de<br />la dita Vall Daran e requirim tots oficials e persones jurisdictio<br />exercints en la vall sobredita sots virtut de la seguretat per ells<br />prestada e o que son tenguts prestar de obtemperar nostres requestes<br />e a totes altres persones privades dehim e intimam o en quant toqua<br />lo interes de les dites generalitats manam que a vos dit En Sanci¡<br />Soler hagen e tinguen per tauler e collector dessus <br />dit e lo dit<br />deputat local e oficials vos desliuren e desliurar facen los segells<br />empremptes e altres arreus de la dita taula e collecta e ells e los<br />altres dessus dits en totes coses concernents la dita collecta vos<br />obtemperen e los dits deputat e oficials vos asistesquen de oportu<br />auxili. Dada en Terragona a VIII de janer any de la Nativitat de<br />Nostre Senyor MCCCCLXV. -Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Al collector de Tarregua.<br /><br />Honrat senyer. Informats som que dificultau pagar al egregi comte<br />de Prades los cent florins dor que per algunes letres vos havem scrit<br />li donasseu per les missions de correus spies e scoltes e aço feu<br />per quant non haveu letra den Thora al qual havem prestada seguretat<br />de respondre de les peccunies de vostra collecta. Veritat es que lo<br />dit En Thora nons pot fer tal letra per quant lo capitol no lin dona<br />facultat. Pero no es algun dupte que nos non puxam axi provehir e<br />manar per lo carrech de nostre ofici e vos encara complirho per lo<br />manament nostre e axi es stat vist per homens de sciencia. Ab tot axo<br />per fer se la cosa a tota seguretat vostra scrivim al deputat local<br />queus revoque e cancelle aquexa seguretat e apres vos torne assignar<br />e proveir de nostra part ab novella seguretat que prestareu de<br />respondre al dit En Thora de totes les quantitats excepto de aquelles<br />que per nos vos sera manat <u>convertisquau</u> en altres coses e axi<br />ho poreu fer segurament Per que meteu ho en obra. <br />Dada en<br />Terragona a VIII de janer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona.<br /><br />Al honorable En Ramon Ferrero collector de les generalitats en la<br />vila de Tarregua. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br /><br />13 DE ENERO. <br /><br />Prestó en este día juramento y<br />homenaje, en poder del diputado, con las formalidades de costumbre,<br />Pedro Lor de Tarragona, encargado por aquel del cobro de las<br />generalidades recogidas por los colectores de las <u>tablas</u>,<br />(<i>taula : tabla : mesa : tavola</i>) villas, castillos y lugares<br />del Campo de Tarragona, <br /><br />Per En Joan de Tagamanent. <br />Nos En<br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat<br />de Cathalunya resident en Tarragona en qui es e recau tota la<br />potestat del ofici de diputacio del dit General per la inobediencia e<br />rebellio per los olim condeputats nostres al senyor Rey feta.<br /><br />Attenents nos ab nostra patent provisio de nostra ma signada e de<br />nostre segell sagellada la qual dada fonch en la present ciutat de<br />Terragona a XXVII del mes de noembre prop passat haver fet e creat a<br />vos En <u>Joan de Tagamanent</u> ciutada de Barchinona fael e<br />obedient al dit senyor Rey en guarda del de¡t <u>General</u> e dels<br /><u>drets de generalitats</u> de aquell. E haver vos consentit e<br />atorgat que de totes fraus per vos <u>atrobadores</u> <u>hajats</u><br />per vostres treballs la part pertanyent al acusador o denunciador de<br />aquelles segons los capitols dels dits drets de la qual part de<br />les dites penes e bans vos haguesseu a contentar sens algun altre<br />salari per lo dit vostre ofici segons en la dita provisio se conte. E<br />per quant del temps ença que regiu lo dit ofici experiencia ha<br />mostrat que donau diligent cura en la custodia dels dits drets e<br />sosteniu molts treballs circa la utilitat de aquells dignes los dits<br />treballs de major remuneracio e premi que no es la part de les dites<br />penes. E per quant no es condescent cosa esser rebut de algun servici<br />sens condigna remuneracio. Per tant nos de certa sciencia hagut<br />sguart al que dessus dit es volem consentim e atorgam a vos dit En<br />Joan de Tagamanent que ultra la dita part de les penes e bans dels<br />fraus per vos <u>atrobadors</u> en les dites generalitats vos hajau<br />dels bens emoluments e drets del dit General per salari vostre del<br />present any qui comença lo primer dia del present e dejus scrit mes<br />de <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/25-de-enero.html" target="_blank">janer</a></b> e axi per quiscun any apres venidor tant com sera<br />beneplacit nostre e de nostres successors vos haver e tenir lo dit<br />ofici ço es <u>dotze florins dor</u> a vos donadors e pagadors entre<br />quatre terces de quiscun any es a saber de tres en tres <u>meses</u><br />e aquest tal salari a vos constituhim. Les altres coses en la<br />dita provisio contengudes stants en sa força e vigor e per testimoni<br />de la veritat havem manat la present esser feta signada de nostra ma<br />e del segell de nostre ofici en lo dors segellada. Dada en Terragona<br />a XIIII de janer any Mil CCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt honrat<br />senyer. Ultra los cent florins dor que per letres nostres fins aci<br />vos havem manat esser per vos donats de les peccunies de vostra<br />collecta al egregi comte de Prades capita general del senyor Rey per<br />les missions de correus spies e scoltes necessaries per son exercit<br />vos dehim e manam doneu al dit egregi comte per la matexa raho<br />cinquanta florins dor. E cobrau ne dell apocha o cautela e meteu los<br />en vostre compte. De Terragona a XV de janer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya<br />resident en Terragona. <br />Al honrat En Ramon Ferrero collector de<br />les generalitats en la vila de Tarregua. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Vostra letra<br />havem rebuda e vist lo contengut loam vostra bona diligencia en<br />attendre a tots fraus que sien comesos en les generalitats e que <br />los<br />delinquents sien castigats signantment essent oficials e ministres<br />del General axi com aquex del qual nos haveu scrit. Plau nos lo<br />arrest o seguretat en lo qual lo haveu mes. Stiga en aquell fins per<br />nos hi sia altrament provehit. En <u>lo miger</u> <u>lo companyo</u><br /><i>tinga</i> <u>lo carrech</u> que <u>andosos</u> havien. Vos fareu<br />rebre informacio del cas e aquella closa <u>nos</u> trametreu la qual<br />vista vos avisarem de la provisio faedora per castich seu e eximpli<br />de altres. O lo honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora vostre fill<br />receptor general de les dites generalitats lo qual ha esser aqui<br />prestament haura carrech de dir vos de nostra part e de fer exequutar<br />lo que sera vist <u>si deja</u> fer justicia migançant. Dada en<br />Tarragona a XV de janer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella et cetera. <br />Al honrat En Francesch Thora diputat local<br />en la vila e vegueria de Monblanch. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Per En <u>Benet Vives. </u><br />Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat de<br />Cathalunya resident en Terragona. A tots e sengles capitans batles e<br />altres oficials dels castells e lochs de Altafulla e de la <i>Non</i><br />(Nou) e altres. E no resmenys a qualsevol moliners e altres persones<br />a les quals se pertangue saluts. Notificam vos com En Benet Vives del<br />loch de Altafulla es per nos posat e assignat en collidor e rebedor<br />dels drets de generalitats en los dits lochs de Altafulla e de la<br /><u>Nou</u>. Ço es axi dels drets de la bolla de plom segell de cera<br />com altres antichs e novament imposats en virtut del parlament en<br />aquests prop passats dies convocat e celebrat per lo senyor Rey en la<br />present ciutat de Terragona e ha prestada en poder nostre per la dita<br />sua collecta deguda seguretat. Adonchs vos dehim <u>hajau e tingau</u><br />lo dit En Benet Vives en los dits lochs de <a href="https://www.viamichelin.es/web/Itinerarios/Itinerario-La_Nou_de_Gaia-43763-Tarragona-Espana-hacia-Altafulla-43893-Tarragona-Espana" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Altafulla e de la Nou</a><br />per collector dessus dit e li <u>resPonçau e façau</u> respondre<br />dels dits drets. E no resmenys vosaltres dits moliners <u><a href="https://lo-decameron.blogspot.com/2020/12/jornada-octava-novela-dessima.html" target="_blank">molgau</a></u><br />liberament tots blats dels homens dels dits lochs de <u>Altafulla</u><br />e de <u><a href="https://www.femturisme.cat/es/pueblos/la-nou-de-gaia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la Nou</a></u>. <br />Los quals seran <u>aportats</u> a vostres<br />molins ab albara o bolleti del dit Benet Vives per lo qual apparegua<br />ell haver rebut lo dret novament imposat en les farines per aquells<br />dits blats que seran aportats als molins vostres. E en aço nous<br />detingau en res per lo sguart del dit dret. Dada en Terragona a XVI<br />de janer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />El expresado <u>Benito Vives</u><br />prestó el juramento y homenaje, con las formalidades de costumbre,<br />en poder del diputado, prometiendo entregar a Juan Berenguer Thorá o<br />a quien este designare, las cantidades procedentes de los derechos<br />percibidos. <br /><br />Per lo honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora. <br />Nos<br />En Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del<br />Principat de Cathalunya resident en Terragona en qui es e recau tota<br />la potestat del ofici de <br />deputacio del dit General per la<br />inobediencia e rebellio per los olim condeputats nostres al senyor<br />Rey feta. <br />Attenents que vos honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora qui<br />per los del parlament en los dies prop passats celebrat per lo dit<br />senyor Rey en la present ciutat de Terragona sou dat e assignat en<br />receptor General de totes les peccunies provenients en aquest any en<br />e dels drets de les generalitats axi antichs com novament imposats en<br />virtut del dit parlament per lo carrech de <br />la dita receptio haveu<br />a fer cercha e anar per les taules lochs e passos hon los dits drets<br />se cullen. E per que ultra les coses a vos comeses per lo dit ofici o<br /><br />vostra general receptio pugau proveir a totes altres coses<br />concernents la endreça e benavenir dels dits drets. De nostra certa<br />sciencia per la facultat e potestat e nostre ofici comanam e cometem<br />a vos dit En Joan Berenguer Thora que pugau privar e remoure<br />qualsevol collectors guardes oficials e ministres per nos o per part<br />nostra posats o deputats a la collecta dels dits drets o circa<br />aquells en qualsevol ciutat vila o loch del dit Principat de<br />Cathalunya. Ço es aquell o aquells dels dits collectors guardes<br />oficials e ministres del qual o dels quals a vos sera vist no haver<br />se idoneament e be en les coses a ells comeses. E en loch dels dits<br />collectors guardes oficials e ministres que per vos seran privats e<br />remoguts pugau altres posar deputar e assignar e encara novament<br />posar e crear dels tals collectors oficials guardes e ministres en<br />les ciutats viles lochs e passos hon a vos sera <u>benvist.</u> E per<br />los dits oficis constituir los salaris dels quals conexereu esser<br />merexedors. E pugau sobre dels dits collectors guardes oficials e<br />ministres seguretat migançant sagrament e homenatge e altra que a<br />vos sie vista de haver se leyalment e be en les coses que per vos los<br />seran comeses e que los collectors de les generalitats que a mans<br />lurs pervendran respondran a vos com a general receptor en aquest any<br />o a qui vos volreu e donaran de aquelles a vos bon compte e raho tot<br />frau cessant. E mes pugau requirir qualsevol oficials axi<br />ecclesiastichs com seglars constituits <u>dits</u> (dins) lo dit<br />Principat de Cathalunya que facen e presten si ya fet no han los dits<br />ecclesiastichs jurament e los seglars sagrament e homenatge de<br />obtemperar e exequir totes requestes a ells per nos o per part nostra<br />faedores tot consell consulta e dilacio cessants segons les<br />constitucions del dit Principat volen e disponen. E requirir los dits<br />oficials e qualsevol dells sots virtut de la dita seguretat que facen<br />e complesquen totes aquelles coses que a vos son vistes justament<br />sguardar les utilitats e benavenir de les dites generalitats. Sobre<br />les quals coses dessus dites e sengles ab les sues dependencies e incidencies donam e atorgam a vos facultat e potestat e lo loch e<br />veus nostres plenament. Dihent e requirint los dits oficials reyals e<br />altres e manant als deputats locals e altres oficials del dit General<br />e a totes persones a les quals se pertangue e en quant lo interes de<br />les dites generalitats sguarde que a vos dit honorable En Joan<br />Berenguer Thora en e circa les dites coses que per nos vos son<br />comeses vos obtemperen e no contrafacen per alguna raho. E en<br />testimoni de les dites coses havem manat la present esser feta de<br />nostra ma signada e de nostre segell en lo dors segellada. Dada en<br />Terragona a XV dies del mes de janer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Per<br />micer P. Miquel. <br />Honrat senyer. Los del parlament en aquests prop<br />passats dies celebrat per lo senyor Rey en la present ciutat de<br />Terragona per alguns certs respectes han volgut proveit e manat dels<br />drets de les generalitats esser donats al honrat micer P. Miquel<br />procurador del lllustre comte de Foix cinquanta florins dor. Per<br />queus dehim e manam que de les peccunies de la taula dels dits drets<br />del loch de <u>Castello de Farfanya</u> doneu o per lo collector o<br />tauler de aquella taula façau donar al dit micer Pere Miquel a tota<br />sa voluntat los dits cinquanta florins dor. Cobrant ne dell apoca de<br />rebuda. E noy hage falla alguna. Com aço sguarde benefici del<br />General. E lo contrari redundarie en damnatge. Dada en Terragona a<br />XVIII del mes de janer any de la Nativitat de Nostre Senyor MCCCCLXV.<br /><br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General<br />de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Al honrat En Guerau de<br />Cervello collector de les generalitats en la ciutat de Balaguer<br />vezcomdat Dager e terra del Marquesat. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Per altra letra la qual<br />haureu rebuda o deveu rebre per lo honrat En Joan Berenguer Thora<br />general receptor qui es anat en aquexes parts vos havem scrit dient<br />vos com los del parlament en aquests prop passats dies celebrat per<br />lo senyor Rey en la present ciutat de Terragona per alguns certs<br /><br />respectes han volgut proveit e manat dels drets de les<br />generalitats esser donats al honrat micer P. Miquel procurador del<br />Illustre comte de Foix cinquanta florins dor. Per queus dehiem en la<br />dita letra que de les peccunies de la taula dels dits drets del loch<br />de Castello de Farfanya donasseu o per lo collector dels dits drets<br />en lo dit loch de Castello de Farfanya donar fesseu al dit micer P.<br />Miquel a tota sa voluntat los dits cinquanta florins dor. Cobrant ne<br />dell apocha de rebuda. E per quant pora esser que lo dit micer P.<br />Miquel sera ab vos abans que lo dit En Joan Berenguer Thora per tant<br />vos dehim e manam que si per aquella no es fet per aquesta façau e<br />complisquau lo que dessus es dit e en la forma dessus contenguda e no<br />altrament e noy haje falla. Hajau empero aquella e aquesta per una<br />matexa axi que los dits cinquanta florins se <br />paguen una sola<br />veguada sens pus. Dada en Terragona a XXII de janer any MCCCCLXV. -<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera.<br /><br />Dirigitur dicto Gueraldo de Cervello ut supra. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Per En Joan Molgosa.<br /><br />Nos En Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del<br />Principat de Cathalunya resident en Terragona en qui es e requau tota<br />la potestat del ofici <br />de deputacio del dit General per la<br />inobediencia e rebellio per los olim condeputats nostres al<br />lllustrissim senyor Rey feta. <br />Com lo ofici de exactor e exequutor<br />dels deutes del dit General o a ell pertanyents lo qual ofici En Joan<br />Pujades tenia e possehia vague per mort del dit Joan car no<br />contrastant ell dit Joan hagues aquell resignat an Franci Xatanti.<br />Pero per quant la dita resignacio no fonch gratuita abans forçada<br />stant pres lo dit Joan en la preso comuna de la ciutat de Barcelona<br />per ell esser hagut e tengut per parcial devot e fael al dit senyor<br />Rey ço que en aquesta turbacio de temps en lo present Principat<br />sdevenguda (<i>la e colocada al revés, efecto espejo</i>) es<br />detestat e perseguit per los inobedients e rebelles de aquella ciutat<br />per los quals lo dit Joan Pujades fonch cominat no <u>exir</u> de la<br />dita preso fins la dita resignacio hagues feta es vist aquella esser<br />invalida e lo dit ofici verdaderament residir en lo dit Joan fins al<br />dia de la sua mort. E noresmenys per quant tots los oficials e<br />ministres del dit General qui no son de vera obediencia del dit<br />senyor Rey son stats per nos declarats inabils als lurs oficis <br />e<br />ministeris e de aquells remoguts e privats e nos encara lo dit Franci<br />Xatanti en quant sie necessari ab la present dehim e declaram per<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/artur-quintana-arturo-quintana.html" target="_blank">inabil</a> al dit ofici e de aquell lo removem e privam e axi lo dit<br />ofici per qualsevol de les dites causes vagua de present. Del qual<br />nos volents en persona idonea proveir. Confiants de la fe industria e<br />probitat de vos En Joan Molgosa ciutada de Terragona ab tenor de la<br />present fem e cream a vos en exactor e exequutor dels deutes o<br />credits del dit General. E lo dit ofici vagant per la dita mort o per<br />la dita privacio a vos de nostra certa sciencia acomanam e cometem e<br />de aquell vos provehim ab tots drets preheminencies facultats e<br />prerogatives de aquell. Axi que vos dit En Joan Molgosa siau exactor<br />e exequutor dels dits deutes e credits del dit General e lo dit ofici<br /><u>hajau tingau e regiscau</u> e totes e sengles coses <u>façau</u><br />e fer <u>puxau</u> que al dit ofici se sguarden e pertanyen axi e<br />segons vostres predecessors en aquell podien e han fet e acostumat<br />degudament fins aci. En lo qual dit ofici e us e exercici de aquell<br />vos hajau be leyalment e fael a tot profit e utilitat del dit General<br />salva tots temps veritat e honestat segons per vos es ofert e promes<br />en virtut de jurament e homenatge que per aço haveu prestats en<br />poder nostre. Per lo qual dit ofici hajau les preheminencies<br />facultats e prerogatives al dit ofici pertanyents e acostumades. E no<br />resmenys tota hora que la dita ciutat de Barcelona e altres parts del present Principat que han donat e son fora obediencia del dit<br />senyor Rey a la dita obediencia seran reduides e vos haureu la vera e<br />real possessio del dit <br />ofici e poreu fer lo degut exercici de<br />aquell hajau e rebau en e dels emoluments del dit General aquell<br />anual salari que vostres predecessors en lo dit ofici solien e han<br />acostumat rebre e haure. Adonchs nos ab la present requirim tots e<br />sengles oficials axi ecclesiastichs com seglars en lo dit Principat<br />constituits presents e sdevenidors sots virtut de la seguretat per<br />ells feta e <br />prestada e o que fer e prestar son tenguts de<br />obtemperar e exequir nostres requestes. E dehim e manam a qualsevol<br />oficials e ministres del dit General e encara per lo interes de les<br />dites generalitats a totes e sengles altres persones a les quals se<br />pertangue que hagen e tinguen a vos dit En Joan Molgosa per exactor e<br />exequutor dessus dit e a vos en e circa lo dit ofici e us e exercici<br />de aquell obtemperen e resPonçuen e los dits oficials obtemperar e<br />respondre facen e no contravinguen per alguna causa o raho. En<br />testimoni de les quals coses havem manat la present esser feta de<br />nostra ma signada e del segell de nostre ofici pendent segellada.<br />Dada en Terragona a VIII dies del mes de febrer any de la Nativitat<br />de Nostre Senyor MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Prestó el referido<br />Juan Molgosa el juramento y homenaje, en poder del diputado y con<br />todas las formalidades de costumbre. <br /><br />Reverendissim pare en<br />Christ e senyor. Jatsia los homens de la vostra <u>Vall de Barraves</u><br />sien stats requests de pagar e <u>subir</u> los drets imposats en<br />virtut del parlament celebrat per la Magestat del senyor Rey en la<br />present ciutat de Terragona ells pero no han volgut obtemperar<br />allegants voler ne primer consultar V. R. Senyoria. La qual com sapia<br />esser cosa que aquells ne alguns altres de aquest Principat scusar no<br />poden. Per tant senyor vos placia provehir e manar que los dits<br />homens paguen sens alguna dilacio. Per manera que no <u>covinga</u><br />usar contra ells de altre remedi lo qual obmetre nos poria. E jatsia<br />la justicia axi ho vulla encara senyor <b>yo</b> per <b>mon</b> ofici<br />al qual incumbex la diligencia e carrech de aquestes coses ho<br />reputare a gracia a la R. P. V. La qual lo Deu Omnipotent conserve en<br />tota felicitat e aquella orden e mane de mi <br />lo que li placia.<br />Scrita en Terragona a quatre de febrer any MCCCCLXV. <br />Senyor lo<br />qui es prest al servey de V. R. S. Bernat Çaportella deputat del<br />General de Cathalunya. <br />Al Reverendissim pare en Christ e senyor<br /><u>lo</u> senyor <u>cardenal de Leyda</u>. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt noble e molt magnifich<br />mossenyer. Los homens de vostra baronia requests de pagar los drets<br />novament imposats no han volgut en res obtemperar. E jatsia se crega<br />que vostra magnificencia apres sera attesa en aquelles parts hi haura<br />fet lo degut segons es tenguda e per aquella es stat ofert e promes a<br />la Magestat del senyor Rey ab tot axo nos per nostre ofici al qual<br />incumbex la cura de aquest negoci per la molta necessitat que occorre<br />en suplir al sou de la gent darmes qui fa tant servici al senyor Rey<br />e benefici a aquest Principat quant vos sabeu vos havem volgut<br />scriure e pregant e requirint vos queus placia proveir e manar<br />vostres dits homens nos meteu daqui avant sobre aço <br />en dilacio<br />mas <u>vostra Magestat</u> los faça pagar e reta en aço son deute e<br />lo que es per aquella ofert e promes. Altrament si hauria a fer<br />provisio aquella que per la disposicio dels capitols del parlament o<br />alias serie vista justa e condescent. De la qual per tantes fadigues<br />queus ne son stades donades nos deureu haver per scusats. Dada en<br />Terragona a quatre dies de febrer any <br />MCCCCLXV. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya<br />resident en Terragona prest a vostre honor. <br />Al molt noble e molt<br />magnifich baro mossen Franci de Erill. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt honorable senyer. Apres vostra<br />partida es aci attes En Gabriel Fraga hu dels cullidors dels drets en<br />la ciutat de Leyda lo qual ere anat en Pallars ab comissio e carrech<br />de fer la imposar los drets. Ço en que no ha abastat abans les gents<br />de aquella terra se meten en cami de no voler pagar en la forma que<br />los dits drets imposats son ab tot que significarien voler venir a<br />arrendaments o a alguna altra forma. La Magestat del senyor Rey scriu<br />als oficials e altres persones de aquelles parts e lo dit En Fraga<br />sen torna al qual havem donat carrech se veja ab vos e de tot lo que<br />ha sentit de aquella terra vos done informacio. Daquiavant si vos<br />delliberareu ell hi torne o si En Feriça es <u>ya lla</u> que li<br />sien trameses les letres ell ha manament de star a tota vostra<br />ordinacio. Quant havem a ell hoit son mes del parer queus diguem ço<br />es ques facen arrendaments en les terres hon se ha tant a fer a<br />conduhir los pobles. Perque menejau la cosa e feu la menejar lla hon<br />conexereu fer <u>se deja</u> e fet apuntament de aquella reportau lo<br />de la part deça perque prenga conclusio en la forma que ya vos havem<br />scrit. Cuytau e no si perda temps car ya veheu quant es necessari per<br />suplir a tants demanadors. Crehem aqui sou be importunat e aci es ya<br />sperada vostra venguda e per ço cove spatxar quant fer se puscha.<br />Dada en Terragona a quatre dies de febrer any MCCCCLXV. <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al molt<br />honorable senyer En Joan Berenguer Thora general receptor de les<br />generalitats en lo Principat de Cathalunya. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Batle senyer. Informacio havem<br />que En Gilabert moliner de aquesta vila no volria <u>plegar</u> lo<br />dret imposat en les farines e que per la dita raho lo dit dret se<br /><br />pert e ha mal recapte. Deveu hi attendre per quant la cosa<br />redunda principalment a interes del S. Patriarcha car les peccunies<br />ques cullen en sa terra del dit dret se convertexen en pagament del<br />seu sou e per ço lon deurieu forçar per lo dit sguart encara que lo<br />capitol <u>nou</u> (<i>no ho</i>) disPonça. Si empero no delliberau<br />metre hi força digauli de nostra part quel culla e no stigua per lo<br />poch salari que lo capitol diu que haura si altre sguart en manera<br />que sen pora contentar. E hon de tot en tot recuse <u>plegar lo dit<br />dret</u> feu li manament e posau li pena que nos <u>desisqua</u> de<br />les farines sino ab albara o bolleti del collector per lo qual se<br />mostre sie pagat per aquelles lo dret. Dada en Tarragona a VII de<br />febrer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Al<br />honorable lo batle de la vila de <u>la Selva</u> o a son lochtinent.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /> <br />Nos En<br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat<br />de Cathalunya resident en Terragona en qui es e recau tota la<br />facultat e potestat del ofici de deputacio del dit General per la<br />inobediencia e rebellio per los olim condeputats nostres de la<br />Magestat del senyor Rey feta. <br />Com los drets en les farines vi e<br />oli novament imposats en virtut del parlament per la Magestat del dit<br />senyor Rey celebrat en la present ciutat de Terragona nos puxen<br />cullir sens grans missions e despeses. E per ço et alias sie vist<br />esser mes util al dit General fer de aquells dits drets arrendaments.<br />Confiants donchs de la probitat e industria de vos honorable En Joan<br />Berenguer Thora general receptor dels dits drets per lo dit parlament<br />assignat ab tenor de la present cometem a vos eus atorgam facultat e<br />potestat de <u>arrendar los dits drets</u> de les farines vi e oli a<br />les universitats o singulars persones queus sera vistes ço es en e<br />de quiscuna vila o loch per <i>fi</i> (<i><span style="text-decoration: none;">sí;<br />por sí misma</span></i>) o de moltes ensemps axi com al profit del<br />General a vos sera vist millor succehescha e aço per aquells preus e<br />quantitats que a vos ben vist sera. Los quals preus se hagen a pagar<br />a vos com a dit general receptor o a aquella o aquelles persones que<br />vos volreu e en la forma que per vos sera deputada. Los quals dits<br />arrendaments sien tant solament per lany present per lo qual los dits<br />drets son imposats. E per aquests dits arrendaments <u>pusquau</u><br />fermar contractes ab les clausules que a vos seran vistes e <u>pusquau</u><br />encara substituir e subdelegar altra o altres persones per fer aço<br />matex en les viles o lochs hon vos personalment no poreu esser. Sobre<br />les quals coses totes e sengles ab ses incidencies e dependencies<br />comanam e cometem a vos e als que vos substituireu o subdelegareu<br />tots nostres lochs e veus. De la present pero comissio e facultat<br />exceptam e trahem les ciutats de Leyda Balaguer Terragona e vila de<br />Tarrega en les quals no es nostra intencio los dits drets se arrenden<br />mas ques cullen axi com ya <u>es es</u> praticha. E per semblant se<br />faça aqui e en les altres parts del dit Principat dels altres drets<br />en virtut del dit parlament imposats en altres coses. E per testimoni<br />de la veritat es feta la present de nostra ma signada e del segell de<br />nostre ofici en lo dors sagellada. Dada en Terragona a VIII dies de<br />febrer any de la Nativitat de nostre Senyor MCCCCLXV. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br /><br />Collector. Maravellats som com vos no servau la prathica<br />que tots los altres serven en cullir lo dret de les farines e segons<br />lo capitol de la crida que aqui deu esser publicada vol e dispon. Ço<br />es que blats alguns de homens de aquexa vila no vagen a molre sino ab<br />albara o bolleti vostre per lo qual apparegua hagen a vos pagat lo<br />dret imposat. E açous manam pratiqueu e façau praticar e façau fer<br />crida en pena de X lliures que algun moliner no gose molre altrament<br />pocha cosa ni molta en pena de X lliures e axi lo dit dret vindra a<br />vostres mans e cessara la diferencia que es entre vos e En Gilabert.<br />Los blats empero de persones strangeres que son poblades en lochs hon<br />no ha collector e seran portats als molins de aquexa vila per molre<br />los dits moliners hagen facultat aquells molre cullint ne lo dret<br />imposat e de aquell donant a vos <br />compte e raho tota hora quels<br />requerren sots virtut de sagrament e homenatge que dells rebreu si ya<br />donchs fet nol han. Servau ho axi que aquesta es la forma del capitol<br />e cesse tota diferencia. Dada en Terragona a XV de febrer any<br />MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del<br />General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Al honrat En <u>Dalmau<br />Marti</u> collector de les generalitats en la vila de la Selva.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><br />Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat de<br />Cathalunya resident en Terragona al honrat En Manuel de Vilaplana<br />collector de les generalitats en la ciutat de Leyda e a tots e<br />sengles altres collidors e guardes dels drets de les dites<br />generalitats del dit Principat en qualsevol ciutats viles passos e<br />lochs de aquell constituits. Saluts. <br />Com En <u>Françoy Ramaç</u><br />ciuteda de Leyda qui acostuma portar o trametre de aquesta ciutat de<br />Terragona <b>en Arago</b> <u>pex</u> <u>fresch</u> (<i>peix fresc;<br />pescado fresco</i>) e altres coses dellibere per sa millor expedicio<br />pagar en aquesta ciutat <u>lo dret de exida</u> (<i>no busqueu “el<br />dret de sortida” perque no lo trobareu</i>) per <u>lo pex</u> e<br />altres coses que traura e valegua tant al General rehebre aci lo dret<br />com en altra part attes tot es una bossa e tot se sguarda a una<br />matexa fi e no haja a pagar dues vegades. Per tant vos dehim e manam<br />que mostrant lo dit <u>Francesch Ramaç</u> o persona per ell albara<br />den <u>P. Arlambau</u> collidor en aquesta ciutat dels drets de<br /><u>intrades e exides</u> ab emprempta del General per lo qual albara<br />se mostre lo dit <span style="text-decoration: none;">Francesch Ramaç</span><br />haver aci pagat <u>lo dret de exida</u> per <u>lo pex</u> e altres<br />coses que traura <u>lo</u> permetau passar e traure aquelles<br />liberament sens exhigir lo dret que ja haura pagat. E atteneu no<br />fesseu per res lo contrari. Dada en Terragona a XVI de febrer any<br />MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi<br />Petro Perello. <br /><br />Sigue aquí una provisión nombrando a Juan<br />Mas, notario de Montblanch, escribano de la diputación local de la<br />misma villa y su veguería, y encargando que se cumpla aquella si el<br />nombrado aceptare. <br />Honrat senyer. Per la present vos dehim e<br />manam de les peccunies de vostra collecta doneu al egregi senyor lo<br />comte de Prades cinquanta florins dor convertidors en salaris de<br />correus spies e scoltes e aço ultra les altres quantitats que ya per<br />manament nostre li haveu donades. Cobrareu dell apocha de rebuda dels<br />dits L florins quant los li desliurareu ensemps ab la present e meteu<br />los en vostre compte. Dada en Tarragona a XVII de febrer any<br />MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del<br />General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Al honrat En Ramon<br />Ferrero collector de les generalitats en la vila de Tarregua.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Comissio<br />den P. Gil de Villoro. <br />Nos En Bernat <span style="text-decoration: none;">ç</span>aportella<br />cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat de Cathalunya<br />resident en Terragona en qui es e recau tota la potestat del ofici de<br /><br />deputacio del dit General per la inobediencia e rebellio per los<br />olim condeputats nostres a la Magestat del senyor Rey feta.<br /><br />Confiants de la fidelitat e probitat de vos honorable En <u>Pere<br />Gil de Villoro</u> ab tenor de la present vos deputam e assignam en<br />receptor en la vila de <u>Orta</u> e viles lochs e passos de la<br />batlia sua dels drets de generalitats del dit Principat de bolla de<br />plom segell de cera e altres drets axi antichs com novellament<br />imposats en virtut del parlament en los dies prop passats convocat e<br />celebrat per lo dit senyor Rey en la present ciutat de Terragona. Axi<br />que vos dit En <u>Pere Gil</u> (<i>pero no Julivert</i>) siau<br />receptor dels dits drets de mans dels cullidors particulars de<br />aquells en la dita vila e batlia. Los quals cullidors vos puxau metre<br />e posar en la dita vila de <u>Orta</u> e altres viles lochs e passos<br />de la dita batlia <span style="text-decoration: none;">ço</span> es<br />aquelles persones que a vos sien vistes <u>abils</u> e idonees. E<br /><u>pusquau</u> fer cridar e publicar los capitols e imposicio dels<br />dits drets e rebre dels dits cullidors particulars jurament e<br />homenatge e altre seguretat que a vos sie vista de haverse leyalment<br />e be en la exaccio dels dits drets guardant lo profit del dit General<br />e tot frau squivant e que donaran e liuraran a vos tot quant hauran<br />cullit e exhigit dels dits drets en la dita vila e batlia eus ne<br />donaran bon compte e raho tota hora que requests ne sien. Nos vos<br />donam e atorgam facultat e <br />comissio de exhigir demanar e haver<br />compte e raho de qualsevol persones qui en lo temps passat hagen<br />cullides les dites generalitats e drets de aquelles en la dita vila e<br />batlia e les quals per aço tengudes sien e rebre e haver de aquelles<br />tals tot quant vers elles sia de les dites generalitats e drets e per<br />a<span style="text-decoration: none;">ç</span>o <u>destrenyer</u> e<br />for<span style="text-decoration: none;">ç</span>ar les per <u>los<br />mijans</u> deguts de dret. E los dits comptes examinar loar approvar<br />o impugnar e aquells absolre o definir segons a vos vist sia. Pusquau<br />encara de part nostra requerir los batle e oficials de la dita vila e<br />batlia de fer e prestar e de aquells rebre la seguretat acostumada<br />migan<span style="text-decoration: none;">ç</span>ant sagrament e<br />homenatge que obtemperaran e exequiran nostres requestes o per part<br />nostra a ells faedores cessants tots consell dilacio e consulta.<br />Sobre les quals coses totes e sengles dessus dites ab ses incidencies<br />e deppendencies acomanam e cometem a vos dit En P. Gil plenariament<br />lo loch e veus nostres. En la qual dita recepcio e altres coses queus<br />acomanam vos dit En Pere Gil vos hajau diligentment e be a tot profit<br />del General tot frau cessant e siau tengut tota hora que request ne<br />sereu les peccunies que rebudes haureu aquelles per aquelles sens que<br />non pusquau fer algun ampre o no donar e desliurar al honorable En<br />Joan Berenguer Thora general receptor en lo present any deputat per<br />lo dit parlament o a qui ell volra o a qui per nos o per part nostra<br />o de nostres successors en lo dit ofici de deputacio manat vos sia. E<br />les dites coses totes siau axi tengut fer e complir sots virtut del<br />sagrament e homenatge que per a<span style="text-decoration: none;">ç</span>o<br />haveu prestats en poder nostre. E del salari de la dita vostra<br />recepcio e altres coses dessus dites les quals vos acomanam a<br />beneplacit nostre e de nostres successors volem hajau star a<br />conexen<span style="text-decoration: none;">ç</span>a vostra e de<br />aquells. E per semblant hi hagen a star los collectors particulars<br />per vos posadors en les dites coses. Adonchs requerim ab la present<br />los oficials de la dita vila e batlia sots virtut de la dita<br />seguretat per ells feta e o la qual son tenguts fer de obtemperar e<br />exequir nostres requestes. E a totes altres persones dehim e intimam<br />e per lo interes de les dites generalitats en quant en nostra<br />facultat es manam que a vos dit En P. Gil e als qui per vos seran<br />posats en e circa la exactio dels dits drets en la dita vila e batlia<br />obtemperen e los dits oficials vos hi facen assistencia e presten<br />auxili e ajuda. En testimoni de les quals coses <br />havem manat la<br />present esser feta de nostra ma signada e del segell de nostre ofici<br />en lo dors sagellada. Dada en Terragona a XVIIII dies del mes de<br />febrer <br />any de la Nativitat de Nostre Senyor MCCCCLXV. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Prestó el referido Pedro Gil el juramento y homenaje con<br />todas las formalidades de costumbre, en poder del diputado, con<br />obligación de su persona y bienes. <br /><br />Honrats senyers. Vostra<br />letra havem rebuda. Plau nos la diligencia que haveu en guardar los<br />drets del General e axi vos ne encarregam tota hora. Lo cas de <br />quens<br />haveu scrit den <u>Cabrer</u> o de sa muller <u>nos lons</u><br />reservam. Nous cureu per lo present enantar hi fins altrament vos<br />scrivam. Persones son tinentes de qui tota hora se pora haver raho e<br />certament es nostra voluntat vista la cosa no passar la sens castich<br />de la culpa lur e de altres eximpli. Data en Terragona a XVIIII dies<br />de febrer any MCCCCLXV. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Als<br />honrats En Gabriel March e En Joan del Mas cullidors de les<br />generalitats en la vila de Falcet. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Vostra letra havem rebuda<br />e responent vos al contengut quant es al fet de les letres del senyor<br />Rey que demanau per la present partida del <br />present correu <u>nos</u><br />son pogudes desempatxar. Haureu les decontinent. Al que dehiu dels<br />cavallers que haveu pagats los V rocins del bisbe per I mes e los<br /><br />altres per dos ab tot pensem que sia per lo temps que han ya<br />servit. Pero encara haurem a plaer nos ne certifiqueu. Avisant vos<br />com los V rocins del bisbe son ultra lo nombre que lo parlament ha<br />ofert al senyor Rey e vist que lo dret no abasta als altres vos dehim<br />no doneu res per aquells cinch fins que nos vos ne <u>scrivam</u>.<br />Pero teniu los axi en bones paraules <u>nels</u> digau res de aço.<br />Als altres XX donau tot aquell compliment que pusquau e lo dret<br />abaste. Avisant vos com per letres del baro qui ha scrit que la<br />senyora sa muller fos aci socorreguda del sou fins en XXX lliures nos<br />li havem feta aci bestraure en absencia den Thora alguna part de<br />aquelles e decontinent lo dit En Thora <br />sie attes li sera fet<br />compliment a les dites XXX lliures. Per que feu a ell compte sobre<br />aquelles en lo que li donareu. Al restant que dehiu del forment lo<br />dit En <br />Thora <u>sinch</u> spera de dia en dia. Vengut que sia<br />veurem sis pora donar orde en lo que scriviu. Dada en Terragona a XXI<br />de febrer any MCCCC sexanta cinch. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona.<br /><br />Al honorable En Joan Terre receptor de les generalitats en la<br />vila e vegueria de Vilafrancha de Penedes. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Provisio den <u>Pere de Ramon<br />Arnau</u> del ofici de deputat local en la vall Daran. <br />Nos En<br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat<br />de Cathalunya resident en Tarragona en qui requau tota la potestat<br />del ofici de diputacio del dit General per la inobediencia e rebellio<br />per los olim condeputats nostres a la Magestat del senyor Rey feta.<br /><br />Confiants de la fe e probitat de vos En Pere de Ramon Arnau del<br />loch de Arties de la vall Daran ab tenor de la present fem e cream a<br />vos en deputat local de la dita vall e lo dit ofici de deputacio<br />local per aquell temps que sera de beneplacit nostre e de nostres<br />successors deputats a vos cometem e acomanam. Axi que durant lo dit<br />beneplacit <u>siau</u> deputat local en la dita vall e lo dit ofici<br /><u>hajau</u> e <u>tingau</u> <u>regisquau</u> e <u>exercisquau</u> e<br />totes e sengles coses <u>façau</u> e fer <u>pusquau</u> que al dit<br />ofici se sguarden. E <u>hajau</u> per lo dit ofici aquell salari e<br />aquelles prerogatives emoluments e drets que <u>vostros</u><br />predecessors en aquell han acostumat rebre e haver. En lo qual dit<br />ofici e totes e sengles coses en aquell pertanyents vos hajau be<br />faelment e leal los drets e preheminencies del dit General conservant<br />guardant e mantenint e los damnatges squivant salva tots temps<br />veritat e honestat segons haveu ofert e promes en virtut de jurament<br />e homenatge que per aço haveu prestats en poder nostre. Adonchs ab<br />la present requirim tots e sengles oficials axi ecclesiastichs com<br />seglars en la dita vall constituhits sots virtut de la seguretat per<br />ells feta e prestada e o que fer e prestar son tenguts de obtemperar<br />e exequir nostres requestes e a totes altres persones a les quals se<br /><span style="text-decoration: none;">sguarde p</span>er lo interes de<br />les dites generalitats dehim e manam que a vos dit En Pere de Ramon<br />Arnau durant lo dit beneplacit hagen e tinguen per deputat local<br />en la vall dessus dita e a vos en e circa les coses concernents lo<br />dit ofici e us e exercici de aquell obtemperen e los dits oficials<br />obtemperar facen eus hi assisten de oportu auxili. Dada en Terragona<br />a XXVII dies del mes de febrer any de la Nativitat de Nostre Senyor<br />MCCCCLXV. Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi<br />Petro Perello. <br /><br />Juró y prestó homenaje el referido Pedro de<br />Ramón Arnau, en poder del diputado, con todas las formalidades de<br />costumbre. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.com25300 Tàrrega, Lérida, España41.6480797 1.140943213.337845863821148 -34.0153068 69.958313536178849 36.2971932tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-92066200975103894132021-09-19T08:47:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:52.691-07:00Año 1465.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Año </span><b>1465</b><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">.</span></span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">(La carta<br />siguiente es de <u>1464</u>. Este Manuelico Bofarull y los que<br />trabajaban con él estaban muy idiotizados con la <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/08/pere-dalcantara-penya-y-nicolau-lo.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">renaixença</a> y poco<br />concentrados para leer los años.)<br /><br />26 DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Mossen<br />Montros. Ab la present rebreu un <u>plech</u> de letres dreçat al collector<br />de Balaguer es necessari daqui en fora loy trametau decontinent. Feu<br />que la cosa haja recapte e noy haja falla. De Terragona a XXVI de<br />dehembre any <b>MCCCCLXIIII</b>. Trametem vos les letres que demanau<br />per a don <u>Phelip de Castro</u> e per mossen <u>Franci Derill</u>.<br />Lo plet dreçat a Sancta<br />Coloma trameteu lo daqui en fora decontinent. Dada ut supra.<br />-<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al<br />honorable mossen Franci de Montros deputat local en la vila e<br />vegueria de Tarregua. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello.<br /><br />Honrat senyer. Trametem vos les letres del senyor Rey<br />per al Marquesat e altres quens haveu demanades. Donau orde sien<br />trameses o dades decontinent e noy haja falla. E siau diligent en tot<br />ço que acomanat vos es segons se confia de vos. Dada ut supra.<br /><br />Dirigitur an Guerau de Cervello collector de Balaguer.<br /><br /><br />Venerables pares en Crist. Sabut havem que vosaltres e<br />los homens dels vostres lochs recusarieu pagar los drets novellament<br />imposats. De que es de maravellar que en cosa tant concernent lo<br />servici del senyor Rey e benefici de aquest Principat com es aquesta<br />a la qual los dits drets son consignats vos vullau gens detenir. E si<br />voleu pensar que de aço pusquau esser exempts siau certs que no. Car<br />saber podeu com les coses son axi acordades per tots los tres<br />staments de aquest Principat e que han en elles a contribuir axi ecclesiastichs com seglars en la manera que en les altres coses<br />de generalitats se acostuma fer. Per que nous detingau pus en aço.<br />Car pus a Deu plau per tots han a passar aquestes congoxes. Ne<br />pensaseu que si puxa fer algun comport. Ans hi covendria fer altra<br />provisio. La qual conexeriau a vosaltres e als dits vostres homens<br />esser assats damnosa. Dada en Terragona et cetera ut supra. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona.<br /><br />Als venerables pares en Christ los vicaris e covent del monestir<br />de Scala Dei. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br />Honorable senyer. Vostra letra havem rebuda e vist lo<br />contengut en aquella havem haguda letra del senyor Rey per als<br />cartoxans la qual ab la present vos <br />trametem. Daqui avant si ells<br />e lurs lochs no paguaven feu pendre quants homens del Priorat<br />intraran en lo comdat e encara anau als lochs del Priorat e requiriu<br />los batles que facen pagar e si nou faran certifiquau nos ne que fer<br />si ha altra rigorosa provisio. De aço nos scrivim als cartoxans<br />desenganant los. <br />Al que dehiu que lo comte es passat per los<br />lochs del comdat e que no sabeu quels haura dit <u>nos ne</u> pensam<br />que alre los haja dit sino que paguen. Pero axo es lo de que vos vos<br />deveu entremetre e cavalcar per vostra collecta o al menys scriure<br />sovin als collectors per saber dells com van les coses e donau hi<br />diligencia. La cosa aquesta be vehem que es a tot hom anugosa e<br />odiosa e que si los ministres no hi son diligents haura mal recapte.<br /><br /><i>(Los impuestos ya eran de por sí muchos. Los ministros,<br />correos, diputados, etc, muchos y con grandes sueldos o al menos<br />posibilidad de sacar gran tajada; lo mismo que en 2021. En tiempo de<br />guerra de nunca acabar, estos ministros eran muchas manos menos para<br />luchar junto a los barones contra los rebeldes, o al menos<br />asediarlos, haciendo cabalgadas y entradas a saco.</i>)<br />Lo qui aço<br />toqua principalment es lo senyor comte per quant quiscuns barons han<br />esser pagats en ses terres e si no hi abastara seran prou afanyats de<br /><br />haverho de altres lochs. Per que donan hi cura si los seus afers<br />desigau fer. <br />Feu una cerqua e replegau tants diners com poreu per<br />trametre an Thora qui ab letres molt <span style="font-weight: normal;">spesses</span><br />es <u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ya solicitat</span></u> per<br />lo comte de trametreli diners. E si mal recapte hi donau tots temps<br />se scusara ab vos. De Terragona a XXVI de dehembre any <u>MCCCCLXIIII</u>.<br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera.<br /><br />Dirigitur an Dalmau de Tolosa collidor de les generalitats en lo<br />comdat de Prades. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Se encuentra apuntada impropiamente en este lugar, por estar<br />bajo la fecha de 21 de diciembre, la relación del juramento y<br />homenaje que prestó <u>Arnaldo Citges</u>, mercader de Tarragona,<br />nombrado por el parlamento colector de los derechos impuestos en las<br />harinas, lo que cumplió con las formalidades de costumbre y<br />obligación de su persona y bienes por medio de fianzas, en cuyo<br />acto, para mayor seguridad, añadió la siguiente promesa. <br /><br />Que<br /><u>nos plenira</u> de les peccunies de la dita collecta ne aquelles<br /><u>cambiara</u> sino ab <u>cambi</u> de florins dor. <br /><br />28 DE<br />DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Honorable senyer. Vostra letra havem rebuda e vist<br />lo contengut en aquella vos responem com <u>ya</u> es <u>collocat</u><br />mossen Erill en lo sou per cert nombre de rocins dels quals pensam<br />que ell se contentara car axi es stat ordenat per lo senyor Rey.<br />Daqui avant pus los drets se cullen crehem que lo dit mossen Erill<br />passara a la ordinacio per la qual tots los altres passen. Lo senyor<br />Rey <u>lin scriu</u>. Feu hi lo que a vos se pertangue e <u>jequiuho</u><br />star. Certificant nos del que sentireu. <br />Car si obs es fer si ha<br />altra provisio. Al que dehiu del vi que nos cull en aquexa terra<br />abans hi ve de altra part e per ço direu no deu pagar vos responem<br />que <br />si algun casola metra <u>vi de Araguo</u> o de altra part per<br />provisio de <u>sa casa</u> que aquest tal no pague los dos sous per<br />bota novellament imposats. Si empero taverners o treginers metran <u>lo<br />dit vi</u> e aquell apres revendran aqui deuen pagar a la dita raho<br />de II sous per bota. E ab tot lo dret aquest sie pocha cosa. Pero per<br />quant pensam que aquexa terra es steril e prou <u>guastada</u> e si<br />ha <b>lo vi</b> ab molt treball e despesa si conexereu que les gents<br />se entrenyoren molt del dit dret del vi donau hi aquella tollerancia<br />e comport que per reposar e contentar les gents e per fer les passar<br />als altres drets vos apparegua fer si dega. Dada en Terragona a<br />XXVIII de dehembre any <u>MCCCCLXV.</u> - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella diputat et cetera. <br />Al honorable En Gabriel Fraga<br />ciuteda de Leyda en <u>Benavarra</u> o lla hon<br />sia. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><i>(En<br />esta carta el año es 1465 !! Y las anteriores 1464!! <br />(aunque<br />Manuelico escriba 1465). <br />¿Dónde tenías, Manuelico, el cerebro,<br />debajo de las faldas de la <a href="https://regnemallorca.blogspot.com/2021/08/la-mort-dels-moncadas.html" target="_blank">Patria catalana</a>?)</i></span></p><br /><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Habiéndose<br />aquí omitido cierta deliberación que se encuentra en otro paraje<br />del registro, pero que corresponde estar en este lugar por la fecha<br />que lleva, según ya se advierte en aquel, la transcribimos a<br />continuación, precedida del correspondiente extracto en que se<br />expresa el objeto que la motivó. <br /><br />29 DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Convocó<br />el diputado Çaportella, en este día, para una junta o consejo de<br />jurisperitos a las siguientes personas. <br />Don Nicolás Pujada,<br />doctor en decretos, canónigo y arcediano de la Mar en la iglesia de<br />Barcelona. <br />El honorable Jaime Taranau, doctor en leyes. <br />Petro<br />Boquet, doctor en decretos. <br />Pedro Montmany, doctor en leyes.<br /><br />Juan Andrés Sorts, canónigo y prepósito de Barcelona. <br />A<br />los que manifestó el diputado, que el Rey, con grande instancia,<br />pedía que, por el mismo Çaportella o por su mandato, se pagaran de<br /><u>los derechos de las generalidades</u> <i>recojidos</i> por <i>órden</i><br />del parlamento poco antes celebrado, los salarios de los correos,<br />escuchas y espías que fuesen necesarios, lo que convenía para el<br />buen estado y seguridad de la gente de armas ofrecida al Rey por el<br />mismo parlamento, pues no podían ni querían prestar el servicio que<br />les correspondía hacer del modo que era conveniente; sobre lo que<br />tomaron las personas convocadas la siguiente deliberación. <br /><br />Et<br />dicti jurisperiti audita proposicione predicta et visis recognitis et<br />recensitis capitulis et omnibus actitatis et factis per dictum<br />parlamentum delliberarunt <br />unanimiter et concorditer quod attento<br />quod <u>generalitates</u> sunt date et restitute per dictum dominum<br />regem eis forma et modo quibus eran per prius antequam videlicet per<br />dictum dominum regem apprehense fuissent et quod de necessitate<br />habent esse sub disposicione alicuis presidentis et per consequens<br />eius qui habetur pro diputato ipsius scilicet domini <b>Çaportella</b>. Pro<br />tanto dixerunt quod per ipsum dominum deputatum possint et debent<br />solvi et seu provideri et mandari solvi de quibusvis pecuniis<br />dictarum generalitatum salaria dictorum cursorum excubiarum et<br />exploratorum necessariorum pro bona disposicione et statu dicte<br />gentis armorum et eorum defensione ac salvitate ac inimicorum<br />invasione et ofensione et etiam per eundem dominum deputatum posse et<br />debere solviet seu provideri atque mandari solvi cetera sine quibus<br />dicte gentes armorum de quibus facta est oferta dicto domino Regi<br />servicium debitum facere non possent et quem ad eorum salvitatem visa<br />fuit utilia et ad conservacionem terrarum obediencium dicto domino<br />Regi et ad ofensionem rebellium et inimicorum. Et hoc etiam maxime<br />posse et debere sic fieri cum plurimum cernat conservacionem jurium<br />generalitatum que nisi ex opera dicte gentis armorum amitterentur per<br />occupacionem inimicorum. Quod per ipsum dominum deputatum est maxime<br />attendendum. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comTarragona, España41.1188827 1.244490912.808648863821158 -33.9117591 69.429116536178839 36.4007409tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-8841615512313254142021-09-12T14:50:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:52.848-07:00Diciembre, 1464.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">3<br />DE DICIEMBRE.</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><i>(Hay ya algunas cartas anteriores de diciembre pero no está<br />especificado como título.)</i><br /><br />Honrats senyers. Entes havem<br />que haveu fet un pesador dels blats e farines e a aquell assignat<br />cert salari. Si vosaltres per levar vos de afany voleu que axi <br />vaja<br />la cosa o lo salari del dit pesador se pague del vostre som contents.<br />Hon empero pensasseu ques degues fer a carrech del General anau<br />errats. Car per <br />ço vos havem assignats dos que a tot donassen<br />recapte e si gens hi volen treballar hi abastan massa. Car no es tant<br />gran vostra collecta que hi haga obs <br />major nombre de ministres.<br />Si empero axi haveu delliberat som contents pus siau certs que noy<br />haura res a carrech del General car no soste la cosa molts salaris ni<br />missions ni despeses. Dada en Terragona a III de <b>dehembre</b> any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del<br />General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Als honrats En<br />Gabriel March e En Joan del Mas collidors de les generalitats en la<br />vila de Falcet. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />An Ponces de Tarregua. <br />Honrat senyer. Per la magestat del<br />senyor Rey foren restituides e atorgades les generalitats als del<br />parlament per la dita Magestat convocat e celebrat en la <br />present<br />ciutat de Terragona a X del mes de noembre prop passat axi que<br />començaren a correr per lo Principat a XI del dit mes. Adonchs de<br />totes les peccunies de les dites generalitats collides en aquexa vila<br />de la dita jornada de XI ença respondreu al collector qui hi es stat<br />o sera posat en nom e per part nostra en nom del dit Principat e mes<br />li respondreu de totes les peccunies que a vos son stades remeses de<br />drets de generalitats axi de safrans com altres per qualsevol<br />persones fora la collecta de aquexa vila sens que a vos no cal fer<br />diferencia de qual temps son. Car per altri sen donara raho. De les<br />peccunies empero de les dites generalitats cullides en aquexa vila<br />tant solament de la <br />dita jornada de XI del dit mes atras podeu e<br />deveu respondre al dit senyor Rey o a qui sa Magestat ordenara e<br />manara. Dada en Tarragona a III dies de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. -<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al<br />honrat (<i>honrar</i>) senyer En ….. Ponces en la vila de Tarregua.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />4 DE<br />DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Lo honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora collector e<br />receptor general per lo present any assignat de totes les quantitats<br />de peccunies provenidores dels drets de generalitats de bolla de plom<br />segell de cera intrades e exides e altres axi vells com novament<br />imposats en virtut del parlament en los prop passats dies convocat e<br />celebrat per la Magestat del senyor Rey en la present ciutat de<br />Terragona. <u>Visos</u> e entesos los capitols del dit parlament en<br />tot ço e quant han sguart al dit En Joan Berenguer Thora e a la dita<br />sua collecta e recepcio e administracio supradita juxta forma dels<br />dits capitols los quals en lo present acte volgue esser haguts per<br />continuats e inserts. De bon grat e de certa sciencia feu e presta<br />sagrament a Nostre Senyor Deu e als seus sants quatre evangelis e<br />homenatge de bocha e de mans en poder del magnifich mossen Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del dit General segons <u>usatges<br />de Barchinona</u> <u>constitucions de Cathalunya</u> e <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/06/fueros-aragon-Miguel-Carabias-Orgaz.html" target="_blank">furs de Araguo</a></b> et cetera en virtut dels quals convengue e promes al dit<br />magnifich deputat e a mi notari rebent e stipulant per les<br />persones dit parlament <b><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/11/pedro-saputo-en-chapurriau.html" target="_blank">y</a></b> totes altres de qui sie o puxa esser<br />interes et cetera que se haura leyalment e be en la recepcio dels<br />dits drets e pagament del sou e sots virtut dels dits sagrament e<br />homenatge promes donar compte e raho de la dita recepcio e<br />administracio e altres coses fer que los capitols fets per lo dit<br />parlament en quant a ell se sguarda contenen. Declarant empero e<br />expressament retinent protestant e dient que no sia tengut en alguna<br />manera directament o indirecta tacitament o expressa sino en e per<br />tant quant de les dites peccunies pervendra a mans sues e no en pus<br />ne en alguna altra manera. E per les dites coses juxta la forma<br />dessus dita limitades <br />e declarades volgue esser tengut en persona<br />e en bens la qual persona e bens scientment obliga e volgue esser<br />obligats com per deute fiscal per lo qual semblant obligacio es<br />deguda. E no resmenys per major seguretat dona per fermances les<br />quals ab ell e sens ell sien tenguts a les dites coses les persones<br />devall scrites. Presents testimonis a la obligacio del dit En Joan<br />Berenguer Thora e a la prestacio del sagrament e homenatge per ell<br />fets ço es los honorables mossen <u>Ramon Roger de Thoralla</u><br />cavaller <u>Manuel <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/03/luis-rajadell.html" target="_blank">Rajadell</a></u> donzell <u>Gaspar Anglesi</u><br />mercader de Barcelona e <u>Joan Olives</u> mercader de la vila de<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Reus</span> e mi P. Perello notari.<br /><br /><br />El mismo día, el muy reverendo señor En Bernardo Hugo de<br />Rocaberti, castellano de Amposta, se constituyó en fiador del<br />expresado Juan Berenguer Thorá, prestando para esto el juramento y<br />homenaje y cumpliendo las demás <br />formalidades de costumbre. <br /><br />7<br />DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />En este día, el egregio don Juan, conde de<br />Prades se constituyó también en fiador del mismo Thorá, al igual<br />que el <u><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/01/la-rosada-del-mati-viernes-de-hermandad.html" target="_blank">castellano de Amposta</a></u>, habiendo prestado a este objeto<br />el juramento y homenaje y cumplido las demás formalidades de<br />costumbre, con obligación de su persona y bienes. En virtud de dicho<br />juramento, hizo el expresado señor Conde, en el acto de prestarlo,<br />la siguiente declaración. <br /><br />Que sta en veritat ell haver feta<br />certa donacio al noble don Joan son fill pero ab e sots tals<br />condicions e retencions que aquelles deduhides poch es lo que<br /><br />compren la donacio dessus dita.<br /><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">19 DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />En este<br />día, se constituyeron también fiadores con igual objeto que los<br />antes citados, y cumpliendo asimismo con todas las formalidades de<br />costumbre, En Pedro Serra y En Pedro Macip, mercaderes de la ciudad<br />de Tarragona. <br />A continuación, pero expresando la fecha de diez y<br />siete de setiembre del mismo año (lo que es posible sea una<br />equivocación del amanuense, pues parece escrita esta parte con una<br />tinta diferente de lo que se observa en el resto de la página,) se<br />consigna que el patriarca de Alejandría, arzobispo de Tarragona, se<br />constituyó también en fiador de Thorá; siguiéndose en la<br />redacción de esta noticia la misma fórmula empleada en los<br />anteriores, que llevan igual objeto. <br /><br />5 DE DICIEMBRE.<br /><br /><br />Retrocede aquí el orden seguido en los días del mes, lo que<br />prueba, sin duda, que las fechas más adelantadas que preceden a<br />esta, se consignaron solo para que las noticias que en ellas se<br />mencionan no quedaran apartadas del acto que las motiva, según es de<br />ver en la relación que se encuentra en el día 4, que es el anterior<br />e inmediato a este. En él se transcriben, sin preceder relación<br />alguna, las siguientes cartas. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Vostra letra<br />havem rebuda e vist lo contengut vos responem primerament al fet de<br />les peces de lli canem o <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pITq1tgC9Fo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">stopa</a> texides abans de la publicacio de la<br />crida. Vos dehim que no son tengudes pagar lo dret imposat<br />novellament. Al altre cap dels draps ques troben aqui o sesperen<br /><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/12/carlos-rallo-badet-calaseit-disenado-coches.html" target="_blank">venir <u>Daraguo</u></a> axi blanchs <u>diusa</u> burells <a href="https://soysuper.com/p/licor-hierbas-secas-tunel-0-70-lt" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mescles</a> e<br />altres vos dehim que quiscuns dels dits draps ultra lo dret de<br />intrada deuen pendre plom e per aquell pagar ço es los qui<br />acostumaven pagar IIII sous de <a href="https://bernatsaportella.blogspot.com/2021/09/resto-de-fechas-de-noviembre.html" target="_blank">plom</a> que paguen V sous. Los altres<br />draps que pagaven per cana com son cadins strets draps banyolenchs e<br />altres dels quals parlen los capitols antichs pagaran lo dret antich<br />ques ha a comptar per cana al quart diner del dret feta de aquell<br />summa afegir se ha I diner per lo dret novellament imposat. Si abans<br />de la publicacio de la crida los dits draps tenien <b>ya</b> plom ha<br />a passar axi com son <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" target="_blank"><b>ya</b> bollats</a>. De la pelleria empero de la<br />qual havem informacio que per molts pellers se ha abusat qui havents<br />sentiment de aquest novell dret abans no es stat publicat han bollat<br />molta quantitat per ventura per tot lany en gran frau del dit dret<br />per obviar al dit frau. Vos dehim e manam façau stimar totes les<br />pelleries que no son venudes e eren bollades a raho de II sous per<br />lliura e feu per aquelles paguar a raho de III sous per lliura.<br />Prenent los empero en compte lo que han <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" target="_blank"><b>ya</b> pagat</a> dels II sous<br />e comptant sobre allo. E axi havem proveit en Leyda e en altres parts<br />al deputat local bestraureu vint florins dor e al notari fareu alguna<br />bestreta juxta lo que conexereu haja despes e vos per semblant del<br />que hajau despes e apres delliberarem lo que deura haver quiscu per<br />lo viatge que fet haveu. En lo restant de les peccunies de vostra<br />collecta no deveu toquar ni *plenir vos ne en res sino tenir caxa<br />sparça e axi vos ho manam en virtut del sagrament e homenatge que<br />fets haveu. A les letres que dehiu es stat proveit e aquelles sen<br />porta lo dit deputat local. Nos scrivim a micer <u>Vedrenya</u> ques<br />haja diligentment en consellar e ajudar vos e que lin sera feta<br />deguda satisfaccio. Del ajudant que demanau som contents e de aquex e<br />de tots altres ques hagen a metre per la vegueria havem donat carrech<br />al dit deputat local e aquell informat de quant nos ha acorregut<br />segons vos dira. Dins la present vos trametem copia dels dos capitols<br />qui parlen dels draps que paguen la bolla de plom a raho de canes.<br />Obs es tingut tots los capitols e de les intrades. E si nou fahien<br />scriviu nos ne e trametrem los vos. Data en Terragona a V de dehembre<br />any MCCCC <br />LXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat et cetera. <br />Dirigitur Geraldo de Cervello collectori<br />generalitatum in civitate Balagarii. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Se advierte al pie, que fue enviada con<br />esta carta copia de los capítulos 9.° y 10.° de la bolla. <br /><br />Molt<br />honorable mossenyer. Aci es stat mossen Thoralla deputat local de<br />aqui e hans dit de vostra probitat. Per quens plau siau conseller e<br />assessor seu en les <br />coses que occorreran per les generalitats a<br />ell e als collectors de aquexa ciutat e collecta. En les quals vos<br />placia retre vostre deute segons de vos se confia. E de vostres<br />treballs no dupteu que satisfaccio vos ne sera feta Deu volent queus<br />ne poreu contentar. Dada en Terragona a V de dehembre any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat<br />et cetera. <br />Al molt honorable micer Bernat Vedrenya assessor del<br />deputat local en la ciutat de Balaguer vezcomdat Dager e terra del<br />Marquesat. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />6<br />DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Molt honorables e savis senyors. Vostra letra<br />havem rebuda e sobre les coses de quens haveu scrit haguerem de bona<br />voluntat a vosaltres complagut per amor e complascencia vostra e de<br />aquexa ciutat si aquelles fossen stades en nostra facultat e<br />possibilitat. Pero nou son e axi no si ha pogut donar loch segons tot<br />aço ha vist e sabut lo honrat mossen Ramon Roger de Thoralla lo qual<br />encara havem informat de algunes coses queus dira de part nostra al<br />qual vos placia creure. Scrivint nos francosament del que volreu que<br />sia en nostra facultat e sera fet de bon voler. De Terragona a VI de<br />dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat et cetera a vostra honor prest. <br />Als molt honorables e<br />savis senyors los pahers de la ciutat de Balaguer. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Per En <u>Luis Anto.<br /></u><br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat et cetera. <br />Als<br />honrats tots e sengles collector de les generalitats en lo loch e<br />terme de <u>Pradell</u> (<i>de la Teixeta</i>) e altres lochs de la<br />batlia del <u>monestir de Scornalbou</u> saluts. <br />Com lo moli de<br /><u>Macanes</u> (<i>Maçanes</i>) situat en lo terme de aquex loch de<br />Pradell e dins la dita batlia assats prop de la vila de <u>Falcet</u><br />qui es de senyoria del egregi <u>comte de Prades</u> e la dita vila<br />de Falcet sie la major poblacio propinqua al dit moli e de aquella<br />vinguen los mes blats per molre al dit moli e en la dita vila de<br />Falcet haja pesadors e collidors qui reben lo dret imposat novament<br />en les farines e facen bolleti ab lo qual los blats poden anar e van<br />a molre e axi en aquella vila sie lorde donat en lo capitol de la<br />imposicio del dret qui designa que los blats abans que no vagen a<br />molre a pagar lo dret al collector de aquell en les viles e lochs hon<br />tal collector haura. E per vosaltres sie fet manament an Luis Anto<br />senyor del dit moli de Macanes de donar vos raho e compte de tots los<br />blats que molra axi de aquella vila com altres per quant lo dit moli<br />es dins la jurisdiccio del monestir dessus dit e axi preteneu que tot<br />lo dret de les dites farines deu venir en mans vostres ço que seria<br />perturbar lo dit moli contra forma en lo dit capitol contenguda e en<br />dan del dit dret e prejudici del dit moliner qui a nos es per aço<br />recorregut. Per tant vos dehim e manam permetau molre lo dit moliner<br />tots los blats que a ell vendran desempatxats ab bolleti de la dita<br />vila de Falcet e de aquells nol forceu donar vos alguna raho o compte com tengut non sia. E en aço no obsta la raho per<br />vosaltres pretesa que per esser lo moli dins vostra jurisdiccio se<br />deuria respondre del dret a vosaltres. Car pus los dits drets tots<br />han a venir a mans de un matex general collector no es algun interes<br />sils trobara en poder vostre o del collector o collectors de la vila<br />de Falcet. En los altres empero blats que vindran al dit moli sens<br />bolleti de pesador o collidor volem guarde lo dit moliner e reheba lo<br />dret e de aquell respongua a vosaltres. Servau ho donchs axi e no<br />fasseu res en contrari altrament a vostres missions e despeses si<br />faria provisio. La qual per utilitat del General e dels dits drets<br />seus e observacio de equitat e justicia vista nos seria. Dada en<br />Terragona a VII de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Per micer<br />P. Boquet. <br />En la misma fecha de la carta que antecede, en<br />presencia de varios testigos, dijo al notario Perelló, las<br />siguientes palabras. <br /><br />En veritat esta que micer P. Boquet ja<br />en aquells dies que <u>hisqui</u> de Barchinona fonch pres per mi en<br />advocat e conseller meu en los afers de la Diputacio. <br /><br />De<br />estas palabras libró en seguida el competente testimonio dicho<br />notario Perelló, con consentimiento del diputado y a instancia del<br />propio Boquet. <br /><br />10 DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Honorable senyer.<br />Vostres letres derrerament havem rebudes. Responent vos al contengut<br />e a una altra que primer haviem rebuda vos dehim que vetes de seda<br />flocadures de seda fustanis matalafers ni calces de agulla no paguen<br />dret de segell de cera. Ver es que <u>intrant</u> en lo Principat e<br /><u>exint</u> han a pagar dret de <u>intrada</u> e <u>exida.</u> E los<br />dits fustanis matalafers sis texiran en lo Principat en aquest any<br />per quant tenen canem o stopa deuen pagar II diners per cana juxta lo<br />capitol novament fet. E mes los dits fustanis quis facen os<br />apparellen en lo dit Principat han a pendre plom e pagar per aquell<br />lo dret antich que era e es dos diners per cana de Barchinona e lo<br />novellament imposat que serie als quatre diners de dret feta summa<br />afigirni hu. E si los dits fustanis seran stranys e intraran en lo<br />Principat han a pendre plom en la intrada e deuen pagar per lo dit<br />plom I diner per cana de Barchinona e aço per lo dret antich e per<br />lo novell <br />pagaran afegint al dret feta summa de aquell sobre<br />quatre diners I diner. Dins la present haureu copia dels dos dels<br />capitols antichs qui parlen del dret de <br />plom dels draps als quals<br />es fet compte de canes. En tota manera deveu haver los capitols de<br />mans de aquex quils te aqui. E si nols vol donar lo feu metre en la<br />preso. Dels olis vos dehim que juxta lo capitol nos deu pagar sino<br />per aquells quis venen. Al restant que dehiu dels draps de li e canem<br />que eren en poder dels texidors vos responem que si los dits draps<br />eren texits abans de la publicacio de la crida no deuen pagar los II<br />diners per cana. E si les peces no eren acabades de texir abans la<br />dita publicacio deuen pagar. Tots altres draps de li canem e stopa<br />qui apres la dita crida seran texits ara sien amples o strets e per<br />qualsevol us han a pagar los dos diners per cana. Empero laltre dret<br />ço es los dos sous per lliura nos deu pagar per los tals draps quis<br />despenen en propri us com es en camises jupons o altres qualsevol<br />coses sino per los ques vendran a tall o en altra manera. Los<br />capitols tindreu. Servau los a la letra. Dels <u>terlicos</u> e<br />canemaces venguts de <b>Araguo</b> o que sesperen venir per saqueries<br />de blats lanes e altres usos vos dehim deuen pagar II sous per lliura<br />sis vendran a tall o en altra manera. Car van en compte de<br />canamaceria e per ço han a pagar juxta lo capitol. E si algu los<br />haura mesos o metra de <b>Arago</b> per propri us no deu pagar sino<br />per intrada si adonchs no es mercader. Lo qual entant com amprara<br />dels dits canemaços o <u>sterlicos</u> per sa mercaderia o<br />negociacio ara los hagues mesos abans de la crida o apres pus aquest<br />any los exercesqua en sa dita negociacio deu pagar II sous per lliura<br />de la stimacio de aquells axi com si compraven e venien. En lo fet de<br />les farines nos plau la prathica que haveu posada e som be de aquexa<br />intencio que als moliners no sia remes ne acomanat sino aço a que<br />altrament no puxe esser proveit. En lo fet dels capitans qui<br />contrasten pagar lo dret se provehex segons es scrit al deputat<br />local. E per quant se fa molta festa per alguns que los taulers o<br />collidors se aprofitarien de les monedes billonejant es proveit que<br />quiscun tauler haja a tenir caxa o en aquella les peccunies de sa<br />recepcio. De les quals nos puxa en res servir ne plenir sino aquelles<br />per aquelles sia tengut desliurar al general collector e de aço<br />prestar sagrament e homenatge. Cove donchs per vos se faça axi. Car<br />semblantment se fa per los altres e donau compliment a les fermances.<br />Nos ne scrivim al deputat local. En tot donau aquella bona endressa<br />ques confia de vos. Dada en Terragona a X de dehembre any Mil<br />CCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella diputat et<br />cetera. <br />Al honorable En Manuel de Vilaplana collector de les<br />generalitats en la ciutat e vegueria de Leyda. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt honorable mossenyer. Rebuda<br />havem vostra letra e vist lo contengut nos plau vostra bona cura e<br />diligencia esser en los afers aquella ques confia de vos. Al senyor<br />Rey es stada feta paraula sobre lo fet de <span style="font-weight: normal;">aquexs</span><br />senyors de capitans qui dificulten. Sa Magestat <u>los ne</u> scriu.<br />E ab la present rebreu les letres. Creu <br />se ells obtemperaran. E<br />si nou fahien requiriu lo Governador e don Mateu e altres capitans<br />juxta forma del capitol. E apres si encara la cosa no havia efecte<br />scriviu nos ne. Sobre totes les dificultats e duptes qui hixen en la<br />forma del pagar scrivim largament al collector segons per sa letra<br />veureu que ell vos pora comunicar. En lo fet de les fermances del dit<br />collector se don recapte. E per quant en la terra corren moltes<br />monedes en les quals se pot fer avantatge volem que lo collector faça<br />sagrament e homenatge de tenir caxa a les monedes de sa recepcio e de<br />no plenir se en res de aquelles sino que aquelles matexes pagara e<br />desliurara al General collector o a qui ell li manara. Rebien donchs<br />la dita seguretat. Nos lin scrivim que laus prest. De Terragona a X<br />de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella.<br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al honorable micer Anthoni Riquer<br />deputat local en la ciutat e vegueria de Leyda. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Vostra letra de<br />XI del present havem rebuda per la qual apar que no havieu rebudes<br />les letres que derrerament vos havem respost als duptes de que scrit<br />nos haveu. Fareu segons ab aquelles vos dehim. Al restant que ara nos<br />haveu consultat sobre lo fet del capita de <u>Alcaraç</u> qui axis<br />met entorn lo senyor Rey li ha ya scrit a ell e als altres segons<br />haureu vist e ara de present li torna scriure molt estretament e en<br />tal manera que no es de creure ell se detingua pus e siu fahia cove<br />la instancia se continue al Governador per exir <u>lost</u> e axiu<br />scrivim al deputat local e no dupteu ques pendra ab tal scalfament<br />com es obs. Del compliment que haveu donat a vostres fermances nos<br />plau molt e de vostra bona diligencia e treball que donau en vostra<br />collecta. Continuau en fer lo degut en que siau cert se haura tal<br />sguart que sera a vostres treballs deguda remuneracio. Lo oint de<br />quens scriviu no havem rebut. Lo correu es stat desempatxat un<br />divenres a XIIII de dehembre a X ores ans de mig jorn. De Terragona<br />lo dit dia. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et<br />cetera. <br />Dirigitur Manuel de Vilaplana collectori Illerde et<br />cetera. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><br />Molt<br />honorable mossenyer. Rebuda havem vostra letra de XI del present e<br />sobre lo quens scriviu del capita de Alcaraç vos haviem ya trameses<br />letres del senyor Rey per a ell e als altres capitans les quals apar<br />encara no havieu rebudes. Ara ne havem encara feta paraula al dit<br />senyor Rey qui molt stretament ne torna scriure al dit capita e en<br />tal manera que no es de creure ell se detingua pus. E hon ho fes<br />continuau vostra instancia al Governador e a don Mateu e feu aqui tot<br />lo degut juxta forma dels capitols e scriviu nos de tot lo que si<br />succehira. Del que dehiu de pendreu ab scalfament no dupteu que axis<br />fara. Car vist es esser be necessari que altrament tot seria no res<br />si ara en lo principi si <u>flixava</u> gens. Lo comte de Prades es<br />en aquexes parts no es dupte ell fara pagar per tota sa terra e<br />encara lin scrivim. Trameteu li la letra si necessari sera. De les<br />fermances que lo collector ha donades nos plau e som de aquelles<br />contents. Les cartes de les seguretats dels oficials no cal trametre<br />per lo present. Lo senyor Rey scriu al rector e universitat del Studi<br />e nos per semblant. Ab la present rebreu les letres. De la ora del<br />desempatxament del corren scrivim al collector. De Terragona a XIIII<br />de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al molt honorable micer Anthoni<br />Riquer diputat local en la ciutat e vegueria de Leyda. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><span>Senyor<br />molt egregi. Certificats som que los vostres homens de </span><span><u>Arbecha</u></span><span><br />e de </span><span><u>Juneda</u></span><span><br />e de </span><span><u>les Borges</u></span><span><br />no han </span><span><u>vulgut</u></span><span><br />ne volen pagar </span><span><u>los<br />drets de generalitats</u></span><span><br />novament imposats. La qual cosa quant redunde en deservici del senyor<br />Rey e perturbacio e dan de aquest Principat Vostra Senyoria no ho<br />ignora. E per quant se creu que vos com hu dels principals del<br />parlament en lo qual aço es acordat ho fara axi passar en les dites<br />e altres ses terres no si fa provisio per lo present altra que<br />scriure a vostra dita Senyoria a la qual placia ferhi lo que ella<br />matexa sab deu e es tenguda fer per manera que no calegua usar de<br />algun altre remey del qual vos matex haurieu esser exequutor sots<br />virtut de la seguretat que haveu prestada. E tingaus senyor molt<br />egregi lo poder divinal en sa guarda. Scrita en Terragona a XIIII de<br />dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella.<br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera a vostra ordinacio prest. <br />Al molt<br />egregi senyor lo comte de Prades. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi<br />Petro Perello. </span><br /><br />Molt honorables e savis senyors. Tanta<br />es la diversitat del temps segons per vostra erudicio e doctrina be<br />sabeu que qui uniformament en diversos temps se volria haver<br />grantment peccaria. Aquesta fonch la sentencia del savi quant dix<br />tempus belli et tempus pacis. Adonchs si per causa de la guerra<br />suscitada e moguda en aquest Principat se <u>ha</u> fets imposits de<br />drets novells e no acostumats e aquells en tota condicio de persones<br />no deu esser a algu maravella. Hon com hagam entes que en vostra<br />universitat serien alguns qui la dita imposicio de drets e la<br />supportacio de aquells haurien molesta aquells tals <u>quis que</u><br />sien volem exortar e pregar vullen attendre a la fidelitat e devocio<br />del senyor Rey per servici del qual es stat fet e al benefici de<br />aquest Principat lo repos e tranquillitat del qual Deu migançant sen<br />speren a conseguir e per tals consideracions vullen <u>patientment</u><br />tollerar e <u>subir</u> aquest poch carrech. Ne fie algu qui hon li<br />fos donada tal ignominiosa libertat de exempcio ço que no es se<br />volgues de aquella alegrar per no incorrer en la sentencia per<br />vosaltres <u>vulgada</u> quant dehiu que turpis est pars que suo non<br />congruit universo. Sou vosaltres tanquam <u>linterne</u> accense de<br />les quals los altres han a pendre <u>lum</u> e sou en vostra<br />professio tanquam <b>milites qui castra sequuntur</b> (<i>castellanos<br />: catalanes</i>) ad quos venit gloria non per luxum atque ignaniam<br />sed per tolleranciam laborum et vitam parce ac duriter actam. Vullau<br />donchs en aquesta necessitat de temps aconseguir en vostra milicia<br />aquesta part de gloria e feu de la necessitat virtut. Car los<br />voluntaris seran loats e los que recusaran destrets e forçats e<br />no es en facultat de poder si fer comport o dispensacio alguna.<br />Tingaus lo Sant Sperit molt honorables e savis senyors en sa bona<br />guarda. Dada en Terragona a XIIII de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />-<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera a vostra<br />honor prest. <br />Als molt honorables e savis senyors <u>los rector e<br />universitat</u> del <u>Studi de Leyda</u>. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><i>(<a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=1300" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Studi de Leyda</a>, <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/search?q=1300" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">universidad literaria de Lérida</a>)</i><br /><br /><br />17 DE DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Honrat<br />senyer. De vos som no poch maravellats per quant de tants dies ença<br />que vos partis de aci e ab lo carrech queus acomanam nons haveu feta<br />una <u>petita</u> letra ab la qual nos haguesseu certificats si los<br />drets se paguen e cullen en aquexa vila e vegueria pacificament e<br />complida ne si hi es fet obstacle o contradictio per algu ne si hi<br /><u>insurt</u> algun dupte. Nos prima faç crehem que la cosa haja mal<br />recapte quant vehem tanta negligencia vostra e stavem en delliberacio<br />trametre hi alguna persona per veure e regonexer totes les coses e<br />foraus carrech per lo qual havem delliberat scriureus primer. Per<br />tant vos dehim e manam que de totes les dites coses nos certifiqueu<br />decontinent. <br />E mes nos certifiqueu quina summa e quantitat fins<br />aci haveu exhigida. E no siau en aço pus negligent car si ho sou no<br />trigarem pus de trametre per les dites coses persona qui <u>hira</u><br />a carrech vostre. Dada en Terragona a XVII de dehembre any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat<br />et cetera. <br />Al honrat En <u>Joan Terre</u> diputat local en la<br />vila e vegueria de Vilafrancha de Penades. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><span>Honrat senyer. Nos<br />fins aci en molta culpa den Joan Terre collector qui may nons ha<br />scrit ignoram si los drets se paguen pacificament en aquexa vila e<br />vegueria axi antichs com novellament imposats e per tota persona<br />generalment ne si hi es fet obstacle o contradiccio per algu ne si hi<br /></span><span><u>insurt</u></span><span> algun dupte. De<br />tot aço pertany al ofici vostre entremetreus e avisar nos e </span><span><u>apar<br />nos</u></span><span> (</span><span><i>: nos pareix :<br />ens pareix; nos parece</i></span><span>) que tots ho tractau<br />negligentment. <br />Per queus dehim e manam hi doneu altra diligencia<br />e recapte e de tot nos scriviu e vullau mostrar que sou persones de<br />afers altrament si hauria a proveir de altres per al mester de la<br />cosa. Dada en Terragona a XVII de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al honrat<br />En Franci Prats deputat local en la vila e vegueria de Vilafrancha de<br />Penedes. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.</span><br /><br /><br /><br />Honrat senyer. Nos havem informacio que los drets de les<br />generalitats novament imposats <u>nos</u> cullen fins aci en <u>Prades<br />e en la Muntanya</u> e que la cosa ha mal recapte en carrech e culpa<br />vostra. Haviem altra fiança de vos que hi donareu altra diligencia<br />axi com abastau fer en les coses en que haveu voluntat e si axi fer<br />nou volieu nou devieu haver emparat car be si trobara qui hi donara<br />recapte. Es necessari milloreu vostre fet. Altrament hi fariem deguda<br />provisio per no menegar ab negligencia cosa de tanta importancia e en<br />la qual redunda tant servici al senyor Rey e benefici al Principat de<br />Cathalunya. Som certs que al senyor comte no sera plasent que la cosa<br />haja <u>sie</u> (<i>sigut</i>) axi menejada negligentment en sa terra<br />de que altres persones li donaran molt carrech. Com sie hu dels<br />principals a qui pertany arreglar en aço ses coses. Dada en<br />Terragona a XVII de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al honrat En Dalmau de<br />Tolosa sobrecollidor de les generalitats en lo comdat de Prades.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />18 DE<br />DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Vostra letra havem rebuda.<br />Responent vos al contengut sobre lo fet dels homens del <b>Marquesat</b><br />quis meten entorn de pagar vos dehim que la provisio que si deu fer<br />es aquesta que lo deputat local requira los oficials de aqui.<br />Prenguen quants homens hi <u>intraran</u> del Marquesat e altres qui<br />perturben <u>los</u> drets <u>els</u> tinguen presos fins tant que<br />paguen cumplidament. E mes encara lo diputat e vos requirau los<br />capitans de gent darmes qui sien aqui del sou e entre los altres lo<br />comte de Prades si hi sera que ab ma poderosa <u>intren</u> en lo dit<br />Marquesat per fer los pagar car tenguts hi son. E de aço nos scrivim<br />mes lonch al dit diputat. Al fet den <u>Splugues</u> vos dehim que no<br />es veritat lo que ell aferma nos li hagam feta tal assignacio ni<br />alguna ne ha potestat de rebre res dels drets del dia ença ques feu<br />lo novell imposit ne permetau que del dit dia ença li sia de res<br />respost. E es de maravellar que vos ni algu crega a altri en tals<br />coses sino mostren auctenticament lo que dien. Nos scrivim al dit<br /><u>Nesplugues</u> vinga decontinent per donar raho del que fet haja.<br />Trameteu li la letra lla hon sera. Dada en Terragona a XVIII de<br />dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella.<br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al honrat En Guerau de Cervello<br />collector de les generalitats en la ciutat de Balaguer. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt honorable<br />mossenyer. La comissio que demanau de ofici de algutzir per pendre<br />los homens del Marquesat qui no volen pagar los drets no es cosa se<br /><br />deja fer car serie perjudicial al General qui ya te forma com se<br />ha regir. Ço es que los oficials han exequutar les requestes dels<br />deputats generals e locals. <br />Perque requiriu los oficials de<br />aquexa ciutat sots virtut de la seguretat per ells prestada prenguen<br />quants homens del Marquesat intren en aquexa dita ciutat els tinguen<br />presos fins que paguen axi com deuen. Mes crehem sapiau com en virtut<br />de capitol fet en lo parlament tots los capitans e gents darmes del<br />sou requests per lo collector general o particular de aquests drets<br />son tenguts anar ab ma poderosa en los lochs hon los drets pagar se<br />recusen per fer aqui asistencia e tota força e destrengiment a fer<br />pagar loe dits drets. Per que si axi perseveraran los del Marquesat<br />feu que per part del dit collector se faça la dita requesta a tots<br />los qui son aqui del sou e encara a aquells de Tarregua o altres e<br />vos ab ells disponeu vos anar lla que aquest es lo cami e axi se ha<br />de fer. <br />Lo senyor Rey ha scrit a mossen <u>Coscho</u> e li torna<br />scriure si en la perfidia perseveraran feu que no si <u>flixe</u>. Ab<br />la present haureu copia del capitol del dit parlament. Lo que tots<br />juran en lacte de la mostra. Donau hi recapte. Car molt hi va per no<br />fer <u>portell</u> a dengu qui de aço se scuse. Dada en Terragona a<br />XVIII de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al molt honorable mossen Ramon<br />Roger de Thoralla cavaller deputat local en la ciutat de Balaguer.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat<br />senyer. Per quant es hora que vingau per que sie vist lo que haveu<br />fet en vostra comissio vos dehim vingau decontinent ab tot lo que<br />complescha per donar raho e compte de ço que fet haureu en vostra<br />dita comissio. E en aço no haja falla. Dada en Terragona a XVIII de<br />dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al honrat En Gili Desplugues.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />20 DE<br />DICIEMBRE. <br /><br />Molt honorable senyer. Responent a vostra letra<br />vos dehim que lo capita de <u>Biure</u> deu esser aci e farem que lo<br />senyor Rey li parlara e li scriura de la cosa <br />per manera que haja<br />recapte axi com es necessari per no flixar en ell ne fer portell a<br />algu altri. Del que dehiu de Conesa es veritat pertany als de<br />Monblanch e per error es stat mes en vostra comissio e memorial. Dels<br />draps de lli (<i>se encuentra li y lli en estos textos</i>) canem o<br />stopa vos dehim no deveu pagar los dos diners per cana si ans de la<br />publicacio de la crida eren texits. Pero si no eren acabats de texir<br />e apres la crida les peces son stades acabades deuen pagar los dos<br />diners per cana. Dels II sous per lliura (<i>se encuentra lliura y<br />liura</i>) no es dupte deuen pagar sis vendran. Del vi que venen <u>los<br />taverners</u> si han comprat daltri e lo venedor haura pagat vos<br />dehim que los dits taverners no deuen pagar. Del que dehiu de totes<br />teleries e canamaceries vos responem se deuen manifestar e bollar e<br />posar guarde axi com se practhicara de primer en totes aquelles coses<br />que pagaven <b>dret de General</b> e noy <u>flixeu.</u> Car sens lo<br />dit manifest e bolla se <span style="font-weight: normal;">porien</span><br />cometre grans fraus. Al restant que ab laltra letra nos haveu<br />consultats de la questio que es entre <u>los perayres</u> de aquexa<br />vila e los bolladors de Monblanch e de <span style="text-decoration: none;">Valls</span><br />nos hi provehim juxta forma de una patent letra que ab la present<br />rebreu. Dada en Terragona a XX de deembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al honrat<br />En Joan Rosanes deputat local en Santa Coloma e altres lochs de la<br />vegueria de Cervera. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /><br />Per alguns perayres. <br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller<br />unich deputat et cetera. <br />A tots e sengles collidors e guardes<br />dels drets de generalitats en lo dit Principat de Cathalunya<br />constituits saluts. <br />Los capitans dels drets de les dites<br />generalitats en lo temps passat que aquells se acostumaven arrendar<br />per <u>veguerius</u> per squivar los fraus que de un arrendament se<br />podien fer a altre havien dispost de moltes maneres com les dites<br />generalitats se devien pagar en quiscun arrendament les quals primors<br />e dificultats totes cessen en lo temps present en lo qual les<br />generalitats totes venen a vostra bossa e ma e no es algun interes<br />per qual cullidor seran exhigides pus exhigides sien per algu e<br />solament fa a donar via com mes utilment e expedita les utilitats<br />al dit General provenir puxen. Adonchs vos dehim e manam que cessant<br />tota diferencia entre vosaltres de aço siau contents pus los drets<br />de les generalitats axi de bolla de plom segell de cera com altres<br />sien pagats en qualsevol loch del Principat de obediencia del senyor<br />Rey. E pus aço conste a vosaltres cesse tota altra instancia que en<br />altre temps se pogues fer en les coses. Mes avant es vist redundar al<br />benavenir del dit General moltes coses atteses en lo temps present<br />que si de alguna ciutat vila loch o poblacio seran tramesos a<br />altre loch o terme draps o scapolons per apparell de moli a obs de<br />vestir e los quals hauran a tornar als perayres de la ciutat vila o<br />loch don seran exits per rebre complit apparell que no sien forçats<br />ni detenguts per lo dret de segell de cera sino que sien lla tramesos<br />a pagar hon rebran son compliment. E axi vos dehim e manam ho<br />deduhisquau en prathica e no fesseu res en contrari. Altrament fariem<br /><u>reintregar</u> (<i>reintegrar</i>) los de qui seria interes a<br />missions e carrech de aquell de vosaltres qui contrafet hauria. Dada<br />en Terragona a XX de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Honrat senyer. Vostra letra havem rebuda e vist lo contengut<br />en aquella som contents de tot lorde e disposicio que haveu donat a<br />les coses axi de tall que haveu fet als homens de <u>Pontils</u><br /><u>Sancta Perpetua</u> e la <u>Lacuna</u> en que vehem es la<br />necessitat de fer se en tal manera per quant los molins son en terra<br />de rebelles. Com altres coses de que scrit nos haveu. Del nostre<br />scriure axi congoxosament nous sie maravella. Car algun tant ne<br />haviem raho per no haver de vos fins aci algun avis. Daquiavant<br />continuau de be en millor. <br />Donau recapte al fet de <u>Pontons</u><br />axi com scriviu e reteu en totes coses lo deute ques confia de vos.<br />Car no contrastant lo congoxat scriure no havem de vos <br />res<br />sinistre pensat. Sien stades speronades al bon cavall per les quals<br />no val menys. Data en Terragona a XXI de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />-<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Al<br />honrat En Joan Ferre deputat local en la vila e vegueria de<br />Vilafrancha de Penedes. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /><br />Per En <u>Gaspar Farnos</u>. <br />Nos En Bernat<br />çaportella cavaller unich deputat et cetera. <br />Desigants provehir<br />a la indemnitat del dit General de les generalitats de aquell e que<br />totes fraus sien squivades ab tenor de la present fem e cream a vos<br />En Gaspar Farnos <u>fuster</u> de la fidelitat e probitat del qual<br />plenariament confiam en guarda del dit General e dels drets de<br />generalitats de aquells. Axi que vos aneu e pugau anar per totes<br />ciutats viles lochs e passos del dit Principat de Cathalunya de<br />obediencia del dit senyor Rey e veure investigar e inquirir dels<br />drets de les dites generalitats axi antichs com novellament imposats<br />en virtut del parlament convocat e celebrat per lo dit senyor Rey en<br />la present ciutat de Terragona. E be guardar attendre e instar que<br />los dits drets se paguen ab integritat als cullidors de aquells per<br />totes persones segons los capitols de les dites generalitats disponen<br />e ordonen. E per aço pugau fer totes instancies e actes necessaries.<br />En les quals coses vos hajau diligentment <u>fael e leal</u> a tot<br />profit del dit General segons haveu ofert e promes en virtut del<br />sagrament e homenatge que per aço haveu prestats en poder nostre<br />sots virtut dels quals no pugau res exhigir per vos matex directament<br />o indirecta ne pendre alguna sobornacio ne composicio alguna fer en e<br />de algun frau per alguna persona comes e per vos atrobat en les dites<br />generalitats ne lo dit frau cobrir e celar abans siau tengut aquell<br />manifestar a nos e al deputat local o collidor dels dits drets en la<br />ciutat vila o loch hon per vos sera atrobat segons totes les dites<br />coses son axi migançant la dita seguretat per vos ofertes e<br />promeses. De les quals fraus o penes e bans de aquelles vos hajau la<br />part ques pertany al acusador o denunciador dels dits fraus segons<br />los capitols de les dites generalitats disponen. E altre salari al<br />dit general no demanareu sino aquell que per nos o per lo General<br />receptor vos sera atorgat hagut sguart als treballs e servici vostre.<br />Adonchs ab la present requirim tots e sengles deputats locals e<br />altres persones a les quals se pertangua que a vos dit En Gaspar<br />Farnos hagen e tinguen per guarda del dit General e a vos en les<br />coses concernents lo exercici del dit ofici obtemperen e los dits<br />oficials vos hi presten tot auxili e ajuda <u><span style="font-weight: normal;">necesaris</span></u><b>.</b><br />Dada en Terragona a XXI de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Prestó<br />dicho <u>Gaspar Farnos</u> el juramento y homenaje de costumbre, con<br />todas las formalidades necesarias. <br /><br />Molt honorable mossenyer.<br />Nos havem proveit En Gaspar Farnos del ofici de guarda del General<br />segons veureu per la provisio que sen porta. Par nos que sie persona<br />havent disposicio a la cosa. Ha per son ofici la part de les penes e<br />bans dels fraus que atrobara. Ço es aquella part que ha sguart al<br />accusador. <br />No li toqueu o flixeu en aquelles sens beneplacit o<br />voluntat sua. E vullau en totes coses haver per recomanats los drets.<br />Car be sera necessari per suplir als carrechs que cove de aquells<br />pagats sien. Per semblant es necessari no toqueu en res a la part de<br />les penes e bans pertanyent a les altres guardes per los fraus que<br />atrobaran sens voluntat lur per ço que sien mes diligents en lur<br />ofici. Dada en Terragona a XXI de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dirigitur<br />a micer Anthoni Riquer diputat local en la ciutat e vegueria de<br />Leyda. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat<br />senyer. Nos havem proveit En Gaspar Farnos del ofici de guarda del<br />General per lo qual ofici ha la part de les penes pertanyent al<br />accusador per los fraus que atrobara e en la dita part nos deu flixar<br />ne toquar sens voluntat sua. De altre salari stara a conexença<br />nostra o del collector general. A les altres coses de quens scriviu<br />no curam respondre per quant aqui haureu prestament persona quius<br />parlara de nostra part de tot lo que occorre. Dada en Terragona a XXI<br />de dehembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dirigitur Manueli de Vilaplana<br />collectori generalitatum in civitate et vicaria Ilerde et cetera.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Honrat<br />senyer. Entes havem que lo collidor de Vilafrancha vos hauria<br />assignat en cullidor en aquexa vila del dret de la farina e altres<br />drets de generalitats imposats novellament en virtut del parlament<br />celebrat per lo senyor Rey en aquesta ciutat. E per quant En P. Roig<br />era e es collector de la bolla de plom segell de cera e intrades e<br />exides e abasta en aquexa vila una sola persona per tots los drets de<br />generalitats axi vells com novells. Per tant vos dehim e manam vingau<br />aci ab les peccunies e tot ço que haureu exhigit dels dits drets per<br />donar ne raho al general receptor. E daqui avant nous cureu pus de la<br />dita collecta. Car nos havem acomanada aquella per tots los dits<br />drets axi vells com novells al dit En P. Roig. Qui per aço haja<br />prestada la seguretat acostumada. Dada en Terragona a XXI de dehembre<br />any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat<br />et cetera. <br />Al honrat <u>Nanthoni Bru</u> batle del loch de la<br /><u>Torra den Barra</u>. (<i><a href="https://esp.turismetorredembarra.cat/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Torredembarra</a></i>)<br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Prestó el mencionado Pedro Roig<br />el juramento y homenaje de costumbre, en poder del diputado, con<br />todas las formalidades necesarias. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comTorredembarra, Tarragona, España41.144096700000013 1.400945415.092356517907831 -33.7553046 67.1958368820922 36.5571954tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-3523665063706256242021-09-12T12:59:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:53.006-07:00Resto de fechas de noviembre.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">17 DE NOVIEMBRE.</span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><br />Nombramiento<br />de <u>Juan Terré</u>, para colector de derechos antiguos y de los<br />nuevamente impuestos por el parlamento, en el <u>veguerio</u> (<i>la<br />veguería</i>) de Villafranca del <u>Panadés</u>, a cuyo efecto le<br />dirigió Çaportella la siguiente carta. <br /></span><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich<br />deputat del General del Principat de Cathalunya resident en <u>Tarregona</u><br />e en qui recau tota la potestat de la <b>Deputacio del dit General</b><br />per la inobediencia e rebellio per los altres olim <br />condeputats<br />nostres feta a la Magestat del senyor Rey. <br />Confiants de la<br />prohomenia fidelitat e suficiencia de vos En <u>Joan Ferre</u> de la<br />vila de Vilafrancha de Penedes ab tenor de la present vos deputam e<br />assignam en <br />collector e receptor de les peccunies provenidores en<br />la dita vila de Vilafrancha e vegueria de aquella dels <b>drets de<br />generalitat</b> del dit Principat de la bolla de plom e segell de<br />cera e altres axi antichs com novellament imposats en virtut del<br /><u>parlament</u> celebrat novament per la Magestat del dit senyor Rey<br />en la dita ciutat de Tarragona remogut qualsevol altre qui tingues la<br /><u>dite</u> collecta. La qual vos <u>tingau</u> e los dits drets<br /><u>rehebau</u> e <u>hajau</u> e de aquells <u>respongau</u> al<br />general receptor per lo dit parlament assignat durant la sua recepcio<br />e apres a qui per Nos vos sera manat. E mes vos cometem e donam<br />comissio facultat e poder de posar collectors als dits drets per les<br />viles e lochs de la dita vegueria hon <br />convingua juxta los<br />apuntaments e disposicions del dit parlament e enseguint aquells a<br />vos sia vist faedor e de rebre sagrament e homenatges e altra<br />qualsevol seguretat dels dits drets et alias usar de tota<br />preheminencia en la exactio de aquelles atorgada. E dels dits<br />collectors per vos posats rebre lo que per ells sera collit e haver<br />ne degut compte. En les quals coses totes dessus dites vos <u>hajats</u><br />en tal manera quen puxau retre bon compte e raho segons per vos es<br />ofert e promes migançant sagrament e homenatge per vos prestat en<br />poder nostre. E Nos ab la present requirim lo vaguer de la dita vila<br />e tots altres oficials axi ecclesiastichs com seculars en la dita<br />vila e vegueria constituits sots</span></p><br /><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">virtut<br />del sagrament e homenatge per ells fet e prestat e o que fer e<br />prestar son tenguts de obtemperar e exequir nostres requestes e diem<br />e significam a totes altres persones que a vos dit En <u>Joan Terre</u><br />hagen e tinguen per collector dels dits drets en la dita vila e<br />vagueria e que los dits vaguer e oficials a vos <br />facen respondre e<br />satisfer de aquells per qualsevol persones et alias vos assisten e<br />donen tot auxili e ajuda en la dita collecta e complesquen vostres<br />requestes sobre aço faedores. Del salari empero de la dita collecta<br />la qual a vos a beneplacit nostre acomanam volem vos hajau a<br />contentar de la <u>tatxacio</u> per Nos faedora. Dada en Terragona a<br />XVII de noembre any <u>MCCCCLXIII</u>. <br />- Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Consta, al<br />pie de la carta que antecede, el juramento y homenaje prestados por<br />el mismo Terré, a quien va dirigida aquella, en poder del diputado<br />único. <br /><br />El mismo día, a instancia y <u>requirimiento</u> de<br />Çaportella, para ejecutar lo concluido y determinado en el<br />parlamento que se celebró en Tarragona, fue publicado, por las<br />calles de esta ciudad, el siguiente pregón. <br /><br />Ara <u>hojats</u><br />queus fa <u>asaber</u> e notifica la senyoria de part del molt alt e<br />molt excellent senyor lo senyor Rey a instancia e requesta del<br />magnifich mossen Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del<br />General del Principat de Cathalunya <b>y</b> la inobediencia e<br />rebellio per los altres olim seus condiputats a la Majestat del dit<br />senyor Rey feta. Que com los del parlament per la dita Majestat<br />novament convocat e celebrat en la ciutat de Terragona per suplir a<br />la oferta per ells feta al dit senyor Rey de CCC homens de cavall per<br />a temps de un any ab licencia del dit senyor Rey hagen augmentats <u>los<br />drets de generalitats</u> ques acostumaven pagar en lo dit Principat<br />e novellament imposats alguns drets en algunes coses. Per tant ab la<br />present se notifiqua a tota persona generalment per ço que quiscu e<br />quiscuna se tingua per dit pagar los dits drets en e juxta la forma e<br />manera seguents e aço per a temps del dit any tant solament. <br />Primo<br />lo dret de segell de cera de draps de llana e altres per los quals se<br />acostumava pagar II sous per <u>lliura</u> es stat augmentat I sou<br />axi que se haja a pagar per lo dit dret tres sous per <u>lliure.</u><br />E lo dret de <span style="font-weight: normal;">bolla</span><b> </b>de<br />plom dels dits draps per lo qual se acostumava pagar IIII sous per<br />peça es augmentat I sou ax¡ que se haja a pagar per lo dit dret V<br />sous. E de <u>scapolons</u> que no abasten a peça se pach afegint al<br />que pagaven segons mes e menys juxta aquesta addicio. <br />Item han<br />ordenat que lo dret de segell de cera de draps dor e de seda e altres<br />per los quals se acostumava pagar miga bolla sie augmentat I terç<br />axi que lo <br />que pagava XII diners pague XVIII diners e axi segons<br />mes e menys. <br />Item han ordenat que lo dret de <u>intrades</u> e<br /><u>exides</u> de totes coses de les quals se acostumave pagar en lo<br />dit Principat sie augmentat mig per mig. <br />Item es stat ordenat e<br />imposat en qualsevol canamaceries teleries e borres ques vendran a<br />tall o en altra qualsevol manera dos sous per lliura de diners. <br />E<br />que tots los dits drets se paguen sots aquelles formes e maneres<br />penes e bans que les dites <b>generalitats</b> se acostumaven exhigir<br />rebre e cullir. <br />Item es stat ordenat que per tot drap de <u>lli</u><br /><u>canem</u> e <u>stopa</u> ques faça per cases de qualsevol<br />casolans os texira se pach dos diners per <u>cana</u>. E que lo dit<br />dret se hage a pagar abans que lo drap no <u>hisque</u> de la casa<br />del <u>texidor.</u> E lo dit texidor no sen gose <u>desexir</u> ne<br />aquell tornar o donar al de qui sera sino ab bolleti del collector de<br />aquests drets sots pena de X lliures <u>pertides</u> en la manera que<br />les penes de les altres <u>generalitats</u> se acustumen <u>pertir.</u><br /><br />Item es stat ordonat e imposat en la farina de forment net o en<br />que haja mescla ço es que quiscun quintar deu diners e en tota altra<br />farina que no haja <u>mezcla</u> de forment sis diners per quintar e<br />axi segons mes e menys ço es del de la dita farina comptant a la<br />raho dessus dita. E que per les dites farines se pague de totes<br />aquelles ques menjaran del present dia anant per lo dret se comença<br />exhigir encara que fossen moltes de primer. E es ordenat que lo dit<br />dret se pague al collector dels dits drets en quiscuna ciutat vila o<br />loch hon haura tal collector e que los blats no puxen anar a <u>molre</u><br />sino ab albara o bolleti del dit collector e lo moliner no gose molre<br />altrament sots pena de C sous per quiscu e per quiscuna vegada<br />partits segons dessus. En les viles empero lochs e <u>perroquies</u><br />hon per lo poch nombre dels habitadors no haura collector lo dit dret<br /><u>se</u> pague al moli hon <u>se molra</u> <u>es</u> culla lo dit<br />dret per lo moliner quin haja a donar raho tots dissaptes al<br />collector de la vila o loch qui li sera mes propinch e de aquell<br />terme o senyoria hon sera lo moli e quiscun moliner qui haura haver<br />aquest carrech hage a prestar sagrament e homenatge de haver se<br />leyalment e be en cullir lo dit dret e donar de aquell bona raho tot<br />frau cessant. E haja lo dit moliner per son treball a raho de dos<br />diners per lliura de diners del que cullira. E es ordenat que per<br />haver raho de les farines <u>ya</u> fetes lo collector de aquests<br />drets puga anar e <u>intrar</u> per les cases e altres lochs hon li<br />sera vist e migançant lo oficial de aquell loch rehebre jurament<br />dels casolans e altres qualsevol persones de qualsevol stat o<br />condicio sien axi ecclesiastiques com seglars de manifestar les dites<br />farines e per aquelles pagar juxta lo dessus ordenat. E tota persona<br />que en frau h¡ sera atrobada pague C sous per pena per quiscuna<br />vegada ultra lo dret que nos puxa scusar.<br />Item es stat ordenat e<br />imposat en <b>lo vi vermell</b> <u>most</u> (<i>mosto; vino tinto;<br />bermejo, rojo</i>) dos sous per <u>bota maresa</u> (<i>supongo que la<br />bota maresa es una bota, barrica, barril, carretell, donde está la<br />madre, mare, solada, solera, heces que hacen el vino como el Jerez,<br />rancio, etc</i>) axi als casolans com del ques vendra del qual haja a<br />donar raho lo venedor. E per semblant en <u>vinblanch</u> (<i>vi<br />blanc; vino blanco</i>) del ques vendra tant solament. Axi que <u>del<br />blanch que veuran los casolans nos pague res</u>. E es ordenat que lo<br />collector o collectors de aquests drets puxa intrar en quiscun <u>celler</u><br />hon vi haura e veure e regonexer <u>lo vi</u> e scriure aquell e<br />encara <u>tatxar</u> los <u>vexells</u> per haverne deguda raho. E<br />que haja a pagar quiscu per <u>lo vi</u> que haura venut o begut<br />juxta lo que dessus es dit. E la persona que sera <u>atrobada</u> en<br />frau del dit dret pague C sous per pena pertida segons les altres<br /><u>penes de les generalitats</u> <br />(<i>los penes de la Generalitat<br />siguen siendo un cáncer, como en 1461-</i>) <br />e no res menys pague<br />lo dit dret. <br />Item es stat imposat en quiscun <u>quintar de oli</u><br />ques vendra en gros o en menut I sou VI diners per quintar. E aço<br />per la primera vegada ques vendra que la <br />segona e terça e altres<br />vegades se pach solament de <u>laugment</u> o <u>crex</u> ço es del<br />anant o ço que sera mes venut que la primera vegada. E es ordenat<br />que quiscuna persona qui vendra <u>lo dit oli</u> en gros o en menut<br />hage aquell a manifestar al collector de aquests drets e pagar juxta<br />lo que dessus es dit. <br />E altrament nol gose vendre sots pena de X<br />lliures partides en la dita manera ultra lo dret que scusar nos puxa.<br /><br />Los quals dits <b>drets</b> se han a paguar per <b>totes persones</b><br /><u>axi ecclesiastiques com seglars de qualsevol preheminencia stament<br />o condicio sien</u>. <br /><br /></span><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">19 DE NOVIEMBRE. <br /><br />Nombramiento<br />a Juan Rosanes de diputado local de Santa Coloma de Queralt, con la<br />provisión que sigue. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich<br />deputat del General del Principat de Cathalunya et cetera (Igual a<br />las demás en el proemio.) Com la vila de Cervera sie inobedient e<br />rebelle a la Magestat del senyor Rey la qual ere cap de vegueria e se<br />ha haver en ella deputat local per la dita vila e tota la vegueria e<br />per ço covingua crear tal deputat per los lochs de la dita vegueria<br />obedients al dit senyor Rey. Per tant confiants de la prohomenia<br />fidelitat e suficiencia de vos En Joan Rosanes major de dies de la<br />vila de Santa Coloma de Queralt ab tenor de la present vos<br />constituhim e <u>deputam</u> en <u>deputat</u> local en la dita vila<br />e totes e sengles viles e lochs obedients a la Magestat del dit<br />senyor Rey en la dita vegueria de Cervera. Axi que vos dit En Joan<br />Rosanes siau deputat local en les dites viles e lochs termens e<br />territoris de aquells e lo dit ofici <u>regiscau</u> e <u>exerciscau.</u><br />E <b>los drets e preheminencies del dit General</b> guardeu <u>mantengau</u><br />defenseu e conserveu e totes coses <u>façau</u> (<i>eu y au</i>) que<br />al dit ofici se sguarden e que los altres deputats locals han<br />acostumat e fer poden car nos vos ne fem e atorgam facultat e<br />potestat plenaries. E nos vos fem e atorgam comissio e poder de <u>metre<br />e posar</u> collectors particulars dels <b>drets de les generalitats</b><br />vells e novells en los lochs e termens de <u>Tous de Jorba Argençola<br />Queralt Aguilo Bellmunt Talavera Canella Segura Conesa Biure Les<br />Piles e <br />Guialmons</u> de la dita <u>vegueria de Cervera</u>. E<br />rebre dells seguretat de haverse be e leyalment en lurs collectes e<br />de respondre del que rebran an <u>Francesch <br />Lorenç</u> de la<br />vila de Santa Coloma (<i>de Queralt</i>) collector e tauler en<br />aquella. <br />En les quals coses totes vos haureu be e diligentment a<br />tota honor e profit del General segons per vos es ofert e promes en<br />virtut del jurament e homenatge que haveu prestats en poder nostre. E<br />nos dehim e requirim tots e sengles oficials axi ecclesiastichs com<br />seglars en les dites viles e lochs constituhits e a lurs lochtinents<br />e a tots capitans de gent darmes e altres persones per lo interes de<br />les dites generalitats dehim e manam que a vos dit En Joan Rosanes<br />hagen e tinguen per deputat local e en aquest dit ofici vos<br /><u>obehesquen</u> e los dits oficials sots virtut del jurament e<br />homenatge per ells fet e prestat e o <br />que fer e prestar sou<br />tenguts vostres requestes complesquen segons la serie e tenor de les<br />constitucions generals de Cathalunya capitols e actes de cort los<br /><br />strenyen. Del salari del dit ofici lo qual a beneplacit nostre<br />vos acomanam stareu a la tatxacio per nos faedora. Dada en Terragona<br />a XVIIII del mes de noembre any <u>MCCCCLXIIII.</u> - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Prestados el juramento y homenaje por Juan Rosanes, le fue<br />entregada copia del pregón antes inserto, comunicándole al mismo<br />tiempo las siguientes instrucciones. <br /><br />Memorial del honorable<br />En Joan Rosanes deputat local de Santa Coloma de les coses que ha de<br />fer ara de continent per son ofici. <br />Primo rehebre jurament de<br />tots oficials ecclesiastichs e dels seglars sagrament e homenatge que<br />obtemperaran e compliran totes requestes a ells per part <br />del<br />deputat faedores <u>et</u> consell consulta e dilacio cessants e fara<br />fer cartes dels dits juraments e trametra aquelles a mossen<br />Çaportella deputat. <br />Item fara fer decontinent en Santa Coloma la<br />crida dels drets imposats que sen porta e <u><span style="font-weight: normal;">farala</span></u><br />continuar e scriure per que apparegua qual dia es stada feta e per<br />semblant <u>la fara</u> publicar en los altres lochs de la vegueria<br />de Cervera. <br />Item posara collectors en los lochs de la dita<br />vegueria obedients al senyor Rey e rebra dells jurament e homenatge<br />de haver se be e leyalment e de donar <br />compte e raho an F. Lorenç<br />collector e tauler de Santa Coloma e per semblant rehebra sagrament e<br />homenatge del dit En Francesch <u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lorenz</span></u><br />tauler de Santa Coloma juxta forma de la provisio que li porta e de<br />tot scriura mossen Çaportella deputat. <br />Item rebra semblant<br />seguretat dels moliners en lo que han a fer juxta los capitols. <br />Item<br />fara fer diligent inquisicio als cullidors de les farines <u>ya</u><br />fetes per ques pague lo dret per aquelles. E de totes les altres<br />coses ques han de fer per la deguda collecta dels drets. <br /><br />Fueron<br />expedidas, en el mismo día, por el mismo diputado, las siguientes<br />provisiones. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella unich deputat et cetera.<br /><u>Confiants</u> de la prohomenia fidelitat e suficiencia de vos En<br />Francesch Lorenç de la vila de Santa Coloma de Queralt ab tenor de<br />la present vos acomanam la collecta dels drets de les generalitats de<br />la bolla de plom e segell de cera e de altres drets de generalitats<br />vells e novellament imposats en virtut del parlament per lo senyor<br />Rey novellament celebrat en la ciutat de Terragona. La qual collecta<br />e taula de aquella vos hajau e tingau en la dita vila de Santa Coloma<br />de Queralt remogut altre qualsevol qui tingues la dita taula e<br />collecta de aquella. E mes vos acomanam e atorgam facultat e potestat<br />de demanar compte e raho a tots altres collectors de drets de<br />generalitats en la dita vila de Santa Coloma e altres lochs<br />constituits dins la vegueria de Cervera qui fins <u>aci</u> hagen res<br />cullit e rebut per <b>lo dit General</b> e qui <u>daciavant</u> res<br />culliran o rebran per aquell en la dita vila e lochs de la dita<br />vagueria e que <u>pugan</u> rebre dells lo que al dit General tenguts<br />sien. E vos de totes les pecunies que a mans vostres provendran<br />donareu e siau tengut donar compte e raho al honorable En Joan<br />Berenguer Thora receptor general deputat per lo dit parlament a temps<br />de un any e apres a qualsevol altre que sera deputat a la dita<br />general collecta. Volem empero que vos dit En Francesch Lorenç no<br />useu ne <u>puxau</u> usar de la present nostra comissio fins sia per<br />vos prestat sagrament e homenatge en poder del deputat local en<br />aquexa vila posat de haver vos en aço leyalment e be e de donar<br />compte e raho de la dita vostra collecta. Per la present no entenem<br />derogar a certa comissio per nos feta an Pere Molgosa de la dita vila<br />de Santa Coloma de veure e regonexer en aquella los safrans e rebre<br />lo dret per aquells. Del qual dret empero volem <u>done</u> a vos<br />raho e compte. E ab la present dehim e manam al dit deputat local per<br />nos assignat en la dita vila e requirim tots oficials axi<br />eclesiastichs com seglars als quals se pertangue sots virtut del<br />sagrament e homenatge per ells fet e o que fer son tenguts de<br />obtemperar nostres requestes. E a tots capitans de gents darmes e<br />altres persones dehim e requirim e per lo interes de les dites<br />generalitats manam que a vos en les dites coses queus cometem<br />obtempereu e los dits oficials a vos asisten de consell e auxili en<br />quant necessari vos sia. Dada en Terragona a XVIIII dies de noembre<br />any <u>MCCCCLXIII</u>. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt nobles e molt magnifichs<br />mossenyors. <br /><b>Ya</b> saben les magnificencies vostres <b>los</b><br />apuntaments fets en <b>lo</b> parlament en aquests dies passats<br />convocat e celebrat per lo senyor <b>Rey</b> en la present ciutat de<br /><b>Terragona</b>. En virtut dels quals son imposats certs drets en<br />algunes coses e aquells e los altres qui eren <b>ya</b> imposats en<br />les <b>generalitats</b> que son augmentats <u>se han cullir</u> per<br />suplir al sou dels CCC homens de cavall per <b>lo dit parlament </b>a<br />temps de un any oferts al dit senyor Rey. Los ministres qui han haver<br />carrech de exhigir los dits drets en aquexa vostra vila e baronia e<br />altres coses fer que concernexen interes del <b>General</b> son<br />assignats e han carrech de exercir <b>lurs</b> oficis. Placiaus donar<br />orde que no <b>sien</b> en res impedits. Abans per vosaltres e<br />vostres oficials <b>los sie</b> donat tot consell favor e ajuda.<br />Persones son qui <b>lo senyor Rey</b> te en molta figura e qui molt<br />comprenen en aquest Principat. Vullau per servici del dit senyor Rey<br />e honor del dit Principat haver vos hi en tal manera que retau vostre<br />deute e doneu bon eximpli als altres. Dada en Tarragona a XVIIII de<br />noembre any MCCCC sexanta <u>quatre</u>. <br />- Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya a vostra<br />honor prest. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br />Als<br />molt nobles e molt magnifichs mossenyors mossen <b>Guerau de Queralt</b><br />e mossen <b>Dalmau de Queralt</b> senyors de la vila e <b>baronia de<br />Santa Coloma</b> e a quiscun dells. <br />(<i>de Queralt; lógico,<br />¿cómo se llamaba en 1463 Santa Coloma de Gramanet?</i>) </span><br /></span></p><br /><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><br />En<br />este mismo día, prestaron juramento y homenaje, en poder de <u>Pedro<br />Arlambau</u>, diputado local de Tarragona, los individuos, cuya lista<br />sigue a continuación, nuevamente empleados por el diputado<br />Çaportella. <br /><br /></span><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><u>Juan Celma</u>, (<i>como el padre<br />de mi primo Juan Enrique Celma Guimerá; lo tío Juanito de Severo</i>)<br />cirujano de Tarragona, que tiene el derecho de la imposición del<br />trigo. <br />Juan Ponçada, de Tarragona, que tiene el peso de los<br />trigos de la misma ciudad. <br />Jaime <u>dez</u> Ferreres, platero, de<br />Tarragona, guarda del portal Real de la misma ciudad. <br /><u>Jaime<br />Gallench</u> y <u>Antonio Fuster</u>, molineros, de Tarragona, que<br />prometieron no moler sin que se <i>satisfacieran</i> los competentes<br />derechos por los interesados. <br /><u>Juan </u><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Amargós</span></u>,<br />que tiene el molino de <u>Juan Molgosa</u>, con igual juramento que<br />los otros dos molineros. <br /><br />20 DE NOVIEMBRE. <br /><br />Nombramiento<br />de colector de Agramunt a <u>Gaspar </u><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Muntada</span></u>,<br />a quien dirigió Çaportella la siguiente provisión. <br /><i>(Por<br />aquellos tiempos me imagino el chiste fácil machista con este<br />apellido.)</i><br /><br />Bernat Çaportella et cetera. Confiants de la<br />fidelitat al dit senyor Rey probitat e suficiencia de vos En Gaspar<br />Muntada de la vila de Agramunt (<i>Acrimonte y variantes. Sale mucho<br />en otros tomos de Bofarull padre, ese archivero al que le gustaba<br />“tatxar” y los tachones del llibre del repartiment – del regne<br />de Valencia - lo despistaron</i>) <br />ab tenor de la present vos<br />deputam e assignam en collidor e rebedor dels drets de generalitats<br />de bolla de plom e segell de cera e altres acostumats e novellament<br />imposats en virtut del <u>parlament</u> novament celebrat per la<br />Majestat del senyor <b>Rey</b> en la present <u>ciutat de Terragona</u><br /><br />(<i>la c de Tarraco pasa a g, Tarrago; pero este Tarra se lee<br />muchas veces Terra. Hay muchos otros ejemplos c-g y g-c en estos<br />textos: regonexer: reconocer: re+cognoscere</i>) <br />los quals vos<br /><u>cullau</u> e <u>rebau</u> en <u>aquexa</u> vila de Agramunt e la<br />taula dels dits drets e collecta de aquells en la dita vila a vos<br />acomanam a beneplacit nostres. <br />Per la qual collecta <u>pusquau</u><br />(<i>q, c: g: pugau, pugueu; podáis de poder</i>) <br />fer e exequir<br />totes les coses que per la exactio dels dits drets axi en virtut dels<br />capitols antichs (<i>esta ch : c, antics, antic; antiguo, antiguos;<br />antiquitatem etc</i>) com <u>novellament concordats</u> (<i>novel:<br />nuevo: hace poco, como un conductor novel. No significa “nuevamente”,<br />o sea, que se han vuelto a concordar, sino que se han concordado hace<br />poco</i>) per lo dit parlament fer se poden. E mes vos acomanam e<br />donam facultat e potestat de posar e metre collectors dels dits drets<br />en e per tots los lochs de la <u>vegueria de Urgell</u> hon los dits<br />drets cullir e levar se hagen. Ço es aquelles persones que a vos<br />seran vistes idonees e suficients per a tal carrech. Les quals en la<br />exaccio dels dits drets hagen la potestat matexa e sien tengudes dels<br />dits drets que a mans lurs pervendran a vos donar raho e compte. E de<br />aço fer leyalment e be puxau rebre en nom nostre de les dites<br />persones sagrament e homenatge e altra qualsevol seguretat que a vos<br />sia vista. E mes vos atorgam comissio e potestat de rebre seguretat<br />dels oficials ecclesiastichs e seglar de la dita vila de Agramunt e<br />altres lochs de la dita vegueria. Ço es <u>dels ecclesiastichs<br />sagrament</u> e dels <u>seculars sagrament e homenatge</u> de<br />obtemperar e exequir totes nostres requestes o per part nostra a ells<br />faedores tot consell consulta e dilacio cessants. En les quals coses<br />totes dessus dites que a vos acomanam e cometem vos haureu<br />diligentment leyal e be a tota honor e profit del dit General<br />guardant e mantenint aquell e <b>los drets</b> e preheminencies sues.<br />E vos de les peccunies e tot quant a mans vostres pervendra de la<br />dita vostra collecta siau tengut donar compte e complida raho de tres<br />en tres mesos e tota hora que request ne sereu. Ço es al honorable<br />En Joan Berenguer Thora receptor general per lo present any assignat<br />per lo dit parlament e apres lo dit any a qui <u>pertangua.</u><br />Segons totes les dites coses haveu promeses fer e complir en virtut<br />de jurament e homenatge per vos prestats en poder nostre. Adonchs nos<br />ab la present requirim los dits oficials axi eclesiastichs com<br />seglars de la dita vila e vegueria de Urgell sots virtut de la<br />seguretat per ells feta e o que fer e prestar son tenguts de<br />obtemperar e exequir nostres requestes. E dehim e intimam e per lo<br />interes del General manam a totes persones de qualsevol condicio sien<br />en la dita vila e vegueria constituides que a vos dit En Gaspar<br />Muntada hagen e tinguen per collector e tauler en la dita vila de<br />Agramunt e que en los afers toquants la dita collecta e altres coses<br />dessus a vos comeses a vos obtemperen e los dits oficials obtemperar<br />facen e encara <u>asistesquen</u> de consell auxili e ajuda en quant<br />necessari sia. Del salari empero de la dita collecta e altres coses<br />dessus contengudes volem vos hajau a contentar de la <u>tatxacio</u><br />per nos faedora. Dada en Terragona a XX dies de noembre any<br /><u>MCCCCLXIIII.</u> - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Prestó el antedicho Gaspar<br />Muntada el juramento y homenaje de costumbre, en poder del diputado,<br />y le fue entregada copia del pregón a que se alude, para que mandara<br />cumplirlo, junto con las siguientes instrucciones. <br />(<i>Aquí hay<br />tres ces, ccc, instruccciones; página 88 del pdf que edito. <br />Se<br />encuentran muchos más errores de transcripción, como es normal,<br />“Agramnt” por ejemplo en la página 87. Estas nimiedades las<br />corrijo. En otras ocasiones lo dejo como está y lo subrayo.</i>) <br /><br /><br />Memorial del honorable En Gaspar Muntada collector de la vila<br />de Agramunt dels drets de les generalitats antichs e novellament<br />imposats del que ha de fer <br />per son ofici. <br />Primo rebre la<br />seguretat dels oficials juxta forma de la sua provisio. <br />Item fara<br />publicar la crida en la vila de Agramunt e altres lochs de la<br />vegueria hon li sie vist necessari e fara continuar la jornada que<br />sera en quiscun loch <br />publicada. <br />Item posara collectors en los<br />lochs de la dita vegueria e rebra dells jurament e homenatge de haver<br />se leyalment e be e per semblant dels moliners. E tot lo <br />dessus<br />fara continuar per que apparegua <u>eu</u> certificara mossen<br />Çaportella diputat. <br />Item provehira en lo fet dels texidors.<br /><br />Item fara e fara fer diligent <u>inquisicio</u> de les farines<br />fetes e dels vins e altres coses contengudes en los capitols per ço<br />que los drets haver <u>se puxen</u>. <br />Les altres coses han esser<br />remeses a discrecio sua segons <u>pora</u> compendre que han<br />exequutar juxta forma de la crida e capitols que sen porta e la<br />informacio <br />que lo dit mossen Çaportella li ha donada. <br />El<br />mismo día, mandó expedir el diputado Çaportella las siguientes<br />carta y provisión. <br /><br />Honrat senyer. Ab tot que pensam tal sie<br />vostra intencio e axi ho hajau compres pero encara vos volem dir com<br /><b>los drets de generalitats</b> vells e novellament imposats en<br />totes les coses segons la crida queus ne havem portada se han a pagar<br />per totes persones axi ecclesiastiques com seglars de qualsevol<br />preheminencia stament e condicio sien. E axi ho digau an Francesch<br /><u>Lorent</u> tauler e als altres. De Tarragona a XX de noembre any<br /><u>MCCCCLXIIII</u>.<br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat. <br />Al honorable senyer En Joan Rosanes <u>menor de dies</u><br />deputat local en la vila e vegueria de Santa Coloma de Queralt.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />(<i>En los<br />textos anteriores se encuentra Lorenç, Lorenz. Yo soy Guimerá<br />Lorente. Mi madre era castellana, de Alustante, Guadalajara - no la<br />que está en un llano, sino muy alta, en la meseta, muy cerca de<br />Orihuela del Tremedal, Teruel. Mi padre, a día de hoy, 9.9.2021, es<br />aragonés, nacido en Beceite, Beseit, Teruel, donde yo me crié y<br />viví muchos años al amparo de “los ports” <br />- pero nací en<br />Alcañiz, en el hospital. Muy cerca hay un pueblo llamado La<br />Portellada, con su portell, portillo, portiello: Çaportella; se<br />pronuncia “Portellá” por los autóctonos y habitantes del<br />Matarraña - Matarranya – Matarramam</i>). <br /><br />Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller unich deputat et cetera. Confiants de la<br />fidelitat envers lo dit senyor Rey probitat e industria de vos<br />honorable En <u>Joan Fariça</u> ab tenor de la present vos <u>comanam</u><br />e <u>cometem</u> (<i>am, em</i>) que per nos e en nom nostre <u>pugau</u><br />exhibir e presentar al noble e magnifich lo portant veus de<br />governador general del dit Principat e tots e sengles algutzirs<br />vaguers <span style="font-weight: normal;">sotsvaguers</span> batles<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">sotsbatles</span> e altres<br />qualsevol oficials axi ecclesiastichs com seculars e axi <b>reyals</b><br />com altres e encara a qualsevol capitans e gents darmes e persones<br />publiques e privades de qualsevol stat o preheminencia sien dins lo<br />dit Principat de Cathalunya constituides una patent provisio del dit<br />senyor <b>Rey</b> de son segell <b>reyal</b> en <b>lo dors</b><br />segellada continents certes concessions e gracies en favor del dit<br />General per lo dit senyor Rey a supplicacio dels del parlament per sa<br />excellencia <u>novament</u> convocat (<i>el “novellament” pasa a<br />“novament”; repito que significa “hace poco : novel”, no “de<br />nuevo”</i>) e celebrat en la present ciutat de Terragona fetes e<br />atorgades segons en aquella la data de la qual es en la dita ciutat a<br />XVIII del present e <u><span style="font-weight: normal;">juscrit</span></u><br />(<i>jus: dejus: como el Pallars jussà: abajo, debajo, devall,<br />davall</i>) mes de noembre <u>largament</u> es contengut. <br />(C<i>omo<br />podréis ver, la l simple inicial todavía era muy común en estos<br />textos. Llargament; largamente; longa; longua, etc; la LL final es<br />muy común pero se leen excepciones con l simple: consell, ell,<br />Sabadell, incluso con y: Rey</i>) <br />E requirir los dits portant<br />veus de Governador e altres dessus dits que la dita provisio tinguen<br />e observen e tenir e observar facen sots la pena en aquella<br />contenguda. E los dits portant veus e oficials facen e presten la<br />seguretat que deuen e son tenguts de exequir e complir nostres<br />requestes e per part nostra a ells faedores tot consell consulta e<br />dilacio cessants. E de les dites coses requerir e fer continuar acte<br />publich. Mes vos fem comissio de remoure e privar per nos e en nom<br />nostre qualsevol collector guardes e sobreguardes oficials e<br />ministres del dit General en qualsevol ciutat vila loch o pas del dit<br />Principat de obediencia del dit senyor Rey constituits excepto de la<br />fi de les terres del <u>vezcomte Dilla</u> <u>en lla</u>. E altres<br />collectors oficials e <u>ministre</u> <u>novament</u> fer crear e<br />deputar per defensar e <b>cullir los dits drets de generalitats</b><br />ax¡ <br />antichs com imposats novellament en virtut del dit parlament<br />e rebre de aquells seguretat mijançant sagrament e homenatge e altra<br />que a vos sie vista de haver se be e leyalment en lurs oficis e coses<br />a ells comeses <span style="font-weight: normal;">guardant</span> <b>lo<br />profit del General</b> e tot frau squivant e de respondre e donar de<br />tot quant a mans lurs <span style="font-weight: normal;">provendra</span><br />dels dits drets raho e compte. Ço es los <u>plegadors</u> e<br /><u>collectors</u> dels lochs <b>foraneus</b> a aquells de les ciutats<br />viles e lochs hon son les principals taules e aquells de les dites<br />taules principals al honorable En Joan <br />Berenguer Thora collector<br />general de tots los dits drets en e per lo dit any deputat per los<br />del dit parlament e apres lany a qualsevol general collector a quis<br />pertangue. Los salaris empero dels dits collectors oficials e<br />ministres que per vos se deputaran volem sien remesos a conexença<br />nostra. Encara vos acomanam pugau fer publicar en qualsevol ciutat<br />vila e loch del dit Principat al dit senyor Rey obedient e dins los<br />limits <u>dessus</u> (<i>sus, de sus: arriba</i>) designats <u>enclosa</u><br />la augmentacio e <u>novella</u> imposicio dels dits <b>drets de<br />generalitats</b> e los capitols fets per lo dit parlament e fer<br />instar e requirir que totes coses <br /><u>se facen</u> e complesquen<br />que son en lo dit parlament acordades. E no resmenys com en dies<br />passats per nos fos feta certa comissio an <u>Gili Splugues</u><br /><br />(<i>Gili como nombre se encuentra en textos anteriores; ninguno<br />con Polles de ”cognom”, linatge, apellit, apellido; Spluga:<br />Spelunca</i>) de posar vehedors en <b>los safrans</b> e rebedors del<br />dret pertanyent al General per aquells del qual dret <u>responguessen</u><br />al dit Gili Splugues com a <u>sobre collidor</u> que apres sie<br />detengut de <u>malaltia</u> per la qual no pot entendre en la sua<br />comissio <u>dessus</u> dita o actes de aquella. Per tant sens<br /><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">deregacio</span></u> (<i>derogacio:<br />derogació; derogación</i>) de la dita comissio (<i>comissió;<br />comisión</i>) sino en quant e mentres que <b>lo dit Gili</b><br />detengut de la dita <u>sua malaltia</u> en los actes de la dita <u>sua</u><br />comissio entendre no <u>pora</u>. Per quant en la dilacio de la cosa<br />corre perill e <u>dan</u> al dit <b>General</b> acomanam a vos dit En<br />Joan Fariça <u>eus</u> donam potestat de demanar e rebre dels dits<br />vehedors e cullidors dels safrans lo que hauran cullit e rebut per <b>lo<br />dret del General</b> de aquells e de fer e exequir circa lo dit<br />negoci dels safrans ço que al dit En <span style="font-weight: normal;">Gili</span><br />era e es comes e juxta sa comissio fer podia. E generalment sobre les<br />dites coses totes e sengles ab ses incidencies e dependencies<br />acomanam a vos dit En Joan Fariça lo loch e veus nostres sobre les<br />quals vos hajau ab tota cura e diligencia guardant lo profit del dit<br />General e lo damnatge squivant segons per vos es ofert o promes<br />migançant sagrament e homenatge que haveu prestats en poder nostre.<br />E nos ab aquesta requirim los dits portantveus de Governador e altres<br />oficials e lochtinents lurs en virtut de la dita seguretat per ells<br />feta e o que fer son tenguts de obtemperar e exequir nostres<br />requestes. E a totes altres persones de qualsevol stament o<br />preheminencia sien constituides dins lo dit Principat dehim e intimam<br />e per lo interes de les dites generalitats manam que a vos dit En<br />Joan Feriça en e sobre les dites coses obtemperen e los dits<br />oficials <u>assistesquen</u> de consell <u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ausili</span></u><br />e ajuda en quant per <b>lo benefici del dit General</b> necessari<br /><u>sia</u>. Data en <b>Terragona</b> a XX del mes de <b>noembre</b><br />any <u>MCCCCLXIIII.</u> - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br />Prestó el juramento y homenaje Juan<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fariça</span>, en poder del<br />diputado, después de lo que, le fue entregada copia del pregón que<br />antes se menciona, junto con las siguientes instrucciones. <br /><br />Memorial<br />del honorable En Joan Fariça de les coses que ha de fer e expedir en<br />virtut de la comissio a ell feta per lo magnifich mossen Bernat<br />Çaportella diputat del General de Cathalunya. <br />Primo tirara dret<br />a la ciutat de Leyda e donara al deputat local les provisions que li<br />porta e comunicara ab ell de tot ço que ha carrech de fer e expedir<br />en la <br />dita ciutat. <u>E abdosos ensemps</u> e encara ab ells En<br /><u>Manuel de Vilaplana</u> <br /><br />(<i>¿Había algún Manuel y no <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" target="_blank">Manel</a><br />entonces? Pues sí, sólo hace falta ver el texto. No creo que lo lea<br /><a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" target="_blank">lo grillat de Manel Riu Fillat</a>, <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2019/11/manuel-riu-fillat-insulte-amics-del-chapurriau-ignacio-sorolla-vidal-lo-apoye.html" target="_blank">Manuelico Río Hijado</a> según alguna<br /><a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/08/lo-aguelo-y-lo-mar.html" target="_blank">traducción</a>, profesor de lengua castellana impartida en un <a href="http://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/05/gramatica-occitana-segon-los-parlars.html" target="_blank">dialecto occitano con mucha superbia denominado catalán</a>. Añado que no<br />aparece ningún <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" target="_blank">Lluís</a> ni <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" target="_blank">Lluïs</a>, como el <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/10/lluis-companys-un-genocida-como.html" target="_blank">genocida catalán</a>, sino Luis, o <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/1-2-3-de-noviembre-1461.html" target="_blank">Loys</a>, como algunos <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/1-2-3-de-noviembre-1461.html" target="_blank">reyes de Francia</a></i>)<br /><br /><br />qui es cullidor presentaran al Governador e al veguer e altres<br />oficials de la dita ciutat axi ecclesiastichs com seculars la<br />provisio del senyor Rey e requerran los que facen e presten la<br />seguretat acostumada de obtemperar e exequir les requestes del dit<br />mossen Çaportella deputat o per part sua fahedores. <br />Tot consell<br />consulta e dilacio cessants. La qual seguretat <u>reba</u> <b>lo</b><br /><u>deputat</u> local. E de aquella <b>se faça</b> carta e cartes<br />publiques les quals sien trameses a mossen Çaportella deputat. <br />Item<br />donaran orde que encontinent sie publicada la crida dels drets<br />imposats e ques continue lo dia que sera feta e daqui <u>anant</u><br />sie donat carrech al dit En <br />Vilaplana de fer la <u>inquisicio</u><br />per les farines e vins e olis. E encara de rebre les seguretats dels<br />texidors e moliners segons lo dit En Vilaplana es <u>ya</u> informat<br /><br />per lo dit mossen Çaportella. <br />Per semblant donara carrech al<br />dit En Vilaplana de proveir a la collecta de totes les taules e lochs<br />de la dita vegueria axi com de aço li es <u>feto</u> (<i>feta</i>)<br />comissio. <br /><b>En Leyda</b> no ha mes que fer lo dit En Fariça<br />sino dir al diputat local que sobre lo fet de la <b>pelleria</b><br />faça ço que lo dit En <b>Manuel</b> de<br />Vilaplana li dira. <br /><br />Partint de Leyda lo dit En Fariça <u>hira</u><br />a Balaguer e donara la letra al deputat local e ab ell ensemps<br />presentara als oficials de Balaguer la provisio del senyor Rey e fara<br />que los oficials presten la seguretat acostumada en poder del deputat<br />local axi com en Leyda e apres faran fer la crida. E lo dit En Fariça<br />comanara la taula dels drets an Guerau de Cervello e attendra que en<br />la collecta dels dits drets sie be aqui provehit axi com es en les<br />farines e altres coses segons es <u>ya</u> <u>dessus</u> dit per<br />Leyda. E donara carrech al dit En Guerau de Cervello de fer e posar<br />cullidors e provehir a la collecta dels dits drets per tots los lochs<br />de aquella deputacio ço es <u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/07/capitulo-lvii.html" target="_blank">lo vezcomdat Dager</a></u> (<i>d´<a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/07/capitulo-lvii.html" target="_blank">Ager</a></i>)<br />e terra del <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/04/3-de-junio-fin-tomo-19.html" target="_blank">marquesat</a></b> e informara largament de totes coses<br />que occorren en la exactio de aquests drets al dit En Guerau de<br />Cervello. <br />En apres lo dit En Joan Fariça vindra a Tarregua e<br />presentar se ha al diputat local e <u>andosos</u> (<i>abdosos; ambos</i>)<br />faran que los oficials facen e presten la seguretat acostumada. E<br />faran fer la crida e comanara la taula de aquella vila a aquell<br />que mossen Joan Ferrer li dira qui haja carrech de proveir de<br />cullidors per tots los lochs de la vegueria per ço que lo dit En<br />Fariça no si hagues a torbar. E de tot lo que <u>sa</u> de fer<br />informara lo collector del qual e del de Balaguer e altres que posara<br />rehebra seguretat migançant sagrament e homenatge e encara ab<br />fermances si li sera vist de haver se leyalment e be a profit del<br />General tot frau squivant e que donaran compte e raho de terça en<br />terça e tota hora que requests ne sien al honorable En Joan<br />Berenguer Thora collector dels dits drets per lo present any<br />assignat e apres a quis pertangue. <br />En Balaguer e en Tarregua e en<br />altres lochs de Urgell e de Segarra lo dit En Fariça se entremetra<br />dels vehedors e collidors dels safrans qui son stats posats <br />per<br />En Gili Splugues e per la malaltia del dit En Gili veura e <u>regonexera</u><br />lurs comptes e rebra dells tot lo que cullit hagen. <br />Tirara en<br />apres lo dit En Fariça la via del comdat de Cardona e dispondra de<br />cullidors en quiscun loch hon passara e donara carrech als qui li<br />sera vist de <br />proveir per <u>los lochs <a href="http://redaragon.elperiodicodearagon.com/cultura/librosydiscos/default.asp?ac=mo&id=22046" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">foraneus</a></u> donant<br />informacio a aquelles persones a les quals donara aquests carrechs de<br />tot lo que hauran a fer per la bona endressa de aquest negoci. E<br />apres tirara la via de la Seu de Urgell e dels lochs principals del<br />bisbat de Urgell e apres del vezcomdat de Castellbo e per tot<br />provehira al necessari. <br />Pero attendra que en res no derogue al<br />que En <u>Ramon Draga</u> hage fet ni dispost per lo General en<br />aquelles parts com sie persona que en les coses de <br />les<br />generalitats per donar molta endressa. <br />E per semblant attendra de<br />no constituir salari a <u>dengun</u> collector sino aquell que a<br />mossen Çaportella deputat o al general collector vist sie. <br />De<br />Leyda o de Balaguer lo dit En Fariça haura haguda informacio del<br />comte de Foix hon <u><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" target="_blank">se atroba</a></u> e fer hi ha decontinent correu ab<br />la letra del Senyor Rey e <br />de mossen Çaportella e cobrada<br />resposta si veu que lo dit comte sie content que los drets se paguen<br />en ses terres e en les que ha conquistades lo dit En Fariça poran<br />donar orde que sia axi dispost. Car lo dit comte ne scriura a sos<br />oficials. E si era lo contrari ço es que al dit comte no vingues be<br />lo dit En Fariça significar ho ha per correu a mossen Çaportella<br />per ço que ell hi provehis en lo que fos necessari. <br />En quiscuna<br />part hon presentara la letra del senyor Rey fara aquella <u>regestrar</u><br />decontinent e cobrar la ha en <u>sa</u> forma. <br />(<i>Este “sa”,<br />se convierte en “<a href="https://dcvb.iec.cat/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">la seva</a>”, por arte de <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/08/burrades-pompeyo-fabra-cedilla-c-trencada.html" target="_blank">Pompeyo Fabra</a> el <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2020/02/lo-aguelo-sebeta-contestan-ignacio-monreal.html" target="_blank">cubano catalanista</a>. La e-i no la tenían clara, regestrar; pero pueden ser<br />errores de transcripción de “Bofarull junior” y su equipo.<br />Todavía se dice y se escribe “la <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2021/01/lo-cami-xiii.html" target="_blank">seua</a>”, con u, en muchos lochs<br />del Principat “y rodalíes”</i>).<br />Les altres coses totes han<br />esser remeses a la bona discrecio del dit En Fariça qui ha larga<br />informacio del negoci e per aquella e son bon sentit pora veure lo<br /><br />que sia pertinent e degut de proveir a totes les dites coses. E<br />axi ho deduira en prathica <u>mils</u> que (<i><span style="text-decoration: none;">millor,<br />milló, mejor</span></i>) per informacio posar <u>nos poria</u>.<br /><br /><br />Expidió, en este mismo día, el diputado las siguientes<br />provisiones. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller unich deputat et<br />cetera. Confiants de la fidelitat envers lo dit senyor Rey probitat e<br />industria de ros honorable micer <u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/01/24-de-abril-1461.html" target="_blank">Anthoni Riquer</a></u> juriste de<br />la ciutat de Leyda ab tenor de la present vos assignam en diputat<br />local en la dita ciutat e vegueria de aquell e lo dit ofici de<br />deputacio local a vos acomanam a beneplacit nostre. Axi que durant lo<br />dit beneplacit siau deputat local en la dita ciutat e vegueria los<br />drets e preheminencies del dit General guardant defensant e mantenint<br />e altres coses fahent que al dit ofici se sguarden a les quals<br />vostres predecessors en aquell han acostumat e fer poden. Volem<br />empero que ans que useu del dit ofici façau e presteu sagrament e<br />homenatge en poder del veguer o altre oficial reyal de aquexa ciutat<br />de haver vos leyalment e be en aquell e de guardar defensar e<br />mantenir los drets e preheminencies del dit General e totes altres<br />coses diligentment leyal e be fer que sguarden al dit ofici. E<br />nos ab aquesta requirim tots oficials axi ecclesiastichs com seglars<br />en la dita ciutat e vegueria constituits sots virtut de la seguretat<br />per ells feta e prestada e o que fer e prestar son tenguts de<br />obtemperar nostres requestes e a totes altres persones a les quals se<br />pertangue dehim intimam e per interes del dit <b>General e<br />generalitats</b> sues manam que a vos dit micer Anthoni Riquer hagen<br />e tinguen per deputat local e que a vos obtemperen e los dits<br />oficials obtemperar facen en lo exercici e totes coses concernents lo<br />dit ofici. Del salari del qual volem vos hajau a contentar de la<br />tatxacio per nos faedora. Dada en Tarragona a XX de noembre any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Mossen molt honorable. Per quant lo<br />senyor Rey en lo parlament aci celebrat ha reformat <b>lo General</b><br />e atorgades moltes coses en reformacio de aquell. <br /><b>Yo</b> vos<br />he novellament proveit del ofici de la deputacio local en aquexa<br />ciutat e vegueria segons veureu per forma de la provisio que ab la<br />present rebreu. Per que cove façau lo sagrament e homenatge juxta<br />forma de la dita provisio e apres rebreu dels oficials axi<br />ecclesiastichs com seculars la seguretat acostumada de obtemperar e<br />exequir nostres requestes e per part nostra faedores. Cessants tots<br />consell dilacio e consulta. E fareu ne fer cartes per vostre scriva e<br />aquelles e la del vostre jurament me remetreu aci. En apres mossenyer<br />vos notificam com en virtut del dit parlament son eletes tres persones havent carrech de certes coses a fer juxta forma de<br />alguns capitols concordants per lo dit parlament copia dels quals<br />rebreu ab la present. Vos sou una de les dites tres persones e juxta<br />lo contengut en los dits capitols haveu a prestar lo jurament en los<br />dits capitols mencionat. Per que placiaus aquell fer e prestar en<br />poder de algun oficial reyal e de la prestacio de aquell feu fer acte<br />lo qual nos trameteu aci. En apres donareu obra al de que vos es<br />donat carrech. E haureu vos hi en tal manera que la conciencia vostra<br />ne sie descarregada. Postposades totes favors segons de vos se<br />confia. Dada en Terragona a XX de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Aqui va En Joan Fariça havent carrech e comissio de<br />mi de algunes coses per lo General. Conferiu ab ell e hajau ho tot<br />per recomanat. Sobre los afers de la pelleria fareu axi com vos sera<br />dit per En <u>Manuel dez Vilaplana</u>. <br />Al molt honorable mossen<br />Anthoni Riquer juriste en la ciutat de Leyda. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Con la carta que<br />precede fueron remitidos a Antonio Riquer los siguientes capítulos,<br />conforme a los cuales había de recibir juramento de los capitanes de<br />la gente de armas en el acto de pasar revista. <br /><br />Item<br />delliberaren que les tres persones dejus scrites per semblant<br />nomenades per lo dit senyor Rey a qui es stat remes ço es mestre<br /><u>Joan Vidal</u> sacrista de la <br />Seu de Terragona lo qual stara<br />en la dita ciutat e mossen <u>Joan Ferrer</u> cavaller qui stara en<br />la vila de <u>Tarregua</u> e micer Anthoni Riquer juriste qui stara<br />en <u>Leyda</u> hagen carrech quiscu en son loch hon stara de rebre<br />mostra al temps del pagament ques haura de fer del sou als dits CCC<br />homens de cavall ço es de aquells que seran en aquella partida<br />disposts e <a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2018/12/javier-giralt-latorre.html" target="_blank">colloquats</a>. E sots virtut del jurament per ella prestador<br />no admetran degu al dit sou qui no sia be encavalcat e armat juxta la<br />designacio de les armes feta en la oferta et alias idoneu a fer lo<br />servici. E si en aço <u>lur juy</u> no <u>abastara</u> ne hauran<br />consell de persones expertes. E. en aço se hauran tota favor amor e<br />odi apart posats. <br />E faran nomina de aquells qui passaran e<br />admetran la qual scrita o signada de lurs mans ço es per quiscu en<br />sa porcio remetran al General receptor o collector scrivint li que<br />pach lo sou a tals e per tants quants seran aquells de qui la mostra<br />hauran rebuda la qual mostra se haja a fer de tres en tres mesos e<br />per aquells fer se lo pagament tot frau cessant. <br />Item<br />delliberaren que les dites tres persones sien tengudes e hagen<br />carrech de veure e regonexer los comptes del dit general collector de<br />tres en tres mesos passada la primera terça del any los quals<br />comptes empero no puxen difinir mas los dits tres sien tenguts en<br />virtut del jurament per ells prestador de be e <br />leyalment veure<br />examinar e regonexer diligentment los dits comptes e sens algun<br />comport manifestar si res de fraudulencia e engan conexeran o hauran<br />trobat en aquells. E lo dit collector los sia tengut exhibir e<br />ensenyar lo dit compte e comptes e libres de aquells. E per donar<br />aquell e haverse leyalment e be en aquesta administracio lo dit<br />General receptor hage a fer e prestar sagrament e homenatge e donar<br />fermances idonees a conexença dels venerable e magnifichs mossen<br /><u><a href="https://wikiapellidos.com/ram" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Joan Ram</a></u> <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/5-de-mayo.html" target="_blank">ardiacha</a> major de Terragona mossen Bernat Calba<br />cavaller e micer <u>Barnaba Azam</u> sindich de Leyda o de lurs<br />substituits e ensemps ab mossen Bernat Çaportella deputat. <br />Item<br />delliberaren que les dites tres persones per salari <u>lur</u> de les<br />dites coses de les quals hauran carrech hagen ço es quiscuna delles<br />cinquanta florins dor. <br />Item delliberaren que axi los capitans<br />dels dits CCC homens de cavall com tots los de la companya <u>llur</u><br />qui seran admesos al dit sou abans que aquell reben ço es al temps<br />de la mostra sien tenguts fer e prestar sagrament e homenatge en<br />poder de qualsevol de les dites tres persones eletes ço es de servir<br />be e leyalment per tot aquell temps per lo qual rebran lo sou. E que<br />los dits capitans e ells staran a tota ordinacio e comandament del<br />dit senyor Rey e en absencia sua de la senyora Reyna e senyor<br />Primogenit e de son lochtinent o capita general en lo dit Principat<br />de Cathalunya. E los cavallers o gent darmes staran ço es quiscuns a<br />obediencia de llur capita. <br />Item delliberaren que si en alguna<br />part o loch se recusara pagar lo dit dret e haura obs sforc <i>(sforç)</i><br />o ma poderosa per fer pagar aquell que los dits capitans e <u>llurs</u><br />gents e qualsevol dells requestes per lo collector o <br />collectors<br />general o particulars hagen anar e assistir al loch hon sera<br />necessari per fer la ajuda e sforç necessaris per fer pagar lo dit<br />dret. <br />Les paraules contengudes en la oferta. <br />Los homens<br />darmes encavalcats en cavalls encubertats e los cavallers armats en<br /><u>blanch o saltim</u> ab cuyraces cubertes arnes de cama e de cuxa<br />cabacet e bavera o elmet o celada francesa e bavera e lança de ma.<br /><br />E los dits genetaris ab ….. armadura de …..... e lança.<br /><br />Fueron expedidas en el mismo día las siguientes cartas,<br />con inclusión, en cada una de ellas, de los capítulos que preceden.<br /><br /><br />Mossen Montros. Per quant lo senyor Rey novellament ha<br />reformat lo General e atorgades moltes coses en reformacio de aquell<br />segons veureu per tenor de una patent provisio la qual en Joan Fariça<br />qui va per afers del dit General ab certes comissions mies vos<br />comunicara es necessari que aquella matexa provisio presenteu als<br />oficials de aquexa vila axi ecclesiastichs com seculars e de quiscuns<br />rebau ço es dels ecclesiastichs jurament e dels seglars sagrament e<br />homenatge de obtemperar e exequir totes requestes a ells per part mia<br />com a deputat faedores tot consell consulta e dilacions cessants. E<br />fareu de aço fer cartes e tremeteu les a mi. E siau ab lo dit En<br />Joan Fariça en totes les coses que ha de fer aqui com es la<br />publicacio de la crida dels drets imposats e altres coses de les<br />quals ha de mi comissio e manament e feu que tots los actes se<br /><u>scriven.</u> Per semblant a mossen Joan Ferrer es <u>denat</u><br />(<i>donat</i>) carrech per los del parlament que ses tengut aci per<br />lo dit senyor Rey de rebre mostra de la gent darmes qui la volra fer<br />aqui juxta forma de uns capitols copia dels quals vos tramet<br />interclusa dins la present veureu per aquells com lo dit mossen Joan<br />es tengut de prestar jurament de fer segons los dits capitols<br />contenen. Rebreu lo dit jurament e feu lo continuar per vostre scriva<br />e certifiquau men per letra vostra e prestat lo dit jurament podeu<br />donar al dit mossen Joan los dits capitols per que sapia que ha de<br />fer per tenor de aquells. Hajau vos en tot a honor e profit del<br />General per manera que hi retau lo deute vostre e scriviu de tot lo<br />que occorregua. De Terragona a XX de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />-<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de<br />Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Al molt honorable mossen <u>Franci<br />de Montros</u> cavaller deputat local en la vila e vegueria de<br />Tarregua. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /></span><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Molt honorable mossenyer. Sobre la<br />oferta per los del parlament per la Magestat del senyor Rey convocat<br />e celebrat en la present ciutat de Terragona feta al dit senyor Rey<br />de CCC homens de cavall ço es L homens darmes e si <u><a href="https://chapurriau.blogspot.com/2017/03/natxo-sorolla-ignacio-sorolla.html" target="_blank">atrobar</a></u> se<br />poran e CCL ginets e aço per a temps de 1 any segons en la oferta se<br />conte son eletes tres persones havents carrech de algunes coses<br />contengudes en los capitols copia dels quals es tramesa al deputat<br />local de aquexa vila lo qual aquella vos donara. De les dites tres<br />persones vos sou la una segons veureu per serie de hu dels dits<br />capitols. E com les coses per vos e los altres dos faedores redunden<br />molt a servici de la Magestat del dit senyor Rey e honor e benefici<br />de aquest Principat e de les generalitats de aquell. Adonchs per<br />quant <u>desigau</u> lo dit servici e la honor e benefici dessus dits<br />vos prech e requir que acceptat per vos aquest carrech presteu en<br />poder del dit deputat local de aquexa vila lo jurament en los dits<br />capitols <span style="text-decoration: none;">designat</span> e apres <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/01/19-de-mayo.html" target="_blank">façau</a> e deduhisquau en obra les coses a vos acomanades sobre les<br />quals vullau be attendre per descarrech de vostra conciencia. Axi que<br />a nostre Senyor Deu qui es conexedor de aquella ne puxau donar bona<br />raho. Les armes de les quals los dits homens de cavall axi homens<br />darmes com ginetaris han esser armats e qual ha esser <u>lo modo lur</u><br />veureu per un memorial continuat al peu dels dits capitols tret de<br />les paraules formals contengudes en la dita oferta e ab tals armes e<br />modo ha esser feta e rebuda la mostra segons en los dits capitols se<br />conte. Fareu continuar per lo scriva del dit deputat local lo<br />jurament que per vos sera prestat e per semblant fareu continuar lo<br />jurament en poder vostre prestador per los capitans dels dits homens<br />de cavall e los de la companyia llur de servir be e leyalment e<br />altres coses fer segons en los dits capitols se conte. E de tot fareu<br />que lo dit scriva faça letra o testimonial. <br />Lo qual a mi trames<br />sia. Dada en Terragona a XX de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya<br />prest a vostra honor. <br />Al honorable mossen Joan Ferre cavaller en<br />la vila de Tarregua. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello.<br /><br />Siguen otras cartas que fueron expedidas en la<br />misma fecha. <br /><br />Molt honorables e savis senyors. Vostres<br />savieses crech no ignoren los apuntaments fets e concordats per los<br />dels tres staments convocats a parlament per lo senyor Rey en la<br />present ciutat de Terragona en virtut dels quals es feta certa<br />augmentacio dels drets de generalitats ques acostumaven pagar e fets<br />novells imposits en algunes coses e aço a temps de un any per suplir<br />al sou dels CCC homens de cavall per lo dit parlament al dit any<br />oferts al dit senyor Rey. Per los quals drets acullir se ha entendre<br />ab tota diligencia. <br />E per ço dispondre son tramesos los<br />ministres del dit General aqui e en altres parts. Placiaus senyors<br />ajudar e endreçar los com quiscuns son tenguts en virtut de la dita<br />oferta e no voler ne permetre per algu los dits drets sien perturbats<br />ne <u>difraudats</u> abans en la exaccio de aquells doneu tot consell<br />favor e ajuda com la majestat del Senyor Rey a servici del qual aço<br />sguarda de vosaltres confia. E no resmenys es cosa concernent<br />benefici e seguretat de aquest Principat. Ço que per vosaltres e<br />quiscuns se deu molt attendre. <br />E sie lo Sant Sperit vostra<br />guarda. Scrita en Terragona a XX de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya<br />prest a vostra honor. <br />Als molt honorables e savis senyors los<br />pahers de la ciutat de Balaguer. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi<br />Petro Perello. <br /><br />Otras dos cartas iguales a la que precede, y<br />con la dirección respectiva, fueron enviadas a los paeres de Tárrega<br />y de Lérida, con la sola diferencia que la última tenía al<br />principio las siguientes palabras. <br /><br />Com per relacio o avis de<br />vostres sindichs qui en aço son entrevenguts crech vostres savieses<br /><b>ya</b> saben los apuntaments fets e concordats per ells e per los<br /><br />dels staments et cetera (Sigue igual a las anteriores.) <br /></span><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Molt honorable mossenyer. Per lo<br />senyor Rey es stat reformat lo General e atorgades moltes coses circa<br />la dita reformacio e aço a supplicacio dels del parlament per lo dit<br />senyor Rey convocat e celebrat en aquesta ciutat de Terragona qui li<br />han feta oferta de CCC homens de cavall per a temps de I any e per lo<br />sou de aquells se son hagudes augmentar les generalitats e drets de<br />aquelles e imposar drets en algunes coses novellament per <u>el</u><br />temps del dit any. En Joan Fariça es trames aqui e en altres parts<br />del Principat ab comissio <br />mia de fer publicar e cullir aquests<br />drets e de altres coses. E comunicara ab vos. Ajudau lo e endreçau<br />lo en totes coses axi com sou tenguts per deute de vostre ofici e<br />signantment provehiu que los oficials facen la seguretat acostumada<br />segons per lo dit En Fariça vos sera dit. Dada en Terragona a XX de<br />noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat et cetera. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br />Dirigitur deputato locali <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/cxviii-reg-4899-fol-238-15-jul-1618.html" target="_blank">Balagarii</a>. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella<br />cavaller unich deputat local del General et cetera. <br />Confiants de<br />la fidelitat e probitat de vosaltres En <u>Gabriel March</u> e En<br /><u>Joan del Mas</u> de la vila de <u>Falcet</u> (<i>Falset</i>) ab<br />tenor de la present vos deputam e assignam en collectors e rebedors<br />en la dita vila de <u>Falcet</u> dels <u>drets de generalitats</u> de<br />bolla de plom e segell de cera e altres axi vells com novellament<br />imposats en virtut del parlament novament celebrat per la Magestat<br />del senyor Rey en la present ciutat de Terragona. Axi que vosaltres<br />siau collectors dels dits drets e tingau la taula de aquells en la<br />dita vila e per causa de la dita collecta puxau rebre juraments e<br />altres seguretats de qualsevol persones e inquirir e investigar e<br />totes coses fer que los capitols vells e novells dels dits drets<br />disponen. En la qual collecta vos <u>hajats</u> leyalment<br />diligentment o be a tot profit del dit General e de tot quant<br />cullireu siau tenguts donar compte e raho tota veguada que requests<br />sereu al honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora collector general a temps<br />del dit any per lo dit parlament diputat e apres lany a quis<br />pertangua e que per aço siau tenguts abdosos a quiscu per laltre. E<br />axi es stat ofert e promes per vos dit En Johan del Mas en virtut del<br />sagrament e homenatge per vos prestat en poder nostre. E vos dit En<br /><span style="text-decoration: none;">Gabriel March</span> hajau aço<br />matex prometre e prestar ne la matexa seguretat en poder del batle de<br /><u>Falcet</u> abans que useu del dit ofici e que conste per acte<br />publich de aquella. E nos ab la present requirim lo dit batle e a<br />totes altres persones dehim e intimam e per lo interes de les dites<br />generalitats manam que a vosaltres dits Gabriel March e Joan del Mas<br />feta empero e prestada primer per vos la dita seguretat hagen e<br />tinguen per collectors e a vosaltres en les coses concernents la dita<br />collecta <u>optemperen</u> e donen tot consell e ajuda. Del salari de<br />la qual collecta la qual a beneplacit nostre vos acomanam volem vos<br />hajau a contentar de la tatxacio per nos faedora. Dada en Terragona a<br />XX de noembre any Mil CCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />A consecuencia de la<br />carta que precede, el referido Juan del Mas prestó juramento y<br />homenaje, con obligación de su persona y bienes, renuncias y demás<br />formalidades acostumbradas en estos casos. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella<br />unich diputat et cetera. <br />Confiants de la fidelitat e probitat de<br />vos En <u>Dalmau de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/07/capitulo-liii-armengol-valencia.html" target="_blank">Tolosa</a></u> de la vila de <u>Falcet</u> ab tenor<br />de la present vos deputam e assignam en cullidor e rebedor en <br /><u>lo<br />comdat de Prades</u> e <u>baronia <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/08/capitulo-lx.html" target="_blank">Dentença</a></u> e <u>priorats</u> de<br /><u>Cartoxa</u> e de <u>Cabaters</u> (<i>Çabaters</i>) dels drets de<br />generalitats de bolla de plom e segell de cera e altres drets axi<br />antichs com novellament imposats en virtut del parlament en aquests<br />dies convocat e celebrat per lo dit senyor Rey en la present ciutat<br />de Terragona. <br />Axi que vos dit En Dalmau de Tolosa siau cullidor e<br />rebedor dels dits drets en los dits <u>comdat</u> baronia e priorats<br />exceptat en la vila de <u>Falcet</u> en la qual es <u>ya</u> per nos<br />provehit. En totes les altres viles e lochs los dits drets cullau e<br />rebau. Donant vos encara facultat e potestat de posar e metre<br />cullidors particulars en quiscu de aquells axi com a vos sie vist<br />faedor. Dels quals puxau rebre jurament e homenatge de haver se<br />leyalment e be guardant lo profit del General e que donaran a vos<br />raho e compte de tot ço que hauran cullit dels dits drets. E vos<br />semblantment en la dita vostra collecta e sobre collecta vos hajau<br />diligentment e be a tot profit del General e siau tengut donar raho e<br />compte al honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora general receptor en lo<br />present any deputat per lo dit parlament e apres lo dit any a quis<br />pertangue e aço de terça en terça e tota hora queus ne sie feta<br />requesta. E de aço volem presteu sagrament e homenatge en poder del<br />batle de Falcet ans que useu de la dita collecta e de la dita<br />seguretat apparegua per acte publich. Del salari de la qual collecta<br />e sobre collecta la qual a beneplacit nostre vos acomanam stareu a<br />conexença nostra e per semblant h¡ hagen star tots los collectors<br />particulars per vos posadors en aquestes coses. Adonchs requerim los<br />oficials dels dits lochs e als altres dehim e intimam e per lo<br />interes del dit General manam que a vos e als qui per vos seran<br />posats en e circa la exaccio dels dits drets obtemperen e los dits<br />oficials vos h¡ presten auxili e ajuda. Dada en Terragona a XX de<br />noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />En Dalmau de Tolosa. Per una<br />patent provisio nostra que apart rebreu veureu les coses queus<br />acomanam. Sobre les quals vos pregam e encarregam doneu bona<br />diligencia e cura los drets que son imposats e la forma com se han<br />exhigit. Veureu per tenor de la crida o capitols dels dits drets que<br />ab la present vos trametem. Havem encara parlat ab En Joan del Mas de<br />algunes particularitats que occorren en aquest negoci. Conferiu ne ab<br />ell e provehiu axi com ell vos dira e segons vos sie vist per<br />benefici del General car molt ha esser aço remes a la prathica. De<br />vostres treballs siau cert que lo General nols se acostuma tenir de<br />algu qui be servescha. Data en Terragona a XXI de noembre any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et<br />cetera. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br />Al<br />honrat En Dalmau de Tolosa collidor de les generalitats en lo comdat<br />de Prades baronia Dentença e priorats de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/clxviii-diciembre-1194.html" target="_blank">Cartoxa</a> e de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/11/14-de-marzo.html" target="_blank">Çabaters</a>.<br /><br /><br />Inclusa en la precedente iba el pregón a que antes se hace<br />referencia y todo lo demás que fue remitido a otros nuevamente<br />empleados en casos análogos. <br /><br />22 DE NOVIEMBRE. <br /><br />En<br />este día, el honorable Bernabé Azam, que figuraba como síndico de<br />Lérida y diputado en el parlamento celebrado en Tarragona,<br />comisionado para reconocer la idoneidad de las fianzas prestadas por<br />el referido Juan Berenguer Thorá, comisionó en su lugar, al mismo<br />objeto, al honorable Bartolomé Cases, de la ciudad de Tarragona,<br />cumpliendo este acto con todas las formalidades necesarias. <br />Por<br />mandato del senyor Rey, expidió, en este mismo día, el diputado<br />Çaportella las siguientes provisiones. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella<br />cavaller unich deputat et cetera. <br />Confiants de la fe e probitat<br />de vos honorable En Francesch Thora de la vila de <u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/01/20-de-mayo-1461-fin-del-tomo-16.html" target="_blank">Monblanch</a></u> ab<br />tenor de la present vos donam e assignam en deputat local en <br />la<br />dita vila de Monblanch e vegueria de aquella e lo dit ofici de<br />deputacio local a vos acomanam a beneplacit nostre. Axi que durant lo<br />dit beneplacit siau <br />deputat local en la dita vila e vegueria los<br />drets e preheminencies del dit General guardant defensant e mantenint<br />e altres coses fahent que al dit ofici se sguarden e les quals<br />vostres predecessors en aquell han acostumat e fer poden. Volem<br />empero que ans que useu del dit ofici façau e presteu sagrament e<br />homenatge en poder del vaguer o altre oficial reyal de la dita vila<br />de haver vos leyalment e be en aquell e de guardar defensar e<br />mantenir los drets e preheminencies del dit General e totes altres<br />coses diligentment leyal e be fer que sguarden al dit ofici. E que<br />conste de la dita seguretat que per vos se prestara per acte publich.<br />E mes volem siau tengut en lo dit ofici e actes de aquell star a<br />consell del honorable micer Jacme Nicolau juriste de aquexa vila. Lo<br />qual vos donam per conseller e assessor pus haja prestat semblant<br />sagrament e homenatge de consellarvos leyalment e be en totes coses<br />del dit ofici. E volem e disponem que lo salari del dit ofici sie<br />partit egualment entre vos e lo dit micer Jacme Nicolau per sos<br />treballs de la dita conselleria e assessoria e altre salari per<br />aquella del General demanar no puxa. Adonchs ab la present requirim<br />los oficials axi ecclesiastichs com seculars en la dita vila e<br />vegueria constituits sots virtut de la seguretat per ells feta e<br />prestada e o que fer e prestar son tenguts de obtemperar e exequir<br />nostres requestes. E a totes e sengles persones dehim e intimam e per<br />lo interes del dit General e generalitats sues manam que a vos dit En<br />Francesch Thora hagen e tinguen per deputat local en la dita vila e<br />vegueria e que a vos obtemperen e obtemperar facen en lo exercici e<br />totes coses lo dit ofici concernents. E los oficials sobre dits vos<br />hi asistesquen eus hi presten auxili e ajuda. Dada en Terragona a XX<br />de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella<br />cavaller unich deputat et cetera. <br />Confiants de la fe probitat e<br />industria de vos honorable En <u>Gabriel Maloll</u> burges de la vila<br />de Monblanch ab tenor de la present vos deputam e assignam en tauler<br />e collector en la dita vila de Monblanch e vegueria de aquella de<br />tots los drets de generalitats axi de bolla de plom segell de cera<br />intrades e exides com altres antichs e novament imposats en virtut<br />del parlament en aquests dies prop passats per lo dit senyor Rey<br />celebrat en la present ciutat de Terragona. Axi que vos dit En<br />Gabriel Maloll siau collector e rebedor de tots los dits drets e<br />tingau la taula de aquells en la dita vila e façau los<br />desempatxaments per als dits drets necessaris. Donam encara a vos<br />comissio facultat e potestat que ensemps ab lo honorable micer Jacme<br />Nicholau juriste de aquexa vila lo qual en aquesta part com a<br />assessor e lochtinent del deputat local sia vostre companyo e<br />participant de aquest carrech ço es de anar per la dita vegueria e<br />posar e metre collectors dels dits drets en totes les viles lochs e<br />passos de aquella les persones que a vos e al dit micer Jacme Nicolau<br />seran vistes idonees e suficients per al negoci. De les quals e de<br />totes altres qui en la dita vegueria hauran carrech de res exhigir o<br />rebre dels dits drets puxau rebre seguretat mijançant sagrament e<br />homenatge e altra queus sie vista de haver se leyalment e be guardant<br />lo profit del General e tot frau squivant e de donar compte e raho a<br />vos dit En Gabriel Maloll sobrecollidor llur de tot quant a mans lurs<br />sera pervengut dels dits drets tota hora que requests ne sien. En la<br />dita collecta e sobrecollecta vos dit En Gabriel Maloll e en la<br />disposicio e ordinacio dels collectors ab lo dit vostre companyo<br />pugau fer tot quant los capitols dels dits drets disponen. En les<br />quals coses vos e lo dit vostre companyo vos hajau leyalment e be a<br />tot profit del General e tot damnatge e frau squivant. E vos dit<br />En Gabriel Maloll de la dita collecta e sobrecollecta siau tengut<br />donar compte e raho de tres en tres mesos e tota hora que request ne<br />sereu al honrat En Joan Berenguer Thora collector general per lo<br />present any per lo dit parlament deputat e apres lany a quis<br />pertangua. E de aço vos hajau fer e prestar seguretat migançant<br />sagrament e homenatge en poder del deputat local e encara lo dit<br />micer Jacme Nicolau la face e preste semblantment per la sua porcio<br />de ço que li acomanam. E aço sia fet abans que vos ne ells usen de<br />les dites coses e que apparegua de la dita seguretat per acte<br />publich. E vos del salari de la dita collecta e sobrecollecta e alre<br />dessus dit e lo dit micer Nicolau de sos dits treballs stareu a la<br />tatxacio per Nos faedora. Adonchs requerim ab la present los oficials<br />de la dita vila e vegueria sots virtut de la seguretat per ells<br />feta e o que fer son tenguts de obtemperar e exequir nostres<br />requestes e al deputat local dehim e manam e a totes altres persones<br />intimam e encara per lo interes del dit General manam que a vos dit<br />En Gabriel Maloll hagen e tinguen per collector e sobrecollector<br />dessus dit e que a vos e al dit micer Jacme Nicolau en ço que<br />ensemps vos es acomanat obtempereu e los dits oficials e deputat vos<br />assistesquen de auxili e ajuda necessaris. Dada en Terragona a XXII<br />de noembre any MCCCC sexanta quatre. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella<br />unich deputat et cetera. <br />Confiants de la fe probitat e industria<br />de vos honrat En <u>Manuel de Vilaplana</u> de la ciutat de Leyda ab<br />tenor de la present vos deputam e assignam en tauler e collidor en la<br />dita ciutat de Leyda e vegueria de aquella de tots los drets de<br />generalitats axi de bolla de plom e segell de cera intrades e exides<br />com altres antichs e imposats novament en virtut del parlament en<br />aquests dies prop passats per lo dit senyor Rey celebrat en la<br />present ciutat de Terragona. Axi que vos dit En Manuel de Vilaplana<br />siau collector e rebedor de tots los dits drets e tingau la taula<br />de aquells en la dita ciutat e façau los desempatxaments per als<br />dits drets necessaris. Donam encara a vos comissio facultat e<br />potestat de posar e metre collectors dels dits drets en totes les<br />viles lochs e passos de la dita vegueria ço es aquelles persones que<br />a vos seran vistes <u>abils</u> idonees e suficients per al dit<br />negoci. E de aquelles e de totes altres qui hauran carrech de res<br />exhigir o rebre dels dits drets pugau rebre seguretat migançant<br />sagrament e homenatge e altra que a vos sia vista de haver se<br />leyalment e be guardant lo profit del General e tot frau squivant e<br />de donar compte e raho a vos dit En Manuel de Vilaplana com a<br />sobrecollector lur de tot quant a mans lurs pervendra dels dits drets<br />tota hora que requests ne sien. E generalment vos dit En Manuel de<br />Vilaplana pusquau fer en la dita collecta e sobrecollecta tot quant<br />los capitols dels dits drets en e circa la exactio de aquells<br />disponen. En les qual coses vos hajau leyalment e be a profit del<br />General e tot frau squivant. E siau tengut de tota la dita collecta e<br />sobrecollecta donar compte e raho de tres en tres mesos e tota hora<br />que request ne sereu al honrat En Joan Berenguer Thora collector<br />general per lo present any per lo dit parlament deputat e apres lany<br />a quis pertangua. Segons les dites coses son <u>ya</u> axi per vos<br />ofertes e promeses migançant sagrament e homenatge per vos prestats<br />en poder nostre. Del salari de la qual collecta e sobrecollecta la<br />qual a beneplacit nostre vos acomanam volem vos hajau a contentar de<br />la tatxacio per nos faedora. Adonchs ab la present requerim los<br />oficials de la dita ciutat de Leyda e vegueria de aquella. E manam al<br />deputat local e encara dehim e intimam e per lo interes de les dites<br />generalitats manam a totes persones a quis pertangue que a vos dit En<br />Manuel de Vilaplana e als qui per vos seran posats e assignats en los<br />lochs de la dita vegueria obtemperen e los dits oficials e deputat<br />local vos assisten eus presten auxili e ajuda en quant necessari sia.<br />Dada en Terragona a XXII de <b>dehembre</b> any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. (<i>22<br />de diciembre</i>)<br /><br />En consecuencia, el referido Vilaplana<br />prestó juramento y homenaje, en poder del diputado, con obligación<br />de su persona y bienes. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella unich deputat et<br />cetera. <br />Com per nos lo dia present sie deputat e assignat lo<br />honrat En Manuel de Vilaplana de la ciutat de Leyda en tauler<br />collidor e rebedor en la dita ciutat e vegueria de aquella dels drets<br />de generalitats axi de bolla de plom segell de cera entrades e exides<br />e altres qualsevol drets de generalitats axi antichs com imposats<br />novellament en virtut del parlament en aquests dies passats celebrat<br />en la present ciutat de Terragona segons en la provisio per nos a ell<br />feta se conte. E los afers de la dita taula e de la dita collecta<br />sien tals que bonament no puxen esser expedits per una persona.<br />Adonchs volents provehir a la expedicio de aquells e a la bona<br /><u>endressa</u> del dit General e de les persones qui <br />hauran obs<br />la tal expedicio ab tenor de la present donam deputam e assignam a<br />vos honrat En <u>Gabriel Fraga</u> ciutada de la dita ciutat de Leyda<br />de la fe probitat e industria del qual confiam en <u>assident</u> e<br />ajudant al dit En Manuel de Vilaplana en la dita taula dels dits<br />drets de generalitats en la ciutat dessus dita <br />e en la expedicio<br />dels afers de aquella. Axi que vos dit En Gabriel Fraga siau e stigau<br />a la dita taula ajudant al dit En Vilaplana e bolleu spatxeu e altres<br />coses façau que a la bona expedicio dels negocis de aquella se<br />pertangua. Les peccunies empero de la dita taula e drets de aquella<br />vinguen a mans del dit En <br />Manuel de Vilaplana segons se conte en<br />la provisio que li havem feta. E vos en aço que hajau a fer e<br />expedir vos hajau leyalment fael e be guardant lo profit del General<br />e lo damnatge squivant. E de aço volem façau e presteu seguretat<br />migançant sagrament e homenatge en poder del diputat local de aquexa<br />ciutat. De la qual seguretat apparegua per acte publich e aço ans<br />que useu del dit ofici. E de vostre salari del dit ofici queus<br />acomanam a beneplacit nostre volem stigau a la tatxacio per Nos<br />faedora. Adonchs requirim los oficials de la dita ciutat e dehim e<br />manam al dit En Manuel de Vilaplana tauler e collector e al deputat<br />local de la dita ciutat e encara per interes de les dites<br />generalitats a totes altres persones a quis pertangua que a vos dit<br />En Gabriel Fraga hagen e tinguen en lo loch e carrech queus acomanam<br />e en aquell vos obtemperen e per res no <u>contrafecen.</u> Dada en<br />Terragona a XXII dies de <u>noembre</u> any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Bernat Çaportella et cetera. <br />Confiants de la fe e<br />industria de vosaltres En <u>Joan Berga</u> de Leyda e <u>Joan de<br />Viladecans</u> ciutadans de Barcelona ab tenor de la present vos<br />deputam e assignam en cullidors e guardes en la dita ciutat de Leyda<br />dels drets de generalitats axi de bolla de plom segell de cera<br />intrades e exides com altres qualsevol axi antichs com novellament<br />imposats en virtut del parlament en aquests dies fet e celebrat per<br />lo senyor Rey en la present ciutat de Terragona. Axi que vosaltres<br />siau collidors e guardes dels dits drets e <u><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">assistats</a></u> a la<br />taula de aquells e <u><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">ajudets</a></u> a lur expedicio segons per lo<br />honrat En Manuel de Vilaplana tauler e collector sera ordenat e<br />dispost. E <u><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">inquirats</a></u> e <u><a href="https://langueoccitane.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">investiguets</a></u> diligentment de<br />aquells e altres coses façau que los capitols dels dits drets en e<br />circa lur exactio disponen Les peccunies empero de aquells vinguen<br />decontinent a mans del dit En Manuel de Vilaplana tauler e collector<br />per nos deputat en la dita ciutat e vegueria de aquella e per<br />vosaltres no sien gens retengudes. Siau tenguts en lo dit vostre<br />ofici haver vos diligentment <u>fiel</u> e <u>leyal</u> guardant lo<br />profit del General e lo damnatge e tot frau squivant e de aço volem<br />façau e presteu sagrament e homenatge en poder del deputat local de aquexa ciutat de la prestacio del qual apparegua per acte<br />publich. E aço siau tenguts axi fer abans que en res useu del dit<br />ofici e del salari de aquell lo qual a beneplacit nostre vos acomanam<br />volem hajau a star a la tatxacio per nos faedora. Adonchs ab la<br />present requirim los oficials de la dita ciutat de Leyda e al deputat<br />local de la dita ciutat e altres persones per interes de les dites<br />generalitats dehim e manam que a vosaltres hagen e tinguen per<br />collidors e guardes del dit General e queus obtemperen en ço que<br />concernescha al dit ofici. Dada en Terragona a XXII de noembre any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Molt honorable mossenyer. Los del<br />parlament convocat en aquesta ciutat per lo senyor Rey han feta<br />oferta a sa Excellencia de CCC homens de cavall per a temps de un any<br />e per lo sou de aquells han en algunes coses augmentats los drets de<br />les generalitats del Principat e imposats novellament en algunas<br />coses e aço per lo dit any tant solament. E en la oferta feta dels<br />dits CCC homens de cavall es axi deduit per los dits drets se hagen a<br />pagar per totes les terres del dit Principat de obediencia del dit<br />senyor Rey axi de ecclesiastichs com de barons e altres en tant que<br />en aço vendrien les terres del Illustre comte de Foix que ha en<br />aquest Principat axi de son heretatge com les que ha conquistades. Lo<br />senyor Rey li scriu per aço e <b>yo</b> encara per lo carrech que<br />tinch dels afers de les generalitats per mon ofici. Creu se que sa<br />senyoria sera prompta e voluntaria en tot ço que sie servici del<br />dit senyor Rey com es aquesta cosa en la qual va son stat. Car<br />sperança se ha ab Deu que ab aquesta potencia e ab laltra del dit<br />senyor Rey se cobrara en aquest any tot lo que es inobedient e<br />rebelle. E per quant los del dit parlament han pensat que vostre<br />entreveniment pora molt fer a conduir ab lo dit senyor comte la dita<br />faena me han donat carrech de scriureus del dit negoci. Pregant vos<br />de part del dit parlament que hi vullau treballar per vostre poder a<br />fi que la cosa haja efecte. <br />Certificant vos queus sera pres per<br />les gents del dit parlament a molta complascencia. E ultra axo vos<br />son oferts per vostres treballs cinquanta florins dor los quals <b>yous</b><br />fare desliurar tota vegada que la cosa haja lo seu bon efecte. Scrita<br />en Terragona a XXIII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya<br />resident en Terragona a vostra honor prest. <br />Dominus deputatus<br />mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br />Al honorable micer P. Miquel<br />procurador del Illustre comte de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/09/senyer-en-garau-de-berbera-donzell.html" target="_blank">Foix</a> e de <u>Begorra</u>.<br />(<i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Condes_de_Bigorra" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bigorra</a></i>)<br /><br />Senyor molt Illustre. Per la Magestat del<br />senyor Rey es scrit a vostra lllustrissima senyoria dels apuntaments<br />fets en lo parlament per sa Altesa convocat e celebrat en la present<br />ciutat de Terragona. En virtut dels quals entre les altres coses ha<br />covengut augmentar e crexer los drets de generalitats ques<br />acostumaven pagar en aquest Principat e encara novellament imposar<br />alguns drets en algunes coses. E aço per suplir al sou de CCC homens<br />de cavall oferts per a temps de un any a sa Altesa e al servici de<br />aquella. <br />E com sia axi deduit en lacte de la dita oferta que los<br />dits drets se paguen en totes les terres de aquest Principat de<br />obediencia del dit senyor Rey axi de <br />ecclesiastichs com de barons<br />militars e de tot altre stament. Per tant <u>los</u> dit senyor Rey<br />scriu a vostra Senyoria que li placia provehir e manar que los dits<br /><br />drets se paguen en les terres de aquella e en les que ha en lo<br />dit Principat conquistades. E jatsia en les coses concernents honor e<br />benefici del dit senyor Rey no <u>calegua miga</u> de alguna<br />intercessio ab vostra Senyoria. Pero encara per la molta devocio ques<br />ha al servici del dit senyor Rey e desig que aquesta oferta puxa<br />haver compliment la qual en altra manera no hauria efecte es feta per<br />mi e per lo carrech que tinch de mon ofici. La present suplicant<br />vostra dita lllustrissima Senyoria li placia axi proveir ço es que<br />los dits drets realment e ab integritat se paguen en les dites<br />vostres terres e per vostra senyoria conquistades e vinguen en mans<br />dels collector o collectors per lo dit parlament deputats axi com se<br />fara en les altres terres de aquest Principat de la dita obediencia.<br />Scrivint e manant ho axi vostra Senyoria a sos ministres e oficials de les dites terres. Sera cosa principalment concernent lo<br />servici honor e benefici del dit senyor Rey e ab lo qual Deu<br />migançant se guanyara e reduira tot aquest Principat. Pero encara<br />los de aquest dit Principat obedients al dit senyor Rey e <b>yo</b><br />per ells vos ho haure a merce e a gracia. Placiaus senyor per lo<br />present correu per aquesta raho trames haja vostra resposta aquella<br />que de vostra Senyoria sespera ensemps ab les letres per als dits<br />oficials vostres per aço necessaries. Ab la present es tramesa a<br />vostra Senyoria copia dels capitols dels drets imposats per ço que<br />la dita Senyoria vostra si li sera plasent aquells veja. E sia lo<br />Sant Sperit molt lllustre senyor vostra protectio e guarda. Feta en<br />Terragona a XXII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />Senyor lo qui<br />devotament se recomana en gracia de vostra senyoria Bernat Çaportella<br />deputat del General de Cathalunya. <br />Al molt lllustre senyor lo<br />comte de Foix e de Begorra. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /><br />Honrats senyors. Sobre la diferencia que seria entre<br />vosaltres en la collecta dels drets de generalitats queus he<br />acomanada es ma intencio e voluntat que <u>andosos</u> (<i>abdosos</i>)<br />treballeu en exhigir e cullir los dits drets axi en la taula com en<br />altres coses. La dita taula empero e los libres e peccunies dels dits<br />drets sien e stiguen vers lo dit En Gabriel March e axi vos prech<br />queus ne concordeu e doneu recapte al queus es acomanat. Altrament<br /><u>fariay</u> altra provisio que non haurieu ni la hu ni laltre. Feta<br />en Terragona a XXIII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat del General de<br />Cathalunya. <br />Als honrats En Gabriel March e En Joan del Mas<br />cullidors dels drets de generalitats en la vila de <u>Falçet.</u><br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Bernat<br />Çaportella et cetera. <br />Desigants proveir a la indemnitat del dit<br />General e de les generalitats de aquell e que totes fraus sien<br />squivades. Ab tenor de la present fem e cream a vos En <br /><u>Joan de<br />Tagamanent</u> ciuteda de Barcelona <u>fael</u> e obedient al senyor<br />Rey en guarda del dit General e dels drets de generalitats de aquell<br />axi que vos dit En Joan de Tagamanent aneu e pugau anar per totes<br />ciutats viles lochs e passos del dit Principat de Cathalunya de<br />obediencia del senyor Rey e veure investigar e inquirir dels drets de<br />les dites generalitats axi antichs com novellament imposats en virtut<br />del parlament celebrat per lo dit senyor Rey en la present ciutat de<br />Terragona e be sguardar e attendre e instar que los dits drets se<br />paguen ab integritat als cullidors de aquells per totes persones<br />segons los capitols de les dites generalitats disponen e ordonen. E<br />per aço fer totes instancies e actes necessaris. En les qual coses<br />vos hajau diligentment fael e leal a tot profit del dit General<br />segons haveu ofert e promes en virtut del jurament e homenatge que<br />per aço haveu prestats en poder nostre. E sots virtut dels dits<br />sagrament e homenatge no pugau fer exaccio de alguna persona ni<br />pendre <u>subornacio</u> ne alguna composicio fer de algun frau per<br />alguna persona comes e per vos atrobat en les dites generalitats<br />abans siau tengut lo dit frau manifestar a nos o al deputat local o<br />collidor dels dits drets en la ciutat vila o loch hon per vos atrobat<br />sia segons totes les dites coses migançant la dita seguretat son per<br />vos ofertes. De les quals fraus o penes e bans de aquelles vos hajau<br />la part ques pertany al accusador o denunciador dels fraus dels dits<br />drets segons los capitols de aquells declaren. E de la part de les<br />dites penes e bans vos contenteu sens altre salari per lo dit vostre<br />ofici. <br />Adonchs ab la present requerim tots e sengles oficials axi<br />ecclesiastichs com seculars sots virtut del sagrament e homenatge per<br />ells fet e prestat e o que fer e prestar son tenguts de obtemperar e<br />exequir nostres requestes. E manam a tots e sengles deputats locals e<br />altres persones a les quals se pertangua que a vos dit En Joan de<br />Tagamanent hagen e tinguen per guarda del dit General e a vos en les<br />coses concernents lo exercici del dit ofici obtemperen e los dits<br />oficials asistesquen de ajuda e auxili necessaris. Dada en Terragona<br />a XXVII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />El referido Juan de<br />Tagamanent prestó, a consecuencia de esta nueva provisión, el<br />correspondiente juramento y homenaje en poder del diputado, con las<br />formalidades de costumbre. <br />Igual a la carta que antecede, se<br />expidió, con objeto análogo, otra a <u>Manuel Salvat</u> de<br />Tarragona, sin más diferencia que la fecha, que era de seis<br />noviembre, y por lo mismo prestó también el nuevamente nombrado<br />juramento y homenaje de costumbre. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella<br />cavaller unich deputat et cetera. <br />Confiant de la fe e industria<br />de vos En <u>Joan de Cardona</u> notari de la <u>vila de Cardona</u><br />ab tenor de la present vos deputam e assignam en sobrecollidor<br />(<i>sobrecollidir</i>) en la dita vila de Cardona e altres viles e<br />lochs del <u>comdat de <br />Cardona</u> e <u>vezcomdat de Vilamur</u><br />dels drets de generalitats de bolla de plom e segell de cera e altres<br />axi antichs com novellament imposats en virtut del parlament en<br />aquests dies passats celebrat per la Majestat del senyor Rey en la<br />present ciutat de <u>Terregona</u>. Axi que vos dit En Joan de<br />Cardona cullau hajau e rebau de mans dels collectors dels dits drets<br />en la dita vila de Cardona e altres viles e lochs dels dits comdat e<br />vezcomdat deputats les quantitats dels dits drets que seran per ells<br />exhigides e tretes. E vos aquelles desliurareu al honorable En Joan<br />Berenguer Thora collector general per lo present any assignat. E<br />apres lany a quis pertangua. Donant de la dita vostra sobrecollecta<br />al dit general receptor compte e raho plenariament de tres en tres<br />mesos e tota hora que sereu request e havent vos en les dites coses<br />faelment e leal e be tot frau e dolositat cessants segons es stat<br />per vos axi ofert e promes migançant sagrament e homenatge per vos<br />prestats en poder nostre. E per la dita sobrecollecta la qual a<br />nostre beneplacit vos acomanam vos contentareu del salari juxta la<br />tatxacio per nos faedora. Adonchs ab la present requirim los oficials<br />axi ecclesiastichs com seglars de la dita vila e comdat de Cardona e<br />vezcomdat de Vilamur e dehim e manam als dits particulars collectors<br />o a totes e sengles altres persones a les quals se pertangue que a<br />vos dit En Joan de Cardona hagen e tinguen per sobrecollector dessus<br />dit e los dits collectors a nos responguen e los oficials respondre<br />facen e en lo exercici de la dita collecta vos asistesquen de oportu<br />auxili. Dada de Terragona a XXVII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. -<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /><br />Prestó el referido Juan de Cardona, en poder del<br />diputado, el juramento y homenaje que se requiere en tales casos, con<br />las formalidades de costumbre. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella et cetera.<br /><br />Confiants de la fe e probitat de vos En <u>Gabriel Claris</u> de<br />la <u>vila de Prades</u> ab tenor de la present vos deputam e<br />assignam en cullidor e rebedor en la dita <br />vila dels drets de<br />generalitats de bolla de plom segell de cera e altres antichs e<br />novellament imposats en virtut del parlament per lo dit senyor Rey<br />convocat e celebrat en la present ciutat de Terragona. Axi que vos<br />dit En Gabriel Claris tingau la taula dels dits drets en la dita vila<br />e cullau e rebau aquells juxta forma dels capitols per aço ordenats<br />e totes coses façau a la dita collecta opportunes e necessaries en<br />la qual vos hajau faelment leyal e be tot frau e dolositat cessant e<br />de la dita vostra collecta doneu e siau tengut donar compte e<br />raho de tres en tres mesos e tota veguada que request ne sereu ço es<br />an Dalmau de Tolosa sobre collidor en lo comdat de Prades o al<br />honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora receptor o collector general als<br />dits drets per lo present any assignat e apres lany a quis pertangua<br />segons totes les dites coses migançant sagrament e homenatge per vos<br />en poder nostre fet e prestat son oferts. E de la dita collecta la<br />qual a beneplacit nostre vos acomanam vos contentareu del salari<br />juxta la tatxacio per nos faedora. Adonchs requerim los oficials de<br />la dita vila sots virtut de la seguretat per ells prestada o que<br />prestar son tenguts de obtemperar nostres requestes. E a totes altres<br />persones per interes de les dites generalitats dehim e manam a vos<br />dit En Gabriel Claris hagen e tinguen per collector dels dits drets<br />en la dita vila e de aquells a vos responguen e los dits oficials<br />respondreus facen e no contravinguen per alguna causa. Dada en<br />Tarragona a XXVII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Prestó<br />dicho Gabriel Claris el juramento y homenaje, en poder del diputado,<br />con las formalidades de costumbre. <br /><br />Nos <u>Bernardus<br />Çaportella</u> miles deputatus unicus Generalis Cathalonie<br />Principatus residentes Terrachone totam potestatem oficii<br />deputacionis dicti Generalis habentes propter inobedienciam et<br />detestandam rebellionem per olim condeputatos nostros Majestati<br />Serenissimi domini Regis factam quam ob causam decretum es per dictam<br />regiam magestatem totam dictam <br />potestatem in nos esse et residere<br />et actus quoscumque ad dictum deputacionis oficium pertinentes nos<br />exercere posse atque debere. <br />Cum inter eos qui in dictam<br />Magestatem regiam dicte rebellionis crimine nephandissimo<br />conspirarunt <u>Michael Vives</u> civis Barchinone qui oficium<br />defensoris jurium generalitatum dicti Cathalonie Principatus<br />obtinebat reus existat ob quod eum et ceteros suos complices dicta<br />Magestas regia damnavit juste quidem eos que omni honore oficio et<br />beneficio decrevit esse indignos. Cui decreto et sentencie regie nos<br />adherentes quo ad nos et dictum oficium nostrum pertinet <u>Michaelem<br />Vives</u> predictum dicto defensoris jurium generalitatum oficio<br />provaverimus et presentis serie de certa sciencia et expresse<br />provamus. Expediatque pro utilitate dicti Generalis et suorum jurium<br />conservacione de oficio ipso persone alteri ad illud idonee<br />providere. <br />Nam ex vaccacione ipsius jura dictarum generalitatum<br />proculdubio paterentur jacturam. Ideoque indemnitate Generalis<br />predicti in hiis premisa et attenta de suficiencia industria et<br />multarum rerum usu atque pericia vestri <u>Bernardi Dala</u> civis<br />Barchinonensis plurium confusi cuiusque fides et devocio erga dictam<br />regiam Magestatem pluribus in rebus sunt comprobate. Nam laribus et<br />rebus vestris omnibus post habitis exposuistis vitam et bona pro fide<br />regia observanda quibus respectibus estis non in merito favoribus et<br />honoribus prosequendus. Igitur dictum defensoris jurium<br />generalitatum oficium sit ut premittitur vacans. Cum omnibus suis<br />preheminenciis et prerogativis et eius usu et exercicio vobis dicto<br />Bernardo Dala ad nostri et successorum nostrorum in dicto<br />deputacionis oficio beneplacitum concedimus comittimus et etiam<br />comendamus. Ita quod vos dictus Bernardus Dala durante dicto nostro<br />et successorum nostrorum beneplacito sitis defensor jurium<br />generalitatum dicti Cathalonie principatus ipsumque oficium habeatis<br />teneatis reguatis et exerceatis fideliter atque bene dicta jura<br />defendendo procurando conservando et in omnibus manutenendo aliaque<br />universa et singula faciendo et libere exercendo pro et cum dicto<br />oficio que ad ipsius onus et exercicium pertinent et incumbunt. Et<br />habeatis et recipiatis pro dicto oficio quociens illius plenariam<br />adeptus fueritis possessionem ex et de juribus et emolumentis<br />dictarum generalitatum illud annuum salarium quod per dictum<br />Michaelem Vives aliosque predecessores vestros in et pro eo erat<br />haberi et recipi consuetum. <br />Interim vero quod ipsius oficii<br />propter rebellionem dicte civitatis Barchinone aliorumque parcium<br />dicti Cathalonie Principatus a obediencia dicti domini Regis<br /><br />deviancium et propter scismam et guerram inde subortam in dicto<br />Cathalonie principatu possessionem integram non obtinueritis et eius<br />usum et exercicium plenarie non poteritis exercere habeatis et<br />recipiatis pro salario dicti vestri oficii viginti quinque <u>libras<br />barchinoneses</u> vobis annis singulis ex et de dictis emolumentis et<br />juribus exolvendas. Itaque prestito jam per vos juramento ad Sancta<br />Dei quatuor Evangelia per vos corporaliter tacta ac homagio manibus<br />et ore comendato quorum virtute promisistis in dicto oficio bene<br />fideliter et legaliter vos habere et alia facere que et prout<br />superius enarrantur. Harum serie dicimus et intimamus quibuscumque<br />oficialibus tam ecclesiasticis quam secularibus quacumquo auctoritate<br />et potestate fungentibus in dicto Cathalonie principatu eosque<br />requirimus sub debito obligacionis qua tenentur nostris obtemperare<br />requisicionibus et illas exequi oficialibus autem et ministris dicti<br />Generalis et aliis quibuscumque personis intra dictum Cathalonie<br />Principatum <br />constitutis dicimus et pro interesse dictarum<br />generalitatum quatenus potestatis est nostre mandamus ut vos dictum<br />Bernardum Dala pro defensore predicto habeant teneant et admittant<br />vobisque in oficio ipso et ejus usu et exercicio pareant et attendant<br />ac preheminenciis et prerogativis pro illo vobis debitis non derogent<br />oficialesque predicti in occurrentibus circa usum et exercicium dicti<br />oficii vobis asistant auxilio et opera oportunis. In quorum fidem et<br />testimonium presentes fieri jussimus manu nostra signatas sigillique<br />dicti Diputacionis oficii pendentis munimine roboratas. Datum<br />Terrachone die XXVII mensis novembris anno a Nativitate Domini<br />MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Prestó dicho Bernardo Dala, en poder del<br />diputado, el juramento y homenaje, con las formalidades de costumbre.<br /><br /><br />Bernat Çaportella cavaller et cetera. <br />Confiant de la fe<br />probitat e industria de vos En <u>Luis Garriga</u> de <u>lu</u><br />ciutat de Terragona ab tenor de la present vos donam e deputam en<br />cullidor e receptor en la dita ciutat dels drets de generalitats de<br />bolla de plom e segell de cera e altres axi antichs com novellament<br />imposats en virtut del parlament en aquests dies prop passats<br />convocat e celebrat per lo dit senyor Rey en la present ciutat de<br />Tarragona. Exceptats empero de la present vostra recepcio e collecta<br />los drets de intrades e exides la collecta dels quals es a altri<br />comesa. Mes a vos encara deputam e assignam en receptor de tots los<br />dits drets e ab aquells ensemps de les dites intrades e exides per<br />totes les viles lochs e passos del <u>camp de Terragona</u> e aço de<br />mans dels collectors particulars posats o ques posaran a rebre e<br />cullir aquells. Vos donchs dit En <u>Luis Garriga</u> tingau la taula en la<br />dita ciutat dels drets que dessus son dits e siau collidor e rebedor<br />de aquells e bolleu e spatxeu de plom e de cera e altres coses façau<br />que a la dita collecta se pertanyen. Siau en apres sobrecollidor de<br />les taules foranes ço es de les viles lochs e passos del dit camp de<br />Terragona e dels cullidors qualsevol drets de generalitats en les<br />dites viles lochs e passos de aquelles. E en les dites collecta e<br />sobrecollecta vos hajau be leyalment e fael tot frau e dolositat<br />squivant. E siau tengut de la dita collecta e sobre collecta donar<br />raho e compte de tres en tres mesos a tota hora que request ne sereu<br />al honorable En Joan Berenguer Thora collector e receptor general de<br />tots los dits drets per lo present any assignat e apres a quis<br />pertangue. Segons totes les dites coses en virtut de la seguretat<br />migançant sagrament e homenatge per vos prestada haveu ofertes e<br />promeses. De la qual collecta e sobrecollecta o del salari de aquella<br />o aquelles les quals a beneplacit nostre vos acomanam stareu a la<br />tatxacio per nos faedora. Adonchs requerim los oficials axi<br />ecclesiastichs com seglars de la dita ciutat e camp de Terragona<br />e al deputat local e altres persones per interes de les dites<br />generalitats dehim e manam a vos dit En <u>Luis Garrigua</u> hagen e<br />tinguen per collector e sobrecollector dessus dits e de les dites<br />coses queus acomanem a vos responguen e obtemperen e los dits<br />oficials respondre e obtemperar facen. E a vos en e circa lo exercici<br />de les coses a vos comeses vos asistesquen de auxili necessari. Dada<br />en Terragona a XXVII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Prestó el<br />referido Luis Garriga el juramento y homenaje, con garantía de su<br />persona y bienes y demás formalidades de costumbre, en poder del<br />diputado, el cual mandó al nuevo empleado, que de <u>les</u><br />derechos de su colecta satisfaciese doscientos cincuenta florines de<br />oro, que se habían de repartir entre varias personas que él<br />designaría, en remuneración de ciertos trabajos ejecutados por los<br />mismos, según así se había dispuesto por los individuos <br />que<br />componían el parlamento; a lo que contestó el jurante con las<br />siguientes palabras. <br /><br />Que tindra caxa de les peccunies de sa<br />recepcio e de aquelles nos <u>plenira</u> sino</span></p><br /><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">que<br />aquelles per aquelles liurara al dit general receptor o a les<br />persones qui per ell li sera manat tot frau cessant en dara bon<br />compte e raho et cetera. <br /><br />Honorables senyors. Vostra letra<br />havem rebuda e quant al primer cap del orde que havem posat en lo<br />collir del dret de les farines ques fa per los pesadors <br />de aquexa<br />vila a beneplacit fins nos ne haguesseu consultat nos es vist que pus<br />la cosa sta be arreglada en aquexa vila dels dos pesadors e libres e<br />que mils no si poria provehir nos plau be que axi stigua ab aço que<br />lo blat e la farina nos <u>pertesqua</u> del pes fins lo dret sie<br />pagat e que vos collector tots dies si fer se pora sino axi <u>sovin</u><br />com poreu rebau lo dret que los pesadors hauran cullit e quen façau<br />libre de compte per jornades ques concorde ab los libres dels<br />pesadors. E rebreu dels dits pesadors sagrament e homenatge de haver<br />se leyalment e be e encautar <u>las</u> heu hi donen bon recapte que<br />sguart se haura a lurs treballs. E per quant als molins vindran blats<br />de altres parts hon no haura pesadors cove los moliners facen la<br />seguretat que dien los capitols e encara preneu jurament de les<br />mullers <u>el</u> de tots altres ministres llurs provehint a tot frau<br />que si pogues fer. Car com dehim molt ha esser remes a la prathicha e<br />feu que <u>dells</u> moliners se haja compte e raho no solament los<br />dissaptes mas encara tots dies si bonament se pora fer. E vos<br />collector preneu ne afany. Car com dit es dessus a tot se haura<br />sguart pus sie vista la diligencia e bona cura. Al altre cap de anar<br />lo notari per la vegueria ab vosaltres nos plau. Pero ques tingue per<br />dit que no pot comptar lo salari de la constitucio ni altre<br />acostumat. Car nou comporta lo temps sino que stara si vol a<br />conexença nostra. En lo que dehiu de la <u>Spluga</u> e altres lochs<br />que no han pes es nostra intencio lo dret se culla per los collectors<br />dels lochs abans de anar al moli segons diu lo capitol. Car ya poran<br />saber quant pesa una mitgera o quartera de blat e axi levar de tot lo<br />que hira a moli lo compte e als moliners no cal acomanar sino allo<br />que de necessitat ha a venir a ells com es los blats dels lochs pochs<br />als quals altrament proveir nos poria. Al que dehiu En Fariça hauria<br />demanat al bollador lo procehit apres la capitulacio es stada aci<br />publicada e fins ell nes stat remogut. Jaquiu ho star per lo present<br />fins vos ne scrivam per altra. Al restant que lo dit En Fariça<br />hauria proveit En <u>Marcal</u> culla aqui los safrans no som de<br />aquex parer que per tant pocha cosa hi calegua fer ministre. Car molt<br />cove stalviar despeses. E per tant vos En Maloll donau hi recapte com<br />a les altres coses e lo dit En <u>Marçal</u> no sen cure. Lo treslat<br />de la capitulacio haureu si En Perello era un poch desafanyat de<br />moltes coses que ha a desempatxar. Cove vos micer Jacme li trametau<br />lo sindicat e poder vostre. Dada en Terragona <br />a XXVIII de noembre<br />any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat<br />del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona. <br />Als honorables<br />micer Jacme Nicolau lochtinent de deputat local e En Gabriel Maloll<br />collector de les generalitats en la vila e vegueria de Monblanch.<br /><br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Al deputat<br />e collidor de Monblanch. <br />Honorables senyors. Sobre lo quens haveu<br />consultat e per certs sguarts nous haviem respost delliberadament ara<br />feta delliberacio vos dehim demaneu al collector o collectors qui<br />collien aqui les generalitats tot lo procehit de aquelles del onzen<br />dia del present mes de noembre ença. Car lo dehen dia del dit mes<br />les dites generalitats foren restituides e atorgades per lo senyor<br />Rey als del parlament en aquesta ciutat convocat axi que començaren<br />correr per lo Principat lo dia apres seguent que comptavem onze.<br />Adonchs demanarlos heu compte e raho de aquell onze die inclusive e<br />dels dies apres mentres ho han tengut e tot lo proceit. E si en alre<br />sen metien feu los fer la exequucio sens algun comport. Avisant vos<br />enapres com havem informacio que alguns pellers per <u>difraudar</u><br />lo dret dels XII diners que es stat augmentat lo segell de cera<br />havien bollada pelleria e scapolons per al temps de aquest any e aço<br />abans que la crida sie stada publicada havent ells sentiment de la<br />dita augmentacio del dret ço que redunda a molt frau de aquell. Per<br />queus dehim e manam façau bollar de cera novament tots los pellers<br />axi de scapolons com de pelleria feta e tot ço que los dits pellers<br />haguessen bollat abans de la crida e no sia encara venut e feu los<br />pagar a raho de III sous per liura per lo dret del segell de cera.<br /><br />Ço es comptant sobre los II sous a raho dels quals han ya bollat<br />e pagat e prenent los aquells en compte. Dada en Terragona a XXVIIII<br />de noembre any MCCCC sexanta quatre. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona.<br /><br />Als honorables micer Jacme Nicholau lochtinent de diputat local e<br />En Gabriel Maloll collector de les generalitats en la vila e vegueria<br />de Montblanch. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello.<br /><br /><br />Als collidors de Falcet. <br />Honrats senyers. Informacio<br />havem que alguns pellers havent sentiment de aquests drets<br />novellament imposats abans de la publicado de la crida han bollat o<br />segellat de cera pelleria o scapolons a raho dels II sous per lliura<br />ço que ha a servir per aquest any e redunda en gran frau del dret<br />imposat novament. Per queus dehim e manam façau altra vegada<br /><u>sagellar</u> de cera la dita pelleria e scapolons e tot ço que<br />sia per pellers <u>sagellat</u> a raho de II sous e no sie encare<br />venut e feu pagar per allo a raho de III sous per lliura. Prenent los<br />empero en compte los II sous per los quals haurien ya bollat e pagat<br />axi ques compte sobre aquells. E digau aço matex de part nostra an<br />Dalmau de Tolosa sobrecullidor del comdat si aqui sera sino trameteu<br />li la present la qual prengua per sua. Dada en Terragona a XXVIIII de<br />noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat del General de Cathalunya resident en Terragona.<br /><br />Als honrats En Gabriel March e En Joan del Mas collidors de les<br />generalitats en la vila de Falcet. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Al collector de Leyda. <br />Honrat senyer.<br />Vostra letra havem rebuda. Plau nos la bona diligencia e orde donat<br />en les coses. Continuau daquiavant axi com se confia de vos. E en lo<br />restant que dehiu del fet dels pellers nos scrivim al deputat local<br />molt stretament e cauta per que no aparescha per avis vostre. Donauli<br />la letra e comunicau ne ab ell. Car nos li dehim quen scrivim a ell e<br />a vos. E scriviunos com si haura. De Terragona a XXVIIII de noembre<br />any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella et<br />cetera. <br /><br />Per servar la prathica acostumada cove doneu<br />fermances per vostra collecta en poder del deputat local e feu les<br />continuar per lo scriva qui nos ne certifique. <br />Nos ne scrivim al<br />deputat local quey do orde axis faça. Ab la present rebreu treslat<br />de la letra del deputat local per que vejau la forma com li scrivim<br />sobre lo fet del pellers. <br />Dirigitur <u>Manueli</u> de Vilaplana<br />collectori <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/lxiii-reg-197-fol-176-2-septiembre-1300.html" target="_blank">Illerde</a>. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /><br />Al deputat local de Leyda. <br />Molt honorable<br />mossenyer. Per proveir al frau que per los pellers se podia fer en<br />bollar de cera scapolons e pelleria abans de la publicacio de la<br />crida de <br />aquests drets novament imposats e aço per a temps de<br />aquest any vos trametem a dir per lo honorable En Manuel de Vilaplana<br />collector que fesseu tornar bollar de cera tota pelleria scapolons e<br />altra roba de pellers que no fos venuda e pagar per aquella a raho de<br />III sous per lliura. Ço es comptant sobre los II sous a raho dels<br />quals haurien ya bollat e pagat e prenent los aquells en compte.<br />Crehem axi sera fet e si fet no era vos dehim e manam ho façau axi<br />complir sens algun comport. Car lo dan serie tan gran que no es cosa<br />que <br />tollerar se puxa. E som certs que molts han tenguda la dita<br />astucia. De aço matex scrivim al dit collector. Donau orde la cosa<br />se faça axi e noy haja falla alguna. Data en Terragona a XXVIIII de<br />noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi<br />Petro Perello. <br />Apres feta la present havem feta paraula al senyor<br />Rey sobre lo fet de mossen Erill al qual lo dit senyor Rey scriu<br />letra. La qual rebreu ab la present. Donau <br />orde li sia tramesa. E<br />donau orde que En Manuel de Vilaplana done fermances per la collecta<br />que li es comesa. E certifiquau nos ne quant fet sia. <br />Al molt<br />honorable micer Anthoni Riquer deputat local en la ciutat e vegueria<br />de Leyda. <br /><br />Per En Franci Prats. <br />Bernat çaportella unich<br />deputat et cetera. <br />Confiant de la fe probitat e industria de vos<br />honorable En <u>Franci Prats</u> de la vila de Vilafrancha de Penedes<br />ab tenor de la present vos donam posam e assignam en deputat local en<br />la dita vila e vegueria de aquella. E lo dit ofici vos acomanam a<br />beneplacit nostre. Axi que vos dit En Franci Prats durant lo dit<br />beneplacit siau deputat local en la dita vila e vegueria los drets<br />del dit General prerogatives e preheminencies de aquell guardant<br />defensant e mantenint e totes coses fahent que al dit ofici se<br />pertanyen e les quals vostres predecessors en aquell han acostumat e<br />fer poden. En lo qual ofici vos hajau faelment leal e be a tota honor<br />e profit del General salva tots temps veritat. E de aço volem façau<br />e presteu sagrament e homenatge en poder del vaguer de aquexa dita<br />vila o lochtinent seu abans que en res useu del dit ofici. E volem de<br />la dita seguretat per vos prestadora apparegua per acte publich. Per<br />lo dit ofici lo qual com dit es vos acomanam nous constituhim altre<br />salari sino aquell que a nos sera vist axi queus hajau a contentar de<br />la tatxacio juxta la occurrencia del temps per nos faedora. Adonchs<br />ab la present requirim lo dit vaguer e tots altres oficials axi<br />ecclesiastichs com seglars en la dita vila e vegueria constituits<br />sots virtut de la seguretat per ells feta e o que fer sou tenguts de<br />obtemperar e exequir nostres requestes. E als collectors dels dits<br />drets de generalitats en la vila e vegueria sobredites e totes altres<br />persones a quis pertangua per interes de les dites generalitats e en<br />quant es de nostra potestat dehim e manam a vos dit En Franci Prats<br />durant lo dit beneplacit hagen e tinguen per deputat local en la<br />dita vila e vegueria e a vos en les coses concernents lo exercici del<br />dit ofici obtemperen e los dits oficials obtemperar facen eus<br />asistesquen de oportu auxili. Dada en Terragona a XXX de noembre any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. <br />- Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit<br />mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Al deputat local de Sancta Coloma.<br /><br />Honrat senyer. Com vos sabeu vos havem assignat En P. Molgosa de<br />aquexa vila en cullidor e rebedor del dret pertanyent al General per<br />los safrans que en <br />aquexa dita vila se pesaran e vendran ab<br />potestat de mudar los vehedors segons li sera vist. E per quant havem<br />dell plenaria confiança que donara bon recapte e compliment al que<br />li havem acomanat. Vos dehim e manam que en res toquant los dits<br />safrans ne los vehedors de aquells nous cureu entremetre. Ne encara<br />si safrans <i><span style="text-decoration: none;">hi</span></i> <u>hixen</u><br />falsificats nous cureu de aquells. Jaquint ho al dit P. Molgosa. Car<br />nos havem proveit e ordenat e al dit P. Molgosa manat que ell nos<br />trameta aci los tals safrans (<i>safans</i>) si alguns <i>ni</i><br /><u>hixen.</u> En les altres coses de vostre ofici donau recapte e<br />hajau vos en aquell promenivolment e feu per manera que no <u>sinta</u><br />hom algunes privades passions. Car no es pertinent que algu dega de<br />aquelles usar tenint ofici altrament covendria provehirhi. Dada en<br />Terragona lo primer dia de <u>dehembre</u> any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br />Al honrat senyer En Joan<br />Rosanes deputat local en la vila de Sancta Coloma e altres<br />lochtinents de la vegueria de Cervera. <br /><br />Al collector en la<br />vila de Sancta Coloma. <br />Honrat senyer. Informacio havem que alguns<br />pellers havents sentiment que lo dret del segell de cera se devia<br />augmentar han segellat abans de la publicacio de la crida robes<br />moltes per vendre dins aquest any ço que seria en gran frau del dit<br />dret. Per queus dehim e manam façau bollar o sagellar de cera altra<br />vegada tota pelleria scapolons e altres robes de pellers ques tropien<br />en poder lur bollades o sagellades abans de la publicacio de la dita<br />crida e feu los pagar per aquelles a raho de III sous per lliura<br />prenent los empero en compte los II sous a raho dels quals haurien ya<br />pagat axi ques compte sobre aquells en manera (manara) que paguen lo<br />dret novellament augmentat tot frau cessant. Dada en Terragona lo<br />primer dia de <u>dehembre</u> any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella.<br /><br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dirigitur <u>Francisco<br />Laurencii</u> collectori <b>generalitatum</b> en Sancta Coloma de<br />Queralt. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Als<br />prohomens del comdat de Prades. <br />Honrats senyors. Sabut havem que<br />vosaltres haurieu feta instancia que los drets de generalitats<br />novellament imposats no sien publicats aqui ni menys exhigits per<br />quant haurieu entes que encara los dits drets <u>nos</u> (<i>no se</i>)<br />exhigirien en alguns lochs del camp de Terragona. Veritat es que per<br />quant los qui han carrech de fer publicar aço no poden esser en una<br />matexa jornada per tots los lochs. Cove axi fer que uns lochs<br />comencen primers que altres. Pero tots ne han a passar e de fet<br />passaran una anyada e axi aquesta ciutat ha mes de X jorns que ha<br />començat o de dia en dia comencen los lochs del camp e de les altres<br />parts de aquest Principat e quiscu te son compte de lany. Per ço que<br />qui haura abans començat abans haura acabat e no hajau pensament que<br />algu se puxa exhimir del dit carrech. Per que disponeu vos a pendre<br />aquell pus la fortuna ho importa que axi ha de passar. <u>E nous ne<br />metesseu</u> en <u>alre</u>. Car nos poria tollerar abans si hauria a<br />fer provisio rigorosa la qual sens falta vos redundaria en molt<br />damnatge. Dada en Terragona lo primer dia de <u>dehembre</u> any<br />MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et<br />cetera. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />Al<br />noble mossen Franci Derill. <br />Mossenyer molt noble e molt<br />magnifich. Com crehem sapia la noblesa e magnificencia vostres la<br />Magestat del senyor Rey en lo parlament per sa Excellencia en aquests<br />prop passats dies convocat e celebrat en la present ciutat de<br />Terragona ha restituides e atorgades als del dit parlament en nom del<br />dit Principat les generalitats de totes les terres obedients al dit<br />senyor Rey en lo dit Principat fins als limits de les terres del<br />vezcomte Dilla inclusivament e donada licencia als del dit parlament<br />de augmentar e crexer los drets de les dites generalitats e de<br />imposar novellament drets en aquelles coses que als del dit parlament<br />fora vist. E axi es stat fet per los del dit parlament ço es que han<br />augmentat en algunes coses los drets de les generalitats antichs. E<br />imposats novament alguns en altres coses. E aço per suplir al sou de<br />CCC homens de cavall oferts al dit senyor Rey per al temps de un any<br />per lo qual es feta la augmentacio e nova imposicio de drets. E per<br />aquells acullir a convertir en lo dit pagament del dit sou es donat e<br />deputat cert general collidor e receptor e se han a deputar collidors<br />particulars per quiscuns lochs hon com los dits drets se hagen a<br />cullir en vostres terres del <b>port</b> de <u>Xuert</u> (<a href="https://magicospirineos.com/pont-de-suert" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pont de Suert</a>) e de <u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/11/14-de-marzo.html" target="_blank">Vella</a></u> e<br />altres vostres axi com en les altres del dit Principat obedients al<br />dit senyor Rey. Per tant per lo carrech que es de nostre ofici en<br />defensar e mantenir los drets de generalitats e signantment aquests<br />tant dedicats al servici del senyor Rey e benefici e honor del<br />Principat vos pregam mossenyer e requirim doneu loch provehisquau e<br />maneu los dits drets de generalitats antichs e novament imposats <u>se</u><br />paguen <u>es</u> cullen en les dit es terres vostres e vinguen a mans<br />del dit General receptor o dels particulars collectors qui seran<br />tramesos per aço. Als quals no sie fet en la exactio dels dits drets<br />algun embarch abans <u>los</u> sie donada tota endressa e auxili<br />opportu <u>els</u> sia respost del cullit del onzen dia del mes de<br />noembre prop passat ença que foren atorgats per lo senyor Rey.<br /><br />Vostra magnificencia pot compendre aquesta cosa quant sguarda<br />servici del senyor Rey e honor e benefici del Principat. Placiaus<br />donchs ferhi per los dits sguarts ço que los altres del dit<br />Principat de quiscun stament obedients al senyor Rey han fet e fan e<br />la sua Magestat e quiscuns del dit Principat confien de vos.<br />Altrament seria grantment destorbar los dits servici e benefici ço<br />que <br />de vos en alguna manera nos creu. Ab tant molt noble e molt<br />magnifich mossenyer tingaus lo Sant Sperit en guarda sua. De<br />Terragona a dos dies de <u>dehembre</u> any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Bernat Çaportella deputat et cetera. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br />Al molt noble e molt<br />magnifich mossenyor mossen Franci Derill. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-7083535005286282972021-09-12T12:15:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:53.171-07:0016 DE NOVIEMBRE. (1463)<p><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">16 DE NOVIEMBRE.</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Advierte<br />aquí el escribano Perelló que, en esta fecha, se concluyó el<br /><b>parlamento </b>que celebraba el <b>Rey </b>en <b>Tarragona </b>con las personas de los<br /><b>tres estamentos</b>, y que de él emanó la siguiente <u>provisión</u> firmada<br />por el mismo <b>monarca</b>. <br /><br /><b>Don Joan</b> per la gracia de Deu <u>Rey de<br />Darago Navarra de Sicilia de Valencia de Mallorques de Cerdenya e de<br />Corcega</u> <u>comte de Barcelona</u> <u>duch de Athenes e de<br />Neopatria</u> e encara <u>comte de Rossello e de Cerdanya</u> als<br />noble e magnifichs los veus portant de General governador capitans<br />veguers <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/02/ciii-reg-1081-fol-20-2-abril-1369.html" target="_blank">sotsveguers</a> <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/dels-homens-del-offici-del-algotzir.html" target="_blank">algutzirs</a> <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/01/maestre-racional.html" target="_blank">batles</a> <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/02/10-11-12-de-agosto-1461.html" target="_blank">sotsbatles</a> e altres qualsevol<br />oficials nostres en lo Principat de Cathalunya constituits al qual o<br />als quals les presents pervendran e seran presentades e als<br />lochtinents de aquells saluts e dilectio. <br />Com la principal cura<br />del <u>princep</u> deja esser en la conservacio de son stat benefici<br />e repos de sos <u>regnes</u> e terres e subdits. E per ço la dita<br />cura inseguint la qual continuament nos insta entengam en les coses<br />majors havents sguart a nostre <u>reyal</u> <u>stat</u> e principal<br />cosa sia e mes necessaria per la conservacio de nostra <u>reyal<br />corona</u> benefici e repos dels dits regnes e subdits nostres<br />entendre sollicitament en la recuperacio e reductio dels rebelles e<br />desobedients a nostra Magestat en lo dit Principat de Cathalunya. Per<br />ço per provehir a les incomoditats e actes necessaris per la dita<br />reductio havem convocat <b>parlament</b> en la present ciutat de<br /><b>Terragona</b> a la major part dels <b>fidelissimos cathalans</b><br />en lo qual los convocats e entrevenints en lo dit parlament imitants<br />les virtut fidelitat e servicis que sempre lurs predecessors han fets<br />als <b>reys</b> de gloriosa memoria antecessors nostres e a nos.<br />Vista la proposicio per Nos a ells feta nos hagen feta oferta e<br />servey molt liberal de CCC homens de cavall per a temps de un any ço<br />es L homens darmes e CCL ginets. Los quals sien <b>cathalans</b> e<br /><b>capitanejats per cathalans</b> e servesquen a Nos e al manament<br />nostre en lo dit Principat en totes les coses que seran mes<br />necessaries per la recuperacio e reduccio damunt dites. E<br />semblantment Nos usant de aquella clemencia e humanitat que en tals e<br />tant fidelissims vassalls se deu usar e corresponent a lur servici<br />amor e devocio benignament los havem feta daquiavant restitucio de<br />totes les <u>generalitats</u> quis cullen en les terres lo dia<br />present obedients a nostra Excellencia fins a la fi de les terres del<br /><u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/11-12-noviembre.html" target="_blank">vezcomtat Dilla</a></u> en lla inclusive de e ab aquelles prerogatives<br />e preheminencies que les dites <u>generalitats</u> tenien de primer<br />perque aquelles convertesquen en pagament de sou dels dits CCC homens<br />de cavall. E son stades per nos revoquades cassades e annullades<br />qualsevol gracies e consignacions per nos fetes a qualsevol persones<br />de les peccunies e drets de les dites <u>generalitats</u> o part de<br />aquelles. E no resmenys per quant les dites <u>generalitats</u> no<br />abastarien al sou dels dits CCC homens de cavall es stada donada per<br />nos a les persones del dit parlament licencia e facultat de augmentar<br />e crexer per a temps del dit any <u>los drets de les dites<br />generalitats</u> e de imposar ne novellament en les coses quels fos<br />vist faedor la qual cosa es stada per los del dit parlament feta e<br />realment mesa en obra. E mes los es stat per nos consentit e atorgat<br />que tots los dits drets <u>se</u> cullen <u>es</u> exhigesquen ab e<br />sots aquelles practiques disposicions maneres compulsions e forces<br />que los altres <u>drets de generalitats</u> se acostumaven exhigir e<br />cullir. Segons aquestes coses en los actes del proces del dit<br />parlament largament son contengudes. E per orde e disposicio de les<br />dites coses les <u>generalitats</u> e drets novellament imposats son<br />sots lo ofici jurisdiccio e preheminencia del magnifich e amat<br />conseller nostre mossen Bernat Çaportella en lo qual com a unich<br />deputat del dit Principat lo exercici de les dites coses per bons<br />respectes volem residir e star. Salvo la recepcio de les peccunies<br />la qual per lo dit any es acomanada per les persones del dit<br />parlament al amat e fael nostre En <u>Joan Berenguer Thora</u>.<br />Notificant donchs a vosaltres e a quiscu de vosaltres les dites coses<br />vos dehim e manam que sobre lo exercici de les dites coses e<br />exequucio de aquelles als dits mossen Çaportella e Joan Berenguer<br />Thora e als ministres lurs quant al ofici de quiscu dels se pertany<br /><u>prestets</u> tot auxili favor e ajuda a fi que les coses ofertes e<br />per nos atorgades hagen degut compliment e efecte. Al Illustrissimo<br />per ço <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/09/rey-portugal-1463-27-09-carta.html" target="_blank">don <br />Ferrando</a></b> nostre <u>carissimo</u> <b><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/09/rey-portugal-1463-27-09-carta.html" target="_blank">Primogenit</a></b><br />en <b>lo dit Principat</b> e altres <b>regnes</b> e terres nostres<br /><b>general governador</b> e apres nostres benaventurats dies<br /><b>successor universal</b> dehim sots obteniment de la nostra gracia<br />e benediccio paternal e als dits noble magnifichs amats e feels<br />nostres veus portant de governador e altres oficials damunt dits e<br />totes e sengles persones constituits en lo dit Principat dehim e<br />manam sots incorriment de la nostra indignacio e ira e pena de deu<br />milia florins dels bens dels contrafahents exhigidors e a nostres<br />cofrens aplicadors que la present nostra provisio e totes e sengles<br />coses en aquella contengudes tinguen e observen e contra aquella o<br />aquelles no facen o vinguen per alguna causa o raho. Dada en la<br />ciutat de Terragona a XVIII dies del mes de noembre en lany de la<br />Nativitat de Nostre Senyor <b>MCCCCLXIII</b>. <br />(<i>1463</i>)- <b>Rey</b><br />Johannes. <br />Vidit G. de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/mozarabes-peralta-sal-siglo-viii.html" target="_blank">Peralta</a> regius thesaurarius. <br />Vidit<br /><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2021/03/15-de-diciembre.html" target="_blank">Çaplana</a> Conservator <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/09/4-5-de-enero.html" target="_blank">Cathalonie</a>. <br />(In Curie VI.°) (<i>Pone<br />parlamento, pero <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/12/lviii-perg-223-enero-1149.html" target="_blank">Curie</a> : Corte</i>)</span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-66378695423572087002021-09-12T12:06:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:53.322-07:007 DE NOVIEMBRE. (1464)<p><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">7 DE NOVIEMBRE.</span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><br />Mandó<br />expedir, en este día, el diputado Çaportella las dos siguientes<br />cartas. <br /><br />Bernat Çaportella unich deputat del General del<br />Principat de Cathalunya resident en Terragona e en qui recau tota la<br />potestat de la <b>Deputacio del dit General</b> per la inobediencia e<br />notoria rebellio per los olim condeputats a la Majestat del Senyor<br />Rey feta al honrat lo batle de la vila de <u>Santa Coloma de Queralt</u><br />o a son lochtinent saluts. <br />Com nos hajam deputat e assignat e ab<br />la present deputem e assignem en aquexa vila per cullidor e rebedor<br />del <u>dret pertanyent al dit General</u> en e dels safrans que en<br />aquexa vila se pesaran e vendran En <u>Pere Molgosa</u> de la matexa<br />vila. Remogut En <u>Joan Rosanes</u> e tot altre qui fins aci hagues<br />de les dites coses<br />carrech ab facultat e potestat que al dit P.<br />Molgosa atorgam de revocar e remoure los vehedors e regonexedors dels<br />dits safrans en la dita vila e de altres novament deputar e assignar<br />e de demanar compte e raho al dit En Rosanes olim collidor del que<br />fins aci ha rebut per la dita collecta e de rebre e haver dell lo que<br />sie degut al dit General. <u>Par</u> tant vos requerim sots virtut<br />del sagrament e homenatge per vos prestat e o que prestar sou tengut<br />de obtemperar e exequir totes nostres requestes rebau del dit En P.<br />Molgosa sagrament e homenatge de haver se be e leyalment en les dites<br />coses e rebau dell caucio ab alguna idonea fermança de retre a nos o<br />a qui volrem en nom del dit General del que exhigira e rebra compte e<br />raho. E prestada la dita seguretat permeteu a ell e no a algun altre<br />usar del dit ofici tant com sia de beneplacit nostre. E destrengau e<br />forceu lo dit En Joan Rosanes de retre e donar al dit En P. Molgosa<br />compte e raho e tot ço que sie tengut al dit General fins aci. Dada<br />en Terragona a VII de noembre any Mil CCCC sexanta <u>quatre</u>. <br />-<br />Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro<br />Perello. <br /></span><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Honrat<br />senyer. Nos vos havem proveit del ofici de la collecta del <u>dret<br />dels safrans</u> quis pesaran e vendran en aquexa vila ab facultat e<br />potestat de mudar los vehedors e regonexedors de aquells. E mes de<br />haver compte e raho den Joan Rosanes olim colector segons totes les<br />dites coses veureu per provisio dreçada al batle la qual ab la<br />present vos trametem. Regiu vos hi en tal manera que de totes les<br />dites coses puxau donar la raho que sespera de vos. Dels vehedors que<br />assignareu rebreu jurament de haver se leyalment e be. <br />Lo dret<br />que ha <u>exhijir</u> per los safrans veureu per los comptes del dit<br />En Joan Rosanes. <u>Pratiquau</u> hi al acustumat. Dada en Terragona<br />a VII de noembre any MCCCCLXIIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Al honrat<br />senyer En P. Molgosa en la vila de Santa Coloma de Queralt. <br />Bernat<br />Çaportella <u>deputats</u> del General de Cathalunya resident en<br />Terragona. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.com43420 Santa Coloma de Queralt, Tarragona, España41.5322215 1.382924613.221987663821153 -33.7733254 69.842455336178844 36.5391746tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-48259663549036669332021-09-12T12:04:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:53.472-07:0025 DE OCTUBRE.<p><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">25 DE OCTUBRE.</span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Mandó<br />Çaportella expedir, en este día, la siguiente provisión. <br /><br />Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller unich deputat del General del Principat de<br />Cathalunya resident en la ciutat de Terragona e en qui recau la<br />potestat de tota <u>la Deputacio del dit General</u> per la<br />inobediencia e notoria rebellio per los altres olim <u>condeputats<br />del dit General</u> feta al lllustrissimo senyor Rey al honrat lo<br />batle del loch de <u>Margalef</u> o a son lochtinent saluts. <br />Com<br />hajam entes que En <u>Ramon Vilar</u> perayre de aquex loch tendria<br /><u>emprempta o <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/06/lxxxiv-reg-1893-fol-54-4-nov-1387.html" target="_blank">bolla</a> falsa</u> ço es a ell no <u>anomanada</u> per <b>lo<br />General</b> ab la qual falsament bollaria o sagellaria draps en<br />rebria <u>lo dret</u> pertanyent al <b>General</b> en gran frau<br />interes e prejudici de aquell. <br />A les quals coses volent<br />degudament proveir. Per tant vos requirim en virtut del sagrament e<br />homenatge per vos prestat e o que fer e prestar sou tengut de<br />obtemperar e exequir totes nostres requestes que vista la present<br />inquirau diligentment de les dites coses e si de aquelles vos<br />constara suficientment hajau a mans vostres la dita emprempta o bolla<br />e del dit <u>En Vilar</u> vos assegureu. Remetent nos la informacio e<br /><u>certifiquant</u> nos de tot quant en aquesta materia haureu a<br />trobar per tant que per nos <u>si puxa</u> fer la provisio deguda a<br />indemnitat del dit General e conservacio de <u>sos drets</u>. E<br />nostra voluntat sia que En <u>Pere Veya</u> del dit loch del qual<br />havem bon testimoni e no altri sie bollador e collidor per <b>lo dit<br />General</b> en <u>lo dit loch</u> e aço per tant temps quant sera de<br />beneplacit nostre. Per tant vos requirim que rebau dell sagrament e<br />homenatge e idonea fermança que be e lealment se haura en la<br />collecta dels <u>drets del dit General</u> e retra de aquells a nos o<br />a qui volrem bon compte e complida raho tenint compte a quiscun<br /><u>vegueriu</u> segons en la comunis patria qual aquex loch es se<br />acostuma fer. E feta la dita seguretat permeteu a ell e no a algun<br />altre usar del ofici de la dita collecta fahent li liurar la<br />emprempta <u>tenalles</u> e altres <u>arreus</u> en poder de<br />quisvulla altri sien fins aci. Car nos li acomanam la dita collecta a<br />beneplacit nostre com dit es. E aço ab lo salari e prerogativa que<br />los prop predecessors seus en aquella han acostumat haver. Dada en<br />Terragona a <b>XXV de octubre</b> del any <b>MCCCCLXIIII</b>. (1) <br />- Bernat<br />Çaportella. <br />Dominus deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />(1)<br />Véase lo que se dice en el final de la introducción. <br /><i>(En las<br />cartas hasta esta, el año es 1463, en esta <b>1464</b>.)</i></span></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.com43371 Margalef, Tarragona, España41.2848324 0.753429512.974598563821157 -34.4028205 69.595066236178837 35.9096795tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-69294101592192574242021-09-12T11:59:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:53.626-07:002 DE SETIEMBRE.<p><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">2 DE SETIEMBRE.</span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Nombramiento<br />de <u>Bernardo Guilera</u>, de Villafranca del <u>Panadés</u>, para<br />el oficio de sobreguarda de los <u>derechos de las generalidades</u>,<br />en vez de <u>Juan Dolivella</u>, por lo que prestó aquel, en<br />poder de Çaportella, el debido juramento y homenaje. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.com08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, España41.3461265 1.697939813.035892663821155 -33.4583102 69.656360336178835 36.8541898tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4859278907288110875.post-64491943251011854362021-09-11T12:32:00.000-07:002023-10-20T15:38:53.776-07:00Agosto, 1463. <p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">10 DE AGOSTO.</span></p><p style="break-before: page; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />Cometió, en<br />este día, Çaportella a <u>Pedro Tegell</u><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />de Cambrils</span> la colecta de los <u>derechos de la Generalidad</u><br />en su misma villa, de las <u>entradas y salidas</u> en la playa y del<br />derecho de <u>bolla</u> y del <u>sello de cera</u>, a cuyo efecto le<br />fue expedida la siguiente provisión. <br /><br />Nos En Bernat<br />Çaportella cavaller deputat unich del <b>General</b> del Principat de<br />Cathalunya. Confiant de la fe e probitat de vos En <u>Pere Tegell</u> de la<br />vila de <u>Cambrils </u>ab tenor de la present vos comanam la collecta dels<br /><b>drets de generalitats</b> de <b>intrades e exides</b> (<i>como<br />veis no escribe <a href="https://www.barcelona-airport.com/cat/sortides.php?day=dema" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sortides </a>o <a href="https://www.barcelona-airport.com/cat/sortides.php?day=dema" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">surtides</a></i>) en la <b>playa</b> (<i>tampoco<br />escribe <a href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/playa-oder-platja-spanien-im-sprachenstreit/1267580.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">platja</a></i>) de la mar e pas de la dita vila de <a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2020/11/9-de-marzo.html" target="_blank">Cambrils</a> e aço<br />a beneplacit nostre e de nostres successors en lo dit ofici de<br />deputacio essents de obediencia del senyor Rey. E mes vos acomanam la<br />taula de la collecta dels <u>drets del dit General</u> de la <u>bolla<br />de plom</u> e <u>segell de cera</u> e aço per lo temps qui ha<br />discorrer del present termini (<i>trienni</i>) remoguts de la<br /><u>collecta dels dits drets</u> axi de <u>entrades e exides</u> com<br />dels abres los collectors e persones qui fins aci los regien. En la<br />collecta e collectes dels quals <u>drets</u> dessus dits vos dit En<br />P. Tegell vos <u>hajats</u> be faelment e leal. Guardant <u>lo profit<br />del dit General</u> e donant de aquells bo leyal e <u>verdader</u><br />compte e raho a nos o a qui per nos sera manat segons per vos es<br />promes e assegurat en poder nostre. E nos ab la present requirim los<br />oficials de la dita vila de Cambrils sots virtut dels sagrament e<br />homenatge per ells prestat e o que prestar son tenguts de obtemperar<br />e exequir nostres requestes e a les persones altres a les quals se<br />pertangue dehim e manam que a vos dit En P. Tegell hagen e tinguen<br />per <u>collector dels dits drets</u> en la forma dessus dita e a vos<br />de aquells ço es de les <u>intrades e exides</u> tant com sera lo<br />beneplacit nostre e dels dits nostres successors e de la dita <u>bolla<br />e segell de cera</u> per lo restant temps del present <u>trienni</u><br />responguen e satisfacen e <u>los segells</u> <u>empremptes</u> e<br />altres coses que son de les dites collectes los dits oficials a vos<br />liuren e liurar façen per aquells quils tenen. En testimoni de les<br />quals coses havem manat la present provisio esser feta. Dada en<br />Terragona a X de agost any MCCCCLXIII. - Bernat Çaportella. <br />Dominus<br />deputatus mandavit mihi Petro Perello. <br /><br />29 DE AGOSTO.<br /><br /><br />Provisiones hechas por Çaportella nombrando a <u>Arnaldo<br />Ponç</u> guarda de mar de Barcelona en lugar de <u>Juan Steper</u><br />que ejercía este cargo, y a <u>Raimundo Ferrer</u> de <u><a href="https://historia-aragon.blogspot.com/2019/04/repartimiento-de-valencia.html" target="_blank">Falcet</a></u>,<br />ayudante del racional de la Diputación, en lugar de <u>Francisco<br />Ferrer</u>, el primero de los cuales prestó el debido juramento y<br />homenaje. </span><br /></p>Ramón Guimerá Lorentehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00535648385336234321noreply@blogger.comCambrils, Tarragona, España41.0666754 1.060360612.756441563821156 -34.0958894 69.376909236178847 36.2166106